Computer is a device comprising both hardware and software.The functions of hardware and software combines together to make the computer functional.A hardware device helps to enter input information.The software processes the input data and gives the output in the monitor,a hardware device.Thus computer is like a human body,where human body is the hradware and soul is the software.

Hardware

Hardware is the parts of the computer which we can touch and feel.Hardware includes Input and output devices, Cabinet,Hard Disk,Mother Board,SMPS,CPU,RAM,CD Drive and Graphics card.

Software

Hardware is lifeless without software in a computer.Software are programmed and coded applications to process the input information.The software processes the data by converting the input information into coding or profmgrammed language.Touching and feeling the software is not possible but we can see the functions of the software in the form of output.

Types of software

The software is divided into two types based on the process.They are

1. System software (operating system)
2. Application software

System software

System software is software that makes the hardware devices process the data inputted by the user and to display the result on the output devices like Monitor.Without the opening devices like Monitor . Without the operating system, computer cannot function on its own.Some of the popular operating system are Linux, windows,Mac, Android etc.

Application software

Application software is a program or a group of programs designed for the benefit of end user to work on computer.The application programs can be installed in the hard disk for the usage on a particular computer.This type of application program completes one or more than two works of the end user.The following are the examples of application program:

• Video player
• Audio player
• Word processing software
• Drawing tools
• Editing software,etc.

System and Application software types

The opening system and application software are available in two forms.They are:

1. Free and open source
2. Paid and proprietary software

Free and open source

Free and open software is available at Free of cost and can be shared to many end users.Free software is editable and customisable by the user and his leads to updation or development of new software.Examples of free and open source software:LINUX,open office , operating system,Geogebra etc.

• Conventional software developers, distributors and sellers fear that FOSS will undercut their profits.
• Abuse of FOSS privilege may lead to questionable claims of copyright or trademark protection,thereby spawning litigation.
• The monetary value of FOSS is unclear, so government’s have trouble figuring out how to tax it.

Paid and proprietary software

There is software that is to be paid to use either permanently or temporarily,these types of software are paid and need a licence to use it.The licence of the software would not be provided unless it is purchased.Similarly the end users are legally prohibited to steal the software program or to use the pirated version of the paid and proprietary software.Some of the examples of paid & proprietary software are: windows, Microsoft office,Adobe photoshop,etc.

Health can be defined as the physical,social, psychological and spiritual well-being of individuals.Now a days it is the main source everyone’s life by maintaining better Healthy nutrition immunity increases . Immunity defines the wealth and happiness of an individual.

we can improve our daily intake to maintain health by nutritive values .

NUTRITION :

The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth.

NUTRIENTS :

A substance that provide nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth.

There are different types of foods that provide various nutrients to nourish the organs and their system in human body.Here there are some nutrients and their food sources.

You may not get all the micronutrients your body needs. Americans tend to eat foods that are high in calories and low in micronutrients. These foods often also contain added sugar, sodium (salt), and saturated or trans fats. This type of diet contributes to weight gain. It can increase your risk of health issues, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), American adults may not get enough of the following micronutrients.

Nutrient and Food sources :

Calcium : Nonfat and low-fat dairy, dairy substitutes, broccoli, dark, leafy greens, and sardines .

Potassium : Bananas, cantaloupe, raisins, nuts, fish, and spinach and other dark greens.

Fiber : Legumes (dried beans and peas), whole-grain foods and brans, seeds, apples, strawberries, carrots, raspberries, and colorful fruit and vegetables .

Magnesium : Spinach, black beans, peas, and almonds .

Vitamin A : Eggs, milk, carrots, sweet potatoes, and cantaloupe.

Vitamin C : Oranges, strawberries, tomatoes, kiwi, broccoli, and red and green bell peppers.

Vitamin E Avocados, nuts, seeds, whole-grain foods, and spinach and other dark leafy greens.

We can prepare some recipes by combining other foods wich gives required nutrients to our body.

Rice and Beans :

Both these foods alone are healthy choices. But if you’re trying to get in all your protein without eating meat, beef, or chicken, a serving of rice and beans can do the trick! A complete protein is one that contains all the amino acids your body needs – an egg is considered the most perfect protein around. The amino acids found in rice complements those found in beans, making it a high-quality protein when eaten together.

