The Truth About Crop Circles

Garden-variety crop circle.

Crop circles have been appearing in grain fields all over the earth during the last few decades. They appear suddenly, usually at night. At first they were simple circles of bent-over grain stalks. Soon a new crop of more elaborate designs evolved—geometric forms reminiscent of profound mathematical theorems.

Some cerealogists (people who study crop circles) say that these diagrams must be created by intelligent alien beings from elsewhere. Even though these diagrams must be constructed in a very short timespan, the genuine crop circles never show any serious mistakes or blunders of execution. Cerealogists see this as evidence that the aliens must be very intelligent and much more advanced than we are. That’s mere speculation, of course. Others say the real reason is that there’s a worldwide conspiracy to hide the fact that the aliens sometimes do make mistakes. This coverup is carried out by people who want to preserve the myth that the aliens are a perfect race. The fact that you’ve never heard of such crop circle blunders just shows how effective this coverup is, they say. Mistakes are repaired at the site, or sometimes photographs of the circles are retouched. This has about as much to recommend it as any of the other conspiracy theories accepted and believed by simple-minded people.

Let’s look at more plausible explanations. Actually, a few designs do seem at first to have apparent irregularities or flaws. Some of these are surely caused by wind or rain, careless hoaxers or the trampling feet of crop circle buffs. But let’s set those aside and look only at those that are genuine and undisturbed. What appear at first to be iregularities or errors, may only be perfection of a higher and subtler kind, that we do not as yet understand.

Crop circles made by aliens?

Why should supposedly intelligent aliens travel huge cosmic distances across the galaxy just to doodle in our grain fields? What an absurd idea! [1] No one has ever seen them doing it, have they? Usually there aren’t even any ufo sightings associated with the circles, except for those reported after the fact by people with overactive imaginations. Surely intelligent aliens have better things to do. The true origin of crop circle designs may be nearer to home.

The whole thing begins to make sense once we realize that the earth is flat. We live on the backside of a huge flat blackboard (whiteboard, scratch paper, or whatever) used by aliens in their schools and universities. There are many of these in the universe. The flat disk of the earth is thin enough that student doodles made in alien art and math classes “bleed through” to our side. This happens because their writing instruments emit mitogenetic radiation (M-rays) that are well known to affect some living plants, especially wheat, barley, oats and corn. [2] M-rays weaken the stalk structure near the ground, and the stalks bend over gently to lie flat on the ground, showing no evidence of forceful breaking. So the crop circles in grain fields are nothing more than the reverse pattern of alien students’ diagrams made in geometry class.

Look carefully at photos of crop circles in books and on the internet, and a striking fact emerges. Crop circle designs are constructed from circular arcs and straight lines. Even the more complex crop circles, including those made to look like Mandelbrot sets, or the head of Mickey Mouse ©, conform to this rule. All crop circles can be constructed using the standard methods of Euclidean geometry. This should tell us something. The aliens making these drawings must be using ungraduated rulers and compases. [3] Has anyone ever seen a crop circle based on the form of a pentagon?

It’s true that a few designs have straight lines and curves that seem at first to be more complex than circles. But we must remember that straight lines are simply circles of infinite radius. Any complex curves can be constructed approximately from circular arc segments of different radius.

Did they use a ruler?

There’s good evidence that aliens have been defacing the earth’s surface with geological grafitti for a very long time. The curious lines and drawings on the Nazca plain in Peru likely have the same cause. At that earlier time in history the aliens had only primitive writing instruments. They were still using “pens” made of inorganic material, that emit E-rays (Earth rays). These only affect non-living things. Sand on flat ground is easily moved around with very little energy. The sandy surface of the Nazca plain acted like a giant Etch-A-Sketch ®. No advanced mathematical figures are found at Nazca, only long straight lines, pictures and geometric doodles. Obviously the aliens weren’t as scientifically advanced then. Then why are the lines so perfect, and the straight lines so straight? The reason is quite simple: on their side of the blackboard the aliens used rulers.

School kid’s prank?

A number of commentators claim to have proven to their own satisfaction that the Ancient Egyptians didn’t have the resources or technology to build the pyramids. Could it be that the pyramids of Egypt were built by alien kids, who, in a playful mood, pushed their play blocks into their blackboard, all the way through, coming up point first on our side? Following this line of reasoning, perhaps Stonehenge and similar structures are the result of an alien children’s game in which stone pegs are pushed into a geometric array of holes

