🌟In 1900 five if the European Great Powers were divided into two armed camps. 🌟The Central Powers – Germany,Austria – Hungary Italy under Bismarck formed the Triple Alliance in 1882. 🌟The other camp consisted of France and Russia with the promise of mutual help.
🌟Japan preferred to ally with Britain (1902) as it was hostile towards Russia and France. 🌟The Anglo-Japanese Alliance prompted France to seek an Alliance with Britain which resulted in the Entente Cordiale (1904). 🌟Britain an agreement with Russia and formed the Triple Entente of Britain , France and Russia.
Violent Forms of Nationalism :
🌟With the growth of Nationalism, the attitude of “my country right or wrong I support it” developed. 🌟The love for the one country demanded hatred for another country . 🌟England’s Jingoism, France’s Chauvinism and Germany’s Kultur were militant forms of Nationalism, contributing decisively to the outbreak of War.
Aggressive Attitude of German Emperor :
🌟Emperor Kaisers Whilhelm || of Germany was ruthlessly assertive and Aggressive. 🌟Napoleon’s defeat at Trafalgar (1805) with Germany’s Aggressive diplomacy and rapid building of naval bases convinced Britain that a Germany navy could be directed only against her. 🌟Britain embarked on a naval race, which heightened the tension between the two Powers.
Hostility of France towards Germany :
🌟France and Germany were old rivals. Bitter memories of the defeat of 1871 and loss of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany ranked in the minds of the French. 🌟German interference in Morocco added to the bitterness. 🌟The British agreement with France over Morocco was not consented by Germany as they demanded an international conference to decide on the future of Morocco.
Imperial Power Politics in the Blakans :
🌟With the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, Austria and Russia resumed their activities in the Balkans. 🌟Austria announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
🌟Austria’s action aroused intense opposition from Serbia. Germany firmly supported Austria. 🌟The enmity between Austin Serbia led to the outbreak of war in 1914.
The Balkans Wars :
🌟Both the Turks and their subjects of different nationalities in the Balkans indulged in the most frightful massacres and atrocities in the Balkans. 🌟They attacked Greece, Serbial ,Bulgaria and later Montenegro for the control of it. In March 1912 they formed the Bslkan League. The League attacked and defeated Turkish forces in the first Balkan War(1912-1913).
🌟According to the Treaty of London signed in May 1913 the new state of Albania was created . 🌟The Second Balkan war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest in August 1913.
Immediate Cause :
🌟The climax to the events in the Balkans occurred in Sarajevo in Bosnia. 🌟On 28 June 1914, Archdale Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Principe, a Bosnian Serb. Austria saw in this an opportunity to eliminate Serbia as an independent state.
🌟Germany thought that it should strike first and declared war on Russia on 1st August. 🌟Germany had no quarrel with France ,but because of the Franco-Russian Alliance,the German army which was planning a war against both France and Russia wanted to use the occasion to its advantage. 🌟The German violation of Belgian neutrality forced Britain to enter war.
Plastic bags are a major cause of environmental pullution. Plastic as a substance is non-biodegradable and thus plastic bags remain in the environment for hundreds of years polluting it immensely. It has become very essential to ban plastic bags before they ruin our planet completely. Many countries around the globe have either put a ban on the plastic bag or Levi tax on it. However, the problem hasn’t been solved completely because the implementation of these measures hasn’t been as successful.
Problems Caused by Plastic Bags
Here are some of the problems caused by plastic bags:
Non-Biodegradable
Plastic bags are non-biodegradable. Thus, disposing of the plastics is the biggest challenge. T
Deterioration of Environment
They are destroying nature due to their harmful effect. Plastic bags have become the main cause of land pollution today. The plastic bags entering into the water bodies are a major cause of water pollution. Hence we can conclude that these are deteriorating our environment in every possible way.
Harmful for Animals and Marine Creatures
Animals and marine creatures unknowingly consume plastic particles along with their food. Research shows that waste plastic bags have been a major reason for untimely animal deaths.
Cause of Illness in Humans
The production of plastic bags releases toxic chemicals. These are the main cause of serious illness. The polluted environment is a major reason for various diseases which are spreading easily in human beings.
Clogged Sewage
Waste plastic bags are the main reason for trapping the drains and sewers, especially during rains. This can result in a flood-like situation and disrupt the normal life of people.
Reasons to Ban Plastic Bags
There are numerous reasons why the government of various countries has come up with strict measures to limit the use of plastic bags. Some of these include:
Waste plastic bags are polluting the land and water immensely.
Plastic bags have become a threat to the life of animals living on earth as well as in water.
Chemicals released by waste plastic bags enter the soil and make it infertile.
Plastic bags are having a negative impact on human health.
Plastic bags lead to the drainage problem.
Public Support for Plastic Bag Ban
Although the Indian government has imposed a ban on the usage of plastic bags in many states. But people are still carrying these bags. Shopkeepers stop providing plastic bags for few days only in the beginning.
