Earth, our home planet, is a world unlike any other. The third planet from the sun, Earth is the only place in the known universe confirmed to host life.
With a radius of 3,959 miles, Earth is the fifth largest planet in our solar system, and it’s the only one known for sure to have liquid water on its surface. Earth is also unique in terms of monikers. Every other solar system planet was named for a Greek or Roman deity, but for at least a thousand years, some cultures have described our world using the Germanic word “earth,” which means simply “the ground.”
Our dance around the sun
Earth orbits the sun once every 365.25 days. Since our calendar years have only 365 days, we add an extra leap day every four years to account for the difference.
Though we can’t feel it, Earth zooms through its orbit at an average velocity of 18.5 miles a second. During this circuit, our planet is an average of 93 million miles away from the sun, a distance that takes light about eight minutes to traverse. Astronomers define this distance as one astronomical unit (AU), a measure that serves as a handy cosmic yardstick.
Earth rotates on its axis every 23.9 hours, defining day and night for surface dwellers. This axis of rotation is tilted 23.4 degrees away from the plane of Earth’s orbit around the sun, giving us seasons. Whichever hemisphere is tilted closer to the sun experiences summer, while the hemisphere tilted away gets winter. In the spring and fall, each hemisphere receives similar amounts of light. On two specific dates each year called the equinoxes both hemispheres get illuminated equally.
Many layers, many features
About 4.5 billion years ago, gravity coaxed Earth to form from the gaseous, dusty disk that surrounded our young sun. Over time, Earth’s interior which is made mostly of silicate rocks and metals differentiated into four layers.
At the planet’s heart lies the inner core, a solid sphere of iron and nickel that’s 759 miles wide and as hot as 9,800 degrees Fahrenheit. The inner core is surrounded by the outer core, a 1,400-mile-thick band of iron and nickel fluids. Beyond the outer core lies the mantle, a 1,800-mile-thick layer of viscous molten rock on which Earth’s outermost layer, the crust, rests. On land, the continental crust is an average of 19 miles thick, but the oceanic crust that forms the seafloor is thinner about three miles thick and denser.
Earth, our home planet, is a world unlike any other. The third planet from the sun, Earth is the only place in the known universe confirmed to host life.
With a radius of 3,959 miles, Earth is the fifth largest planet in our solar system, and it’s the only one known for sure to have liquid water on its surface. Earth is also unique in terms of monikers. Every other solar system planet was named for a Greek or Roman deity, but for at least a thousand years, some cultures have described our world using the Germanic word “earth,” which means simply “the ground.”
Our dance around the sun
Earth orbits the sun once every 365.25 days. Since our calendar years have only 365 days, we add an extra leap day every four years to account for the difference.
Though we can’t feel it, Earth zooms through its orbit at an average velocity of 18.5 miles a second. During this circuit, our planet is an average of 93 million miles away from the sun, a distance that takes light about eight minutes to traverse. Astronomers define this distance as one astronomical unit (AU), a measure that serves as a handy cosmic yardstick.
Earth rotates on its axis every 23.9 hours, defining day and night for surface dwellers. This axis of rotation is tilted 23.4 degrees away from the plane of Earth’s orbit around the sun, giving us seasons. Whichever hemisphere is tilted closer to the sun experiences summer, while the hemisphere tilted away gets winter. In the spring and fall, each hemisphere receives similar amounts of light. On two specific dates each year—called the equinoxes—both hemispheres get illuminated equally.
Many layers, many features
About 4.5 billion years ago, gravity coaxed Earth to form from the gaseous, dusty disk that surrounded our young sun. Over time, Earth’s interior—which is made mostly of silicate rocks and metals—differentiated into four layers
Growing mentally and growing physically are two completely different things. Growing mentally refers to a person’s psychological growth the way we think and deal with different situations, and by what methods we develop and disseminate information. Growing up physically refers to a person’s physical growth like increased height, strength, and health. It can also refer to the development of your brain. ” The key to success is to keep growing in all areas of life mental emotional, spiritual as well as physical.” A healthy body can help your mind stay strong.when your body isn’t fit, it’s tougher to make challenging decisions. Some of the tips will help you to improve both simultaneously.
ENRICH YOUR MIND :
keep challenging yourself to learn new things. By doing this, will gain more knowledge about things around you, and you will learn how to utilize things in a better way. Don’t let yourself get stuck in one place, either mentally or physically. Be proactive, curious, conscious and informed about the world.
Use your brain more often by doing brain exercises:
Exercising your brain means using it more. Generally the brain takes part in everything we do, but there are some types of activities which are specifically exercise our brains. Activities like doing puzzles, playing games like chess or scrabble, solving numerical problems, studying difficult topics and changing your dexterity, spatial reasoning and logic. Doing these mental exercises daily can sharpen your mind , and it can be an excellent way to strengthens neural links in your brain.
CONSUME NUTRIENTS THAT ARE GOOD FOR BRAIN:
Take in nutrients which are good for your brain. Foods that have antioxidants like vitamin c,e,b etc are good for the brain.consuming almonds and apple juice is also good for sharpening the brain.
THINK CRITICALLY :
when we hear, read or work on something, It is very important than we question everything and pay attention to details.such an approach can improve our thinking ability because it requires more brain work than mere observations.
DO PHYSICAL EXERCISES :
A healthy body means a healthy mind; regular exercise has a positive influence our brains function. The brain takes in nutrients from the blood, which makes the brain healthier. Physical exercise is essential for enhancing mental power .
EAT HEALTHY FOODS :
spend some time to examine which kinds of food bring you up and which foods bring down. Creating a diet plan can make you feel good, and gives you a sense of self-development. This will boost your sense of success.
GET BETTER SLEEP AND TAKE NAPS:
Get as much sleep as you need, around Seven or eight hours, every night. While sleeping well does not guarantee good health, it does help you to maintain many vital functions. Perhaps most importantly sleep helps you recover from the wear and tear of daily life. Major healing functions in the body such as tissue repair, music and mental growth occur almost exclusively during sleep.
SPEED TIME WITH PEOPLE :
Build a good support system with the people around you. Whether it’s your family, friends, or something else, find a group of people who are willing to support you in any circumstances. This increases flexibility and helps to provide perspective in the midst of stress and discomfort.
STAY AWAY FROM DRUGS AND ALCOHOL : using cigarettes, alcohol, and illegal drugs damage your mental and physical health. Decreasing mental and physical stability produces” false” emotions.