Conflicts and Screening

Conflicts and their screening

What image comes to your head when you listen to the word conflict. You might be thinking of wars, religious disharmony, or any kind of violence. Yes, true they come under conflicts but we can’t say that anything becomes a conflict only when it’s violent because conflicts can also be due to any kind of narrative or message that is going in the society and some people agrees with that, and some don’t but that doesn’t take the shape of violence.
Now here comes the question that why there is a need to show these conflicts in the movies, what is the need for screening or production of these movies which shows some recent conflicts. To this, we first need to understand that these conflicts are only shown once they have reached a conclusive state and when there is no harm to the national security of the country. People have misconceptions that they can harm national security but there is a need to understand that movies never do live telecasts so there is no need to get worried about any kind of harm. Also, scripts are written by knowing all sides of the incident and they are written by experts. Also, any movie is released in the air after checking that it doesn’t hurt any community’s sentiments.
Now if we talk about the benefits of screening these movies then firstly there comes the abundant source of information. We see that not every house has internet, not everyone has the urge to surf and get knowledge of things but even in rural areas we will find the television, it is more affordable and people can at least come to know about the conflicts that are going on in the country or that happened in the country at a very affordable price. For example, many people would not have been able to know about the attack on Taj, but through the movie, many people became aware of the incidents. So sometimes it plays an important role in spreading some information or making people aware of something.
Moving to the second benefit, these movies help in preserving history. For example, a Bollywood movie named Kesari showed the bravery of 21 Sikhs who fought against 10000 Afghani warriors. This is how by making a movie on such war, we became able to preserve our History and thousands of people now and many more in future will get inspired by the bravery of Indians and will learn how to fight and take stand until the last breath.
Now coming to the third benefit, by making movies on war, we give representations to the people who have lost their lives, who have sacrificed their lives just for the sake of their motherland selflessly. Their families get a representation who supported them during the difficult times and many people get motivated with the same.
Now, the conclusion which we have reached is that people doesn’t have same opinion about the things that doesn’t mean that they shouldn’t be shown in the movies, that doesn’t mean that other people shouldn’t be made aware about those problems exist in the society.People need to know and should get a chance to make their opinions .

6 forgotten things to do in Weekends.

It is very difficult for all of us to pass our time in weekends and especially if weekends fall in between big pandemic lockdowns. For many of us, each day has become like a weekend due to long imposed lockdowns in our respective areas.

We must utilise our time in something productive and productive doesn’t have to necessarily mean learning a new skill or cleaning our house. Being productive is so much more than that! Productive is also when we give times to things that would bring us instant joy.

Let’s get back in time and relive some of the moments that were daily habits for us at some point in time and practise them in these weekends.

1) Take out Old Photo Albums.

Photo Credits: The Guardian

Remember the time when there used to be only one camera at our homes? A photo album carries so much in itself. From our grandparents’ youth to our parents’ wedding to our own childhood, photo albums are always refreshing even after being so old. It’s always good to visit our family’s old family photo albums and live those old memories yet again.!

2) Write Journal or Diary.

Photo Credits : She The People Tv.

Writing has always been fun, isn’t it? Well, now writing means just WhatsApp or Email or for other professional purposes. It’s time for us to give one day to write happenings around us on a piece of paper in a diary or in a journal like we used to do in our childhood. The time when we used to collect those New Year gift diaries all for diary writing!

3) Solo Indoor Picnic.

Photo Credits: Medium.

It’s always good to eat and it’s even better when we can eat all the food alone. Although some people might be thinking that this never used to happen in the past. So yes, you’re correct. Solo Picnics never used to happen in the past. Picnic itself means social gathering with friends or families. However, here I’m urging everyone to have a solo picnic indoor because of the ongoing pandemic. Though if you’re living in a nuclear or joint family, go for a picnic indoor with them. Cook great food, eat and chill.

4) Read Old Books and Magazines:

Photo Credits: Etsy

We always have a shelf in our house with full of books and magazines from the past era. We just keep them aside and forget about them after reading them once. There are also our favourite magazines that we used to collect during our childhood, may be because of their content or because they used to have our favourite celebrity on their covers. We can just relive those memories by simply taking out and reading them.

5) Put on the radio!

Photo Credits: The Conversation.

Don’t have a radio? Don’t worry about it at all. There are plenty of mediums in this new era that would give you the feeling of a typical radio. There are also radio stations available on new smartphones, some are even available on normal typing phones! You can always look for radio in these platforms in absolutely no cost. Just listen to the Radio Jockeys narration and listen to news stories and music in that old style.

6) Take out Old CDs

Photo Credits: Britannica

This is somewhat similar to photo albums. Do you also have old compact discs in your home cupboards. Well, then just take them out and watch your old family happenings recorded in them and enjoy!

Yes, lockdown and weekends have always been stressful for each one of us. But we can always find a way to engage ourselves in something that would make us happy and lively! Try these six ways and get nostalgic!

Warli paintings

Hello guys!!

Have you guys ever heard about warli painting?even if you don’t know it’s name I think many of you can recognise the paintings ,they are present almost on any design,dress,wall art.

Still you haven’t got a clue? No problem .Have you ever seen stick figures on brown walls ,or on any dresses,they are called warli paintings.

From pinterest

Warli painting’s originated from maharastra.The name warli came into light because of the tribe warli in Maharashtra.Warli paintings showcase their drawings on mud walls,brown walls and now recently it is even used as design on dresses.

Warli painting’s have simple structure that is they mostly draw with circles,squares,and rectangles,they put emphasis on the story they are delivering through the painting.

Mostly it’s about their lifestyle,that is farming,dancing,singing,working.

On special occasions they draw these things with the white pigment.

These paintings garnered attention for their simplicity,and raw feel that these drawings show.
These paintings are very popular and they are available on many online sites ,people love to decorate their homes with these paintings.

Even the small figures when painted on the walls they recieve so much attention ,they are pleasing to the eyes. The dancers take a long turn in the audience and try to encircle them for entertainment. The circle formation of the dancers is also said to resemble the circle of life.people are doing their own activities and enjoying their time.The huts depict,their homes,the trees.

