Algebraic expressions that we see and encounter today
is way different than it was centuries ago. Until 19^th century, they
consisted of theories. The father of algebra Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
described algebra to be reduction and balancing of terms that is a
transposition to other sides of the equation. Algebra went through different
stages to development along the centuries. Along which the three stages that
gives us the history of symbolic algebra are to be discussed in this article.

1. RHEOTORICAL STAGE

In this stage, the algebraic expressions were written in
sentences. For example, an equation as: x+ 24= 36 would be described as
‘something added to 24 gives us 36’. It was developed by Babylonians back in
the 16^th century.

2. SYNCOPATED ALGEBRA

In this stage, the symbolism was used but it didn’t
contain all of the characteristics of symbolic algebra, there were some
restrictions involved. Syncopated algebra made its first appearance in the 3^rd
century AD through Diophantus Arithmetic, followed by Brahmgupta’s Brahma
Sphuta Siddhanta back in the 7^th century.

3. SYMBOLIC ALGEBRA

Symbolic algebra made its appearance through Islamic
mathematicians such as Ibn al-Banna in 13-14^th centuries and
al-Qalasadi in 15^th century in their works. And it was fully
developed by Francois Viete in the 10^th century. Later, Rene
Descartes by 17^th century, introduced the use of ‘x’ in an equation.
He also showed that problem in geometry can be expressed and solved in terms of
algebra. Quadratic equations played an important role in early algebra and it
is to be noted that earlier only three types of quadratic equations existed:

x2
+px=q

x2
=px+q

x2
+q=px

Since math was used in commerce there were no use of
negative terms. ‘p’ and ‘q’ was positive in each of the above cases and so were
the roots.

On to most interesting part where mathematical
expressions were solved with geometric practices. Between the rheotorical and
syncopated stage of symbolic algebra, the geometric constructive algebra’ was
developed by classical Greek and Vedic Indian Mathematicians in which equations
were solved through geometry.

Now let’s look at this equation:

x2
+26x=27

Since we already know how to find roots of quadratic
equation, i.e. by using,

x=-b±√(b2 -4ac)2a

As they didn’t consider the negative part, let us
exclude that and put the respective values, we will get

x=-26+262 -[4×1×(-27)]2×1

x=-26+(676+108)2

And now let’s solve it with the help of figures. Taking
the x^2 as a square of side x and thus the term gives its area.
And the 26x can be denoted as rectangle with sides 26 and x and the term being
the area.

Now, if we divide the rectangle into two equal parts
which will give us two rectangle of side x and 13.

By placing the rectangles on two adjacent sides of the
square, we will see a L shaped figure which can we converted into a square if
we added a square of side 13 in the space.

And since we added a square, we now have to add 169, which
is the area of the additional square, on each sides of the equation. It gives
us

x2
+26x+169=246

 The left-hand
side of the equation represents the sum of areas of the 2 squares and 2 rectangle
and the right-hand side gives the total area. Since all the shapes collectively
makes a square, the number 246 denotes the area of the biggest square. And hence
14 will be the length of the sides. And now we know that the value of x must be
1.

While this method will only work on positive
entities and will only give the positive part of the solution, we can now see the quadratic equations from a whole new perspective.

“If you follow the crowd, you will certainly be lost in it. If you think like everyone, how will you create your own identity”. Why many entrepreneurs get confined to just a street corner? And why only a few, move ahead to create massive business empires? There is only one difference between these two groups. “The difference is thinking!”. Thinking has the power, to transform a blank page into a new invention. Thinking has the power to transform a blank page into the night sky.So stop blaming your luck or destiny. Business is a race where winning companies are miles ahead. But still, there is a strategy that can defeat these masters of business. This strategy is taught at Stanford, Harvard, IIM’s. If you can master this strategy, success will certainly follow you. Business is not just a ladder of success, it is also a bed of thorns. No new restaurant can beat McDonald’s 65 years of experience. No new IT company can compete with the 52 year old TCS. There is only one chance for these new companies to succeed. Instead of competing, the new company can make the competition irrelevant. Do something that you will change the rules of business. In the mobile network industry, there is a long queue of salesman to get every new customer. In the same industry, Jio adopted the strategy of Business Model Transformation. Jio changed the rules of the mobile network industry. Where other mobile networks were focussed on phone calls. Jio came and made the whole story about Internet Data. By bringing transformational change in the industry, If you also want to create transformational change, don’t think what business you will do. Rather think, how can you transform the whole industry, iTunes transformed the music industry. Netflix brought changes in the television and film industry. As time changes every moment. Evry industry can also be changed, just changemakers are required. Transforming the industry can be very easy and the most difficult just find out the unfulfilled needs of the customers, and fulfill them. The need to get an instant taxi was fulfilled by Uber. The need to shop at home was fulfilled by Amazon. Similarly, in every product round you. There is a possibility of new business. Just open your eyes. Don’t participate in the competition. Create something new. Because on a crowded street, you will never reach far. Move ahead in the path, which no one has chosen. In the end, this new path will make you reach the pinnacle of success. Therefore, think different from the rest. People who think differently from the crowd Make History.

“Winners don’t cry and give in to the fate”.

 Chopsticks are standard utensils in some countries of Asia.
While to an outsider every chopstick they see may look the same but if you have
used them, you would notice the differences. If chopsticks from China, Japan
and Korea when placed side to side you can notice few features that are unique.
If you want to buy a chopstick or just want to know more about chopsticks in general,
this post is just for you. Now let’s dive deep into the part on how they are
different and why.