FIND A GOOD LISTENER :
Find someone who is eager to listen to you, who you can talk to openly and freely. This can help you in relieving stress and anger and can heal you mentally, which ultimately has an impact on your physical health.
LAUGH MORE :
Laughter is the best medicine for human health. Human increases dopamine, and it improves memory and health.
GET RID OF BAD HABITS THAT HURT YOUR CONFIDENCE :
If you have a habit of smoking too much, drinking alcohol too much, spending too much time online, or a different habit that’s hurting your confidence, take steps to eradicate them. Study books, watch good films, play games, watch dances, and listen to songs; do the things that make you feel relaxed. Many studies suggest that watching TV and using a computer late at night is bad for your health.
STAR YOUR DAY BY THINKING ABOUT ONE GOOD THING YOU CAN DO :
Generally, it’s just a matter of deciding to do something good. Develop the habit of finding a good deed to do each day. Set aims and goals and follow through with them to attain them. By setting goals and gradually working to attain them , you will grow mentally.
Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) in India has been at the forefront of waste management and recycling initiatives, setting an exemplary model for other cities to follow. The city has gained international recognition for its successful waste management practices, particularly in the area of waste recycling.
One of the key initiatives undertaken by Indore Municipal Corporation is the establishment of a comprehensive waste segregation system at the source. The residents are educated and encouraged to separate their household waste into categories like organic, plastic, paper, and metal at home itself. This segregation at the source plays a crucial role in making the recycling process more efficient.
IMC has implemented a decentralized waste processing model, establishing multiple Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) across the city. These MRFs serve as collection and processing centers where the segregated waste is further sorted and processed. Skilled workers at these facilities manually segregate recyclable materials from the waste stream, ensuring that materials like plastics, glass, paper, and metals are separated for recycling.
The city has also embraced the concept of door-to-door collection of waste, ensuring a more organized and efficient waste management system. Specially designed waste collection vehicles make rounds to collect segregated waste directly from households, reducing the chances of mixing different types of waste.
In addition to the manual sorting processes, Indore Municipal Corporation has incorporated modern technology into its waste management practices. Advanced machinery is used to recycle different materials efficiently. For example, plastic waste is processed through shredding and granulation machines to produce raw material for manufacturing new plastic products.
To promote recycling and encourage citizens to actively participate in waste management, IMC has launched various awareness campaigns and programs. Schools, colleges, and community groups are involved in educational initiatives to raise awareness about the importance of waste segregation and recycling. The corporation also conducts workshops and events to engage the community in sustainable waste management practices.
Moreover, Indore Municipal Corporation collaborates with various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and private enterprises to strengthen its waste recycling initiatives. These partnerships help in maximizing the reach and effectiveness of the recycling programs and ensure the proper disposal of non-recyclable waste through environmentally friendly methods.
The success of Indore’s waste recycling initiatives can be attributed to the combination of community involvement, efficient infrastructure, and innovative approaches to waste management. By prioritizing sustainability and embracing technological advancements, Indore Municipal Corporation has set a commendable example for other cities striving to achieve effective waste recycling and environmental conservation.
Theme this year: “Teach someone how to play chess”
The idea to commemorate International Chess Day was proposed by UNESCO after it was established by FIDE in 1966. FIDE, the International Chess Federation has 181 chess federations as its members organize chess events and competitions across the globe on International Chess Day.
FIDE: Fédération Internationale des Échecs
-Chess was invented in India around 8th Century. It was known as chatrang-
Chess:
Chess is a board game played by two players. It is enjoyed all over the world. There have been many grandmasters and the records get tougher to hold the title. Chess is an abstract strategy game and involves no hidden information.
It is played on a square chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. At the start, each player controls sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. The main chessboard and pawns are black and white.
The goal of the game is to put the opponent’s king under immediate attack .i.e. in “check” and give no way for it to escape. There are also several ways a game can end in a draw. Each pawn has its own limitation of movements.
It is one of the most fun, intellectual, and brainy indoor games.
Players: 2
Abilities: Strategy, tactics
Fact: In 1997, Deep Blue became the first computer to beat the reigning World Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov.
History:
The origin of chess date around 7-8th century. Three are written in Pahlavi and one, the Harshacharita, is in Sanskrit. Chatrang was named shatranj, after the Islamic conquest of Persia. Xiangqi is the form of chess best-known in China
The modern piece movement rules began to appear in intellectual circles in Valencia, Spain around 1475. The queen replaced the vizier chess piece and by the 15th century had become the most powerful piece.
Prague-born Wilhelm Steinitz laid the foundations for a scientific approach to the game, the art of breaking a position down into components. In addition to his theoretical achievements, his triumph over the leading German master Johannes Zukertort in 1886 is regarded as the first official World Chess Championship.
Significance of chess:
“The United Nations recognizes that sports, the arts and physical activity have the power to change perceptions, prejudices and behaviours, as well as to inspire people, break down racial and political barriers, combat discrimination and defuse conflict, and therefore contrabute in promoting education, sustainable development, peace, cooperation, solidarity, social inclusion and health at the local, regional and international levels.
The designation of World Chess Day of the UN will not only recognize the important role of the FIDE in supporting international cooperation for chess activity and aiming to improve friendly harmony among all peoples of the world, but also to provide an important platform to foster, dialogue, solidarity and culture of peace”
-United Nations
Fact: The rules of chess are published by FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs)
Notable Men and women in the world of chess:
Judit Polgár
Garry Kasparov
Vera Menchik
Magnus Carlsen
Rohini Khadilkar
Andrey Espienko
Nona GAprindashvili
Hou Yifan
Movies to watch:
The Queen’s Gambit
Queen of Katwe
Pawn Sacrifice
Searching for Bobby Fischer
Brooklyn Castle
Hikaru no Go
What to do?
LEARN CHESS!!
Cause why not? Learning moves or moving pieces entirely after thorough thought, being on your toes to find the easiest or quickest win to checkmate, and tricking someone to make the move you wanted them to do! It is a load of exercise for your brain.
Shall we all just rewind 2021 few days back and see, how we all were suffering due to the second wave of Covid-19.Many of us where struggling financially, some got unemployed, some faced lack of medicine, some died due to the shortage of remdesivir injection, some due to non-availability of hospital bed, some of us might have lose their loved ones forever and this all happened due to the sudden increase in Covid positive patient as we were hit by the second wave of Covid-19,which was the ultimate result of our carelessness. And today without any precautions people are relaxing in various tourist spots. Now, it looks like we are going to repeat the same cycle again.