Every thing is depicted in those basic geometric shapes becoming its own speciality and oozes uniqueness,and sense of familarity.

I remember we had an activity where we had to draw over walls and the topic was warli paintings ,it was very fun to draw those things on the walls.

These paintings depict their culture, lifestyle,and their essence is the depicting small things in our life in a beautiful way.

Thankyou^^

Featured pic taken from pinterest.

Please visit the below website for more information https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warli_painting

Tamil at Harvard University

Inauguration of Tamil Club and Kavidhai Club - Sevalaya

What is Tamil Chair?

Tamil Chair Inc. is a non-profit organization registered in the state of Maryland (USA) that is currently working on fund raising for Harvard Tamil Chair

6m $ is required to establish it

Tamil is one of the very few languages of the world with a classical past and a robust literary tradition that has continued to this day. Despite many foreign occupations of the Tamil country and other outside influences, this noble language has always shined, producing vibrant literature for over 2 thousand years.

In addition to the literature, there have been numerous grammar books, commentaries, religious works, didactic books, secular literature and works from many other genres.

This is what the Tamil chair of Harvard university states about tamil

What is the need for a Tamil Chair?

  1. Tamil language has one of the oldest written traditions in all of Asia and boasts a rich body of literary work dating back 2,500 years. Tamil has been accorded with a prestigious recognition as one of the seven classic languages (Greek, Sanskrit, Latin, Hebrew, Persian, Tamil and Chinese), and it is one of the very few that has survived all the way through to the modern world since its beginning.
  2. Currently, Tamil is the 20th most commonly-spoken language (by 80 million people) in the world, with vibrant literatures for over 2 thousand years. Literature represents the culture and tradition of a language or people, and it provides a kind of blueprint of human civilization.
  3. Thus far the global reach of Tamil literature is so limited, and for its ancient and Classic standing, Tamil literature deserves to be critically looked from new and diverse perspectives and the resulting knowledge needs to be shared across other cultures for mutual benefits.
  4. So the purpose of this chair is multifold. First, it is a matter of great prestige for Tamils to have our language taught at the world’s most prestigious university which attracts brilliant students from all over the world.
  5. There is also a need for research in ancient classical Tamil literature. Harvard will produce Tamil scholars who will be trained in research methodologies.

IMPORTANCE OF TAMIL CHAIR IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY AND THE WAY IT ENRICHES THE LANGUAGE

  1. Helps building History

History can be written on the basis of outputs from researching a language.

Research about a language is a step to build a history.

Ex: In recent, historians of India use vedic texts of sanskrit to build the own history.

They build Indian history with vedas as base.

If more outputs from researching tamil comes out it will help build Indian History which may be seen from view of tamil literature.

2. Helps developing the language

In India Hindi and sanskrit are given importance by central government for promoting and developing them. These types of actions from Indian government limits Tamil as a regional language and major funding is deprieved.

Promoting through a reputed university will ensure good amount of funding for research.

It will help explore the Tamil studies on a much deeper level through a rigorous approach executing formal academic research processes to bring out the traditions, the cultural, intellectual, and social practices of the Sangam period that are barely explored as of now. This will elicit Tamil’s long tenured literary tradition to the peer academic communities and establish it’s much deserved recognition as a Classic language.

3. Competition with Sanskrit and other classical languages

Indian goverment in name of Hindu Nationalism promotes only sanskrit.

For all other Classic and widely spoken languages like Sanskrit, Greek etc , there is so much research and progressive work that is done at various international academic centers. It is quite urgent and highly imperative that the same world class effort is put forth for Tamil to expand its stature and reach. It will enhance not only the chances for continual use but also the newly embraced recognition from the global populace.

4. Intensive Research and development

Any developments on language of Tamil is stopped by Indian government . Without funds researchers are suffering. Even if someone come out with good research it is deemed valued by Hindutuvas/Hindi Nationalist Indian government

Independent research in a foreign country will only enrich it for good without influence by Indian Government.

5. Gets world wide interest and new learners

Developing the language in a well known University will gather world wide interest for the language and gather new learners.

May revoke intersets in researchers to resume archaelogical excavations a, Keezhadi, Poombukar, Adhichanallur which were currently banned by Indian government for excavating. Because they provide excessive proofs to Independent tamil culture in Sangam period, so that it will affect sanskrit’s claim on Tamil.

Assures Tamil language’s legacy to survive and grow.

This endeavour will cerainly increase the horizon of Tamil

Healthcare of prisoners in India


More than 10.2 million people are imprisoned over the world. A jail is a place where lawbreakers who commit horrible crimes are imprisoned and held captive. People have a misconception that criminals are sent to prison for a reason other than punishment. People have a typical perception that when a prisoner is incarcerated, he has lost his rights to liberty since he is compelled to live in a closed, constrained environment. According to the most recent numbers available for India (verified by World Prison Brief), the country has 4,78,600 inmates (including pre-trial detainees). The majority of Indian convicts are uneducated, poor, and belong to a marginalised social group with insufficient awareness of their health and lifestyle practises. As a result, they form a unique and vulnerable health population that necessitates specific treatment.
The problem of hygiene in India has been exacerbated by overcrowding. Conditions are deplorable in many jails. Even minimal amenities are not available in tehsil-level jails. In India, inmates are not even screened for certain infectious diseases, despite the fact that all prisoners are given a medical assessment when they start serving their sentence. At the national level, there have been no research on the prevalence of viral illnesses among inmates. Prisoners suspected of possessing contagious diseases are segregated according to Indian jail guidelines. A few jails have formed informal partnerships with medical and social service organisations to provide convicts with counselling in order to reduce illness spread.