It is time when we all must contribute our bit to make this ban a success. Thus we the educated lot of society must take it as our responsibility to stop using plastic bags. In this way, we can support the government in this campaign.
Some contributions that can be made by people are as follows:
Keep a Tab
In order to be successful in this mission, we must keep reminding ourselves about the harmful effects of the plastic bags on our nature and keep a tab on their use. Gradually, we will become habitual to doing without these bags.
Seek Alternatives
There are many eco-friendly alternatives to plastic bags like reusable jute or cloth bag.
Reuse
We must reuse the plastic bags we already have at home as many times as we can before throwing them away.
Spread Awareness
While the government is spreading awareness about the harmful effects of plastic bags, we can also spread awareness through word of mouth.
Conclusion
Although plastic is becoming a big threat for all of us, still this problem has often been overlooked and underestimated. This is because people do not look at the long term effect of these small, easy to carry bags they use in their everyday life. Besides all of these people keep using bags due to their convenience. But now everyone has to completely stop using the plastic bag to save our environment and earth.
Recently we witnessed the withdrawal of the final group of the troops of the United States from Afghanistan. A Taliban group is utilizing this situation over the past few years generating profit from these battlefield casualties and weaponry. The locals are now scared that the war might become more violent and claim more lives after the foreign troops have been evacuated. The States and its alliances will finally receive back the war material and troops that were placed in the east for over 20 years. It has also been saying the United States will still have control to defend the Afghans from the Taliban until the end of September. The Sates have the authority to plan strikes from the warplanes present in the outskirts of the war-torn nation.
The war initially began in 2001 with an intention of the States and its allies to drive out the Taliban and to deny Al-Qaeda a safe base for operations. After the initial objectives were successfully carried out a coalition was made with over 40 countries to eradicate terrorism from Afghanistan. The main reason behind the US invading the Afghans was Osama Bin Laden. The man, who was responsible for the attacks in September 2001, was living in hiding in Afghanistan with support from the Taliban. Followed by the attacks the States ask the Taliban to hand over the man accused in their case. The Taliban requested evidence supporting the crimes Bin Laden had committed, which the authorities refused to share.
On the night of 7th October 2001, the United States along with the United Kingdom launched an operation code-named Operation Enduring Freedom. Post the invasion from the west the Taliban and its allies were defeated. By the end of 2001, the Taliban no longer had control over the nation and the Al-Qaeda was almost deceased. The nation suffered for a while until a solid political reform was put into place. According to a report the number of casualties amounted to around 150,000 civilians who had to succumb to the conflicts between organizations.
Some argue that this war has made the nation suffer but on the other hand when we take a look into the healthcare of the nation the numbers are quite surprising. Since the start of the war, life expectancy has increased from 56 to 61. Also, the mortality has immensely decreased to about half of the initial rate. Now about 90% of the citizens reside in the cities and have access to clean drinking water and other basic amenities. But the sad part is the number of people that have been displaced due to this war. The United Nations estimated that over 8 million rushed out of the nation when the invasion began, of which around 5 million returned after the situation improved in the war-afflicted zone. But to date, over 2 million remain dispersed throughout the world and some live in the refugee camps located at borders.
Once, Donald Trump came into power things finally began to settle between the Taliban and the States, providing hope to the residents of the country. The current scenario as it lies; the war may be finally coming to an end. Biden recently ordered the Pentagon to evacuate its troops present in Afghanistan by the end of 2021. So to answer the question; the war is finally at its climax and the Afghan nationals can see a brighter future.
Mumbai-based Skrap environment sustainability management organization. They analyse waste generation data based on the type and size of event, devise a customised plan and implement it on the premises . They provide an end-to-end process of waste management at events and offices.
Paperman was established in 2010 with the objective to accelerate recycling in India, Paperman launched a mobile app offering on-demand doorstep recycling, which people could use to directly connect with local ragmen to sell their waste. Along with this, the organisation’s initiatives also include public awareness programmes.
Saahas Zero Waste is a Bengaluru-based NGO established in 2001 , they specialise in handling bulk waste produced by MNCs, residential communities, universities, tech parks and other organisations and using sustainable management to recycle the waste .
Ryan Mario Yasin , developed Children’s wear made out of recycled plastic bottles that can grow 7x their size .
Joanne Sandler genetically engineered bacteria that could turn plastic bottles into a valuable ingredient i.e vanilla .
Aweko Faith, along with her two friends , developed a durable and waterproof bag from plastic waste they collect .
Andrew Mupuya ,a 16 year old who handcrafted 20,000 eco-friendly bags in a week to eradicate plastic use .
We are too ignorant towards our environment because it’s always just “one bag of plastic ” by “8 million people “.
It is foreseeable that plastic pollution has become one of the world’s most tremendous environmental crises. The increasing production rate of plastic has surpassed the world’s ability to recycle ,hence making plastics take over our lands and water bodies.
This pollution is extremely dangerous which can have a catastrophic influence on biodiversity.