Increase in Tourist-on going carelessness
Looking at these pictures, can anyone believe pandemic is going on? The above are recent pictures from the northern part of India, which has been fully crowded by the tourists across India. Due to the sudden increase in tourist, hotel rooms are unavailable. It’s not only about northern India, even east part of Maharashtra witnessed crowd of tourist. Lonavala, Mahabaleshwar there’s a sudden increase in tourists. This ultimately results in no precaution.
Post Lockdown crowd witnessed by Lonavala and Mahabaleshwar
By looking at the crowd and increasing number of tourist, it all says about happening of 3rd wave of Covid. This phenomena has a name “Revenge Travel“. According to Union Health Ministry if this increase in number of tourist continuous to happen, not only third wave but also India should expect fourth wave as well.
What is rEveNge tRavEl?
Sitting home for several months and getting vacation plans cancelled due to second wave, all people started thinking the same. So when the restrictions due to pandemic where lifted and improvement in condition was observed, all the people started stepping out for a vacation in order to get out of all the anxiety and restlessness caused due to the second wave lockdown-and as I say all people started thinking the same. As per Health Ministry, Covid cases in India have reduced by 30%-which is a great news!!But still states like Maharashtra, Tamil-Nadu, Assam, Odisha have a positivity rate of 10%.
Once the positivity rate comes down to 5%,
then it can be considered safe.
So we need to maintain
the same momentum of testing.
-Dr Balram Bhargava,
DG,ICMR
So in order to achieve the positivity rate of 5% we need to vaccinate as many people as possible and continue the process of vaccination. Meanwhile, in such scenario when we get to see such pictures of large number of tourist-frightens us.
Have we leaRnt notHing?
Once the cases started coming down in numbers across the country, we immediately started normalizing the things and stepped out of the house without any precautions. Aren’t the things happening in the similar fashion as that after first wave which led to sudden increase in cases resulted in second wave-more deadlier than first wave. And now it seems like we are repeating the same cycle again. This what we call carelessness. The way people were careful, at the same level people are careless now towards the pandemic. The main problem or the reason for this is majority of people don’t understand the difference between CARELESS and CAREFREE.
How Revenge Travel can devastate in long run.
As the cases reduced overnight increase in tourist number has been observed leading to no booking in the hotels and lodges, which created a difficulty in managing the tourist. In order to manage the crowd led to the need of employees. The hotels starts hiring employees from other villages or town.90% tourist and newly hired staff don’t carry Covid but the remaining 10% carry, who are further responsible for the increase in cases. Later on due to sudden increase in cases government gets forced to take measures like Curfew and lockdown. This leds to shut down of tourists places and the newly hired staff gets unemployed (i.e., temporary employment).Now this unemployed staff gets back to their native, along with new variants. That’s why we were hit by the second wave which was more deadlier than the first. But, do we have learnt anything from the past situation? This wave of uncertainty is not only dangerous to our lives but for our economy as well. This is not only India, the same circle is happening outside as well. Example: UK reports increase in cases since Jan 21.Cases were about to control when a more infectious variant was detected in the country. Fear arises that lambda COVID-19 variant from Peru is more deadlier than Delta variant. This variant has also been found in 30 countries so far.
Here we need to understand that as long as this pandemic exists, new variant will also get detected which may be resistant to the vaccine as vaccines against these variants are not yet tested. We need to have this realization that vaccine is the only weapon we have today against Covid-19,if this fails then there may be no hopes for the end of the Covid-19 and pandemic will never end.
There still exists some sensible people, who don’t leave their house unnecesarily and follow all the Covid related measures and take the precautions because of some restless and insensible people we still have the hanging sword on our neck.
We cannot live in Extreme
Look I know everyone is tired of sitting at home, we want to travel, economy is hitting hard. The travel and hospitality sector is suffering badly. Off course travel gradually needs to open as well, but the problem is we seem to live in absolute extremes. Either it is a extreme like a lockdown or the extreme of utter carelessness. Our new normal should somewhere lie between these both.
My intention is not to target anyone or to villain out anyone. It’s totally understandable that we all were going through a complicated situation. This article is just to remind us, to be in touch with some most essential facts in order to overcome this pandemic situation. To make understand that what we should prioritize.
CHANEL is a well know French luxury fashion brand. Chanel was founded in 1910, Coco Chanel is the founder of this world-famous brand. It throws the light on women’s high fashion, ready to wear outfits, the luxury goods, and varieties of accessories.
BEAUTY PRODUCTS LAUNCHED BY CHANEL
FACE: FOUNDATION
LES BEIGES
PRODUCT: A liquid/fluid foundation with light-to-medium coverage which will lasts up to 12 hours and gives you the frictionless texture and luminous finish for your naturally looking skin and makes them look healthy and glowing.
COMPOSITION: This Les Beiges give you a smooth and uplifts your skin with light-reflecting results with a precise brightness, while antioxidants aid you to protect your skin from pollution, free radicals, and blue light. Les Beiges consist of 40 percent with water, the long-lasting formula is augmented with the ingredients that moisturise and hydrate skin instantly and lasts for up to 12 hours.
2. BOY DE CHANEl
PRODUCT: With BOY DE CHANEL FOUNDATION, with the formula of an invisible light as a feather weight you will get a smooth and even complexion. Comfortable and easy-to-apply, the fresh, fluid formula skim on effortlessly, and blends with your skin perfectly and keeps it hydrated.
COMPOSITION: The feature with long running formula soft-focus micro-particles help to make skin look more flawless and rectifies your imperfections perfectly. Formula includes Hyaluronic Acid for lasting comfort and hydration Broad Spectrum protection and SPF 25 helps to be protected against the environmental strains.
3. VITALUMIERE
product: For Creamy comforting and deluxe lightweight, this melted foundation which immediately brace and moisten the complexion one can go with the foundation. The Vitalmumiere blends smoothly and effortlessly that makes your skin look perfectly radiant this is all possible because of the help of medium-coverage formula.
COMPOSITON: The Vitalimiere foundation is made for dry, dull, and uneven skin texture the moisturizing agents helps to keep your skin hydrated and comfortable. Marine Extract helps to enhances glare while light-reflecting shade smooth away flaws. Walnut Extract revive and screen skin.
