Handle your Negative Thoughts,the positive way

Focous on what ypu are feeling right now. If you’re sad,feel the sadness. Share your feelings with someone close to you. Do something nice for yourself. Take time to count your blessings. Eat well. Make social connections. Spend more time with your favourite person. Do what you like the most .

Negative thoughts affect areas of the brain that cause depression and anxiety. Positive thoughts on the other hand trigger chemical changes that trigger feelings of intense happiness and satisfaction.

Everyone has negative thoughts sometimes,but when you negative thoughts that cycle through your mind repeatdly,it can cause problems.Recurring negative thoughts can be symptoms of anxiety and depression disorders.

However, these positive emotions last only for a brief period and in order to fully experience its benifits, it is necessary that these positive thoughts be thought often.

Negative thinking can feel outside of your control and completely automatic. Fortunately,research and studies have come up with great ways with whose help you can break the habit of negative thinking and develop a more positive outlook towards life.This practice of overcoming negative thoughts has been studied and proven and has helped many individuals change their lives.

Given below is a list of these effective ways that can help you alter your thought pattern and learn to handle your negative thoughts in a positive way.

1)Be conscious of your thoughts:

As soon as you find yourself thinking a negative thought,stop yourself from thinking it.

One thought can lead to another and before you know you are experiencing deep grief and sorrow over your past mistake or hurts.

It is therefore important you stop at that very first negative thought itself. The next thing you can do is replace it with a postive thought or reframe your thought pattern into a positive one.Doing this will help you feel more positive and helpful.

2.keep youself Busy:

“An idle mind is the devil’s workshop” is a very true saying when it comes to negative thoughts.If you notice,you are more prone to negative thinking when you are sitting idle,rather than when you are busy.

According to research ,keeping your hands and mind occupied by doing tasks like cleaning, sorting, knitting etc., helps keep your mind off negative thoughts. Mainly keeping busy is associated with a battery of brain benefits.

This is because the busier you are the lesser time you have to devote to negative thoughts.

3. Avoid Triggers:

It is very easy to fall into the rut of negative thinking.That’s why it is important that one pay attention to their environment and intentionally remove all triggers that would initiate negative thoughts.

It could be a gift from an ex or a picture or a friend or a neighbour or a relative who might be the constant source of negative thoughts in your life.

According to some researchers,negative thinking is also a habit that one can easily pick up from others.Minimizing contact with such people and avoiding negative triggers can help keep you sane and positive.

4. Sufficient Rest and Sleep:

Lack of sleep greatly affects your mood,causing you to feel anxious, irritable and angry.Getting the sufficinet 8 hours of sleep helps keep the negative thoughts away and greatly improves your mental health.

Psychologists state that there is an important relationship between sleep and mood.

5. Music :

Listening to upbeat music is a great way to keep the negative thoughts away. It is hard to enterain troubling thoughts when you are listening to some groovy music.

According to reserachers just listening to your favourite music for 25 minutes, a day can bring about a great mood change and have a positive effect on your health and day .

6. Exercise :

Physically active people who exercises often according to study conducted by the researchers from the penn state university were found to experience greater feelings of enthusiasm and excitment. These people tend to experience more pleasant and happy feelings than people who exercise less or don’t exercise at all.

It is associated with pleasure and happiness is released in the brain every time you exercise,making it harder for negative thiughts to enter your mind.

7. Meditation :

Meditation is another great way to ward off negative thoughts and fill your mind with positivity. Brain studies have found out that meditation can help deactive the area of the brain that is responsible for the continuous negative thought pattern.

Meditating even just for 10 minutes a day can bring about a positive impact in your life.

8. Diet :

Many studies have found a siginificant correlation between a nutritionally poor diet that is high in refined sugars and impaired brain function. Mood and food have an important connection.

Eating nutritious food that is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants not only nourishes your brain but significantly impacts your thought processes and how you feel.