There are numerous reasons for violence in prisons.

Conflicts can be sparked by ethnic tensions or rivalries between clans or gangs. Hostility among detainees is exacerbated by the cramped, frequently severely overcrowded housing circumstances. The monotonous jail atmosphere, a lack of mental and physical stimulation, and plain boredom all contribute to a build-up of frustration and anxiety. This setting encourages high-risk behaviours such as drug usage and male-on-male sex. Some people engage in these activities in order to avoid boredom. Others, on the other hand, are compelled to participate in them in order to earn power or money.


Inmates and communicable diseases
Overcrowding in India has increased the problem of sanitation. Many prisons have horrible conditions. At the tehsil level, even basic facilities are not available. Despite the fact that all detainees are given a medical check when they begin serving their sentence, inmates in India are not even examined for certain infectious diseases. Inmates are known to be susceptible to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. Detainees’ hostility is heightened by their confined, usually highly overcrowded living conditions.


Mental illness and suicide in Indian prisons
Another major public health concern is mental illness, which affects a large number of prisoners. It is crucial to detect and treat people with mental health illnesses for the sake of justice and to ensure the protection of basic human rights, which is a cornerstone of the Indian constitution and society. Mental diseases are three times more common in jails than in the general population, according to studies conducted around the world.


Conclusion
To test Indian medical students’ comprehension of prisoners’ health rights, a pilot survey was undertaken. According to the statistics, 91.8 percent of the students had received less than an hour of prisoner health education.
This data only reinforces the need for the government and medical institutions to develop specialised training that is sensitive to the needs of inmates and the prison environment.

Real Motivation or Real one

What make that person who they are now?

In our life’s we all have one or many such persons to whom we admire some may be Idol, actor actresses doctor teacher and many.

We get attracted by one such thing into them that from that moment we start admiring them, the reason may be silly, but it drives you towards your future and shape the choices you have made or the choices you will make from then.

Sometimes we do not know what has inspired us or motivated us towards them that has driven us hence.

Now what is motivation? It is just like a simple fuel that will keep you going but once you have burned down all your fuel which kept you motivated you will not be motivated to do that more and even if you try you will feel bored and will ultimately quit doing such thing. I am sure this must have happened to you also after trying so hard after sometimes you will leave that thing and try something new.

Why does this happen?

How to keep you going

Were you not motivated enough to complete it till the very end? No, the answer to this question.

It is because you took the very first step the biggest one that is you skipped many in between. This happens because the eagerness to do more. Once you set small goals in your life and time to time when you will complete that goal or reach to that goal you be motivated to reach another level. Without skipping the steps.

The power of basics

What does basics have to do with this?

Basics have to do with everything you want, you do or achieve your goal in life. Suppose you want to learn how to do one difficult yoga pose so the first thing you will have to learn is all the basics of yoga, every pose to get to that pose you wanted to perform.

Always learn the basics the very first step.

Change you reel goal to a real goal.

When we people are to inspire by someone you are like I want to be like that person I want to have everything she/he has. And when you dig into that you will find out that it is not what they do you wanted to become it is what one thing is that you wanted to achieve, or you enjoy by watching them who inspired you.

Example: – It is a time of new year; you want to lose weight so that you can get into that dress which you wanted to wear to achieve that goal you started going to the gym. Happily, you got into that dress in New year and did not went to the gym from. Again, after some time you gains weight.

What was to reel goal= It was lose weight to get into that dress.

What is the real goal= To get fit to feel healthy and get into any dress any time?

So whatever reason you got inspired think more and select the way to achieve it. Many people give up on their dreams because of social pressure around them and much more. These are only some ways according to me which may help you not giving up.

These are some books I recommend

Late Middle Age England

On becoming King, Edward I rebuilt the status of the monarchy, restoring and extending key castle had fallen into despair. During the 1340s the black that arrived in England. The losses from the epidemic and the recurring plague that followed it, significantly affected events in England for many years.

Black Death
The black death was the second disaster affecting Europe during the late middle age ( the first one being the great famine of 1315-1317) and is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of the European population. In total, the plague may have reduced the world’s population from an estimate of 475 million in the 14th century. Over the next century, English forces what many campaigns in the long-running conflict that became known as 100 years’ War. The hundred years’ war was a series of conflicts in western Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the house of Plantagenet and the house of Lancaster, rulers of the kingdom of France. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Age, in which five generations of Kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest Kingdom in western Europe.

Peasants Revolt
The peasant revolt broke out across the south of England in 1381. There were various causes of the revolt, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death pandemic in the 1340s. The high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the 100 years’ war and instability within the local leadership of London. This war is also named Wat Tyler’s rebellion or the great Rising.

