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Based on performance, size,cost and capacity, the digital computers are classified into four different types:
🔅Super computers
🔅Mainframe computers
🔅Mini computers
🔅Macro computers

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Super Computers:

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🌟The mightiest computers but at the same time, the most expensive ones are known as Super computers.
🌟Super computers process billions of instructions per second.
🌟In other words, Super computers are the computers normally used to solve intensive numerical computers.
🌟Examples of such applications are stock analysis, special effects for movies, weather forecasting and even sophisticated artworks.

Mainframe Computers:

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🌟Mainframe computers are capable of processing data at very high speeds- hundreds of million instructions per second.
🌟They are large in size.
🌟These systems are also expensive.
🌟They are used to process large amount of data quickly.
🌟Some of the obvious customers are banks, airlines and railway reservation system, aerospace companies doing complex aircraft design, etc.

Mini Computers:

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🌟The Mini computers were developed with objective of bringing out low cost computers.
🌟Ther are lower to Mainframe computers, in term of speed and storage capacity.
🌟Some of the hardware available in Mainframe were not included in the Mini computer handled by hardware in Mainframe computers were done by software in Mini computers.

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🌟Hence the performance of Mini computers is less than that of the Mainframe.
🌟However, the Mini computer market has diminished somewhat as buyers have moved towards less expensive but increasingly powerful personal computers.

Micro computers:

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🌟The invention of microprocessor (single chip CPU)gave birth to the micro computers.
🌟They are several times cheaper than mini computers.
🌟The micro computers are further classified into,
🔅workstation
🔅personal computers
🔅 laptop computers
🔅smaller computers

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🌟Although the equipment may vary from the simplest computer to the most powerful, the major functional units of the computer system remain tha same :
🔅input
🔅processing
🔅storage
🔅output

Workstations:

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🌟Workstations are also desktop machines mainly used for intensive graphical applications.
🌟They have more processor speed than that of personal computers.
🌟Workstations use sophisticated display screens featuring high – resolution colour graphics.
🌟Workstations are used for executing numeric and graphic intensive applications such as Computer Aided Design (CAD), simulation of complex systems and visualizing the results of simulation.

Personal Computers:

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🌟Today the personal computers are the most popular computers systems simply called PCs.
🌟These desktop computers are also known as home computers.
🌟They are usually easier to use an more affordable than Workstations.
🌟They are self-contained desktop computers intended for an individual user.
🌟Most often used for word processing and small database applications.

Laptop Computers:

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🌟Laptop computers are portable compilation fit in a briefcase.
🌟Laptop computers, also called notebook computers, are wonderfully portable and functional, and popular with travelers who need a computer that can go with them.

Getting Smaller Still:

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🌟Pen-based computers use a pen like stylus and accept handwritten input directly on a screen.
🌟Pen-based computer are also called Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).
🌟Special engineering and hardware design techniques are adopted to mske the portable smaller and light weight computers.

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Education is a constitutional right of every citizen that prepares an individual to play their role as a sophisticated member of society. The importance of education can be implied by habituating the lack of its existence. The Importance Of Education and its significance can be understood through the life of an ignorant and illiterate person , who has never had the chance to visit the school and is experiencing the bane of illiteracy could value the answer to the question -Why is Education an essential factor in our life? He/she knows the prominence and importance of education and its changes in individuals life. Education is a powerful weapon that aids an individual to face the adversities of life and overcome societal stigmas such as poverty , fear, status ,to achieve success. Education is the hope of development and success for third – world countries and the worlds dominion countries . Mandatory education builds the scope of better growth and development.

A map should include the following components namely, the title, scale, direction, grid system, projection, legend, conventional signs and symbols.

Title

It indicates the purpose or theme of the map. Example: India – Physical, World – Political, Tamil Nadu – Transport.

Scale

Scale makes it possible to reduce the size of the whole earth to show it on a piece of paper. A scale is a ratio between the actual distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground. Scales can be represented in three methods. They are the Statement, Representative Fraction (R.F) and Linear or Graphical scale methods.

Statement scale

Scale makes it possible to reduce the size of the whole earth to show it on a piece of paper. A scale is a ratio between the actual distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground. Scales can be represented in three methods. They are the Statement, Representative Fraction (R.F) and Linear or Graphical scale methods.

The Representative Fraction (R.F)

Representative Fraction (R.F) = Distance on the map/Distance on the ground

Linear or Graphical scale

In a map, a linear scale is represented by a straight line divided into equal parts (Primary and Secondary) to show what these markings represent on the actual ground. This scale helps in the direct measurement of distance on the map.

