Gulliver describes Lilliputians  as ingenious people.They treated him with so much expense and magnificence. These people are most excellent Mathematicians, and arrived to a great perfection in Mechanics, by the countenance and encouragement of the emperor, who is a renowned patron of learning.Lilliputians  considered fraud as greater crime than theft.They always punish fraud with death. The nurseries for males of noble or eminent birth, are provided with brave and learned professors, and their several deputies. The clothes and food of the children are plain and simple. They are bred up in the principles of honour,justice, courage, modesty, clemency, religion, and love of their country. The cottagers and labourers keep their children at home, their business being only to till and cultivate the earth, and therefore their education is of little consequence to the them.Lilliputians are talented  engineers because  they have been able to inveny and construct  an enormous carriage.Lilliputians tests physical power  and agility, instead of moral power and reason to  determine who will hold its governmental offices.The laws of Lilliput are also very different  to English laws. They regard trade as very important  and they think that trade depends on honesty. Lilliputians are tiny people and Swift draws an analogy upon their physical size by linking that their smallness in character.

EMPEROR OF LILLIPUT

Emperor of Lilliput  is an excellent horse man.He is strong,masculine and all his motions are graceful and his deportment is majestic.He is twenty eight years and three quarters old. The Emperor has  good leadership qualities such as he frequently conducts councils inorder to debate about what course should be taken with Gulliver,because his diet is very expensive and might cause  a famine.As Gulliver made great progress in learning their language ,Emperor frequently  honoured him with his visits.He also gives permission to Gulliver to move around  in the kingdom only on the condition that he will not hurt anyone. The Emperor takes  wisest decisions  according to the advise of council.He strictly implemented  laws of kingdom.The emperor gives Gulliver the land’s highest honor,’Nardac’.He longed to reduce the whole empire of Blefuscu in to a province and to govern it by a viceroy.He is very ambitious and wished to become the monarch of the whole world.

               The emperor is also deceptive,when Gulliver goes away to visit Blefuscu,the emperor seems as though he remains Gulliver’s friend ; however ,the emperor with other malicious courtiers  plot how to  rid the kingdom of their giant.The emperor  accuse him of treason and plan to execute him upon his return to Lilliput.This shows that the emperor is savage,merciless and selfish.He clearly thinks of highly himself and much less of practically everyone else. We can understand that  the Emperor only  sees Gulliver in terms of what Gullliver can do to bring him more power .The emperor is also egocentric and acts much like a despotic ruler.He demands that his officials walk on tight ropes and perform other dangerous acts to obtain and keep their jobs . The emperor shows lack of appreciation  for Gulliver both saving his wife’s life in the burning castle  and for repelling an attack on Lilliput by impeaching him.The emperor loves war and really wants to enslave people of his neighbouring Island.When  Gulliver refuses  to help him destroy Blefuscus freedom ,the emperor starts to hate Gulliver.

FILMNAP

Filmnap is the treasurer in Lilliput,he had always been Gulliver’s secret enemy. He conceives a jealous hatred for Gulliver when he starts believing that his wife is having an affair with  Gulliver.He represented the low condition of treasury inorder to dismiss Gulliver from their country. Flimnap is a portrait of the weaknesses of character to which any human is prone but that become especially dangerous in those who wield great power. High- admiral, Filmnap is also described as Gulliver’s mortal enemy since his arrival.His hatred increased  since Gulliver’s great success against Blefuscu.

REDRESEL

 Redresel ,Pricipal secretary of private affairs  in Lilliput .He is Gulliver’s true friend. He explains  the history of the political tensions between the two principal parties in the realm, the High-Heels and the Low-Heels to Gulliver.

SKYRESH BOLGOLAM

Skyresh Bolgolam, High- admiral, who is the only member of the administration to oppose Gulliver’s liberation. Gulliver imagines that Skyresh’s enmity is simply personal, though there is no apparent reason for such hostility.

BLEFUSCIANS

The empire of Blefuscu is an Island situated to the North-East of Lilliput. Blefuscians are prone to conspiracies and jealousies, and while they treat Gulliver well enough materially, they are quick to take advantage of him in political intrigues of various sorts. The two races have been in a longstanding war with each other in the interpretation of  proper way to  cut the eggs. Gulliver helps the Lilliputians defeat the Blefuscian navy, but he eventually leaves Lilliput and receives a warm welcome in the court of Blefuscu. by which Swift satirizes the arbitrariness of international relations.

EMPEROR OF BLEFUSCU

Emperor of Blefuscu helped Gulliver to return to his native country. The emperor of Blefuscu is kind, as he grants Gulliver supplies to outfit the ship that Gulliver has found. The emperor of Blefuscu promises  protection t0o Gulliver , and he is sincere about granting it. However, when Gulliver decides that he would rather leave Blefuscu, the emperor agrees to Gulliver’s wishes, showing that the emperor is gracious and beneficent. In fact, the emperor gives Gulliver fifty purses filled with money. Gulliver trusts him and remarks on his generosity and grace.

CHARACTER ANALYSIS

   Lemuel Gulliver is the protagonist and narrator in the novel “Gulliver’s Travels”.Gulliver is the son of a small landowner and he was born and brought up in a middle- class family in Nottinghamshire,England.He is  well educated and he was ship’s surgeon.Gulliver is married  to Mary Burton and have two children. Gulliver’s remarkable travels begin in 1699 and end in 1715, having changed Gulliver’s personality to that of a recluse. He claims to have written his memoirs five years following his last return to England, in 1720 or 1721.He made several voyages and spent his leisure hours by reading best authors ,observing the manners and dispositions of people as well as learning their language.In his education and travels, Gulliver acquired some knowledge of High and Low Dutch, Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, and Lingua Franca; he later states that he “understood some Greek, and  Portuguese very well”.

                     Gulliver  is good at adapting himself to other cultures .Gulliver provides a huge context and interpretation for the different  people he encounters over the course of his travels.Gulliver quickly adapts to new situations and he is an obedient person.Although  Lilliputians  treats him cruelly, he responds in a submissive manner.He is a person concerned with honor, gratitude, common sense and kindness. Eventhough he is a foreigner to Lilliput Island, he was ready to defend his person and state against all invaders, this shows his helping mentality.Gulliver received the highest title of honour ‘Nardac’  in the realm of Lilliput, by carrying off the whole fleet of the Blefuscudians.When the emperor compelled him to destroy Blefuscians he refused it and  said that; “I would never be an instrument of bringing a free and brave people in to slavery”.

                                                                                                        (Part 1,chapter 5,para-3)

                According to him war is a terrible thing.Gulliver always take wisest decisions and he is outspoken and  very bold to declare his opinion.He is an honest man and he expects others  to be honest. When Gulliver arrives in Brobdingnag ,he discovers a race of giants that dwarf him in the same way that he dwarfed the Lilliputians.This change in circumstance  and perspective show him that all concepts ,including size exist only in proportion to context.Gulliver  agrees that philosophers are in the right,when they told  that nothing is greater or little otherwise than by comparison.Gulliver confesses that he felt neglected when he was in Laputa because he  feels far inferior than Laputians in  knowledge of Mathematics and music. He was weary of being confined to an Island ,where he received little countenanace.