War of Roses
A sequence of bloody civil wars later termed the war of the roses finally broke out in 1455, spurred on by an economic crisis and a widespread feeling of poor government. The war of roses where a series of English wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two Revival cadet branches of the royal house of the Plantagenet and the house of Lancaster. The conflict lasted through many periodic episodes between 1455 and 1487, but there was related fighting before and after this period between parties. The power struggle ignited around the social and financial troubles following the 100 years war stirred with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI which revived interest in the house of York claims to the throne by Richard of York.

Cinderella is dead- Book review

Cinderella is dead
Author– Kaylnn Bayron
Stars 3

The story takes place 200 yrs after Cinderella story took place . It’s revolves around Sophia who is a lesbian and tries to rebel against the cruel king . The king has made rules that each year a ball will be held and the men will choose the women they want to marry through the ball , even if the women disagres she has to get married no matter what . Sophia doesn’t want to attend by the ball as she likes someone else. The story continues as Sophia tries to reveal the real story of Cinderella and Stop the reign of the king

I first thought this book was about Cinderella but it turned out different . I was disappointed with the way the book was written because I thought it became boring at points but it was a very different story and I liked it’s uniqueness. Even though the nature of Prince Charming’s characters was shown cruel which I don’t like. I really had q nice time reading it but definitely could have a lot more better

Spoiler alert

The fact that Fairy godmother was Charming’s mother was something I really do dint like along with the weird ending . The killing scene of king manford could have been more interesting .I liked the part that the stepsisters were shown as good characters

I would not completely recommend this book but if you are willing to try a new kind of story then this is a good read

By Ishita Pillay

Paralympic games

The Paralympic Games, also known as the Paralympics, are a series of international multi-sport events that feature athletes with a variety of disabilities, such as impaired muscle power, impaired passive range of motion, limb deficiency (e.g. amputation or dysmelia), leg length difference, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment, and intellectual impairment. George Eyser, a German American gymnast, was the first athlete to compete in the Olympic Games prior to the establishment of the Paralympics in 1904. In both the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics, Hungarian Karoly Takacs competed in shooting events. He was a left-handed shooter with a right-arm amputation. The first organized athletic event for disabled athletes that coincided with the Olympic Games took place on the day of the opening of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. Dr. Ludwig Guttmann hosted a sports competition for British World War II veteran patients with spinal cord injuries. The games were held again at the same location in 1952, and Dutch and Israeli veterans took part alongside the British, making it the first international competition of its own kind. 

Ceremonies

The opening ceremony of the Paralympic Games is framed by different components, as stipulated by the Paralympic Charter. The majority of these customs were established at the Antwerp Summer Olympics in 1920.The event usually begins with the host country’s flag being raised and the national anthem being performed. Unlike the Olympic Games, the athletes parade into the stadium following the national anthem, grouped by country. The nations have entered the stadium alphabetically according to the host country’s chosen language since the 1988 Summer Paralympics, with the host country’s athletes being the last to enter. The host nation has presented creative exhibits of music, singing, dancing, and theatre that are indicative of its culture since the 1988 Summer Paralympics. Speeches are delivered to officially start the games. Finally, the Paralympic torch is carried into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the last torch bearer, who is usually a paralympic athlete from the host country, who lights the flame in the stadium’s cauldron. 

After all sports events have finished, the Paralympic Games culminate with a closing ceremony. Each participating country’s flag bearers are the first to enter, followed by the athletes, who all enter together, regardless of nationality.The Paralympic flag is hoisted for the last time. With a few exceptions, the national flag of the country hosting the following Summer or Winter Paralympic Games has been hoisted while the appropriate national song has been performed since the 1988 Winter Paralympics. The Paralympic Games have come to an end, and the Paralympic torch has been extinguished.Following these mandatory aspects, the following host nation gives a brief introduction to their culture through creative exhibitions of dance and theatre.

Following the end of each Paralympic event, a medals ceremony is conducted. When an IPC member presents the winner, second, and third-place athletes or teams with their medals, they stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum.The medalists’ national flags are then raised as the gold medalist’s national anthem is performed. During the medal ceremonies, volunteers from the host country assist the authorities who give the medals and serve as flag-bearers, acting as hosts. The medal ceremony for each Paralympic event takes place one day following the event’s conclusion.

Categories

Physical, visual, and intellectual impairment are among the 10 disability categories defined by the IPC. Athletes with one of these impairments are eligible to compete in the Paralympics, however not all sports allow for all disability categories. Both the Summer and Winter Paralympics fall into these categories.

Physical Disability – Physical impairment may be divided into eight categories:

Impaired muscular power — Muscles such as those in one leg, one side of the body, or the lower half of the body create less force when they are impaired in this category (e.g. spinal cord injury, spina bifida, post-polio syndrome).

Impaired passive range of motion – The range of motion in one or more joints is gradually decreased. Acute illnesses, such as arthritis, are excluded.

Loss of limb or limb deficiency – A whole or partial loss of bones or joints as a result of disease, accident, or congenital limb deficiency (e.g. dysmelia).

Leg-length difference — A congenital defect or trauma causes significant bone shortening in one leg.