Direction

Maps are drawn normally with north orientation. North direction in a map is always towards the North Pole of the earth. If you position yourself looking at the North Pole, on your right will be the east; your left will be the west; at your back will be south. These four main directions are called the cardinal directions. Direction is usually indicated on a map by a North-South line, with the North direction represented by an arrow head.

Grid System

The location of a place can be simply defined by its latitude and longitude. In normal practice, latitude is stated first and then comes the longitude. The latitude and longitude of a place can be expressed in units of degree, minutes and seconds.

Projection

A map projection is a way of showing the spherical shaped earth on a flat piece of paper. Where does the word ‘projection’ come from? Imagine a clear globe with latitude and longitude lines and the outlines of the landmass on it. Suppose there was a light bulb inside the globe. If you wrapped a piece of paper around the globe and turned on the light bulb, the outlines of the grid and landmasses would be projected onto the paper. Map projection is defined as the transformation of spherical network of latitudes and longitudes on a plane surface. Projection are drawn to maintain the shape, area and direction.

The three methods in widest use are as follow:
• Projection on the surface of a cylinder
• Projection on to the surface of a cone
• Projection directly onto a flat plane, called planar or zenithal or azimuthal projection

Legend

The legend of a map helps to understand the map details which are placed at the left or right corner at the bottom of the map.

Conventional signs and symbols

Conventional signs and symbols are standard symbols used on a map and explained in the legend to convey a definite meaning. The topographic map contains a variety of information about physical and cultural features.

These are shown by using signs and symbols in various colours so that the clarity of the map is maintained.

There are three types of map symbols

• Point Symbols – buildings, dipping tanks, trigonometrical beacons
• Line Symbols – railways, roads, power lines, telephone lines
• Area Symbols – Cultivated lands, ponds, orchards and vineyards

OVERVIEW :-

Indian Navy Day is celebrated every year on December 4 to salute Indian Navy for their exceptional duties of protecting the water boundaries of motherland India. 4 December was chosen to celebrate the Navy Day because on this date in the year 1971, Indian Navy fought a ferocious war against Pakistan. Indian Navy destroyed 4 Pakistani vessels including PNS Khaibar and killed hundreds of Pakistani Navy personnel. This operation if Indian Navy was named as Operation Trident. This day also marks the day to remember all the soldiers who fought with utmost bravery and laid down their life for motherland India. Thus giving the greatest sacrifice for the country.

THE INDIAN NAVY WEEK :-

The celebrations for Indian Navy Day goes on for a week. During this week, many types of water sports events are organized by the Indian Navy including swimming competitions. Quiz competitions for school children are organized. The warships and aircrafts of Indian Navy are opened for the visitors. This experience give visitors the moment of their life which they will cherish for life long.

As per the management of these events, “The Military Photo Exhibition is also performed by photojournalists of the Ernakulum in the Navy fest. Other events such as blood donation camps are also held. A community service for the Indian Navy is conducted by the Naval Institute of Aeronautical Technology (NIAT) at Good Hope Old Age Home, Fort Kochi in which the students from the Navy Children School Chair take turns to entertain the inmates and Naval doctors (from INHS Sanjivani) provides medical checkup to the inmates. The Navy Ball and Navy Queen contests including the Navy fest are held to celebrate Navy Day.”

Beating the retreat, LASER light shows and air shows are organized and these are the main attractions for the visitors. Blood donation camps are organized by the Indian Navy Doctors throughout the country at different centres.

In the year 2017, The maiden ‘Land of Legends’ marathon conducted by Indian Naval Academy (INA) on the occassion of Indian Navy Day. More than 700 participants took part in this marathon. The total length of this marathon was 21.1 km. For senior citizens, ladies and children this marathon was about 5 km and 3km long.

THEMES OF NAVY DAY :-

Every year the Indian Navy Day is celebrated with a unique theme. Like the theme of Navy Day 2020 was “Indian Navy Combat Ready, Credible & Cohesive”. “COVID-19 and Chinese attempts to change status quo along northern borders have posed new challenges. The Navy is ready to face both these challenges,” Admiral Karambir Singh, the Navy chief said at a press conference on the eve of Navy Day. This year a 360° virtual view of INS Vikramaditya was shown to all the visitors which was a unique experience for them.