                 Gulliver’s  motive behind narrating the account of travels to the world: it might help a philosopher to enlarge his thought  and imagination.In his final journey , he spends four years with the horses and falls in love with their society and reason, never wanting to leave. Gulliver mentions  motives behind  war to Houyhnhnmns ;  it might be   the ambition of a prince to get more land to govern or sometimes due to the corruption of ministers, this shows his hatred towards war and  corruption. When he is expelled from this Island, he returns to Engalnd altered. In his final adventure, he discovers the deep flaws of the human race or Yahoos, primitive  human like creatures.Having learned about the evils of his own species Gulliver becomes a misanthrope. He identifies himself with Houyhnhnms and tries to become  one. Although  the horses are alien to him :yet Gulliver thinks of the Yahoos as alien and animalistic.He no longer cares to look upon his family  and spends all his time with two horses in nearby stable.

              Gulliver laboriously tells how clothes himslef in each country :in Lilliput he wears clothes patched together from hundreds of tiny pieces of  fabric, in Brobdingnag his child nurse sews him clothes as though he were a doll and in Laputa he mentions that nine of his suits fit. When he is expelled  from Houyhnhnmns land, he no longer cares what he is wearing. He learns to be content with simplicity while he was in Houyhnhnmn’s Land. The four adventures change Gulliver forever, bringing him new perspective on the laws of humanity and stark commentary on the ways of European life.One modern critic has described ; Gulliver as possessing the smallest will in all of Western literature: he is simply devoid of a sense of mission, a goal that would make his wandering into a quest.

                  Gulliver believes that it is his evil destiny to go to sea. Gulliver says that he needs to make money after  the failure of his business  but he rarely mentions finances throughout the work, indeed never  even  mentions home.  Odysseus’s goal is to get home again, Aeneas’s goal in Virgil’s Aeneid is to found Rome, but Gulliver’s goal on his sea voyage is uncertain. Gulliver is gullible as his name suggests.He is held captive several times throughout his voyages, but he is never once released through his own stratagems, relying instead on chance factors for his liberation.Through  Gulliver’s  character  Swift criticizes humanity. In part one he is portrayed as a typical 18th century  voyager, he is bold practical and unromantic. His homely  outlook  skillfully impressed on the reader by the biographical details at the beginning.Gulliver’s  character is dynamic and always developing  .Overall as a good narrator he tries not to trouble his readers with all the curiosities he had observed.

    Imamu Ameer previously known as leroi jones.(  Baraka, was an American writer of poetry, drama, fiction, essays,music criticism and a  political activist. In African – American community, some compare Baraka to James Baldwin due to his writing style (he was also an African American writer) and recognize him as  one of the most respected widely published Black writers of his generation. Critics said that his work is an expression of violence, misogyny and homophobia. He  became a leading advocate and theorist for the burgeoning Black Art during that period . The Black Arts Movement (BAM) was an African –American  art movement formally established in 1965 when Amiri  Baraka opened the Black Art Repertoty Theatre in Harlem.ht would help you to understand the poem if you keep in mmind this concept of black art   Before reading this poem. (The Black Power Movement of the 1960s and 1970s was a political and social movement whose advocates believed in racial pride, self-sufficiency, and equality for all people of Black and African descent.it envisions an art that speaks directly to the needs and aspirations of black America.

              The poem Black Art (1965) became  the major poetic manifesto of the Black  Art Literary  Movement.The poem is written in an imperative tone and Baraka used  this poem as a weapon against  racism. He used enjambment  in this poem to keep the attention of the readers. In this poem he used the language of Black Community for example ; “girdle mamma”, “mulatto bitches”. As an American writer Baraka emphasizes that the Whites could not separate them from their language and culture.The poetic persona in this poem is Baraka himself  and written the poem in an aggressive tone. By writing this poem in an unconventional way, Baraka encourages the readers to protest for their freedom.(  also to fight against the rules deliberately prepared by the whites)  AS William words worth said poetry is the sponataneous overflow of powerful emptions recollected in tranquillity,like that The spontaneous overflow of his words enhances the emotional impact of the poem. Baraka addresses Black American aritists to follow their own methods instead of depending on White’s  culture.

          The style of language   used  in the poem  Black Art alludes the emergence of Hip – Hop music during that time.Hip-Hop was  a recognized salient musical form of the Black Aesthetic. Baraka said that “music was explaining the history as the history was explaining the music”This method of expression in music parellels significantly with Baraka’s ideals presented in Black Art .Use of uneven lines, punctuations and  spelling in this poem  focuses on the violence and allows the readers to understand the mindset of the poetic persona. In general,  Baraka tried to teach the idea of equality among races and classes through his poems, plays and speeches.        Baraka’s  poetry  falls in to three periods ; each reflects what he viewed as a corrupt culture. Baraka’s three creative phases are ; the intellectual avant – garde , the Black Nationalists and the radically political.

                  The hatred towards the Whites can be seen in the mentioning of Elizabeth Taylor’s name, who was a White American actress and had acted in many films .He uses lot of verbal violence in this poem. Baraka said that only a Black consciousness can save Black people from annihilation at the White man’s hands and that no other nation is safe unless the Blacks in America is safe. Baraka argues that  the artist must use the language and semantics unique to his culture to create his art, and that the work should also be understood within the context of that culture. In this poem Black Art ,dedicated to African American to wake up and reverse the situation by taking control over everything.

              Baraka interconnects  art  with racial identity .Black Art Movement promoted arts and crafts for the Black community and allowed them to participate to the full extent. As a Black Art writer, he puts his literary writings to serve for political and social aims. As Larry Neal  (scholar of African American theatre) put in his essay, The Black Arts Movement (1968) “Black Art is the aesthetic and spiritual sister of the Black Power Concept. As such it envisions an art that speaks directly to the needs and aspiraitons of Black America and to Afro – American desire for self – determination and nationhood”. In this poem, Baraka demands to assassin the poems that shoot guns.Here he personifies ‘poems’ as Whites who shoot guns towards Blacks. With the rise of Civil Rights Movement Baraka’s work take on a more militant tone.

               Baraka calls for realism in Black Poetry  and  to stop over glorifying  the lives  that Black people must live in a racist nation.Baraka places realism in his poem to create a  world that would reflect the lives of Black people.It helps to recognize themselves and inspires them to revolt against their circumstances. By this poem Baraka crtiticizes  racism and demands the African- Americans to rise from the race constraints. He had used onomatopoeic words in this poem to express the need for violence. The poetic persona criticizes the poems that are not useful. He describes prominent Black leaders on the steps of white house,kneeling between the sheriff’s thighs negotiating coolly for his people. Poet also presents Euro – centric mentality by referring to Elizabeth Taylor as an epitome of Whites in the society.