Short stature – Due to a musculoskeletal shortage of bone or cartilage structures, standing height is reduced due to shorter legs, arms, and trunk. Achondroplasia, growth hormone insufficiency, and osteogenesis imperfecta are just a few examples.

Hypertonia – Is characterised by an abnormal increase in muscular tension and a reduction in a muscle’s capacity to stretch. Hypertonia can be caused by an accident, an illness, or a condition that affects the central nervous system (e.g. cerebral palsy).

Ataxia – Ataxia is a condition in which muscle movements are not coordinated (e.g., cerebral palsy, Friedreich’s ataxia, multiple sclerosis).

Athetosis – Is characterised by unbalanced, uncontrollable movements and the inability to maintain a symmetrical posture (e.g. cerebral palsy, choreoathetosis).

Visual Impairment – Athletes have varying degrees of vision impairment, ranging from legal blindness to complete blindness. One or more components of the visual system may be impaired (eye structure, receptors, optic nerve pathway, and visual cortex).Sighted guides for athletes with vision impairments are such an important and integral component of the sport that the athlete and the guide are considered a team. Since 2012, these guides (together with sighted goalkeepers in 5-a-side football) have been eligible for their own medals.

Intellectual Disability – Athletes with substantial cognitive impairments and corresponding limits in adaptive behavior. The IPC primarily supports athletes with physical impairments, although past Paralympic Games have included the disability category Intellectual Disability. Only top athletes diagnosed with intellectual impairments before the age of 18 are eligible. The Special Olympics World Games, which are sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee, are available to all persons with intellectual impairments.

Ludwig Guttmann

Sir Ludwig Guttmann born on 3rd July 1899 was a German- British neurologist . he was the one who established stokes Mandeville games , the sporting event for disabled which later evolved into Paralympics in England .he was a  Jewish doctor, who had fled Nazi Germany just before the start of the Second World War, he is considered to be one of the founding fathers of organized physical activities for people with disabilities. By 1952, more than 130 international competitors had entered the Stoke Mandeville Games. As the annual event continued to grow, the ethos and efforts by all those involved started to impress the organisers of the Olympic Games and members of the international community. In September 1943, the British government asked Guttmann to establish the National Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Buckinghamshire Guttmann became a naturalized British citizen in 1945.[18] He organized the first Stoke Mandeville Games for disabled war veterans, which was held at the hospital on 29 July 1948, the same day as the opening of the London Olympics. All participants had spinal cord injuries and competed in wheelchairs.[17] In an effort to encourage his patients to take part in national events, Guttmann used the term Paraplegic Games. At the 1956 Stoke Mandeville Games, Guttmann was awarded the Sir Thomas Fernley Cup by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for his meritorious achievement in service to the Olympic movement through the social and human value derived from wheelchair sports. He was also awarded with Fellow of the Royal society award.

In 1961, Guttmann founded the International Medical Society of Paraplegia, now the International Spinal Cord Society He was the inaugural president of the society, a position that he held until 1970.[20] He became the first editor of the journal, Paraplegia (now named Spinal Cord).[21] He retired from clinical work in 1966 but continued his involvement with sport.

Guttmann suffered a heart attack in October 1979, and died on 18 March 1980 at the age of 80.

Today on 3rd of July 2021 we are celebrating 122nd birthday of sir Ludwig Guttmann

Infosys Success Story

Infosys is a Indian Multinational Company and one of the top IT company in India. Infosys was started in 1981 with just 10,000 rupees. By April 2021, the net worth of Infosys is $78.32 Billion making it one the top IT company in India. In this blog we going to discuss Who started Infosys? Growth of Infosys ? Milestones of Infosys ? Infosys Tagline. Competitors of Infosys. Some interesting facts about Infosys.

WHO STARTED INFOSYS ?

Infosys stands for Information Systems was started in Bangalore by the employees of Patni Computer Systems. The founders of Infosys are Narayana Murthy, Nandan Nilekani, Shibulal, Kris Gopalakrishnan, Ashok Aurora, Raghavan and Dinesh. They started the company with just 10,000 Rupees and named it Infosys Consultants. The company began in a small office room infront of Murthy’s house. For the first two years of there company they didn’t have at least one computer because they don’t have enough money. After two years they bought two computers of Data General 32 bit MV8000.

GROWTH OF INFOSYS

The growth of Infosys was started from 1993. This has been possible because of the ability to increase per capita income and attract many brightest investments.

MILESTONES OF INFOSYS

>> In 1987, they opened there first international office in Boston, USA. >> In 1994, they opened a development center at Fremont. >> In 1995, they opened there first office in European continent, UK and implemented E-business practices. >> In 1996, Infosys foundation was established. >> In 1997, they opened there office in Toronto, Canada. >> In 1999, Revenue crossed $100 million USD, Company get listed in NASDAQ, Infosys Consulting Business is launched, becomes 21st company in the world to achieve CMM level 5 certification. >> In 2000, Revenue crossed $200 million USD, Opens office in France and Hong Kong. >> In 2001, Revenue crossed $400 million USD. >> In 2002, Revenue crossed $500 Million USD, Nilekani becomes CEO of Infosys. >> In 2005, Revenue crossed $1 Billion USD. >> In 2006, Revenue crossed $2 Billion USD