EYES: EYESHADOW
LES 4 OMBRES
product: The LES 4 OMBRES eyeshadow palettes shows a lively, all the four lavishing shades in palette are rich with the formula inspired by threads of CHANEL tweed. With a range of shade combinations and finish that gives your eye a matte look with simmer for endless eye makeup looks.
composition: This compact with four shades offers infinite possibilities, that offers medium tones to colour and to contour, the intense shades in the palette to intensify and a light tone to highlight. Natural, long-running tone ensure an intense colour effect where on other hand the soft, effortless touch allows an easy as pie application.
2. LES BEIGES
PRODUCT: For easy, neutral-toned looks you can go with this versatile shadow palette. Containing five verities of smudge free colour, with long running features— from soft to intense, gives you the matte and shimmery finish also — offer base, highlighter, and liner effects.
COMPOSITON: Use of soft-hair brush can help you to get smooth, optimal finish.
3. ILLUSION D’OMBRE
PRODUCT: With both soft and cushiony innovative texture, this gives intensely shimmer look, this long-lasting creamy eyeshadow can be worn as eyeshadow as well as an eyeliner.
COMPOSITION: A mixture of pure pigments of varieties of colours and sizes: coverage and colour intensity are contributed by small pigments; large pigments gives the results a shady shimmer.
The veteran actor who passed away at the age of 75 of a cardiac arrest has starred in about 29 films and 19 Indian television shows and has been honoured with three National film awards for Best supporting actress (highest than any other actress in this category) and also is a recipient of a Filmfare award, a Screen Award, Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and six Indian Television Academy awards.
She was born in New Delhi , 1945 and attended Aligarh Muslim University and graduated from National School of Drama in 1971 and later went on to work with NSD Repertory company for a decade and then moved to Mumbai. Her notable works include playing the characters of ‘Durga Devi kaushik’ in the movie Badhaai Ho (2018) , ‘Kalyani Devi Singh’ (aka ‘dadisa’) in the prime-time soap opera Balika vadhu ( 2008-2016), Fayyazi in Mammo (1994) and ‘Rajo’ in Tamas (1986).
The news of her death has saddened her fans and colleagues. Her co-actors Ayushmann Khurrana, Avika Gor, Shashank Vyas and Avinash Mukherjee paid a heartfelt tribute to her by penning down their memories while working with the actress. She was humble, grounded, hardworking and was devoted to work. Her impeccable performances on screen has always left the audience in an awe, her demise has certainly left a void in the film and television industry but she will be cherished and remembered for the legacy she left behind. May her soul rest in peace.
Sustainable Waste Management In Indore: A Case Study
Indore, a fast-growing city in India, has emerged as a model for sustainable waste management practices. Over the past few years, Indore has consistently ranked as the cleanest city in India, thanks to the efficient waste management system put in place by the municipal corporation.
This case study explores the background, challenges faced, solutions implemented, and key learnings from Indore’s successful waste management system.
Indore, with a population of over 3.2 million people, generates around 1,100 metric tons of waste daily. Prior to 2016, the city struggled with waste management, leading to unhygienic conditions, increased pollution, and negative impacts on public health.
However, the launch of the Swachh Bharat (Clean India) campaign in 2014 led the Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) to undertake a comprehensive transformation of its waste management system. This involved an overhaul of existing infrastructure, policies, and community engagement initiatives to create a more efficient and environmentally friendly waste management system.
Challenges faced:
Lack of waste segregation at the source:
Indore faced issues with mixed waste, which hindered the recycling and disposal process. Unsegregated waste resulted in inefficient waste collection and processing, causing further strain on the waste management system.
Inefficient waste collection and transportation system:
With limited resources and vehicles, the city’s waste collection and transportation system could not keep up with the growing population and waste generation.
Open dumping and burning of waste: The absence of adequate waste processing facilities led to the practice of open dumping and burning of waste, which contributed to air and land pollution.
Inadequate public awareness and participation: Citizens were not fully aware of the importance of waste segregation, recycling, and proper disposal, resulting in low participation rates and disregard for waste management rules.
Limited infrastructure for waste processing and disposal: The city’s waste processing and disposal infrastructure was unable to cope with the increasing waste generation, leading to unmanaged landfills and environmental degradation.
Solutions implemented:
Segregation at the source:
The IMC implemented a mandatory waste segregation policy, requiring households to separate waste into wet (biodegradable) and dry (recyclable) categories. This allowed for more efficient waste collection and processing, as well as increased recycling rates.
Door-to-door waste collection:
A fleet of over 600 GPS-enabled vehicles were deployed to collect segregated waste daily from all households and commercial establishments. This ensured timely and efficient waste collection, preventing littering and illegal dumping.
Waste processing and disposal: The city established a state-of-the-art waste processing facility capable of handling 1,000 metric tons of waste daily, including a 15 MW waste-to-energy plant and a 200 TPD (tons per day) composting plant. These facilities enabled the city to process and dispose of waste more effectively, reducing the environmental impact of waste disposal.
Public awareness and participation: The IMC launched numerous awareness campaigns, involving local celebrities, schools, and religious institutions, to educate the public on the importance of waste segregation and cleanliness. This resulted in increased community involvement and support for the waste management program.
Strict monitoring and enforcement: Regular inspections, fines, and incentives were introduced to ensure compliance with waste management rules. This helped maintain the cleanliness of the city and encouraged citizens to adhere to waste segregation and disposal guidelines.
Results achieved:
Waste segregation:
Over 90% of households in Indore now segregate their waste, significantly improving the efficiency of waste collection and processing, and reducing the burden on landfills.
Waste processing:
The city’s waste processing facility successfully manages 1,000 metric tons of waste daily, with a 95% waste recovery rate. This has led to a substantial reduction in landfill usage and has minimized the environmental impact of waste disposal.
Cleanliness:
Indore has consistently ranked as the cleanest city in India in the annual Swachh Survekshan survey since 2017. This highlights the success of the city’s waste management system and the active participation of its residents in maintaining cleanliness.
Health and environment:
Cases of vector-borne diseases have dropped by 60% since the implementation of the waste management system, and air quality has improved due to reduced open burning of waste. This has led to a healthier environment and improved overall quality of life for Indore’s residents.