          To conclude, Amiri Baraka expresses his anger and frustration and demands the Black artists to  react against oppression.The poem is in a conversational style and used informal words. Barka had used many poetic innovations in form, language and style to react against the negative stereotyping of African-Americans. The slogan such as “Black is beautiful” was prominent during that time. The use of slag in this poem  denotes the mindset of poetic persona. Werner Sollors (professor) criticized his peom as an expression of Black aesthetic , but is striking for its venomous language and for its rhetorical violence.

         Jean Margaret Laurence  was a Canadian novelist and short story writer, and is one of the major figures in Canadian literature. She was also a founder of the Writers’ Trust of Canada, a non-profit literary organization that seeks to encourage Canada’s writing community. Margaret Laurence was born  on 18 July 1926 in Neepawa, Manitoba, as the daughter of solicitor Robert Wemyss and Verna Jean Simpson. In 1944, Laurence attended Winnipeg’s United College and she had studied ; English, History, Ethics, and Psychology. Laurence had published works of poetry in the University of Manitoba’s publication “The Manitoban”. She  had submitted this work under the pseudonym “Steve Lancaster”. Laurence graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature in 1947.She aslo had joined in  Christian  socialist movement known as the Social Gospel.

        Laurence worked at a leftist weekly newspaper, The Westerner, and then at a new independent newspaper, the Winnipeg Citizen in which  she reported numerous social and political issues. Laurence was so moved by the oral literature of Somalia that she began recording and translating poetry and folk tales, which would later be compiled into the work “A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose” (1954). Laurence   began writing short stories in her teenage years while, her first published piece is “The Land of Our Father”.  Her first novel was   “The Side Jordan” (1960) (Britannica) Laurence’s another works are ; “The Prophet’s Camel Bell”(19 63), “The Stone Angel”(1964) (1966) , “The Fire Dwellers” and  “The Diviners” (1974). She was the subject of a National Film Board of Canada documentary, Margaret Laurence: First Lady of Manawaka. Laurence served as Chancellor of Trent University in Peterborough from 1981 to 1983.She also wrote sequential short stories, which she collected under the title “A Bird in the House”(1974).

          Laurance was known for her outspoken support for peace, women’s rights and other progressive causes. Laurence’s novels portray strong women striving for self –realization while immersed in the daily struggle to make a living in a male –dominated world. Her stories feature strong women and their struggle for self – understanding and acceptance. Throughout all her works, Laurence explores themes concerning the role of women, the injustices of sex –role stereotyping and the   equality of opportunity .The point of view is limited to the female  protagonist’s  consciousness. Laurence’s protagonists are oppressed, they never blame the men in their lives or the male –dominated society. All of Laurence’s heroines come to realize that the environment has also given them the strength and the courage to endure.

                  “Manawaka” is a fictional  town in the Canadian province of Manitoba, frequently used as a setting in novels and short stories by Margaret Laurence. The name is an amalgam of Manitoba and Neepawa. The town was based on Laurence’s real life hometown. Margaret Laurence’s Manawaka, like Hardy’s Wessex or Faulkner’s Yocknapatawpha County, universalises human experience through mythologizing it. Laurence certainly brings  back  the old names from the Old Testament.Laurence spent years seven  in Africa ,in Somaliland and Ghana and the experience was a catalyst to her own best writing. Her early novels were influenced by her experience as a minority in Africa. Laurence developed an admiration for Africa and its various populations.

DRAMATIC TECHNIQUE

Timberlake  Wertenbaker is a British playwright ,screenplay writer and translator who has written play for the Royal court, the Royal Shakespeare Company and others. “Our Country’s Good” (1988) is  her historical play based on the real events that took place in the eighteenth century among the first convicts transported from England to Australian penal colonies.Wertenbaker uses the play-with-in-a-play to expolre themes of crime and punishment,the impact of colonial expansion,hierarchies of class and gender.The play also emphasis on the theater’s potential to transform individuals and societies .

                Dramatic techniques are used to increase the dramatic tension in the novel or short story.This can be done by placing the characters in time –sensitive situations, diverting the  reader’s  attention or appealing directly to the reader’s  emotion to elicit sympathy for the main character.  In “Our Country’s Good” the cast usually doubles up roles so that convicts and officers are obviously played by the same actors.The play opens with flogging of Robert Sideway and goes on to present stark inequalities between the convicts and officers, between the poor and the better-off, and between men and women. Wertenbaker  uses the  dramatic techniquesin epic theatre , yet it uses mostly naturalistic characterisation. It’s a historical dramatization based on fact and the locations of scenes changes rapidly.

         The play alludes how it connects past and present through documentary information and meta-theatrical  performance.The play creates  tension and insight suffered by it’s  cast of convicts,while suggesting the potential of education and theatre.Each act of play opens with one of the convicts struggling to express the violence of his or her existence with adequate language. “Our Country’s Good” is divided in to two acts that jump forward in time.Each one bears a title that alludes what happens in the episode.This technique encourages readers and spectators to focus on how the events unfold,not just on suspenseful revelations.In these scenes Wertenbaker introduces and reveals the system of beliefs, values and ideas behind the actions of the colonial authorities.With these techniques, it draws spectators  attention to consider this history through the multiple perspectives of the convicts, the colonists and the colonised.Actors signalled their change of character and status simply by taking-off  or putting on a uniform coat and hat.

          To conclude the play  “Our Country’s Good”  enhances the options for stories to be  retold revised.The play concludes with beginning of the first scene of interlude “The Recruiting Officer”.Theatre critics praised this play as a celebration of “the redemptive powers of theatre’’.

             In this year 2021 we are suffering from different kinds of contagious diseases like Covid -19,Black Fungus and White Fungus.Although there are lot of medical clinics in our coutry , people are unable to go there and take check ups.Health gadets are great remedial measure for such conditions. Health gadgets are more useful for people who were in containment zone and  for those  could not come out side due to poor transportation facilities.In our day- to –life   we may be not much  aware  about our health condition ,for example ; diabetic patients who are supposed to be more careful about their food.If   glucose level in blood increases or decreases it may cause major problems. In this occasions they can use health gadgets that are easily available in the market to check their glucose level in their blood while sitting in home.

              According to the existing rules in this year 2021, Government had adopted several safety measures to prevent the contagious virus named Corona. Social distancing became more and more stronger in recent days ,in this scenario people  started working from home and  gradually their health conditions are becoming worst. There were several health gadgets  are available in local medical shops and people can also buy it in online. It is very important to buy such health gadgets because  people can stay at home and  can check and update about their health condition.