Plastic particles in the ocean attract toxins, which in turn affects us, as the toxins enter the food chain making our water bodies have plastics swimming in them leading to millions of deaths of animals from ingestion of plastic every year.
I assume you already know the harmful effects of plastic . But do you know how to say ” No to Plastics ” ?
“ We humans have become dependent on plastic for a range of uses, from packaging to products. Reducing our use of plastic bags is an easy place to start getting our addiction under control.”
– David Suzuki
3 July , International Plastic Bag Free Day
International Plastic Bag Free Day is observed all around the world on 3 July every year.
This day emphasizes the plastic bag-free world and spreads awareness about the devastating effects of plastics on the environment.
International Plastic Bag Free Day was created by Bag Free World. It was created as a worldwide initiative for the purpose of getting rid of the single-use of plastic bags around the world.
On this day many organizations and thousands of responsible citizens work together to raise awareness on the impact of plastic bags and encourage the use of other eco-friendly bags.
One must promote environmental conservation by encouraging all to stay away from the use of plastic bags and use eco-friendly alternatives.
Ways to celebrate this day :-
” It’s when plastic takes on a life of its own that the food chain will be disrupted.”
…. – Anthony T. Hincks
There are many steps one can take to honor this important date :-
• By volunteering the primary three ways Plastic Waste Management i.e :-
•Reduce
•Reuse
•Recycle .
• Volunteering by giving our money or time to an environmental organization or charity that is focused on cleaning landmasses and water of plastic bags.
Groups such as Greenpeace, Plastic Pollution Coalition, Clean Ocean Project etc .
• By making and selling eco-friendly handbags and shopping bags .
“ I think, on a personal level, everybody, when you go through the checkout line after you get your groceries and they say, ‘Paper or plastic?’ We should be saying, ‘Neither one.’ We should have our own cloth bags. “
– Woody Harrelson
• By organizing or taking part in raising awareness to stop the usage of single-use plastic bags.
• By conducting a workshop based on using reusable plastic bags.
• By volunteering to clean up some mess of plastic bags on streets and in the ocean.
• By Adopting the habit of using reusable bags.
• By using social media and spreading awareness , sharing information and and #PlasticBagFreeDay slogan .
• By supporting and out- spreading the alternatives for single-use plastic bags such as recyclable bags, cloth bags, canvas bags, and a lot more, which may help in saving the environment and animals.
It is in the hands of each and everyone in the world to make a plastic bag-free society possible.
Effects Of Plastics:-
To make a plastic bag-free world, it is essential to teach the public about the harmful effects of throwing plastic into the environment.
Plastic pollution leads to extremely detrimental effects on the environment, wildlife and indeed human health.
“BPA is just one chemical used to make plastic baby bottles and in the lining of food, beverage, and infant formula containers. Research shows that children are exposed to BPA by drinking from polycarbonate bottles and consuming food from containers made using BPA.”
– Suzy Shuster
The marine ecosystem is suffering immensely as a result of plastic pollution. Over 250 species have become entangled in plastic , leading to suffocation and death.
Littering of plastics in open spaces creates unhygienic conditions. Plastics do not undergo degradation, thus, stay in the soil for many years, which affects soil fertility and degrades the soil quality.
The improperly disposed of plastic bags , when eaten by animals, cause harmful diseases leading to death.
When plastic artifacts enter the drainage and sewerage system, they block the pipes and the drains causing waterlogging.
3 July , International Plastic Bag Free Day , is a global initiative to eradicate or reduce the use of these dangerous plastics and to make people aware of its harmful effects. We must foresee the future dangers that will soon affect our ecosystems and our vision of sustainable development.
This day is just like any other day where one can voice their opinion and use it to save the environment from a global man made catastrophe i.e plastic pollution.
Bollywood Actor Aamir Khan and filmmaker Kiran Rao have announced their divorce after 15 years of marriage in a joint statement. The couple said that they will co-parent their son, Azad Rao Khan, as well as continue with their professional partnership on Paani Foundation and ‘other projects that they feel passionate about’. The couple also thanked their families for constant support in understanding their relationship.
reaction of people around the world
Irony is that she was not able to live in India now she wants to leave her husband 😂🤣🤣🤣😂😂😂
Aamir Khan married Kiran Rao, who had been an assistant director to Gowariker on the set of Lagaan .On 28 December 2005 they got married. They announced the birth of their son, Azad Rao Khan,on 5 December 2011, through a surrogate mother. Aamir has married twice and his first wife was Reena Dutta, who had a small part in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak, on 18 April 1986. They have two children: a son named Junaid and a daughter, Ira. Dutta was involved briefly in Khan’s career when she worked as a producer for Lagaan. In December 2002, Khan filed for divorce and Dutta took custody of both children.
aamir khan with his daughter Ira Khan.