INFOSYS TAGLINE

The tagline of Infosys is “Powered by Intellect, Driven by Values”

WHO ARE THE COMPETITORS TO INFOSYS

The top competitors of Infosys are TCS, Wipro and HCL. 1.TCS(Tata Consultancy Service) is one the biggest competitor of Infosys. TCS it was founded in 1968 by J R D Tata, F.C Kohli, Simit Doshi, and Jahangir Tata. Its headquarter is located at Mumbai, India. 2. Wipro(Western India products) is also one the biggest competitor of Infosys. Wipro was founded in 29 December 1945, by Azim Hasham Premji. Its headquarter is located at Bangalore, India. 3. HCL(Hindustan Computers Limited) is the 3rd top competitor of Infosys. HCL was founded in 1976 by Shiv Nadar. Its headquarter is located at Noida, India.

SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT INFOSYS

  1. As of now 2021, Infosys have 222709 employees in there company.
  2. The revenue of Infosys in 2021 is 1.027 Trillion Indian Rupees.
  3. Infosys was almost about to sold in the year 1989.
  4. Pune was the first headquarter of Infosys, In 1983 they shifted to Bangalore.
  5. Infosys have 7 founders.
  6. Infosys is the second largest IT company after TCS in India

I hope you like this Blog, if you like please like and rate it, it gives me motivation.

In Re: Bruno – Animal Cruelty

Introduction

Bruno was a black Labrador who was beaten to death by two juveniles and a youth on 28th June 2021 at the Adimalathura beach in Thiruvananthapuram. The Kerala High Court took suo motu cognizance of this brutal killing and renamed the case “In Re: Bruno” to pay tribute to the dog who had to suffer gross human cruelty. Cases of animal cruelty keep coming from across the country, at least 5 animals die every day in India but the actual figure would be 10 times higher because of lack of reporting. The majority of the people do not even know the crimes they are committing and others do not know they can report it under a law. More than that nobody seems to know the freedom animals have. This article will talk about the freedoms for the animals, the Act that prevents this cruelty, and the reasons for said cruelty.

Freedoms for Animals

India is a part of the World Health Organization of Animal Health (OIE), which is responsible for animal health and welfare. It says that an animal is in a good state of welfare if it is comfortable, healthy, safe, well-nourished, and able to express its innate behaviour, and is not suffering from pain fear, and distress. Chapter 7.1.2 of the guidelines of OIE recognizes five freedoms for animals:

  • Freedom from hunger, thirst, and malnutrition
  • Freedom from fear and distress
  • Freedom from physical and thermal discomfort
  • Freedom from pain, injury, and disease
  • Freedom to express normal patterns of behaviour

These rights were reaffirmed in the case of Animal Welfare Board of India v A. Nagaraja and Others (2014) 7 SCC 547.

Under Article 51A(g) of the Constitution, it is the fundamental duty of the citizens of India to have compassion for living creatures, this was reaffirmed in State of Gujarat v Mirzapur Moti Kureshi Kassab Jamat and Others (2005) 8 SCC 534.

The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act

The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 aims to prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain and suffering on animals.

  • Section 3 makes it the duty of the person in the care of the animal to ensure its well-being.
  • Section 4 establishes the Animals Welfare Board of India whose duty is to protect animals.
  • Section 11 specifies the types of cruelty to animals such as beating, kicking, torturing, employing an unfit animal, administering injurious drugs, confining an animal in a cage, keeping an animal chained for a long time, failing to provide the animal with food or drink (in cases where you are the owner), abandoning the animal with no reasonable reason.

Why do people abuse animals?

Many cases of animal cruelty that we get to see are the big ones where the animals are abused to the extent that they die or need emergency surgeries. But that’s not the only kind of abuse these animals suffer, there are many cases of such cruelty that take place behind closed doors which we know now include even starving your pets. Various reasons have been noted for such behaviour:

  • The owner lacks control in some aspect of their life and tries to gain control by abusing the animal as it is helpless.
  • Many cases of domestic abuse are accompanied by animal cruelty where the abuser abuses the animal to show the abusee what they are capable of.
  • In certain situations, it takes place because of peer pressure where the kids try to hit the dogs with stones to show they are cool and courageous.
  • A lot of times it is because of displacement, a defense mechanism where you are angry at some person but because you can’t take out your anger on them, you target someone less threatening and helpless.
  • And the most horrifying reason is where people enjoy causing pain to the animals, this condition is usually related to some psychological disorder and these people hold the chance to hurt people also.

Conclusion

Animals are living creatures and they deserve equal respect from humans, they have the right to live a painless life and it is our duty to give it to them. If you ever see any situation of animal cruelty, you can file an FIR at your nearest police station, under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act.

References

Ways to earn through Instagram

There no question about the fact that millions of people are using Instagram. This application has taken the world by storm and the user base has rapidly doubled in the last two years. We often come across people who are earning from Instagram by sharing a snapshot on Instagram these days just like YouTubers and bloggers, these Instagrammers have reach and influenced which most of the brands are interested.

There are ways to make money on Instagram Creators go where the money flows and get money flowing in the multitude from competitor creator funds. An increasing number of creators are shifting from sponsored content to audience monetization.