In this year  we can see so  many people are affected with corona virus . Major reason for the death of the people who are affected with Corona virus is due to decrease of Oxygen level in their blood.There is a particular  health gadget ‘Oxymetre’  that is very useful for people to check their oxygen level without going to hospitals.In this way  in recent days the demand for health gadgets are increasing. Not for individual purpose only but the people who having the health gadgets can help their neighbours too.

     ‘  Break the chain’ and “ Stay home ,Stay Safe”  are the  slogans that we have been  hearing for past one  year , in order to obey , we have to find out  some remedial measures to stay home inorder to be safe.Due to the spread of corona virus , people are trapped and they could not go to hospitals because everywhere  there are corona wards.Some hospitals are never even admitting some patients that we have seen in news and pitiful conditions of some people.To conclude,  health gadgets  plays a crucial role in our life and it will  continue to be so.We can take this situation in a positive situation, as we all are trying to survive this pandemic.We have learnt many facts during these days.

        George  Bernad Shaw was an Irish playwright,critic,polemiscist and political activist.He had incorporated both contemporary satire and historical allegory,Shaw became the leading dramatist of his generation and in 1925 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.He wrote more than sixty plays ,including major works such as “Man and Superman” (1902), “Pygmalion” (1912), and “Saint Joan” (1923).Shaw’s view about administration was “ good people will make good laws,but good laws passed by a few do not necessarily make a good society”. “Ceasar and Cleopatra” is one of his play written in 1898 that depicts  a fictionalized account of the relation between  Julius Caesar and Cleopatra.It was first published in 1901 in a volume called “Three Plays For Puritans”, which also contained “The Devil’s Disciple” and “Captain Brassbound’s Conversion” and a preface headed ‘ Why For Puritan’s’.

             In Shaw’s play “Caesar and Cleopatra”, Caesar is presented as a merciful man whose aim it was to reconcile his enemies by treating them with clemency and fighting against the spirit of revenge.This account give the impression of Caesar as a great leader. There were occasions when he put justice before mercy and he was also ruthless in dealing with evil doers. ( on the contrary)     Shakespear’s  purpose was to create a tragedy of human love on the contrary Shaw’s aim was to show a soldier statesman’s attempt to turn a crude and spiteful teenager in to a responsible queen .( shaw says in the preface ) Shakespeare who  knew human weakness s well ,never knew human strength of the Caesarian type. Ceasar also  taught  his own colleagues that clemency is the best policy.  Shakespear’s Ceasar is an admitted failure.

                In history,  Gaius Julius Ceasar was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the   Roman  Empire.It is at this point,late in the year 48 BC , that Bernad Shaw’s “Caesar and Cleopatra” begins.Beyond recording the historical facts that ,Ceasar remained in Egypt for some nine months and he won the Alexandrine war. Shakepeare wrote according to his own knightly conception of a great statesman commander.A German historian Theodore Mommsen , who also takes Caesar for his hero and explains immense differene in scope between the perfect knight Vercingetorix and his great  conqueror Julius Caesar.In contrast to Mark Antony,the man of passion ,Shaw opposes  Julius Ceasar , cast as the man of reason and shows him as, managing Cleopatra instead of being managed by her.

                 As a romantic writer,Shakespeare takes  a wider and more embracing view ,recognizing that in human nature ,reason is always under attack by passion and that even the greatest of mankind may be overwhelmed by unreason.In contrast to this view , Bernad Shaw  through the characterization of Caesar established the  principle that passion in its various  aspects must be disciplined and controlled by reason.Shaw also alludes that the power of empires does not last for ever.Caesar is depicted as confident,humorous  and determined that since Cleopatra is queen she shall behave as queen ,when he restores her to the throne from which she has been driven.In this play,Shaw gives the example  of an ideal  leader in the modern age.When Cleopatra says that Caesar will know that she is queen by her crown and robes,he answers that he will know her by ‘her pride ,her courage,her majesty, and her beauty.’Although he is a great leader he acts as a confidante for young queen  Cleopatra.

             The play have a prologue and an alternative prologue .The prologue consists of the Egyptian God Ra,addressing the audience directly, he says that Pompey represent the old Rome. God Ra remarks in the prologue ; “Caesar ,for he lived the life they had given him boldly and was not for ever rebuking us for our indecent ways of creation”.By this statement Shaw teaches the audience  about the qualities of a good leader and how leader must behave.Ceasar  know well how to protect his country,how to lead his companions,to teach the young and to survive each day.Caesar can easily adapt to new situations .In contrast to Shakespear’s Caesar ,Shaw presents Caesar who demonstrated no weakness   and it  makes Caesar a unique leader.Caesar always consoles Cleopatra  and he says that “You must confront him  as a brave woman and a great queen;and you must not feel no fear”  (Act 1).Caesar motivates her by saying that “ cast out fear and you will conquer Caesar…”  from this dialogue we can understand his self worth.

    

         In Shakespeare’s Julius Ceasar,we  find a picture of Ceasar that reduces him to a mere petty self glorifier.Shaw’s Ceasar is not a reformer of codes but the man who has outgrown them.He stands for progress not in the political and social, but in evolutionary sense.Shaw’s Caesar and Shakespeare’s Caesar are simply two different man.The purpose of the play “Ceasar and Cleopatra” is to draw a great man in history.Ceasar is an exceptional human being in whom we find  a harmonious blending of many contrary elements.He is a conqueror whose business is to conquer countries by cruel bloodshed but he is full of clemency and is averse to murder.We can also consider Caesar as a civilizer too.Bernad Shaw is  a believer in social democratic principles and in self realization as a natural virtue he admired Ceasar, for he saw  in him the practical statesman and a hero.Shakespeare is less interested in portraying a figure  of legendary greatness than he is creating  a character who is consistent with the other aspects of his drama. To conclude, Shaw uses  the historical figure to present the essential qualities, he thinks a leader must possess in the modern age and that is very different from that of Shakespeare.

Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the major English Romantic poet and he is regarded as the great lyrical poet in English language.Shelley also wrote prose fiction and essays on political,social and philosophical issues.Shelley’s poetry reflects passion,beauty,imagination,love,creativity,political liberty and Nature.He advocated Catholic Emancipation,republicanism,the extension of the franchise,freedom of speech,equal distribution of wealth and an end to aristocratic and clergical privilege.Shelley’s advocacy of non-violent resistance was largely based on the French Revolution and rise of Napoleon and his belief that violent protest would increase the prospect of a military despotism.Among his best known works are “Ozymandius” (1818),”Ode To The West Wind”(1819),”To A Skylark”(1820) and the political ballad “The Mask Of Anarchy”(1819).