Famous movies & upcoming projects
Aamir khan have his own production house ,which has produced brilliant piece of cinema. The first film of ‘Aamir khan production was laagan (2001), which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and earned him a National Film Award for Best Popular Film .After a four-year absence from the screen, Khan returned to appear in leading roles, notably in Fanaa and Rang De Basanti. He made his directorial debut with Taare Zameen Par (2007), which won him the Filmfare Awards for Best Film and Best Director. Khan’s greatest global success came with Ghajini ,3 Idiots, Dhoom 3 ,PK and Dangal, each having held the record for being the highest-grossing Indian film. He created and hosted the television talk show Satyamev Jayate, through which he highlights sensitive social issues in India, occasionally influencing the Indian parliament. His upcoming projects includes lal Singh chadda , which is An adaptation of the 1994 American film Forrest Gump .
“Black Hole” almost everyone has heard this term but, what exactly it is? How it is formed? Is a black hole is danger? what if we pass near to black hole?
The idea of a body so massive that even light cannot escape was given by astronomical pioneer John Michell in a letter published by him in november 1784. And since after this an excitement was filled between astronomers and physicists about a body which is invisible. And in December 1967 in a lecture of John Wheeler one of his student reportedly suggested phrase ‘Black Hole’, which Wheeler adopted for his brevity.
Black hole was first spotted in 1971. But after 235 when it was first mentioned by John Michell in 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope(EHT) saw and captured an image of black hole in center of Galaxy M87 53.49 million light years away from earth. The images before this are just art work based imagination and properties of black hole done by astronomers and physicists to define black hole.
Image of black hole captured by Event Horizon Telescope in 2019
How Black Hole is formed? Let us first understand how a star is made. From cloud from Nebula(made of hydrogen and 25% helium) due to density compresses together and forms a shape some what circular, and this object after many million years becomes star one of like sun. The core of star burns hydrogen to be active, when after million years the fuel of star burns out then due to its own gravity and density it starts to compress itself. And if that star is bigger than our sun than it may form a neutron star or the star makes a negative gravity and starts to pull every mass near it. If we compress a massive body bigger than our sun into a size of a city say Mumbai, then it will become black hole. The gravity of this black hole so much increases that even light cannot escape from its horizon making it invisible.
A black can also be size of our sun but its gravity is 1 crore times more than sun. Albert Einstein in his theory of special relativity said that near the black hole the time will run slow. When a star becomes black hole it makes changes in fabric of space-time. And the movement will happen in only linear direction for a person inside it.
What if s person goes inside Black Hole? If a person goes near black hole than time will run slow for him compared to a person on earth. And as a person goes inside the black hole than he will feel so much gravity i.e. gravity 1 crore time more than our sun, that he can die. When a matter goes inside a black hole than due to gravity the atoms are separated and slowly it is vanished. But let say somehow a person survives than for the person it is like having a boon of immortality. If we put a black hole same as the size of sun and replace it with sun then probably nothing change will be happen, it cannot affect us. But due to lack of sunlight our earth will freeze and will only be a giant snowball.
How to find a Black Hole? When a black hole tries to swallow a massive body than its own then it belch just like animals and it gives some portion of light. Black hole has gravity much higher that light like x-rays cannot escape, but when there is a material very close to horizon of black hole, matter is heated at millions of degrees as it is pulled towards black hole and glows in x-rays. Black hole can also be found by coronas. Black holes don’t give any light themselves, but they are often encircled by glowing materials and making it to shine with different types of light.
Corona coming out of a black hole
Types of Black Holes: There are four types four black holes. 1) Stellar-mass black holes As star reaches to the end of their lives, most will inflate, lose mass, and then will cool down to be a white dwarfs. But those with 10 to 20 times as massive as our sun, destined to either become a super-dense neutron star or stellar-mass black holes. Thousands of these stellar-mass black holes may lurk within our own galaxy. 2) Super massive black holes Super massive black hole are the ones predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity, can have masses equal to billion of suns; these cosmic giant creatures hide in the center of galaxies. The milky way hosts its own black hole called Sagittarius A* as is more than four million times massive than our own sun. 3) Intermediate Black holes Astronomers also suspect that there is class of so-called intermediate black holes exists in the universe, although evidence for them is so far debatable. 4) Miniature black holes The tiniest member of the black hole family, so far theoretical. These black holes may have swirled to life soon after the universe formed by big bang, some 13.7 billion years ago and quickly evaporated.
Answer to some questions about black holesIs it possible for a black hole eat entire galaxy? No. There is no chance that a black hole whatever is in size can eat a whole galaxy, because the gravitational reach of black holes(even super massive black holes) is not large enough to eat entire galaxy. What if sun turned it a black hole? The sun will never turn into a black hole as it is not massive to explode into a black hole. Instead sun will become a white dwarf. Have black holes have any influence on our planet? No. Even if we put a black hole in place of our sun then also it will not make a difference, earth will continue its rotation, but due to no sunlight it will we disastrous event on earth. Which is farthest black hole we found? The most distant black hole is located 13.1 million light years away from earth called “Quasar”. This black hole is made 690 million years after big bang.