It is never too late to try changing your negative thought pattern. Try the above- proven methods and see how much difference positive thinking brings in your life

Evolution of software

Software Evolution could be a term that refers to the method of developing software package at the start, then timely change it for varied reasons, i.e., to feature new options or to get rid of obsolete functionalities etc. … If the projected changes ar accepted, a replacement unleash of the software package is planned.
There ar 5 distinct stages contribute in easy staged model (Initial development, Evolution, Servicing, Phase-out, and Close-down). in keeping with K.H.Bennett and V.T Rajlich, the key contribution is to separate the ‘maintenance’ section into AN evolution stage followed by a service and end stages.

In software package engineering, software package evolution is spoken because the method of developing, maintaining, and change software package for varied reasons. software package amendments ar inevitable as a result of there ar several factors that change throughout the life cycle of a bit of software package. a number of these factors include: demand changes.

.THE EVOLVING ROLE OF software package

it’s a product and, at a similar time, the vehicle for delivering a product. As a product, it delivers the computing potential embodied by element or, a lot of generally, a network of computers that ar accessible by native hardware.
A software package method model is AN abstraction of the particular method, that is being delineated . It can even be outlined as a simplified illustration of a software package method. every model represents a method from a selected perspective.
Laws used for software package Evolution:

Law of constant change:
This law states that any software package that represents some real-world reality undergoes continuous amendment or become increasingly less helpful in this setting.
Law of skyrocketing complexity:
As AN evolving program changes, its structure becomes a lot of complicated unless effective efforts ar created to avoid this development.
Law of conservation of organization stability:
Over the lifespan of a program, the speed of development of that program is about constant and freelance of the resource dedicated to system development.
Law of conservation of familiarity:
This law states that in the active lifespan of the program, changes created within the sequential unleash ar virtually constant.

The necessity of software package evolution: software package analysis is critical simply because of the subsequent reasons:

a) amendment in demand with time: With the passes of your time, the organization’s desires and routine of operating might considerably be modified thus during this oft dynamic time the tools(software) that they’re exploitation have to be compelled to amendment for increasing the performance.
b) setting change: because the operating setting changes the things(tools) that modify America to figure in this setting additionally changes proportionately same happens within the software package world because the operating setting changes then, the organizations would like intro of previous software package with updated options and practicality to adapt the new setting.

c) Errors and bugs: because the age of the deployed software package inside a company will increase their preciseness or impeccability decrease {and the|and therefore the|and additionally the} potency involved the increasing complexness work also frequently degrades. So, in this case, it becomes necessary to avoid use of obsolete and aged software package. All such obsolete Softwares have to be compelled to bear the evolution method so as to become strong as per the work complexness of the present setting.

Best budget gaming laptop July 2021.

Here’s our top 5 picks of gaming laptops that are affordable and powerful.

Lenovo Legion Y7000 81V4000LINAmazon₹64990
ASUS TUF Gaming FX505DD-AL185TAmazon₹57990
HP Pavilion Gaming 15-ec0026AXAmazon₹62479
ASUS TUF Gaming FX505DY-BQ024TAmazon₹54990
Mi Notebook Horizon Edition 14Amazon₹59999

  1. LENOVO LEGION Y7000 81V4000LIN
Lenovo Legion Y7000 81V4000LIN
  • OSOS: WINDOWS 10
  • DisplayDISPLAY: 15.6″ (1920 X 1080)
  • ProcessorPROCESSOR: 9TH GEN INTEL CORE I5 | 2.4 GHZ
  • MemoryMEMORY: 8 GBGB DDR4

Legion by Lenovo is a dedicated gaming emblem from Lenovo with aesthetics and specifications tailored to game enthusiasts. Even though the specifications are broadly speaking similar to the other laptops on this list, we’ve got the extra storage as you get a 256GB SSD in addition to a 1 TB hard disc drive. Summary of specifications: Intel i5-9300H, GTX 1050, 8 GB, 256 SSD + 1 TB HDD, 15.6-inch 1080p.