                 “Ozymandius” is Shelley’s most famous and most anthologised poem. Shelley conveys his own concept about power through this poem .The poem functions as a political commentary by Shelley on the increasing  cruelty and repressions of regimes during his time,especially the empire of his homeland,Great Britain.Ozymandias is the Greek name for the Egyptian Pharoah Ramses ,was a renowned and powerful king.The poem is essentially devoted to a single metaphor: the shatterd ,ruined statue in the desert wasteland with  the inscription on it.The statue symbolizes  the transience of power.Ozymandius is a metaphor for the ephemeral nature of political power.Common themes that Shelley incorporated into his works include; the hatred of kings,faith in the natural goodness of man,the belief in the corruption of present society,these are clearly shaped by French Revolution.Shelley was born in 1792 and grow up during the time of French Revolution and Napoleonic wars .Shelley observed England’s more unscrupulous tactics from their countless military  engagements to their championing of the slave trade and Britain’s financial domination over the rest of Europe and naval superiority .These incidents  influenced him to include themes of  transience of power in his writings.

                                 The poem is a recollection of the persona of the poem having met a traveller who hails from an antique land.The poem alludes ,how the powerful  kings and heroes lose their significance of power as time passes.Shelley mocks the boastful  tyrants ,the ruined statue is now merely a monument that shows the insignificance of humanbeings to the passage of time.Ozymandias’  statue have crumbled and turned to dust by the passage of time,only  a work of art and a group of words remains there.As Shakespeare does in his sonnets ,Shelley demonstrates that art and language longlast than the other legacies of power.The sonnet is in the form of a story told to the speaker by a traveller from an antique land itself shows the level of obscurity of  Ozymandias’s  position.Shelley is deconstructing the statement of the King :”King of Kings”, by the description of the ruined  statue.First he describes about the shattered visage and then the face itself with its frown and wrinkled lip and sneer of cold command.

              Shelley conveys the idea that power is temporary,even that of great rulers  who may believe their power is immortal.By giving a verbal picture of the ruined statue Shelley reminds the powerful people that their power is only temporary, inspite of what kind of power they possess.However, people  may wish to think that their power is immortal,they are only deceiving themselves.Readers are introduced to the figure of sculptor and how explicitly he sculpted the facial expression of the King that alludes his passion for power.The poem is relevant in the present day,as Shelley gives the lesson about the fate of powerful figures of the past.The persona of the poem doesnot himself preach;instead he merely quotes the words of another person,by this he conveys  his own opinions.Shelley uses visual imageries to emphasis the theme of his poem; transience of power.

                 The poem conveys the aspects that, everything in this world is time bound and not immortal except art and Nature.Shelley uses irony when he lets Ozymandias speak for himself by reporting the inscription on the pedestal of that statue; “My name is Ozymandias,King of Kings; Look on my works,ye Mighty and despair”.Finally traveller says that “Nothing beside remains”.The king’s engravings shows his power,prestige and boastful character.The statue symbolizes a great boastful ruler,whose glory and empire have now vanished.Through the description of an egotistical tyrant,Shelley portrays that all people,leaders and empires ,no matter how great they are ,will eventually succumb to time and come to an end.The  juxtaposition of the words ‘survive’ and ‘lifeless’ in line seven highlights the absurdity of power.This paradoxical element strenghthens the overall theme of the poem.

             P.B. Shelley was an atheist and the phrase ‘king of Kings’ ,the same title used to refer to Jesus Christ ,in a way he questions the power and authority of religion.The capitalisation of the word ‘work’ also alludes to Ozymandias believing himself to be a divine being.The King’s statement is ironic ,as he demands the people to despair instead of admiring or respect his works .There is also irony in using the capitalisation in the word ‘wreck’,by this Shelley mocks the achievements of King that turned insignificant by the passage of time.Time is boundless,it will continue to go on but the supremacy of power will be lost as time goes on.It also reminds the reader of their own impermanence in their existence.The conclusion of the poem describes the setting of the desert as “boundless and bare” and “lone and level”,the using of this alliteration emphasizes the landscape  around the crumbled statue.

               Shelley’s mocking and sarcastic tone reveals his belief that power is not permanent  and can be lost by illuminating the transience of Ozymandias’s power.Some critics argue the poem is not an explicit criticism of the British Empire,the political parellels that can be drawn and the lessons taught by the poem are timeless.The ideas of power in “Ozymanias” can also be found in Shelley’s other poems.Supporting liberty and ridiculing large political powers are major themes in both Shelley’s “England 1819” and “The Masque Of Anarchy”.Shelley states that the power and glory are all illusory.The colossal wreck of that sculpture mirrors that no power is permanent ,regardless of how powerful a ruler believes himself to be.Comaparing ”Ozymandius “ with Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poem “Khubhla Khan”, where Coleridge aligns the ruler’s “stately  pleasure dome ” with poetic vision whereas Shelley opposes the statue and its boast to his own powerful negative imagination.

      William Shakespeare was an English playwright,poet and actor,widely regarded as the greatest  writer in English language and the world’s greatest dramatist.Shakespeare’s contribution to the English language is as great as that of the Bible translations.His vocabulary contained about 23000 words, more than three times the number used by Milton and is supposed to be the richest vocabulary ever employed by a single individual.He wrote about a variety of subjects and touched upon so many human facts and relations that he needed such an extensive vocabulary.Shakespeare constantly criticizes or satirizes linguistics and stylistics fashions among his contemporaries.He himself experimented with all kinds of innovations,dialectal adaptations and archaisms.

       Shakespeare used nouns for verbs ,adjectives  for adverbs  and also used scattered prepositions.In “Antony and Cleopatra“  Shakespeare used ‘widow’,’beggar’,’word’ and ’lip’ as verbs.In “The Tempest” he used the adverb ‘backward’ as a noun.In “King Lear” he used phrases like ‘childed’ and ‘fathered’.In ‘Julius Ceasar” he has used ‘fathered’ and ‘husbanded’. In Shakespeare’s language we can find different prepositions used to express the same relations.Corresponding to the present day ‘repent of’ in Shakespeare may be found  ‘repent at’,’repent for’,’repent in’ and ‘repent over’.

    Shakespeare has contributed doublecomparatives and double negatives to the English language.Example;’nor hath not’,’more braver’,’worser’,’more hotter’,’more larger’,’most unkindest’,’most heaviest’.Words already superlative in meaning were given added intensity by redundant comparative and superlative endings as  in‘chiefest’,’extremist’,’perfecter’,’perfeetest’, etc. Similarly he did not always use the words where they should be according to the rules of grammar as he used  “we sent to know that willing ransom he will give” instead of “what ransom he will willingly give “. There are a number of words derived from Shakespeares Warwickshire dialect .To this class belong ‘chop’(thrust with force).His language in general, is provided by his London environment.The different levels of style, the grant,the low, and the mean appear in his writings.There are many words that we may regard as his original contribution such as;’bump’,’dwindle’,’ardent’,’illume’,’orb’,’inauspicious’,’baseless’,’multitudinous’,’courtship’,’dickens’ and ‘lonely’.