We have found many black hole and learnt many things about them, yet many discoveries are to be made. And black holes will always amaze us.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter is the third-brightest natural object in the Earth’s night sky after the Moon and Venus. It has been observed since prehistoric times and is named after the Roman god Jupiter, the king of the gods, because of its observed size.More than eleven Earths would fit across its diameter. It’s also the most massive. More than 1,300 Earths could fit inside Jupiter, with room to spare.
Some facts about Jupiter
Diameter- 142,984 km
Orbital period- 11.8yrs
Length of a Day- 10 hours
Axis tilt- 3degrees
Distance from the Sun- 779 million km(5.2AU)
Moons- 79known moons
Special features
Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen, but helium comprises one quarter of its mass and one tenth of its volume. It likely has a rocky core of heavier elements,but like the other giant planets, Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface. The on-going contraction of its interior generates heat greater than the amount received from the Sun. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet’s shape is that of an oblate spheroid; it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator. The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result of this is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century, when it was first seen by telescope. Surrounding Jupiter is a powerful magnetosphere. Jupiter’s magnetic tail is nearly 800 million km long, covering the entire distance to Sa turn’s orbit. Jupiter has almost a hundred known moons and possibly many more, including the four large Galilean moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these, has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury.
Natural Satellites and Rings
Jupiter has 79 known natural satellites. Of these, 60 are less than 10 km in diameter. The four largest moons are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, collectively known as the “Galilean moons” Jupiter has a faint planetary ring system composed of three main segments: an inner torus of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring.These rings appear to be made of dust, rather than ice as with Saturn’s rings
Structure
The composition of Jupiter is similar to that of the Sun—mostly hydrogen and helium. Deep in the atmosphere, pressure and temperature increase, compressing the hydrogen gas into a liquid. This gives Jupiter the largest ocean in the solar system—an ocean made of hydrogen instead of water. Scientists think that, at depths perhaps halfway to the planet’s center, the pressure becomes so great that electrons are squeezed off the hydrogen atoms, making the liquid electrically conducting like metal. Jupiter’s fast rotation is thought to drive electrical currents in this region, generating the planet’s powerful magnetic field. It is still unclear if, deeper down, Jupiter has a central core of solid material or if it may be a thick, super-hot and dense soup. It could be up to 90,032 degrees Fahrenheit (50,000 degrees Celsius) down there, made mostly of iron and silicate minerals (similar to quartz).
Exploration
Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter, making its closest approach to the planet in December 1973. Jupiter has since been explored on a number of occasions by robotic spacecraft, beginning with the Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions from 1973 to 1979, and later by the Galileo orbiter, which arrived at Jupiter in 1995. In 2007, Jupiter was visited by the New Horizons probe, which used Jupiter’s gravity to increase its speed and bend its trajectory en route to Pluto. The latest probe to visit the planet, Juno, entered orbit around Jupiter in July 2016. Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of the moon Europa.
In an ideal world, people would always make optimal decisions that provide them with the greatest benefit and satisfaction. In economics, rational choice theory states that when humans are presented with various options under the conditions of scarcity , they would choose the option that maximizes their individual satisfaction. This theory assumes that people, given their preferences and constraints, are capable of making rational decisions by effectively weighing the costs and benefits of each option available to them. The final decision made will be the best choice for the individual. The rational person has self-control and is unmoved by emotions and external factors and, hence, knows what is best for himself. Alas behavioral economics explains that humans are not rational and are incapable of making good decisions.
Behavioral Economics is the study of psychology as it relates to the economic decision-making processes of individuals and institutions. Behavioral economics draws on psychology and economics to explore why people sometimes make irrational decisions, and why and how their behavior does not follow the predictions of economic models. Decisions such as how much to pay for a cup of coffee, whether to go to graduate school, whether to pursue a healthy lifestyle, how much to contribute towards retirement, etc. are the sorts of decisions that most people make at some point in their lives. Behavioral economics seeks to explain why an individual decided to go for choice A, instead of choice B.
Because humans are emotional and easily distracted beings, they make decisions that are not in their self-interest. For example, according to the rational choice theory, if Charles wants to lose weight and is equipped with information about the number of calories available in each edible product, he will opt only for the food products with minimal calories. Behavioral economics states that even if Charles wants to lose weight and sets his mind on eating healthy food going forward, his end behavior will be subject to cognitive bias, emotions, and social influences. If a commercial on TV advertises a brand of ice cream at an attractive price and quotes that all human beings need 2,000 calories a day to function effectively after all, the mouth-watering ice cream image, price, and seemingly valid statistics may lead Charles to fall into the sweet temptation and fall off of the weight loss bandwagon, showing his lack of self-control.