Leafy Greens and Tomatoes:

Dark leafy greens like spinach, kale, and collards contain iron. But it’s tough to absorb the iron from these plants without the assistance of vitamin C. Combine fresh or sautéed leafy greens with tomatoes, a splash or lemon juice or slices of strawberries.

Egg and Cheese:

Calcium and vitamin D work in synergy to help promote healthy bones. A glass of milk will give you both, but so can an egg and cheese sandwich, frittata or omelet. Egg yolks contain vitamin D and you’ll find calcium in the cheese.

Oatmeal and Water :

Oatmeal cookies and a warm bowl of oatmeal can foot the bill, but be sure to drink plenty of water. The oats need to absorb water in order to work properly and provide their many benefits. The fiber found in oatmeal has been shown to help reduce blood cholesterol levels and to help keep you full longer.

Tomatoes and Olive oil :

The antioxidant lycopene helps promote a healthy heart, could prevent macular generation and may lower the risk of colon cancer. Cooked tomato products like tomato sauce, ketchup, tomato soup, and tomato paste are the best sources of lycopene. Combine it with heart-healthy monounsatured olive oil for maximum absorption.

Social media are interactive technologies that allow the creation or sharing/exchange of information, ideas, career interests, and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks. While challenges to the definition of social media arise due to the broad variety of stand-alone and built-in social-media services currently available, there are some common features:

Social media are interactive Web 2.0 Internet-based applications.
User-generated content—such as text posts or comments, digital photos or videos, and data generated through all online interactions—is the lifeblood of social media.
Users create service-specific profiles for the website or app that are designed and maintained by the social-media organization.
Social media helps the development of online social networks by connecting a user’s profile with those of other individuals or groups.

Users usually access social media services via web-based apps on desktops and laptops, or download services that offer social media functionality to their mobile devices (e.g., smartphones and tablets). As users engage with these electronic services, they create highly interactive platforms through which individuals, communities, and organizations can share, co-create, discuss, participate, and modify user-generated content or self-curated content posted online. Additionally, social media are used to document memories; learn about and explore things; advertise oneself; and form friendships along with the growth of ideas from the creation of blogs, podcasts, videos, and gaming sites. This changing relationship between human and technology is the focus of the emerging field of technoself studies.

Since the dramatic expansion of the Internet, digital media or digital rhetoric can be used to represent or identify a culture. Studying how the rhetoric that exists in the digital environment has become a crucial new process for many scholars.

Observers have noted a wide range of positive and negative impacts of social media use. Social media can help to improve an individual’s sense of connectedness with real or online communities and can be an effective communication (or marketing) tool for corporations, entrepreneurs, non-profit organizations, advocacy groups, political parties, and governments. Observers have also seen that there has been a rise in social movements using social media as a tool for communicating and organizing in times of political unrest.

The problem has been the supply side,” said Baryomunsi, who is also an epidemiologist. “We have the money but we simply can’t get the vaccine. This is a challenge of access and equity. We have to rely on the western world and the western world has focused on its population. The impression is that people there don’t care about Africans.”

Uganda, which successfully repressed earlier waves of infection, has like other countries across Africa risked significant economic damage by imposing another severe lockdown.

“There was complacency that set in with the population and then a new variant that was much more aggressive,” Baryomunsi told the Guardian. “We have lost many people. The good news is that we have started to bring down infections.”

Dr Matshidiso Moeti, the WHO’s director for Africa, told reporters the continent had just marked its most dire pandemic week ever. “But the worst is yet to come as the fast-moving third wave continues to gain speed and new ground,” she said.

In the seven days to Thursday, the continent recorded 251,000 cases, a 21% increase. So far only 1.6% of vaccine doses administered globally have been given in Africa, and less than 2% of its population vaccinated.