    The prefix en- was was abundantly employed by Shakespeare in a number of words. Examples are;’enmesh’,’enscheduled’,’enscar’,’ensteeped’,’entame’,’entreasured’,’etc. Independent  words are combined in to compound words such as; ‘eye-beam’,’eye –drop’,’eye –wing’,’fire –eyes’,’after –eye’,’fire –new’,’fire –robbed’,’fire –work’,’dog –weary’ and ‘arm-gaunt’.Shakespeare used some words with original meaning they had in Latin.The word ‘communicate’ was used by him with the meaning of ‘share’.When Lorenzo in “Merchant Of Venice” says ‘’let us in and expect them coming”, he is using the word “expect’ with the meaning of ‘await’.Shakespeare used  the word ‘enlargement’  to denote the meaning  ‘freedom  from confinement’ .It was Shakespeare  who demonstrated that both the longer borrowed Latin words and the shorter native words have their own kind of usefulness and effectiveness.

       Shakespeare used many words with new meanings,they include; ‘capable’(having the ability),’cloud’(overspread with gloom),’common’(vulgur tongue),’condolment’(tangible expression of sympathy),’discharge’(emission),’distemper’(illness),’directly’(at once),’dull’(tedious).Shakespeare also introduced many phrases of his own ‘public haunt of men’,’fortune’s fool’  in “Romeo and Juliet” ,’custom stale her infinite variety’,’moated grange’.In “Hamlet”  Shakespeare introduced phrases like :’To be or not to be’,’mind’s eye’,’sweets to the  sweet’.The Shakespearean phrase ‘to out Herod Herod’ has become a model after which a number of similar expressions have been created (to  out Bently Bently,to out Milton Milton,to out Darwin Darwin etc).The idiom ‘to out Herod Herod’ used to allude excessive cruel or tyrannical nature.

         Shakespeare’s attitude towards English grammar seems to be rather indifferent.We can find an irregularity and freedom in his use of  grammar. Similiarly he  did not always use the words where they should be according to the rules of grammar. Besides this we can find many constructions which are archaic in character and a construction which is ungrammatical.

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Gender refers to the socially constructed roles,behaviours,expressions and identities of men,women and gender diverse people.In 1964, Robert Stroller coined the term’ gender identity’,which refers to an individual’s personal concept about their gender and how they feel inside.    It is based on how people perceive themselves and each other ,how they react and interact and the distribution of power and  resources in society.Different cultures had a deliberate description about different gender- specific behaviour for men and women but there is a lot more to the explanation of gender difference. Gender identity is personal, internal perception of oneself;  where an individual may see themselves as a man ,a woman,as having no gender ,or as having a non-binary gender.

             ’Sex’ and ‘gender’ are often used interchangeably, despite having different meanings. Historically ,the terms ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ have been used interchangeably.Sex refers to a set of biological attributes associated with physical and physiological features whereas gender is a sociological concept.Major historical events have had  a huge impact on the way men and women are seen and treated.Earlier, women have always been  treated as secondary to men and seen as fragile whose job is to take care of the household chores.There were feminist movements which refers to political campaigns to reform on issues of women suffrage,equal pay,maternity leave,domestic violence and sexual vilence.  

                Feminism in parts of the Western world has gone through a series of waves. First-wave feminism was oriented around the idea  of middle- or upper-class white women and involved suffrage and political equality. Second-wave feminism attempted to further combat social and cultural inequalities. Although the first wave of feminism involved mainly middle class white women, the second wave brought in women of colour and women from other developing nations. Third wave of feminism  was based on  financial, social and cultural inequalities and includes renewed campaigning for greater influence of women in politics and media. In reaction to political activism, feminists have also had to maintain focus on women’s reproductive rights, such as the right to abortion. Fourth-wave feminism focused on body positivity ,stratification of traditionally marginalized groups.

                 The idea of gender in history always had much to say about the rights or duties of men or rights and duties of women , but it never bothered to provide a definition of who is a man or woman is . There were laws that defined specifically what a man or woman  can or cannot do , what work they must not do ,what clothes they must not wear,with whom they can  or cannot enter in to marriage ,or what specific obligations they have .People who having a conservative approach towards gender identity , they cling on to the traditional concepts  whereas now a days as a result of some revolutionary movements we have achieved freedom to pursue our own gender identity , which is devoid of the stereotypes  put forward by society.

    The nature  and development of gender identity have been studied and disputed by psychologists, philosophers and social activists since the late 20^th century.People having a conservative attitude hold that gender identity is fixed at birth by genetic or other biological factors.Early stages of history ,people argued that gender identity or the manner in which gender  is expressed , is ‘socially constructed’ ,determined by social and cultural infuences.As a variation from this  social constructivism there came a performatism holds that gender identity is constituted rather than expressed, by the continuous  performance of gendered behaviour.Further more, a second gender identity developed based on sex associated behaviours ; hetero sexual or homo sexual orientations.

     The development about the concept of gender identity starts from one’s own home, by means of how parents teach their children.Parents teach children about sexual behaviours  and this is reinforced as the children grow older and enter  a wider social world.We can also  see a change in the use of language in describing various roles such as in early stages there were only two words to like ‘she’ and ‘he’ on the contrary now a days there is another term also included to denote the third category as ‘zee’.Lesbian, gay , bisexual,intersex and related identities have been present in various forms through out history.Although the  LGBT  community and individuals remains target  for hate, violence  and  backlash throughout  the world. When we analyse some films also we can see how the gender  identity is portrayed and how some people are marginalised in society.For example we can see some patriarchal stereotypes in the movie “Drisyam 2” where we can see how  a mother tries to reinforce her traditional concepts towards her younger daughter.

           Transvestite is a term that alludes a person who wears clothes designed for the opposite sex, cross dresser is also another term to denote this.In the academic world ,’Gender Studies’ is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gender representation.It includes women studies ,men’s studies and also queer studies.It also analyses how race,ethnicity,religion,nationality influence the categories of gender and sexuality.To conclude there is a broad development in area of gender identity  and in the concept of sexuality in our society as the aftermath of various movements.

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

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  “Obituary” by A. K.Ramanujan  describes the aftermath poetic person’s father’s death and al things he left behind,physical and emotional.The word ‘obituary’means a notice of death in a newspaper including a brief biography.By describing his father’s  life and death ,A.K. Ramanujan alludes the  transience of human life in his poem.The poem discusses the death of his father and his own sufferings.It is written in first person narrative,the son is the persona in the poem describing his father’s life and death.There are two obituaries in this poem;the one published in the newspaper and the other the poetic recreation.

    The poem begins with the persona telling the reader  that his father died.When he died he left behind a lot .Ramanujan lists the things that his father had left behind;dust and old papers,debts,daughters and a grandson named after him.In the first stanza poet gives importance to the meaningless things by focusing on what the father left behind.Instead of admiring his father the persona enlists the burden  and responsibilities that his father left behind after his death through this the poet alludes the absurdity of life.These lines also shows the culture of typical Indian family.The poet is more concerned about the duties which he has to perform and the description itself indicates the impermanence of human life.