The Vernier Caliper consists of a thin long steel scale graduated in cm and mm called main scale. To the left end of the main scale an upper and a lower jaw are fixed perpendicular to the bar. These are named as fixed jaws. To the right fixed jaws, a slider with an upper and a lower moveable jaw is fixed. The slider can be moved or fixed to any position using a screw.
The vernier scale is marked on the slider and it moves along with the moveable jaws and the slider. The lower jaws are used to measure the external dimensions and the upper jaws are used to measure the internal dimensions of the objects. The thin bar attached to the right side of the vernier scale is used to measure the depth of hollow objects.
USAGE OF VERNIER CALLIPER
The first step in using vernier calliper is to find out its least count, range and zero error.
LEAST COUNT
Least count of the instrument (L.C) is equal to the value of one main scale division divided by Total number of vernier scale division. The main scale division will be in centimetre, further divided into millimetre. The value of the smallest main scale division is 1mm. In the vernier scale there will be 10 divisions. Therefore L.C is equal to 0.01cm.
ZERO ERROR
Unscrew the slider and move it to the left, such that both the jaws touch each other. Check the zero marking of the main scale coincides with that of the zero of the vernier scale. If they coincide then there is no error. If they do not coincide with each other, the instrument is said to possess zero error. Zero error may be positive or negative. If the zero of a vernier is shifted to the right of main scale, it is called positive error. On the other hand, if the zero of the vernier is shifted to the left of the zero of main scale, then the error is negative
POSITIVE ZERO ERROR
That the zero of the vernier scale is shifted to the right of the zero of the main scale. In this case the reading will be more than the actual reading. Hence, this error should be corrected. In order to correct this error, find out which vernier division is coinciding with any of the main scale divisions. Here, fifth vernier division is coinciding with a main scale division. So, positive zero error = +5LC = +50.01 = 0.05cm and the zero correction is negative. Hence, zero correction is -0.05cm.
NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR
That the zero vernier scale shifted to the left of the zero of the main scale. So, the obtained reading will be less than the actual reading. To correct this error we should first find which vernier division is coinciding with any of the main scale divisions, as we found in the previous case. In this case, the sixth line coinciding. To find negative error, we can count backward (from 10). Here, the fourth line is coinciding. Therefore, negative zero error= -4 × LC = -4×0.01 = -0.04cm. Then zero correction is positive. Hence, zero correction is +0.04cm.
DIGITAL VERNIER CALIPERS
In this digital world, the digital version of vernier caliper are available. Digital vernier caliper has a digital display on the slider, which calculates and displays the measured value. The user need not manually calculate the least count, zero error etc.,
Let’s double down on solar energy, let’s be more energy-efficient, let’s weatherize our homes. We can build a better, healthier economy based on good-paying, clean energy jobs.”
Ian Somerhalder, Actor
Being one of the second largest country , climate change in India is having profound effect on India and all over the world . India is ranked fourth among the list of countries most affected by climate change in the period from 1996 to 2015 .
With 7% of global emissions , India emits about 3 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2eq of greenhouse gases each year; about two and a half tons per person, which is half the world average.
Due to the rise in temperature , the Tibetan plateau are causing problem to Himalayan glaciers . It directly effect in increasing the flow rate of the Ganges , Brahmaputra, Yamuna and other major rivers.
The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research has reported that, if the prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is correct about Global warming than it may cause fall of GDP upto 9%.
In all over the world , climate change is drastically affecting the change in temperature of the globe 🌎 . Climate change includes both global warming driven by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns.
Causes :
Human envision and green house gasses are two important causes in the climate change. Greenhouse gases affect Earth’s energy balance and climate .Human activities have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Human activities are changing the climate.
Other causes :
Power Plants.
Farming .
Deforestation.
Fertilizers.
Oil drilling.
Natural gas drilling.
Permafrost.
Garbage .
Volcanic eruption.
Pollution.
Campaigns
There are many campaigns that are going on . One of them is The ActNow campaign . It was launched at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 24) in December 2018, with a call from Sir David Attenborough in conjunction with the award-winning “People’s Seat” initiative.
It signifies individual action on climate change and sustainability. By changing our habits and making choices that have less harmful effects on the environment, we can tackle the climate emergency and build a more sustainable world.
It is also working with other campaigns like The Good life goals , Anatomy of action , 170 actions to combat climate change , lazy person guide to saving the world , connect4climate , climate neutral now , trash hack , stop the waste , Think. Eat. Save. , Clean seas , breathe life , glowing glowing gone . Their may be others as well .
Prevention :
Becoming more energy efficient is a great way to prevent pollution. It causes the power plants to expend less energy that can lead to the production of greenhouse gases. … Replace your light bulbs with energy-efficient light bulbs that help you save electricity too.
Speak up!
Power your home with renewable energy.
Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize.
Invest in energy-efficient appliances.
Reduce water waste.
Actually eat the food you buy—and make less of it meat.
Buy better bulbs.
Pull the plug(s).
Conclusion
In the times , where the world is changing and taking measurements for saving the globe . Many Environmentalist , Actors , Politicians , Countries are taking precautions and actions on the climate change . It is our duty to prevent our world from falling . Take Initiative To Save The World .