“Navy Day greetings to all our valorous navy personnel and their families. The Indian navy fearlessly protects our coasts and also renders humanitarian assistance in times of need. We also remember India’s rich maritime tradition over centuries.” – PM Narendra Modi

“On the occasion of #NavyDay2020 we reaffirm #Indian Navy’s steadfast commitment to the service of the Nation and towards ensuring our Maritime Security & Territorial Integrity.”
– Admiral Karambir Singh, Chief of the Naval Staff & all personnel of Indian Navy

Links :-

• https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.oneindia.com/amphtml/india/indian-navy-day-2018-operation-trident-and-its-impact-on-the-1971-war-2817388.html
• https://www.google.com/amp/s/goachronicle.com/indian-navy-releases-schedule-for-virtual-tours-of-ins-vikramaditya-ins-mysore-to-mark-navy-day/amp/
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Day_(India)

Indian cultures and traditions are popular all over the world.Various art forms such as dance, painting, music also a part of Indian’s heritage. People in India are very religious and spiritual. Indians are also humble, kind and helpful. India has a culture, to welcome and treat guests like God.Indian culture is very rich and it has a unique position in the world.We have a tradition of respecting elders, being truthful and helping each other.Many people in India still live in joint families with grandparents, uncle, etc.This helps children in family to learn culture and traditions from childhood

No matter what, they always live together and celebrates each others festivals with great enthusiasm.Many different eras have come and ruled the Indian culture but nothing could influence the rich cultural heritage. Younger generations are still in touch with their ancestors and are therefore able to learn and acquire their cultural and tradition values.The property of togetherness amongst people has made India a unique country.I am really proud of our Indian culture.

A type of therapy that uses humor to help relieve pain and stress and improve a person’s sense of well-being. It may be used to help people cope with a serious disease, such as cancer. Laughter therapy may include laughter exercises, clowns, and comedy movies, books, games, and puzzles.

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Laughing is an excellent way to reduce stress in our lives,it can help you to cope with and survive a stressful life.Laughter provides full scale support for your muscles and unleashes a rush of stress busting endorphins.Since our body cannot distinguish between real and fake laughter, anything that makes you giggle will have a positive impact.

Laughter yoga(Hasya yoga)is a practice involving prolonged voluntary laughter It aims to get people laughing in groups.It is practised in the early mornings in open parks.It has been made popular as an exercise routine . Laughter yoga is based on the belief that voluntary laughter as psychological benefits as spontaneous laughter.

Laughter therapy aims to get people laughing,in groups and individual sessions and can help reduce stress,make people and more committed,as well as improve their interpersonal skills.This laughter comes from the body and not the mind.

Laughter yoga session may start with gentle warm up techniques which include stretching, chanting, clapping,eye contact and body movements to help break down inhibitions and encourage a sense of playfulness.Moreover, laughter is the best medicine.Breathing exercises are used to prepare the lungs for laughter followed by a series of laughter exercises that combine a method of acting and visualization techniques.Twenty minutes of laughter is sufficient to augment physiological development.

A handful of small scale scientific studies have indicated that laughter yoga has some medically beneficial effects, including cardiovascular health.This therapy has proved to be good for depressed patients.This laughter therapy also plays a crucial role in social bonding.

He was an Indian Aerospace scientist who served as the 11th president of Indian from 2002 to 2007. He was born and raised in Rameswaram , Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator , mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved Indias civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of Indianfor his work on development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology . He also played a pivotal oraganisational , technical, and political role in Indias Pokhran -II nuclear tests in1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.

A farmer is one of the most important members of society. He is the giver of food to the people, to all practical purposes. He gets up early in the morning and goes to his fields. The term usually to applies to people who do some combination of raising fields crops,orchards,vineyards,poultry, or other livestock.

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ORGANIC FARMING

• Organic farming is the best and the most viable alternative for traditional farming techniques.

• The producer of organic farming has high nutritional value in comparison to conventional food.

• Organic farming helps in reducing soil pollution and air pollution.

• Use of harmful chemical fertilizers and pesticides will poison our food cycle.

• India has the most organic farmers in the whole world.

• The only disadvantage of organic farming is it is costlier in comparison to conventional farming methods.

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Farmers have great important in our society. They are the ones who provide us food. Since every person needs proper food for their living, so they are a necessity for the society. There are different types of farmers, and they all have equal significance.

* Farmers are the backbone of our country.

* All the economic development in the country is possible only if the farming community is taken care of on a priority basis.