Ramanujan juxtaposes the themes of transience of life and also ridicules the rituals practised after death in the Indian society.In the second stanza persona says that he has inherited a house from his father which is leaning  on a coconut tree and thus in bad condition.The poetic persona deliberately explains how his father cremated.Poet draws the readers attention towards the coin that is left in the ashes ,looking the same as when it went in to the fire alongside there were also several spinal discs.It symbolically represents no matter how great or unimportant a person is death will reduce them in to ashes.The ritual also related to the tradition of putting coins on a dead person’s eyes when they are buried.

      The poem  ‘Obituary’ is a satire  that ridicules the  rituals conducted after the death of a person and states its  insignificance. The poet explicitly states that neither was his father’s birth is much  important nor was his death.  The son,the speaker and his brothers engages in a ritual throwing the bits of bones in to the river.This shows that the how they performs the Hindu rituals and it happens somewhere near railway station.Third stanza of the poem alludes how the priest forces the sons to do the rituals; the priest advises them to pick gingerly the burnt spinal cords and to throw in to the river.”Obituary” is a fine poem, which is steeped in irony because the rituals are practised  for honouring and remembering the died person but here the poet ridicules it.The father’s ashes,the tangible evidence of the man left behind, are thrown in to river and there is no headstone with the dates of his birth and death.The author reflects that this man cremated and disappeared all too easily from this physical existence.

        The poem is a reminder of whatever  we accomplish in life ultimately leave to posterity and  also reminding the transience of human life.The persona says that his father was born in a Brahmin ghetto and he died by heart failure in the fruit market, here he contrasts places with important events. The poet connotes that whether a person is born in an elite family or not all are equal before death.His fathe’rs birth and death was ordinary and his father  achieved nothing in his life.All he gained in his life worth mentioning,the two line obituary inserted in a local Madras newspaper.Even the newspaper’s name is not mentioned in the poem this underlines the triviality of whatever the father has achieved.Earlier on the poet used to read the news papers which had groceries like salt and  jaggery wrapped up in it.However,now a days he does it for the reason that some  day he may succeed in finding those lines relating to his father’s obituary. Thus the poet attempts to find some meaning of his father’s existence in life .

           There are two obituaries in this poem; the one published in the newspaper and the other the poem itself.The poem reflects on how a person’s life has been reduced to a two line obituary a newspaper.There are many imageries in the poem ”Obituary”;images are concrete,precise,accurate,real and highly suggestive. All the imageries employed in the poem reminds the readers about the inevibility of death .To conclude the family is left with annual rituals which were started by a man who is no longer alive. The poet shows his dislike for the rituals which is celebrated in the memory of his father for his peace . Ramanujan’s poetry incorporates a sustained quest ,the quest for roots in the tradition and the quest for a higher self.

  

  

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  Jacobean drama is, quite simply defined, the drama that was written and performed during the reign of Elizabeth’s successor, James I.Some of the most prominent of the Jacobean playwrights, apart from Shakespeare, are Jonson, Webster, Tourneur, Beaumon and  Fletcher.James inherited a whole English drama culture. Audiences loved the humour and the many human situations – the tragic and comic dramas – that were unfolding before them on the stage. Playwrights, reading the audience’s changing appetite, felt the need to give them even more realistic representations of the society of which they were a part. The playwrights were focusing on the human being’s capacity for selfishness, and exaggerating such Renaissance forces as human ambition, and its effects. They were exploring the nature of evil, pushing things to the extremes of human behaviour.

Extreme violence was being portrayed on the stage. A final, almost separate feature of Jacobean theatre sprang from a passion of the king and queen – the musical drama, and so the Jacobean theatre is full of masques – dramas with music and elaborate sets.By showing extreme violence on stage the playwright can produce catharsis in the minds of spectacle.The revenge tragedy, or revenge play, is a dramatic genre in which the protagonist seeks revenge for an imagined or actual injury. The term, revenge tragedy, was first introduced in 1900 by A.H. Thorndike to label a class of plays written in the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean era. The revenge drama derived originally from the Roman tragedies of Seneca but was established on the English stage by Thomas Kyd with The Spanish Tragedy. 

“The Duchess of Malfi” by John Webster is a kind of Revenge Tragedy modeled on Seneca, the Latin playwright of 1st century A.D. This play contains the depth of extreme violence, plotting and mostly revenge on the best part which are the chief elements of revenge tragedy.  From the beginning to the end of this drama, there are a lot of elements of horrors. In this drama, we find people taking revenge and are murdering others .The revengeful brothers are both villains. A love affair between the Duchess and Antonio and at last they marry and they produce three children. On hearing the news of their secret marriage and their children, the cardinal and The Duke Ferdinand react angrily. And from the beginning to the end of Act two, scene five, we seed the reaction of the two brothers for the action of their sister. They think that the Duchess has destroyed the reputation and status of their family.

To conclude, this drama contains all the elements of a revenge tragedy and also characters.A drama is a reflection of that era.Through the drama a playwright introduces human follies.Playwrights portrays political,social,cultural and economical issues in a play.In this drama we can understand people’s apetite for power and their craving to be selfish in their life.

A STUDY ON SELECT COLLEGES IN KERALA

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        The COVID -19 pandemic situation brought about drastic change in the education system and it  gave rise to online learning method .Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.The first case of the COVID – 19 pandemic in Kerala was first confirmed in Thrissur district on 30 January 2020.According to the survey  based on the impact of COVID in the learning experience of college students in Kerala, many students are not able to adapt to the new mode of studying ;through virtual classroom.

            The COVID-19 pandemic is a great  challenge to the  educational system . As a part social distancing students are unable to go to colleges and the institutions adopted online learning measure. Due to the shift from traditional method of studying to  digital mode , many students lack proper facilities to attend the online classes.According to the online survey  conducted among  students in Kerala ,it is observed that students  face regular problems while they accessing study  materials such as; 36% of the students face connectivity problems,32% of students have  unfavourable home environment,24% of them suffers from stress due to the inability to access materials through online and 8% have insufficient data problems.These issues prevent/ students from  concentrating on their studies and gave them more stress. It is not always about  technology ; majority of students have physical problems too .Around 68% of students have physical problems like: headache,bad posture and eye strain due to the e-learning  method  on the otherhand   24% of students have no health issues.