JAPANESE CHOPSTICKS

Japanese chopsticks, also known as ‘Hashi’ in Japanese,
is the shortest of them all. They are placed horizontally in front of individuals
on top of a small stand known as hashioki. Since Japanese people have
separate palate for individual, they have smaller chopsticks. The tops of the
chopstick are exceptionally pointy as Japanese people tend to consume more fried
fishes, it helps in picking the bones. The way an individual uses chopstick is very important in Japan. Children
are made to practice with beans by their teachers or parents. When in a Japanese
dinner table, you are not supposed to point at or fumble with foods, those are
deemed as improper. When there is no communal chopstick present, the other end
of the chopstick could be used to move food. One of the most crucial point to
be noted is that the chopsticks shouldn’t be crossed on the table, as it symbolizes
death in their culture.

KOREAN CHOPSTICKS

Korean chopsticks are mostly metal since it is more
durable than a wooden one but its wooden version does exits. During Joseon era,
the royalty would use silver chopsticks since its oxidizing properties could often
help them detect whether the food made for the royalties had been tampered
with or not. They are flatter along its cross section and a tad longer than the Japanese
ones. They place their chopsticks on the side of the table over a rest vertically in front
of individuals. When a Japanese visits Korean restaurant they might have
problem handling the metal ones since they are one the heavier side, they can
always ask for a wooden one instead. In earlier days, chopsticks varied with social
status. Chopsticks used in court were made up of gold, silver or cloisonne,
while commoners would use those made up of brass or wooden.

CHINSESE CHOPSTICKS

Onto the last variation, Chinese chopsticks. They are
the longest of them all. In a Chinese restaurant people are seated in a round
table and the side dishes are scattered all around the table, hence one needs to pick up foods
from different parts of the table and that’s the reason why they are so long. They
are round, thick and have a blunt top end unlike the other two. And that is because
Chinese people tend to eat greasy food and the thick and blunt top ensures that
the food doesn’t slip away. When you connect the two pieces, you’ll find that the
top (narrow) ends don’t touch. This might be a bit problematic when having
ramen for some people. In Chinese culture, it is improper for one to tap chopsticks at the edge of
a bowl as this act is used by beggars to attract attention.

On a closing note, its not what kind of chopstick you
use matter, yes you can choose any one of them as per your liking, but it important
to understand and respect the culture by applying proper etiquette while using
them in a restaurant.

Once upon a time there were two college friends they formed a new company and soon their business started growing but both of them had other plans they wanted to study, travel and not spend the rest of their lives running a business one day they approached a big company and asked for one million dollars to sell their successful startup that big company was not interested they simply said no later the friends approached other companies but all of them declined the friends felt sad they thought why their wish is not coming true they just want to sell their venture and start a new life but they were unaware that destiny had already made other plans for them later they both continued running their business and with each passing year the company kept on growing bigger and bigger their business reached every part of the world now after two decades the company which they failed to sell for one million dollars is now worth over one trillion dollars we all know their company as “GOOGLE”. In your life you always make plans, you always make goals, you desire some things to happen as per your wish but sometimes it’s better if your wish does not come true because there might be something better coming your way something better beyond your imagination.That reason causes a change  in you” sometimes this change hurts sometimes,this change will make you cry,but do remember in the end;this change will make you stronger, this change will make you move forward,this change will make you grow in life,this change has the power to make you rich and this change has the power to make your dreams come true.”

Therefore whatever happens  in life do remember it’s all for the best.  

“Because in life-Everything happens for a reason”

When Toyota was in just 2 years in it’s business, Japan had to go through World War II and Hiroshima Nagasaki incident which completely destroyed Japan’s economy. While struggling for labor and capital, they also had to face companies as big as Ford and General Motors of the United States. Despite all the odds Eiji Toyoda was abled to make profits and raise the company above all the giant automobiles companies.

Back in the 90s when Japan’s economy was shattered and people were struggling to stay alive, making a place in a market under such circumstances were impossible, let alone profit. 

Noticing their company struggle keep it’s foot on ground, Eiji Toyoda decided to visit Ford’s rouge plant, where he learnt about the production system of the company. When he got back, he realized it isn’t just abut copying their methods and mechanisms , plus affording machinery and labors were out of the question. While the seemingly perfect method of Ford did end up making profits, there were few loopholes in the system which caught Eiji’s eyes.

THE LOOPHOLES

The production line of Ford was as such, first they would forecast the demand and then they will place order for the raw materials in bulk to reduce the cost. After that they will store the materials in the warehouse  and then start assembling the parts. Proceeding that the cars were store in the inventory and then to the dealers. Noting that they would always produce in surplus, they would more often than not face overproduction. The overproduction in tern lead to excessive inventory and unnecessary capital investment.

A BRILIANT IDEA

In order to make their production efficient and profitable, Eiji came up with idea of Just In Time method of production. In this method the cars will we only available in the pamphlets and the showroom, the assembling will only starts after the customer places an order. They would also encourage their suppliers to follow the same. And the best part is that the entire process would take only 5 days. This method lead to extreme cost cutting since their were no excess inventory and even if a natural disaster were to occur, which is quite common in Japan, there will be little to no loss.

THEIR SUCCESS

After adopting the Just In Time method of production, Toyota’s production started to shoot up from the year 1995. In 2008 it became one of the largest car manufacturer and in 2016, Toyota’s market capitalization was more than that of Ford, General Motors and Honda together. Later when almost every company started to implement the Just In Time method, they saw 80% less lead time and up to 50% reduction in inventory, resulting them to save capital. And this is how Toyota transformed the world of supply chain while becoming one of the most profitable company.