* Agriculture industry contributes more than 15% to India’s GDP.

* Unpredictable climate conditions, no proper pricing in place and lack of help from the government is what is leading to farmer distress in the country.

* India has one of the highest farmer suicide rates in the country.

* Food corporation of India buys produce directly from farmers and store it in their cold storage units for use during emergencies.

All five previous days that I had spent in my life is a vain and now it’s time to answer because the weekend is finally here!!!

For others the weekend is usually a time to relax or a time to do what they wanted to do, through the week but for me it is a time to catch up with my sleep, to continue my dreams or a time to be well spent with my family and friends. There are 365 days in a year but there are only 52 weekend days so take the time to do what you would love to do. It feels awesome to spend the priceless weekend with family and friends instead of spending it with Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.

Weekend is like a mirage, it seems to be there but when you reach it disappears . Every single day in week days goes like an year but the weekend ,for which I was waiting the whole week goes like just few seconds. I didn’t expect that the weekend would pass so quick, it feels like,”can I repeat it?”.

Not all weekends are wonderful and has big moments , some weekends might be quite and simple but still with plenty of memories. Every weekend may not be a good weekend but there is something good in every weekend, start exploring it.

The weekend is a time of on alarm,no need to stuff my breakfast ,no ugly shoes and socks, no need to rush up to the bus stop,no urgent phone calls ,no need to attend meetings with a sleepy face and finally no sleepless working nights.

Why is it a matter of concern now?

According to a PTI report, researchers at the Chennai-based Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc) revealed that the R-value for coronavirus has gone up for the country.  Their analysis revealed that it has gone from 0.78 on June 30 to 0.88 in the first week of July. This is despite the nationwide tally of new cases remaining low. 

What is the cause of worry?

This analysis has added to the worries and concerns about the pandemic as it comes amid the unlocking process by many states trying to restore a semblance of normalcy as the deadly second wave, which infected lakhs and killed thousands during its peak in April-May, shows signs of ebbing.

Sitabhra Sinha, who led the team of researchers said the ‘R’ for India is still below one, so the number of active cases is decreasing at a much slower rate. The same trend of slowing down in the rate of decline in active cases is also seen in many states.

“Kerala showed a brief spike in cases and its R continues to hover close to 1. The northeast region is of great concern. Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and possibly Tripura are showing a rise in the number of cases,” Sinha pointed out.

What does the analysis say?

When the second wave of the coronavirus infection was at its peak, the overall R-value in the country was estimated to be 1.37 between March 9 and April 21. It declined to 1.18 between April 24 and May 1 and then to 1.10 between April 29 and May 7, according to the analysis.

Between May 9 and 11, the R-value was estimated to be around 0.98. It then came down to 0.82 from May 14 to May 30. The R-value was 0.78 from May 15 to June 26 and 0.88 from June 20 to July 7.

In Kerala, the R-value is estimated to be around 1.10. As for the northeastern states, the R for Manipur is 1.07, Meghalaya 0.92, Tripura 1.15, Mizoram 0.86, Arunachal Pradesh 1.14, Sikkim 0.88, Assam 0.86.

Rising Covid-19 cases in Kerala, coupled with the recent outbreak of the Zika virus, is a matter of concern for the health authorities as the southern state battles to bring down daily new infections.

What does the change in R value mean now?

“India’s R has increased a bit to 0.88 from June-end after being at the lowest ever value of 0.78 (since the pandemic began in March last year) from mid-May till late last month,” PTI quoted Sinha.

This means, every 100 infected people on average pass on the infection to 88 other individuals. If R is lesser than 1, it means the number of newly infected people is lower than the number of infected people in the preceding period which means the disease incidence is going down, the lead researcher said.

“The smaller the value of R is, the faster the disease is on decline. Conversely, if R is greater than 1, the number of infected people is increasing in each round—technically, this is what we call the epidemic phase. The bigger the number is than 1, the faster the rate of spreading of the disease in the population,” Sinha added.

On Tuesday, PM Modi urged people not to compromise on Covid protocols to prevent a third wave of coronavirus.

The Supreme Court of India is the country’s highest judicial court. It is the final court of appeal in the country. It is hence, an extremely important topic in the UPSC exam polity and governance sections.