           In Thrissur district, around  92% of  students access their study materials through mobile phone and only  4%  of the students uses laptop and desktop computer.It was great challenge for  students who are not financially sound to cope up with this unforseen pandemic.Lack of support from Government and society even  caused some students to commit suicide.Therefore this method made some students more vulnerable.  The excessive use  of technology also made students more  lazy and also it tempted them to use another social medias.It is assumed that only  28% of students are studying on a daily basis while 24% of them are not .The duration of live classes varies from different colleges such as ; 1-5 hours, 6-10 hours and 10-15 hours in a week.E-learning also brought about changes in the pattern and mode of examinations.Majority of the students prefers written exams than online exam,because they  feel more stress while attending  exams in virtual mode on the otherhand some students are comfortable in this method.

           Another challenge for  students are sustaining interactions with teachers in the digital platform,due to noise disturbance in the amplitude of modulation. Although online learning method benefited college students in a certain way , recorded classes are useful them to clear their doubts and they can access it in anytime.Recorded classes is also beneficial for students who have connectivity issues while attending live classes. Around 64% of the students disagrees to the statement that; online learning is better than offline ,while 20%  of them agrees with it and 16% took a neutral stand in this statement. Peer pressure induced learning is more via e-learning than offline.

        The survey provided  that, majority of the students are discontended  in the online learning method and they prefers to re-open colleges by  following COVID  safety protocols.Digital education also  brought about change in the learning routine of students to a great extent.One  of the major consequence  of this pandemic is that,it is an obstacle for providing quality education to college students.Although digital education appears to be viable solution in this current situation ,it fails to ensure a healthy atmosphere for learning.

David crystal is a British linguist,academic,and author.He was awarded the OBE and became a fellow of the British Academy in 2000.He is also a Founding Fellow of the Learned  Society of Wales.Crystal has authored,co authored and edited over 120 books on a wide variety of subjects.David Crysta’ls classic “English  as a Global Language” considers the history,present status and future of the English language, focusing on its role as the leading international language.

        Crystal states that a language achieves a genuinely global status when it develops a special role that is recognized in every country.  Such a role will be most evident in countries where large numbers of the people speak the language as a mother tongue – in the case of English, this would mean the USA, Canada, Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, several Caribbean countries and a sprinkling of other territories. To achieve such a status, a language has to be taken up by other countries around the world.  There are two main ways in which this can be done. Firstly, a language can be made the official language of a country, to be used as a medium of communication in such domains as government, the law courts, the media, and the educational system. Secondly, a language can be made a priority in a country’s foreign-language teaching, even though this language has no official status. , there is great variation in the reasons for choosing a particular language as a favoured foreign language: they include historical tradition, political expediency, and the desire for commercial, cultural or technological conta.

                        Why a language becomes a global language has little to do with the number of people who speak it. It is much more to do with who those speakers are. There must be something inherently beautiful or logical about the structure of English, in order to explain why it is now so widely used.  ‘English doesn’t have a lot of endings on its words, nor do we have to remember the difference between masculine, feminine, and neuter gender, so it must be easier to learn. A language may have certain properties which make it internationally appealing. A language does not become a global language because of its intrinsic structural properties, or because of the size of its vocabulary, or because it has been a vehicle of a great literature in the past, or because it was once associated with a great culture or religion. A language has traditionally become an international language for one chief reason: the power of its people – especially their political and military power.

      Crystal explains why do we need a global language. Translation has played a central  role in human interaction for thousands of years. The more a community is linguistically mixed, the less it can rely on individuals to ensure communication between different groups. In communities where only two or three languages are in contact, bilingualism (or trilingualism)  but in communities where there are many languages in contact, as in much of Africa and South-east Asia, such a natural solution does not readily apply. The problem has traditionally been solved by finding a language to act as a lingua franca, or ‘common language’. Sometimes, when communities begin to trade with each other, they communicate by adopting a simplified language, known as a pidgin, which combines elements of their different languages for example, West African Pidgin English is used extensively between several ethnic groups along the West African coast.

AN ANALYSIS

        In  “Of Marriage and Single Life” ,Bacon highlights the differences between the married life and the single’s life and the various advantages and disadvantages of the same.Bacon starts his essay with a sudden statement. The statememt clearly depicts that marriage is an impediment to great fortune and luck.Bacon supports his argument by telling a fact that ; most of the works  that helps the society is done by  non-married or childless men.In response,these bachelors married public and endowed their affection and life to it.the burden of  married life according to Bacon, a married man has a family to raise and take care of.He is totally committed to providing security to them, but such commitment leaves him  unable to take up any enterprise whether good or bad,noble or wicked.There is another kind of men those who are unmarried yet,they spend their lives caring about themselves and they  are not apprehensive of future time.

            There is  a few people ,who are married but consider their wives and children  as mere bills of charges and as burden in their own freedom .There are also some wealthy people who wittingly decide to not to reproduce or have children in fear of losing their riches to their heirs.To them material possessions are more important than  having a family.They refuse to see the needs and benefits of  a family because  they are only influenced by the fears of losing their wealth.There are some foolish covetous men who believes that having no children is a pride and they consider themselves as richer.

            Bacon explores the themes of independence,liberty and marriage throughout his essay.He also comments on the liberty that being single provides individuals who wish to live free from the restraints and responsibilities of marriage.However most men choose to remain single for the sake of liberty that a single life allows. Bacon says that  unmarried men are best friends,best masters and best servants ,but they do not make the best citizens as they  have so great sense of freedom that they tend to run away from responsibilities.The single life is best suited for a clergy man because he can be more charitable as he does not have  any needs to satisfy. For magistrates the situation is indifffernt because if they are corrupted it makes them servants who are worse than wives.For soldiers it is often an emotional support  to think of wives and children before going in to battle .That is why bacon says that the dislike of marriage among Turks makes the vulgar soldiers even more so .

          It is one’s wife and children that provides them with a moral understanding of their behaviours  and conducts  whereas single men lack the empathetic and sensitive side that comes from genuine companionship therefore single men tend to be cruel and hard hearted .A grave man with traditional beliefs is often a loving husband they are not tempted by the pleasures of infidelity and remain honest and loyal to their wives and marriage.Here  bacon gives the example of Ulysses who valued his wife more than an immortal life.Women are often proud of their chastity and a wife will always remain chaste and obedient if she thinks that her husband is wise and not jealous.

            Bacon pays tribute to wives in his eassay as for a young man, a wife serves the purpose of a mistress,in the middle age she is a companion and to the old man she is a nurse.Bacon observes that bad husbands often have good wives.He says that this may be because it makes the husband’s kindness more valuable or because the wife takes pride in her patience in dealing with him.Therfore  a man can reasonably decide when he would like to get married.Bacon here quotes a philosopher and mathematician who answered the question of when a man should marry and said -”a young man not yet,an elder man not at all”.

           Bacon compares the advantages and disadvantages of single and married life through different view points.He puts forward the pros and cons of marriage in terms of how it is viewed by society and how it affects an individual.even though he enlists the burden and limitation of marriage he extols  the benefit of marriage and how it shaped a person.Bacon insists that having a family can make a man generous and merciful and it teaches a form that singlemen lack and thus are more cruel and reckless.