Key learnings:
Political will and administrative commitment are crucial for the successful implementation of waste management systems. Indore’s transformation was made possible by strong leadership and a dedicated municipal corporation committed to addressing the city’s waste management challenges.
Public awareness and participation play a significant role in ensuring the success of waste management initiatives. By actively involving the community and raising awareness about the importance of waste segregation and proper disposal, Indore was able to achieve a high level of public participation and support.
Strict monitoring and enforcement mechanisms help ensure compliance with waste management rules and regulations. Indore’s approach to enforcing waste segregation and disposal guidelines, combined with regular inspections and penalties, proved to be effective in maintaining the city’s cleanliness.
Investing in modern waste processing infrastructure can significantly improve the efficiency of waste management systems and reduce environmental impact. Indore’s investment in a state-of-the-art waste processing facility allowed the city to process and dispose of waste more effectively, leading to a substantial reduction in landfill usage and associated environmental issues.
Indore’s transformation into a clean, sustainable city serves as an inspiring example for other urban centers in India and around the world.
By adopting a comprehensive, integrated approach to waste management, Indore has successfully addressed its waste management challenges and set a benchmark for sustainable urban living.
The city’s experience provides valuable insights and lessons for other municipalities looking to improve their waste management systems and promote environmental sustainability.
The Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) is the agency of India that deals with space Exploration and Astronomy. It was established in 1969.Its headquarters is at Bengaluru.ISRO has successfully completed 75vapacecraft missions in that 46 launch missions have been successfully by ISRO.ISRO was established by our former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The famous scientist Vikram Sarabhai was his assistant. He was the first chairman of ISRO. He was called the father of Indian Space Programme.The main aim of ISRO was to develop Space Technology to benefit the nation for various national tasks.
ISRO
Achievements on ISRO:
The first Indian satellite that was built by ISRO was Aryabhata, whose launching took place on April 19th, 1975. Furthermore, 1980 was another important year for ISRO because the launching of the Rohini satellite took place. Moreover, the successful placing of Rohini in the orbit took place by SLV-3.
Apart from technological capabilities, a lot of contribution has taken place by ISRO in the field of science. Furthermore, ISRO is in charge of its own Lunar and interplanetary missions. Moreover, ISRO controls various specific projects for the promotion of science education, and also to provide data to the scientific community.
The Mars Orbiter Mission was sent by ISRO on November 5th 2013, which made its entry into the orbit of Mars on September 24th 2014, thereby making India successful with its attempt to Mars.
A list of the most dangerous, effective, and most well-known malware strains that have been developed by the cyber-security units of various countries’ intelligence and military branches.
Regin
Regin, widely regarded as the most powerful malware family ever produced by a nation-state actor, was created by the NSA and shared with some of its Five Eyes allies (primarily with the GCHQ). Its existence was made public in 2014, however the first samples date back to 2011, with some suspecting that the virus was produced as early as 2003. Regin has been used in the wild in incidents involving Belgian telecom Belgacom, the German authorities, and, most recently, Russian search firm Yandex.
On a technological level, security researchers consider Regin to be the most complex malware framework to date, with modules covering tens of features, the majority of which are designed to perform surveillance activities and remain unnoticed on infected systems.
Flame
Flame was found in 2012, but security experts did not use the term “malware” to characterise it. Flame was so sophisticated at the time that the phrase “attack toolkit” was used to characterise its structure, which resembled that of its larger brother, Regin. Flame, as previously stated, is a collection of modules that function on top of the Flame architecture and are installed based on the capabilities that operators want. It was identified in 2012 by the MAHER Center of the Iranian National CERT in attacks on government entities in the nation. The finding emerged two years after the Stuxnet virus assaults and was instantly connected to the Equation Group, a codename for the US National Security Agency. It was eventually detected in attacks on other Middle Eastern governments as well. Flame’s Wikipedia page currently has the greatest summary of all Flame-related findings.
Stuxnet
Stuxnet is the only malware on this list with its own documentary film. The malware was co-developed in the 2000s by a joint effort between the US NSA and Israel’s Unit 8200, the Israeli military’s cyber division. It was deployed in 2010 in Iran, as part of a joint effort between the two countries to sabotage Iran’s nuclear program.
Stuxnet, which is said to have used four different zero-days at the time it was unleashed, had been specifically coded to target industrial control systems. Its role was to modify the settings of centrifuges used for nuclear enrichment operations by raising and lowering rotor speeds, with the purpose of inducing vibrations and destroying the machines. The malware was successful, and is said to have infected over 200,000 computers, and eventually ended up destroying nearly 1,000 centrifuges at Iran’s Natanz nuclear facility.
Shamoon
The first non-US developed malware on this list is Shamoon, a malware strain developed by Iran’s state hackers. It was first deployed in 2012 on the network of Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia’s largest oil producer. The malware, a data wiper, destroyed over 30,000 computers in the 2012 attack. It was deployed in a second attack in 2016, against the same target. Most recently, it’s been deployed against Italian oil and gas contractor Saipem, allegedly destroying 10% of the company’s PC fleet.
Triton
A more recent addition to this list is Triton (also known as Trisis). This malware is believed to have been developed by a Russian research laboratory. It was deployed in 2017. It was specifically engineered to interact with Schneider Electric’s Triconex Safety Instrumented System (SIS) controllers. According to technical reports from FireEye, Dragos, and Symantec, Triton was designed to either shut down a production process or allow TriconSIS-controlled machinery to work in an unsafe state. The malware’s code leaked and was eventually published on GitHub.
Industroyer
The Industroyer malware, also known as Crashoverride, is a malware framework developed by Russian state hackers and deployed in December 2016, in the cyber-attacks against Ukraine’s power grid.
The attack was successful and cut the power to a part of Kyiv, Ukraine’s capital, for an hour. The malware is considered an evolution of previous strains like Havex and BlackEnergy, which had also been used in attacks against Ukraine’s power grid. However, unlike Havex and BlackEnergy, which were more like generic Windows malware deployed against systems managing industrial systems, Industroyer contained components specifically designed to interact with Siemens power grid equipment.
Duqu
Believed to be the creation of Israel’s infamous Unit 8200 military cyber-unit, Duqu was discovered by Hungarian security researchers in 2011. A second version was discovered in 2015, and was codenamed Duqu 2.0. The first version was deployed to aid Stuxnet attacks, while the second was used to compromise the network of Russian antivirus firm Kaspersky Lab. Duqu 2.0 was also found on computers in hotels in Austria and Switzerland where the international negotiations between the US/EU and Iran took place, over its nuclear program and economic sanctions.