1- Partner with brands:
Instagram is a marketplace to help brands and creators find each other. In the meantime, eligible creators can continue to use monetize action tools in brand collabs. Brand collabs are available to those who are active business or creator accounts with 100+ hours of watch-time on original videos, 10k+ followers or thousand combine engagement, and no history of content violation.

2- Leverage affiliate links:
Affiliate marketing allows influencers to earn commission from the sales they put trackable links, and promo codes shared and posts and stories or Instagram bios. Brands track influencer references depending on whether the partners in false and pay per click. Influencers interested in affiliate marketing join affiliate networks such as CJ, affiliate, pepperjam. And brand such as Missouri and the runaway operate their affiliate program.

3- Earn money from your content:
Creators that have built an audience with their content that delivers entertainment or information. Creators have an increasing number of ways to earn money on Instagram. In May 2020 Instagram begin sharing revenue on 15 seconds ads played on their IGTV video this approach can take a page out of YouTube’s Playbook.

4- Sell your products or services:
From the photos, filters to run away ready products lines with creating. As entrepreneurs to sell the products or services on the app could either go to the link in bio or open a separate business account for the brands. Very Soon the Instagram will open Instagram shops from their creators’ accounts as well and have access to product launch tools among other features.

5- Live badges:
This allows followers to support creators during the broadcasts. Creators that release Instagram Live videos can earn “tips” from watchers in the form of heart badges. A heart icon comes next to their name in the live chat when a user purchases a badge. Instagram is starting to award creators for hitting particular Instagram Live landmarks, including live fleck and allying with different accounts.

Earning money on Instagram required genuineness. Creators should love the content they are putting out for their audience. Advocacy is the key, one should know to negotiate with big brands and agency but it’s important to stand up for fair rates to keep your career viable and growing.

Censored content that floats regulation risk began removed or find but it jeopardizes how much trust your audience will put into your recommendation. Create a blog or YouTube channel to expand your content marketing to provide information that prospective buyers want as they make their buying decisions. Use social media monitoring to stay on top of the conversation in your setup. Instagram-specific search stream into what’s happening on the platform then set alerts using who hoots. Don’t forget to keep an eye on your own Instagram stats and track what’s working with your audience and what’s not and find your sweet spot.

As per as a rate standardization goes the creator in the economy remains as widely as wild, Wild West. The amount of money that can be made on Instagram depends on the credential, audience size engagement, strategy, Hustle, and unfortunately, racism also affects how much the creator earns on Instagram.

Natural Disasters

A Natural disaster is an unforeseen occurrence of an event that causes harm to society. There are many Natural disasters that damage the environment and the people living in it. Some of them are earthquakes, cyclones, floods, Tsunami, landslides, volcanic eruption, and avalanches. Spatial extent measures the degree or severity of the disaster.

Essay on natural disaster

Levels of Disaster

The severity or degree of damage can be further divided into three categories:

Small Scale Disasters: Small scale disasters are those that extend from 50 Kms. to 100 Kms. So this kind of disasters does not cause much damage.

Medium-scale disasters: Medium Scale disasters extend from 100 Kms to 500 Kms. These cause more damage than a small scale disaster. Moreover, they can cause greater damage if they occur in colonial states.

Large Scale Disasters: These disasters cover an area of more than 1000 Kms. These cause the most severe damage to the environment. Furthermore, these disasters can even take over a country if the degree is high. For instance, the wiping out of the dinosaurs was because of a large scale natural disaster.

Types of Disasters

Earthquake: An earthquake is the shaking or vibrating of the earth. An earthquake can range in sizes. As a result, some are so weak that they go unnoticed. But some are so strong that they can even destroy the whole city. Earthquakes can cause disruption of ground. Moreover, the can also cause landslides, avalanches, and Tsunami. However, the center of an earthquake falls mostly offshore.

Causes: These can cause of releasing of the energy. This release is from the core of the earth. Furthermore, the release of energy causes seismic waves. Rupturing of geological faults causes earthquakes. But other events like volcanic eruptions, landslides mine blasts can also cause it.

Landslides: Landslides is the moving of big boulders of rocks or debris down a slope. As a result, landslides occur on mountains and hilly areas. Moreover, landslides can cause destruction to man-made things in many ways.

Causes: Gravitational pull, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes can cause landslides. Moreover, soil erosion due to deforestation is also a cause of landslides.

Avalanches: Avalanches are like landslides. But instead of rocks thousand tons of snow falls down the slope. Moreover, this causes extreme damage to anything that comes in its way. People who live in snowy mountains always have fear of it.

Causes: Avalanches takes places when there is a large accumulation of snow on the mountains. Moreover, they can also occur from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, the chances of surviving an avalanche are very less. This is because people die of hypothermia in it.

Tsunami: Tsunami is the production of very high waves in oceans and seas. Moreover, the displacement of the ground causes these high waves. A tsunami can cause floods if it occurs near shores. A Tsunami can consist of multiple waves. Moreover, these waves have a high current. Therefore it can reach coastlines within minutes. The main threat of a tsunami is if a person sees a Tsunami he cannot outrun it.

Causes: Tsunami is unlike normal eaves that occur due to the wind. But Tsunami is waves that occur by ground displacement. Thus earthquakes are the main causes of Tsunamis.