1. 15th February 2021: Former Supreme Court Judge, Justice PB Sawant Passed Away on this day.
2. Supreme Court is examining a petition relating to the Social Media Firm Facebook and its Messaging Application WhatsApp over their terms of service and privacy policy that were to be out on February 8th, 2021.
3. 13th February 2021: Statement from Supreme Court while dismissing a review petition on the anti-citizenship law protests held in Delhi’s Shaheen Bagh in 2019 – “Right To Protest Cannot Be Anytime, Everywhere.”

• The Federal Court of India was created as per the Government of India Act 1935.
• This court settled disputes between provinces and federal states and heard appeals against judgements of the high courts.
• After independence, the Federal Court and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were replaced by the Supreme Court of India, which came into being in January 1950.
• The Constitution of 1950 envisaged a Supreme Court with one Chief Justice and 7 puisne Judges.
• The number of SC judges was increased by the Parliament and currently, there are 34 judges including the Chief Justice of India (CJI). 

Supreme Court of India – Functions

• It takes up appeals against the verdicts of the High Courts, other courts and tribunals.
• It settles disputes between various government authorities, between state governments, and between the centre and any state government.
• It also hears matters which the President refers to it, in its advisory role.
• The SC can also take up cases suo moto (on its own).
• The law that SC declares is binding on all the courts in India and on the Union as well as the state governments.

Supreme Court Jurisdiction

The jurisdiction of the SC is of three types:

1. Original – Read in detail about Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in the linked article. 
2. Advisory – Notes on Advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court are given in the linked article. 
3. Appellate 

Supreme Court Composition

• Including the CJI, there are 34 judges in the Supreme Court.
• The judges sit in benches of 2 or 3 (called a Division Bench) or in benches of 5 or more (called a Constitutional Bench) when there are matters of fundamental questions of the law is to be decided.

The Procedure of the Supreme Court of India

The Supreme Court of India has powers to consult the President to regulate the practice and procedure of the Court.

The Constitutional Cases are usually decided by a bench consisting of five judges whereas other cases are decided by a bench of at least three judges.

The seat of Supreme Court

As per the Constitution of India, Delhi is declared as the seat of the Supreme Court of India. However, the Chief Justice of India has the power to assign another place (s) as the seat of the Supreme Court. This is only an optional provision and not mandatory.

SC Judge Eligibility

As per Article 124, an Indian citizen who is below 65 years of age is eligible to be recommended for appointment as a judge of the SC if:

1. he/she has been a judge of one or more High Courts, for at least 5 years, or
2. he/she has been an advocate in one or more High Courts for at least 10 years, or
3. he/she is in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.

Independence of Judiciary

The Constitution has many provisions to ensure the judiciary’s independence. They are discussed below:

1. Security of tenure: The judges of the SC are given security of tenure. Once appointed, they will retain their office until the age of 65 years. They can be removed only by a presidential order on grounds of proven misbehaviour and/or incapacity. This requires a Special Majority according to Article 368. Read more about the types of majorities in Parliament in the linked article.
2. Salaries and allowances: The judges of the SC enjoy good salaries and allowances and these cannot be decreased except in the case of a financial emergency. The expenses of the High Court are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State, which is not subject to vote in the state legislature.
3. Powers and Jurisdiction: The SC’s powers and jurisdiction can only be added by the Parliament and not be curtailed. 
4. The conduct of any judge of the Supreme Court in the discharge of his/her duties cannot be discussed in the legislature.
5. The SC has the power to punish any person for its contempt, as per Article 129. (Read about Contempt of Court in India in the linked article.)
6. Separation of the Judiciary from the Executive: A Directive Principle of State Policy says that the state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state. According to Article 50, there shall be a separate judicial service free from executive control.

Who is the Chief Justice of India in 2021?

The Current Chief Justice of India (CJI) is Sharad Arvind Bobde. He took the office of Chief Justice of India on 18 November 2019.

How many supreme courts are there in India?

There is only 1 Supreme Court in India. And, there are 25 High Courts.

What are the powers and functions of the Supreme Court?

SC is the highest judicial court in India. It upholds the rule of law and also guarantees and protects citizens’ rights and liberties as given in the Constitution. Therefore, the Supreme Court is also known as the Guardian of the Constitution.

How many judges are there in Supreme Court?

At present, there are 34 judges in the SC including the CJI.

Can Supreme Court overrule President India?

Technically, the President cannot overrule the SC. Only Parliament can amend any law to overcome the decision of the SC. The President has the pardoning power, which he can exercise on the advice of the Council of Ministers. Even here, the President does not overrule the SC. The judgement of the Court remains, only, the President can “pardon” the punishment.