PlugX
PlugX is a remote access trojan (RAT) that was first seen in 2012, in attacks attributed to Chinese nation-state hackers. Since its discovery, Chinese hackers appear to have shared the malware with each other, and now it’s being widely used by most Chinese nation-state groups, making attribution to one group incredibly difficult. A good technical report on PlugX is available here.
Winnti
Winnti is very similar to PlugX. It’s another Chinese-made APT malware strain that was initially used by one group but was then shared among all the Chinese APTs as time went by. The malware has been around since 2011 and is described as a modular backdoor trojan. Security researchers recently discovered a Linux variant.
Uroburos
Uroburos was the rootkit developed by the Turla group, one of the world’s most advanced nation-state hacker groups, linked to the Russian government. According to a G DATA report, “the rootkit is able to take control of an infected machine, execute arbitrary commands and hide system activities.”
Uroburos (also referred to as the Turla or Snake rootkit) was widely deployed and was very efficient for the limited purpose it was being used for — to gain boot persistence and download other malware strains. It was the central piece of Turla APT attacks and had been seen on infected computers in Europe, the US, and the Middle East, as early as 2008. Targets usually included government entities. It was seen in 45 countries. A Linux variant was also discovered in 2014.
ICEFOG
Yet another piece of Chinese malware that was once used by one group, but was later shared and re-used by others. ICEFOG, first spotted in 2013, made a comeback in the last two years, with new variants, and even a Mac version.
WARRIOR PRIDE
The only mobile malware on this list, WARRIOR PRIDE is a tool jointly developed by the US’ NSA and the UK’s GCHQ. It works both on Android and iPhones and news of its existence came to be in 2014, during the Snowden leaks. As for capabilities, the iPhone variant was far more advanced than the Android one. It could retrieve any content from infected hosts, listen to nearby conversations by silently enabling the microphone, and could work even when the phone was in sleep mode.
Olympic Destroyer
The Olympic Destroyer malware was deployed in an attack that crippled internet connections during the Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony. TV stations and journalists were the ones mostly impacted by the attack. The malware was supposedly created by Russian hackers and deployed as payback for the International Olympic Committee banning Russian athletes from the Winter Olympics on doping charges or prohibiting someone from competing under the Russian flag.
The malware itself was an information stealer that dumped app passwords on infected systems, which hackers later used to escalate their access to other systems, from where they later triggered a data-wiping attack that brought down some servers and routers. New Olympic Destroyer versions were spotted in June 2018, months after the initial attacks.
VPNFilter
The only APT-developed malware on this list created to infect routers is VPNFilter. Developed by Russian state-hackers, the malware had been deployed in advance of the 2018 Champions League final that was being held in Kyiv, Ukraine. Supposed plans were to deploy the malware and damage routers during the live final’s live transmissions, similar to how the Olympic Destroyer malware was used to cripple internet connections during the opening ceremony at the Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics.
Fortunately, security researchers from Cisco Talos saw the VPNFilter botnet being assembled, and took it down with the help of the FBI. The malware was supposedly created by the Fancy Bear APT, according to the FBI.
WannaCry
All the three ransomware outbreaks of 2017 were malware strains developed by nation-state hackers, albeit for different reasons.
The first of these, the WannaCry ransomware, was developed by North Korean state hackers, for the sole purpose of infecting victims and collecting ransoms for the Pyongyang regime, which at the time, was under heavy economic sanctions. To lighten the impact of these sanctions, the regime was using state hackers to rob banks, mine cryptocurrency, or run ransomware operations to collect funds. However, errors in the WannaCry code made it so that instead of spreading to local networks only, the ransomware’s internal self-replicating (worm) component went haywire and infected everything in sight, causing a global outbreak.
NotPetya
Two months after WannaCry, a second ransomware outbreak hit the world. Called NotPetya, this ransomware was coded by Russia’s Fancy Bear (APT28) group, and was initially deployed only in Ukraine. However, due to shared networks and enterprise VPNs, the ransomware spread globally, akin to WannaCry, causing billions in damages. Just like WannaCry, NotPetya used the EternalBlue exploit as the centerpiece of its worm component. (see the last slide for more info on EternalBlue)
Bad Rabbit
The last global ransomware outbreak of 2017, was the work of state hackers. Just like NotPetya, Bad Rabbit was the work of Russian hackers, who similarly deployed it in Ukraine, but the ransomware spread worldwide, albeit with a smaller impact when compared to the first two, WannaCry and NotPetya. Unlike NotPetya, it didn’t use EternalBlue as its primary spreading mechanism, and also included lots of Game of Thrones references.
EternalBlue
EternalBlue may not be malware per-se, in the classical meaning of the word, being more of an exploit, but it was still developed by a nation-state entity and should fit on this list. It was created by the NSA and became public in April 2017, when a group of mysterious hackers known as The Shadow Brokers published the code online.