Labour Productivity in Agriculture Versus Non-agriculture
The National Commission on Enterprises in Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) estimated
that in 2004-05 the ‘per worker GDP’ (called ‘labour productivity’) in agriculture
was about one-fourth of industrial sector GDP and one-sixth of service sector
GDP. The ratio of labour productivity in agriculture to that in non-agriculture has,
in fact, been continuously declining since 1983. This implies that the relative economic
condition of agricultural workforce (vis-à-vis industrial and service sector
workforce) has deteriorated over time. Further, due to limited access of farmers
and agricultural workers to employment in high value added non-agricultural
activities, a large number of them could not be occupationally mobile and per
force remained dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.
Employment Elasticity in Agriculture Versus Non-agriculture
Employment growth in agricultural and non-agricultural activities for the period
1993-94 to 2004-05 is presented in Table-7.1. Between 1993-94 and 1999-00,
agricultural employment witnessed a negligible 0.03 percent growth (i.e. annual
average percentage growth). During this period, agricultural GDP increased by 2.9
percent per annum. As a result, the employment elasticity (defined as the ratio of
employment growth to the corresponding GDP growth which indicates the
employment generated for every unit of income generated or added to the sector)
was low at 0.01. However, in the non-agricultural activities, the employment growth
was as high as 2.5 percent, GDP growth was 8.1 percent and the consequent
employment elasticity was also high at 0.31. The growth rate of real wages in the
non- agricultural sector (5.03) also was nearly twice as high as compared to the
agricultural sector (2.74). The growth story was similar even during the next
quinquennium i.e. 1999-00 to 2004-05 but the situation for the agricultural sector
was one of improvement. The employment elasticity in the non-agriculture was
0.65 as against 0.49 in agriculture. But the improvement in the employment elasticity
of agricultural sector itself, from 0.01 in 1994-95 to 0.49 in 2000-2005, is
significant. Notably, the real wages in agriculture also grew faster than the non￾agriculture i.e. 1.46 percent in the former as compared to 0.13 in the latter. These
facts are empirically encouraging from the point of view of agricultural development in India

As we by now know well, a large number of poor people directly or indirectly
depend on agriculture. Growth in the agricultural sector creates increased demand
for basic rural non-agriculture wage goods and services. Many of these goods are
mostly produced and consumed locally. A high growth in agriculture has great
potential for generating employment and income in the rural non-farm sector. The
World Development Report (WDR 2008) argues that agricultural growth is four
times as effective in reducing poverty and inequality as growth in non-agricultural
sectors. Another UN report entitled ‘Sustaining Growth and Sharing Prosperity’
(ESCAP, 2008) also says that persistent poverty in the Asia-Pacific region are the
result of decades of neglect of agriculture. The survey says that close to a third
of the region’s poor (i.e. an estimated 218 million), could be lifted out of poverty
if average agricultural labour productivity is raised. Growth in agricultural income
is therefore regarded as more effective in reducing poverty. You may note that the
rate of decline in poverty in India was greater during the relatively higher agricultural
growth period of 1980s than during the low agricultural growth period of 1990s.
For instance, rural poverty in India declined by 9 percentage point between 1993-
94 and 2004-05 while between 1977-78 and 1987-88, it had declined by 14
percentage points.
Inadequate accessibility of food is one of the main causes of poverty, hunger and
malnutrition which is widely spread in rural India. Due to malnutrition and hunger,
a worker would be physically too incapable to earn enough to feed himself and
his family. An increase in agricultural production and productivity would play a key
role in reducing poverty by raising agricultural wages and making food and other
agricultural commodities affordable to the poor households. However, agricultural
growth would be more effective in reducing poverty when supported by adequate
investment in human development components such as health and education. The
provision of basic education, as well as formal or informal training for developing
and upgrading skills, is crucial for farm workers, as they with sufficient knowledge
and skills are better able to respond to new technology, market opportunities, and risk

Agriculture is the backbone of our country.More than 50% of Indian’s population is dependent on agriculture.A few decade ago people people used to do farming using ancient tools, but now after the Green Revolution high yield varieties of food grains and vegetables have also been invented which has led to greater growth in agriculture in India. Government has constructed Dams and Canals on several rivers for irrigation purposes.

Our country India is the world’s largest producer of fresh fruits like Mango,Banana, Guava, Papaya etc.India also produces dry fruits, spices and vegetables.Food grains like rice and wheat are produced in ample amount.

Food is one of the basic necessities of human being.Hence, more and more people should focus on agriculture for their source of income.The food which we get to eat daily is the gift of hard work of the farmers.We as a society must respect the farmers and appreciate their hard work.If they stop working, we won’t get enough food.