SPECIFICATION
OS:Windows 10 Home
Display:15.6-inch screen with (1920X1080) full HD display | Anti Glare technology | 60Hz refresh rate | 250 Nits Brightness | IPS Display
Processor:Intel I5-9300H, 2.4 Ghz base speed, 4.1 Ghz max speed, 4 Cores, 8Mb Smart Cache
Memory:8GB DDR4
Weight:2.3Kg
Storage:1 TB HDD (5400rpm) + 256 GB SSD
Graphics Processor:NVIDIA GTX 1050 3GB Graphics

2. ASUS TUF GAMING FX505DD-AL185T

ASUS TUF Gaming FX505DD-AL185T
  • OSOS: WINDOWS 10
  • DisplayDISPLAY: 15.6″ (1920 X 1080)
  • ProcessorPROCESSOR: AMD Ryzen 5-3550H
  • MemoryMEMORY: 8 GBGB DDR4

The ASUS TUF Gaming series is all about making their hardware more accessible, and the FX505DD does just that by combining the Ryzen 5-3550H with the GTX 1050 and even having a high-refresh-rate panel. A recent drop has increased the value of this one-of-a-kind aggregate even further. Ryzen 5-3550H, GTX 1050, 8 GB RAM, 1 TB HDD, 15.6-inch 120 Hz 1080p display.

SPECIFICATION
OS:Windows 10 Home
Display:Display: 15.6″ (16:9) LED-backlit FHD (1920×1080) 120Hz Anti-Glare IPS-level Panel with 45% NTSC
Processor: AMD Ryzen 5-3550H processor, 2.1GHz Base speed (6MB cache, up to 3.7GHz)
Memory: 8GB DDR4 2400MHz
Weight:2.20kg 
Storage:1 TB HDD (5400 RPM)
Graphics Processor:NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050 GDDR5 3GB VRAM Graphics

3. HP PAVILION GAMING 15-EC0026AX

HP Pavilion Gaming 15-ec0026AX
  • OSOS WINDOWS 10
  • DisplayDISPLAY 15.6″ (1920 X 1080)
  • ProcessorPROCESSOR: AMD Ryzen 5-3550H
  • MemoryMEMORY: 8 GBGB DDR4

The HP Pavillion Gaming 15 series of laptops come in a wide range of configuration options. The only one we chose is powered by an AMD Ryzen 5-3550H processor and a GTX 1050 graphics card. This makes this one-of-a-kind SKU one of the best AMD-based configurations we could find. Summary specifications: Ryzen 5-3550H. GTX 1050, 8 GB RAM, 256 SSD + 1 TB HDD, 15.6-inch 1080p display.

SPECIFICATION
OS:Windows 10 Home
Display:15.6-inch Full HD (1920 x 1080) anti-glare IPS display | 60Hz refresh rate | 250 Nits Brightness
Processor:AMD Ryzen 5-3550H Quad-core processor (2.1 GHz base clock speed, up to 3.7 GHz max boost clock speed, 6 MB cache, 4 cores)
Memory:8 GB DDR4
Weight:1.98 kg
Storage:1 TB 7200 rpm SATA HDD + 256 GB PCIe NVMe M.2 SSD
Graphics Processor:NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050 (3 GB GDDR5 dedicated) 

4. ASUS TUF GAMING FX505DY-BQ024T

ASUS TUF Gaming FX505DY-BQ024T
  • OSOS: WINDOWS 10
  • DisplayDISPLAY: 15.6″ (1920 X 1080)
  • ProcessorPROCESSOR: AMD RYZEN 5-3550H | 2.1GHZ
  • MemoryMEMORY: 8 GBGB DDR4

In terms of performance, the ASUS TUF Gaming FX505DY is quite close to the FX505DD. The Graphics card which is AMD RX 560X, and the display is a 60 Hz 1080p panel are the key differences between them. Specifications in summary: Ryzen 5-3550H, RX 560X, 8 GB RAM, 512 SSD, and a 15.6-inch 1080p display.