After its release, it was first used in cryptocurrency mining campaigns, but it truly became a widely-known and recognizable term after it was embedded in the code of the three ransomware outbreaks of 2017, namely WannaCry, NetPetya, and Bad Rabbit. Since then, EternalBlue has refused to die and has been widely used by all sorts of cyber-criminal operations, all of whom use it as a mechanism for spreading to other systems inside compromised networks, by exploiting misconfigured SMBv1 clients on Windows computers.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi reshuffled his cabinet on 7th July 2021 for the first time since May 2019, bringing in some fresh faces and accommodating allies of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) A total of 43 MPs took oath as ministers in Rashtrapati Bhavan today including Narayan Rane , Sarbananda Sonowal , Jyotiraditya Scindia , Ajay Bhatt , Bhupender Yadav , Shobha Karandlaje , Sunita Duggal , Meenakshi Lekhi , among others. Seven ministers are promoted including Anurag Thakur , G kishan Reddy , paroshottam Rupala , kiren Rijiju , Hardeep Singh Puri , Manusukh Mandaviya and Raj Kumar Singh . Ahead of the mega reshuffle , a phone call led to the resignation of 12 ministers from the Modi Cabinet . Prime Minister Modi congratulated his colleagues who took the oath and wished them luck for their ministerial tenure . He also advised his ministers to be punctual and let work do all the talking. List of Cabinet Ministers of India 2021 1. Shri Narendra Modi – Ministry of Personnel , Public , Grievances , and Pensions 2. Shri Amit Shah – Ministry of Home Affairs , Ministry of Cooperation 3. Shri Rajnath Singh – Ministry of Defence 4. Shri Nitin Jairam Gadkari – Ministry of road Transport and Highways 5. Shri Narayan Tatu Rane – Ministry of of Micro , Small, Medium Enterprises 6. Smt . Nirmala Sitharaman – Ministry of Finance , Ministry of Corporate Affairs 7. Shri Narendra Singh Tomar – Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare 8. Shri Sarbanada Sonowal – Ministry of Ports, Shipping and 9. Dr. virendra Kumar – Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment 10. Dr . Subrahmanyam Jaishankar – Ministry of External Affairs 11. Shri Ramachandra Prasad – Ministry of Steel 12. Shri Arjun Munda – Ministry of Tribal Affairs 13. Smt. Smitri Zubin Irani – Ministry of women and child Development 14 . Mansukh Mandaviya – Ministry of health and Family Welfare , Ministry of Chemical Fertilizers 15. Shri Ashwini Vaishnav – Ministry of Railways , Ministry of Communications , Ministry Electronics and Information Technology 16. Shri Piyush Goyal – Ministry of Textiles , Ministry of Commerce and Industry , Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution 17. Shri Dharmendra Pradhan – Ministry of Education , Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 18. Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi – Ministry of Minority Affairs 19. Shri Pralhad Joshi – Ministry of Parliament Affairs , Ministry of Coals and Mines 20. Shri. Jyotiraditya M. scindia – Ministry of Civil Aviation 21. Shri Giriraj Singh -Ministry of Rural Development and Ministry of Panchayat Raj 22. Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat – Ministry of Jal Shakti 23. Shri Pashu Patu Kumar Paras – Ministry of Food Processing Industry 24. Shri Kiren Rijiju – Ministry of Law and Justice 25. Shri Raj Kumar Singh – Ministry of Power , Ministry of New and Renewable energy 26. Shri Hardeep Singh Puri – ministry of petroleum and natural gas , ministry of housing and urban affairs 27. Shri Bhupender Yadav – Ministry of Environment , Forest and Climate Chance , Ministry of Labour and Employment 28. Dr. Mahendra Nath Pandey – Ministry of Heavy Industries 29. Shri ParoshotTom Rupala – Ministry of Fisheries , Animal Husbandry and Dairying 30 . Shri G. Kishan Reddy – Ministry of culture , Ministry of Tourism , Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region 31. Shri Anurag Singh Thakur – Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports 32 . Ashwini Vaishnav – Cabinet Minister 33. Anupriya – Cabinet Minister .
We’ve been debating for centuries about whether Mars had life or not. In fact, the astronomer Percival Lowell misinterpreted observations of “canali” — the Italian word for channels — on the planet as evidence of alien-made canals. It turned out Lowell’s observations were hampered by poor telescope optics of his day, and the canals he saw were optical illusions. That said, several spacecraft have spotted other signs of ancient water — channels grooved in the terrain and rocks that only could have formed in the presence of water, for example.
2.Mars Has Frozen Water Today:
We’re very interested in the question of water because it implies habitability; simply put, life as we know it is more likely to exist with water there. In fact, the Curiosity rover’s mandate on Mars right now is to search for habitable environments (in the past or present). Mars has a thin atmosphere that does not allow water to flow or remain in large quantities on the surface, but we know for sure that there is ice at the poles — and possibly frosty locations elsewhere on the planet. The question is if the ice is capable of melting enough water in the summer long enough to support any microbes.
3.Mars Used To Have A Thicker Atmosphere:
For water to flow in the past, the Red Planet needs more atmosphere. So something must have changed in the past few billion years. What? It is thought that the Sun’s energy striking the atmosphere must have “stripped” the lighter forms of hydrogen from the top, scattering the molecules into space. Over long periods of time, this would lessen the amount of atmosphere near Mars. This question is being investigated in more detail with NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft.
4.Mars Has Some Extreme Highs And Lows In Terrain:
The surface gravity of Mars is only 37% of what you would find on Earth, which makes it possible for volcanoes to be taller without collapsing. This is why we have Olympus Mons, the tallest volcano known on a planet in the Solar System. It’s 16 miles (25 kilometers) high and its diameter is approximately the same as the state of Arizona, according to NASA. But Mars also has a deep and wide canyon known as Valles Marineris, after the spacecraft (Mariner 9) that discovered it. In some parts, the canyon is 4 miles (7 kilometers) deep. According to NASA, the valley is as wide as the United States and is about 20% of the Red Planet’s diameter.
5.Mars Has Two Moons- And One Of Them Is Doomed:
The planet has two asteroid-like moons called Phobos and Deimos. Because they have compositions that are similar to asteroids found elsewhere in the Solar System, according to NASA, most scientists believe the Red Planet’s gravity snatched the moons long ago and forced them into orbit. But in the life of the Solar System, Phobos has a pretty short lifetime. In about 30 million to 50 million years, Phobos is going to crash into Mars’ surface or rip apart because the tidal force of the planet will prove too much to resist.
6.We Have Pieces Of Mars On Earth:
Remember the low gravity on Mars that we talked about? In the past, the planet has been hit by large asteroids — just like Earth. Most of the debris fell back on the planet, but some of it was ejected into space. That sparked an incredible journey where the debris moved around the Solar System and in some cases, landed on Earth. The technical name for these meteorites is called SNC (Shergottites, Nakhlites, Chassignites — types of geologic composition). Gases trapped in some of these meteorites has been practically identical to what NASA’s Viking landers sampled on the Red Planet in the 1970s and 1980s.
7.Mars Would Kill An Unprotected Astronaut Quickly:
There are a lot of unpleasant scenarios for somebody who took of their helmet. First, Mars is usually pretty cold; its average temperature is -50 degrees Fahrenheit (-45 degrees Celsius) at the mid-latitudes. Second, it has practically no atmosphere. The air pressure on Mars is only 1% of what we have (on average) on the Earth’s surface. And third, even if it did have atmosphere, the composition is not compatible with the nitrogen-oxygen mix humans require. Specifically, Mars has about 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon and a few other elements in its atmosphere.