BY MEETALI SONI

Shayara Bano is a name of a muslim girl who fought a long legal battle against triple talaq(third time divorce), has joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). A Constitution Bench has declared that the practice of instantaneous Triple Talaq is unconstitutional. On 22nd August 2017, the 5 Judge Bench of the Supreme Court pronounced its decision in the Triple Talaq Case, declaring that the practise was unconstitutional.
Shayara Bano case popularly known by , the “TRIPLE TALAQ CASE ” .Shayara Bano, a 35-year-old woman from Uttarakhand She was married to Rizwan Ahmed in 2002. She suffered a lots of problem in her marriage . Her is not working . She was visiting her parents in october 2015 with her five children. her husband sent a letter a divorce letter , the word talak was written thrice time in it (talak – i-biddat).Talaq-e- bidat is a practise which gives a man the right to divorce his wife by uttering ‘talaq’ three times in one sitting without his wife’s consent. Nikah Halala is a practise where a divorced woman who wants to remarry her husband would have to marry and obtain a divorce, from a second husband before she can go back to her first husband. And polygamy is a practice which allows Muslim men to have more than one wife.On 16th February 2017, the Court asked Shayara Bano, the Union of India, various women’ rights bodies, and the All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) to give written submissions on the issue of talaq-e- bidat, nikah-halala and polygamy. The Union of India and the women rights organizations like Bebaak Collective and Bhartiya Muslim Mahila Andolan (BMMA) supported Ms Bano’s plea that these practices are unconstitutional. She claimed that they violated several fundamental rights under the constitution of india namely Article 14 (Equality before law) , Article 15 (Prohibition of discrimination including on the ground og gender). Article 21 (Right to life )and Article 25 (Freedom of religion ).
There are two issues in this case are :-

1. The validity of triple talaq.
2. Whether triple talaq is an essential religious pratice?
   The judges are from different communities are chief justice JS KHEHAR (a Sikh), KURIAN JOSEPH (a Christian) , R.F NARIMAN (a Parsi),U. U LALIT (a Hindu ) , and ABDUL NAZEER (a Muslim ).
   On 22 of August 2017, the five judges bench of the supreme court pronounced is its decision in the triple talaq case, declaring that the practice was unconstitutional by a 3:2 majority. After 6 days of arguments from both side, it reserved the case for judgement.The court directed the Parliament to take legislative measures against the practice of triple talaq.Justice Rohinton Nariman and Uday Lalit held that talaq e biddat is regulated by the Muslim personal law (shariat) application 8, 1937. They held the practice is unconstitutional because it is manifestly arbitrary in nature. Justice Kurian Joseph on the other hand, in his concurring opinion, noted that triple talaq is against the Quran, and thus lack legal sanction. He wrote, “what is held to be bad in the holy Quran cannot be good in Shariat and, what is bad in theology is bad in law as well”.

On 22nd August 2017 Indian Supreme Court beamed instant triple talaq or talaq e biddat unconstitutional. On 30th July 2019, Parliament of India declared the practice of triple talaq as illegal, unconstitutional and made it punishable act from 1st August 2019 which is deemed to be in effect from 19th September 2018.

By the early 7th century, synchronising with the Harsha’s region in the north,the fat south had come under the control of the pallava kings of Kanchipuram.Pallava sovereignty included the domains of the Cholas and the Pandyas.The latter were then emerging as ruling dynasties in their respective river valley regions.Much of the central and eastern Deccan was under the Chalukyas of Badami(Batali),who were then pushed away by the Rashtrakutas.The Medieval period in India was marked by thee mergence of regional centres of power.There was no single imperial power like Mauryas or Guptas who exercised control over the greater part of India in this period.

The pallavas

The pallava kings ruled around the prosperous agraian settlement and important trade centre of India.Kanchipuram was well known to Chinese and Roman merchants.From the flourishing trade centre of Kanchipuram,the later pallavas extended their sovereignty over all the Tamil-speaking regions during the 7th and 8th centuries.The central part of their kingdom, however,was Thondaimandalam,a large political region comprising northern parts of Tamil Nadu and the adjoining Andhra districts.