Climate change is real. It is happening right now, it is the most urgent threat facing our entire species and we need to work collectively together and stop procrastinating.
India is the world’s second-largest consumer of liquor. The WHO study also illustrates that India’s consumption was 2.4 liters per person in 2005, which surged up to 5.7 liters per person in 2016. The Research and Markets on changing behavioral patterns of Indian Alcohol consumption, says that the estimated consumption of alcohol would reach up to 16.8 billion liters by 2022. The report also says that the alcohol industry in Indian markets is growing at a CAGR of 8.8 percent. The figures infer that there is always a thriving market that creates an opportunity for the alcohol industry in India to strengthen its sales and revenue.
Despite pervasive alcohol harmful effects, India does not have a national alcohol policy system. Instead, alcohol policy solutions rely on state governments. Even though alcohol benefits the economy of India more than the revenue it generates. The state governments think of alcohol as a revenue-generating product. This thinking led to alcohol policy-making such as excise alcohol taxation being centered around revenue instead of public health.
Reason for online service
Alcohol stores were closed nationwide from March 25, 2020, accepting social distancing protocols due to the deadly pandemic of COVID-19. While the reopening in May 2020 caused people to throng outside stores in massive numbers, and the government had to quickly re-analyze. Meanwhile, the New Delhi authorities introduced a “Special Corona Fee” of 70% on top of retail liquor costs. On the other hand, Mumbai shut down its liquor stores entirely within two days of its reopening. So, the administration exercised online home delivery of alcohol. On May 8, 2020, the Supreme Court of India examined that the states should find alternatives to liquor delivery. Here is where players like Zomato and Swiggy came into the process.
Methods
As alcohol is regulated by the state government so different states are using different methods for online delivery of alcohol. These include,
Online purchase and issuing e-tokens for pickup,
Online purchase and home delivery through the alcohol portal, or
Online purchase and home delivery through a third-party delivery platform.
Difficulty faced
However, the delivery of liquor and its products is not as simple as the food delivery market. It is a highly regulated market. Different states have established different legal ages for alcohol consumption. Also, the suppliers have to obey multiple regulations and rules assessed by the government to stay within legal holds to deliver liquor.
Measure to ensure safe delivery
To secure the safe delivery of alcohol in obedience to laws, Swiggy introduced compulsory age confirmation and user authentication features on their application. Customers have to verify their age by uploading a picture of a valid government ID. A selfie is then also required for authentication that is verified by the platform using an AI-powered system. All the orders carry a special OTP, which is expected at the time of delivery and needs to be procured by the customer. There is also control over the quantity of liquor ordered.
Zomato, as well, has acquainted consumption and identity confirmation procedures, several safety procedures and inspections, to ensure credible and safe ordering and delivery of alcohol. There are age checks at the time of ordering as well as the delivery. There are product category maxima to stimulate responsible consumption. The application only has licensed alcohol retailers who have opted for the service.
Drawbacks
Although this move by the delivery companies like Zomato and Swiggy has opened a new way for alcohol orders through smartphones, which promotes social distancing and consumer safety. But there is a high possibility that the delivery man can be attacked by goons for the bottles and, we know, what a person can do if he does not get goods to which he is addicted. Moreover, the young generation knows how to use the internet very well. So there is a possibility of a bad influence on the young generation of the country.
When you think about home remedies, you’re definitely thinking about turmeric, coconut oil. But today I’ve got something different for you which is rice water. In Korean culture, rice water has been used through generation for skin and hair. Rice is one of the most popular beauty ingredients used by them. The Japanese and Korean women are known for their flawless, glowing skin. Fortunately you don’t have to make a trip to Korea to learn this best-kept beauty secret.
How to make a rice water? The type of rice which you use doesn’t matter. There are couple of methods to make rice water at home but this is the easiest one. You’ll need a half cup of uncooked rice after rinsing it atleast 3-4 times, one cup water and an air tight container. Then, place the rice into a glass bowl filled with water and soak for 30 minutes. Once the water become milky, store the water in an air tight container and it is ready to use. The reason rice water is so good for your skin is that it is rich in a lot of nutrients. Today rice water is gaining popularity for skin and hair care because of its large benefits.
Rice water is rich in antioxidants that keeps the skin. So if you’re looking to start an anti aging skincare journey. This will do wonders to your skin. There is limited evidence that rice water may reduce or slow skin aging but this will definitely help.Rice water helps in tightening the appearance of large pores and helps in reducing oilness and pimples. Soak a cotton pad in rice water and apply it over your face twice a day for it to work. Starch in rice water is beneficial in maintaining the natural barrier for the skin. Rice water have a cooling effect on mild sun damage. It lighten the skin or reduces dark patches and makes your skin glowing. You can also add rice water to your bath.