8.In The Early Space Age,We Thought Mars Was Like The Moon:
The early NASA probes that flew by the Red Planet all, coincidentally, happened to image spots on the planets that had craters. This led some scientists to (mistakenly) believe that Mars has an environment similar to the moon: cratered and practically unchanging. This all changed when Mariner 9 arrived at the planet for an orbital mission in November 1971 and discovered the planet engulfed in a global dust storm. What’s more, odd features were poking out above the dust — features that turned out to be dormant volcanoes. And as mentioned earlier, Mariner 9 found the vast Valles Marineris. It changed our view of the planet forever.
9.Mars Has Methane In Its Atmosphere:
Methane can be interpreted as a sign of biological activity — microbes emit it — or even of geologic activity. And active planets, it is thought, are more likely to have life on them. So the question of methane on Mars is one that scientists are trying to figure out. The consensus? There is no consensus. Telescopic observations have had wildly different measurements over the years, and few spacecraft have been designed to probe for the element in detail. The Curiosity rover has detected tenfold spikes in methane in its area, but we don’t know where it came from and why the fluctuations are happening.
10.Mars Is A Popular Spacecraft Destination:
There have been so many spacecraft that attempted a Martian mission that it’s hard to pick notable ones in a short article. NASA’s Vikings were the first landers in 1976; in fact, NASA is the only agency that has managed to land on the planet so far. Some of its other missions include Pathfinder-Sojourner (the first lander-rover combination) in 1997, the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity in 2004, and the Curiosity rover of 2012. And this doesn’t even mention the fleet of orbiters that have mapped Mars over the years from the Soviet Union, NASA, the European Space Agency and India. And there are many more spacecraft to come in the next decade.
Science and technology play a huge role in our society as well as in our lives. Nowadays we all are surrounded by technology and are dependent on it for everything we do. Especially after this pandemic everything is in virtual mode and is completely based on technology. We live in the technological era where gadgets are of outmost importance to us. A gadget is simply a human made device which is programmed to reduce human effort and does a piece of job easily without any hassle.
In this fast-growing world we human beings are always surrounded by machines and gadgets for every need of ours starting from the time we get up in the morning till we again go to bed we even use gadgets while we are asleep such as air conditioner, insect repellent and many more. Science is a boon for us, but in the other hand as everything has its own merits and demerits there are also people who do use science for a bad cause. Technology is good but it is advisable to keep this technology out of the reach of children as otherwise they will not tend to learn things and will prefer to take the help of science to solve a particular existing problem this may affect their growth.
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY :
Technology, science and knowledge are important in modern contemporary society. Essential questions include the following : How does science and technology produce new products, new ways of living and new nutritious? Why is new technology and knowledge so fundamental to us in the ways through which we imagine the future?
Technology, knowledge and science are fundamental in modern contemporary society. The understanding of how social, cultural and material elements influence the production of new practices, new ways of under of contemporary postmodern society. Studies of technology and science provides students with insight into how different processes of knowledge are initiated and progressed, and how innovative technological processes are developed employed and increase in importance. In this manner, students will be provided with the academic basis for working with detailed analyses of different forms of technologies and process of knowledge within business life or industry and commerce, research work , political development, management of knowledge and innovation.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY :
Science , technology and innovation each represent a successively larger category of activities which are highly interdependent but distinct. Science contributes to technology in at least six ways.
New knowledge which serves as a direct source of ideas of new technological possibilities.
Source from tools and techniques for more efficient engineering design and a knowledge based for evaluation of feasibility of designs
Research instrumentation, laboratory techniques and analytical methods used in research that eventually find their way into design or industrial practices, often through intermediate disciplines.
Practice of research as a source for development and assimilation of new human skill and capabilities eventually useful for technology.
Creation of a knowledge base that becomes increasingly important in the assessment of technology in terms of its wider social and environmental impacts
Knowledge base that enables more efficient strategies of applied research, development, and refinement of new technologies.
THe ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Teaching technological literacy, critical thinking and problem- solving through science education gives students the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in school and beyond.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY USED IN SOCIETY :
Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is growing. By making life easier, science has given an the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, education and justice to create cultures, and to improve human conditions.
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball (approximately 9.4 inches (24 cm) in diameter) through the defender’s hoop (a basket 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter mounted 10 feet (3.048 m) high to a backboard at each end of the court) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop. A field goal is worth two points, unless made from behind the three-point line, when it is worth three. After a foul, timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one, two or three one-point free throws. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but if regulation play expires with the score tied, an additional period of play (overtime) is mandated.
The five players on each side fall into five playing positions. The tallest player is usually the center, the second-tallest and strongest is the power forward, a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward, and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard, who implements the coach’s game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays (player positioning). Informally, players may play three-on-three, two-on-two, and one-on-one.Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, basketball has evolved to become one of the world’s most popular and widely viewed sports.
Bball in India
In India, basketball is a popular sport, with a multi-tiered professional club league system, as well as men’s and women’s national teams.In India, the game of basketball started its journey in 1930 when it was played for the first time. The first Indian National Championship for men was conducted in 1934 in New Delhi. The Basketball Federation of India (BFI), which controls the game in India was formed in 1950. Throughout history, Indians learned to appreciate the game because of its fast scoring and intense activity from the beginning until the end.Basketball in India is played in most of the high schools, colleges and universities. There is considerable patronage for the game among the younger generation. Basketball in India is played by both men and women of all ages and ability. Many government institutions have professional basketball teams, who work for the institution and play for them. For example, ONGC in Uttarakhand, Indian Overaseas Bank in Tamil Nadu, Indian Bank in Karnataka, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited in New Delhi, Indian Railways, and Kerala State Electricity Board in Trivandrum play for their respective institution and state.
There are many championships for senior, junior, and youth levels for boys and girls.Being one of the earliest countries to adopt basketball, India has so far produced numerous talented basketball players, who have earned recognition in the international arena. Indian basketball players have also won several trophies for their country. Basketball in India is mainly being run and managed by a large number of national and state level associations, spread all over India. These basketball associations are working with a common view of popularizing the game in all parts of the country. Apart from that, developing the overall infrastructure for the game and uncovering new talent from the grass route level are some of the other principal objectives of the Indian basketball associations.
Professional leagues
List of major Basketball Tournaments in India:
UBA Pro League
National Championship
Federation Cup
ISBL and ICBL (Indian School Basketball League and Indian College Basketball League)
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