Pallava Genealogy (prominent kings)

There were early pallava rulers who were feudatories of Satavahanas.Simhavishnu,son of Simhavarman I I (around 550AD(CE),created a strong pallava kingdom after destroying the Kalabhras.He defeated many kings in the south including the Cholas and the pandyas.His able son was Mahendravarman I .He was succeeded by his son Narasimha Arman I .The other prominent pallva rulers were Narasimha Arman I I or Rajasimha and Nandivarman II. The last pallava ruler was Aparajita.
Mahendravarman (c.600-630AD(CE)) contributed to the greatness of the pallava kingdom.Mahendravarman I was a follower of Jainism in the early part of his rule.He embraced saivism by the Saivite saint Appar (Tirunavukkarasar).He was a great parton of art and architecture.He is known for introducing a new style to Dravidian architecture ,which is referred to as ‘Mahendra style’ . Mahendravarman also wrote plays, including (c.620) Mattavilasaprahasana.(The Delight of the Drunkards )in sanskrit,which denigrates Buddhism.
Mahendravarman’s reign involved constant battles with the Western Chalukya kingdom of Badami under PulakesinI I . Pulakesin seems to have defeated Mahendravarman in one of the battles and taken over a large part of his territory in the north.His son Narasimavarma I avenged the defeat by capturing Batali,the capital of Chalukyas.He set Vatapi on fire, killing Pulakesin in the process.
Narasimavarma II(c.695-722),also known as Rajasimha,was a great military strategist.He exchanged ambassadors with China.His reign was comparatively free from any political disturbance.Therefore,he could concentrate on temple-building activities.During his reign,the famous kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram was built.

Pallava’s contribution to Architecture

Pallava period is known for architectural splendour.The shore Temple and various other temples carved from granite monoliths and the Varaha cave(7th century) at Mamallapuram,are illustrious examples of pallava architecture.In 1984 , Mamallapuram was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites.Pallava architecture can be classified as

1. Rock-cut temples – Mahendravarman style
2. Monolithic Rathas and sculptural Mandapas – Mamallan style
3. Structural Temples – Rajasimha style and Nandivarman style

Mahendra style

The best example of Mahendravarma style monuments are cave temples at Mamdagapattu,Mahendravadi,Mamandur,Dalavanur, Tiruchirapalli,Callam,Tirukazhukkundram and Siyamangalam.

Mamalla style

The five Rathas,popularly called Panchapandavar rathas, signify five different style of temple architecture.Each ratha has been carved out of a single rock.So they are called monolithic.The popular Mandapas(pillars pavilions)they built are Mahishasuramardhini mandapam,Thirumoorthi mandapam and Varaha mandapam.

The most important among the Mamalla style of architecture is the open art gallery.Several miniature sculptures such as the figure of lice-picking monkey, elephants of huge size and the figure of the ascetic cat have been sculpted beautifully on the wall of a huge rock.The fall of the River Ganga from the head of Lord siva and the Arjuna’s penance are notable among them.The Great penance panel is considered to be the world’s largest open-air bas relief.

Rajasimha style

Narasimavarma II,also known as Rajasimha,constructed structural temples using stone blocks.The best example for the structural temple is kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.This temple was built by using sand stones.Kailasanatha temple is called Rajasimheswaram.

Nandivarma style

The last stage of the pallava architecture is also represented by structural temples built by the later pallavas.The best example is Vaikunda perumal temple at Kanchipuram.

Society and culture

The Pallava supported Jainism, Buddhism and the Vedic faith.They were great patrons of music, painting and literature.Some of the Pallava kings patronised the Azhwars and Nayanmars.These exponents of Bhakti Cult Preached a new form of Vaishnavism and Saivism.Among the Saivites were Appar and Manikkavasakar.Among the Vaishnatives were Nammazhvar and Andal.The Bhakti movement aimed at preaching a popular faith,in which prayers in Tamil were preferred to those in sanskrit.Women were encouraged to participate in the religious congregations.The Tamil devotional cult was competitive with Buddhism and Jainism.Therefore the latter suffered a gradual decline in most parts of Tamil Country.

Pallava Art

The Pallava kings had also patronised fine arts.The music inscriptions in Kudumianmalai and Thirumayam temples show pallava’s interest in Music.The famous musician Rudracharya lived during Mahendravarma I .The sculptures of this period depict many images in dancing postures.