Rice water is comparatively safer to use than other kitchen DIY. There is no evidence that fresh rice water is harmful to the skin. Store the rice water in a spray bottle and you can directly use it on your skin. It can be used daily, has zero side-effects. Just make sure that it doesn’t smell sour.
Applying it to your skin and hair may bring positive benefits.
The union budget of india also referred to as the annual financial statement in article 112 of the constitution of india. is the annual budget of the republic of india. the government presents it on the first day of february so that it could be materialised before the beginning of new financial year in april. until 2016 it was presented on the last working day of the febraury by the finance minister in parliament. the budget which is presented by means of the finance bill and the appropriation bill has to be passed by loksabha before it can come into effect on 1 st april. union budget keeps the account of the government’s finances for the fiscal year that runs from 1st april to 31st march. union budget is classified into revenue budget and capital budget. revenue budget includes the governament’s revenue receipts and expenditure. there are two kinds of revenue receipts tax and non tax revenue. revenue expenditure incurred on day to day functioning of the government and on various services offered to citizens. if revenue expenditure exceeds revenue receipts, the government incures a revenue deficit.
TYPES OF UNION BUDGETS
The union budget is classified into 2 parts. revenue budget and capital budget. here is a look of those 2 budgets.
REVENUE BUDGET: Revenue budget comprises of the government’s revenue receipts and revenue expenditure. revenue receipts can be further classified into tax revenue and non tax revenue. revenue expenditure refers to the regular expenses incurred from the daily functioning of the government as well as for the range of services offered to public. in the event that the revenue expenditure is greater than the revenue receipts the government is said to incur a revenue deficit.
CAPITAL BUDGET: Capital budget whose components are of a long term nature consists of capital expenditure and capital receipts. some of the primary sources of government receipts include loans from citizens, reserve bank of india loans from citizens, and the foreign governments. capital expenditure, on the other hand, comprises of costs incurred on development and maintenance of equipment, machinery, health facilities, building, education, e.t.c. when the government’s expenditure is greater than the total revenue collected, a state of fiscal deficit occurs.
IMPORTANCE OF UNION BUDGET
The general objective of the union budget is to bring about a rapid and balanced economic growth of our country coupled with social justice and equality.
CHANGE TAX STRUCTURE: The union budget also dictates the possible changes in the direct and indirect taxes of the country. it brings about changes to income tax rates and tax brackets.
REDUCE WEALTH AND INCOME DISPARTIES: The budget Aids in influencing the distribution of income through subsidies and taxes. it helps to ensure that a high rate of tax is levied on the rich class, thereby reducing their disposable income. on the other hand a lower rate of tax is charged on the lower income group to ensure they have sufficient income in hand.
KEEP A CHECK ON PRICES: The union budget aids in controlling the economic fluctuations as well. it ensures proper handling of inflation and deflation, thus bringing about economic stability. during inflation, surplus budget policies are implemented which deficit budget policies are devised during deflation. this aids in maintaining a price stability in the economy.
Medieval literature is a broad subject, encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages (1000 years from the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Ad 500 to the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th 15th Boss 16th century.)
English in the middle age
Concerns the history of England during the medieval period, from the end of the 5th century through to the start of the early modern period in 1485. A rich and artistic culture flourished under Anglo-Saxons producing Epic poems such as Beowulf. The Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity in the 7th century and a network of monasteries and convents was built across England. In the 8th and 9th century England faced fierce Viking attacks, and the fight lasted for many decades, eventually established Wessex as the most powerful Kingdom and promoting the growth of an English identity. Despite the repeated crisis of succession and a Danish seizure of power at the start of the 11th century, it can also be argued that by the 1060s England was a powerful centralized state with a strong military and successful economy.
Invasion of England
The Norman invasion of England in 1066 led to the defeat and replacement of the Anglo-Saxon elite with Norman and French nobles and their supporters. The ruler introduced a feudal approach to governing England, eradicating the practice of slavery, but creating a much wider body to earn free laborers called serfs. The position of women in society changed as laws regarding land and lordship sifted. England’s population more than doubled during the 12th and 13th century fuelling an expansion of the town, cities, and trade. In the 14th century in England a great famine and the Black Death catastrophic events killed around half of England’s population throwing the economy into chaos and undermining the old political orders. Social unrest followed, resulting in the peasants’ revolt of 1381, while the changes in the economy resulted in the emergence of a new class of gentry and nobility who began to exercise power through the system term bastard feudalism. Nearly 1500 villages were deserted by their inhabitants and many men and women sought new opportunities in the town and cities.
End of Middle Age English
English king, in the 14th and 15th centuries, laid claim to the French throne resulting in a hundred-year war. At times England enjoyed its military success, with the economy beyond by profit from the international wool cloth trade, but by 1450 the country was in crisis, facing military failure in France and an ongoing recession. Social unrest broke out followed by the war of the Roses and fought between rival factions of the English nobility. Henry VII’s victory in 1485 conventionally marks the end of the Middle Age in England and the start of the early modern period
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