SPECIFICATION
OS:Windows 10 Home
Display:15.6″ (16:9) LED-backlit FHD (1920×1080) 60Hz Anti-Glare IPS-level Panel with 45% NTSC
Processor:AMD Ryzen 5-3550H processor 2.1GHz (6M cache, up to 3.7GHz, 4 Cores)
Memory:8GB DDR4 2400MHz
Weight:2.2 kg
Storage:PCIe NVMe 512GB M.2 SSD
Graphics Processor:Graphics: AMD Radeon RX 560X GDDR5 4GB VRAM

5. MI NOTEBOOK HORIZON EDITION 14

Mi Notebook Horizon Edition 14
  • OSOS: WINDOWS 10 HOME
  • DisplayDISPLAY: 14″ (1920 X 1080)
  • ProcessorPROCESSOR: 10TH GENERATION INTEL® CORE™ I7 | 1.8GHZ
  • MemoryMEMORY: 512 GB SSD/8GB DDR4

Xiaomi is the most latest company to release a laptop in India that is powered by an Intel Core i5-10210U processor and an NVIDIA MX350 GPU. As long as you keep the game settings to low or medium, you can play a few games on the MX350. Both the CPU and the GPU are designed for power efficiency rather than long gaming sessions. Summary configuration: Core i5-10210U, MX350, 8 GB RAM, 512 SSD.

SPECIFICATION
OS:Windows 10 Home
Display:Horizon Display|14-Inch (1920X 1080 )Full HD Anti-Glare Screen
Processor:Intel Core i7-10510U processor, 1.8 GHz base speed, 4.9 GHz max speed, 4 Cores, 8 threads
Memory:8GB DDR4-2666MHz
Weight:1.35 kg
Storage:512 GB PCIE Gen 3×4 NVMe SSD
Graphics Processor:Nvidia MX350 2GB GDDR5 Graphics

Pomodoro Technique for productive study/work

” Time and tide wait for none”. No matter how many times we hear or see this clichéd quote, not all of us actually understand the essence of these words. Time management is an essential skill for aspirants of all kinds. In this fast-evolving world, one must keep up par with others to achieve their goal. The fact that smart work is better than hard work is of the essence. Productivity is smart work. One such method to maintain productivity in our daily life is the Pomodoro technique.

Pomodoro technique is a time management method where a timer is used to break down the work at hand into intervals, separated by short breaks. This method was developed by Francesco Cirillo in the late 1980s. Each interval is called a ‘Pomodoro’ the Italian word for tomato, the tomato-shaped kitchen timer that Cirillo used as a college student.

The original technique has 6 steps

1. Choose a task you would like to get done

No matter how small or big the task is, it deserves your full undivided attention.

2. Set the timer for 25 minutes

Keep a promise to yourself that you don’t interrupt yourself for just 25 minutes. You can use your mobile timer or a good old clock for timing your session.

3. Work on the task until the timer rings

Immerse yourself. Meanwhile, if you remember anything other than the work at hand, write it down on a sheet of paper. You can give them thought later.

4. When the timer rings, tick off your completed task

Hurray! You have given your undivided attention to the task for 25 minutes.

5. Take a short break

Take a deep breath, meditate, grab a cup of your favourite beverage go for a stroll or do something that is relaxing for your brain to reward yourself.

6. After every 4 Pomodoros take a longer break

A break of 20 to 30 minutes is good enough to rest, preview the information and prepare yourself for the next set of Pomodoros.

To make the best out of these Pomodoro sessions you can:

  • Use the first few minutes of the session to review what you have done earlier.
  • Set up a timetable and try to be devoted to it.
  • You can use airplane mode or do not disturb mode on your mobile. (Apply only if you are not accountable for not picking up calls 🙂
  • Be mindful of the shorter breaks. They might prolong at times, thus unsettling your next Pomodoro cycle.
  • Understand your body — find out which part of the day you are most productive. This can work wonders and get a lot of things done.

The rules of the Pomodoro technique are not necessarily rigid. If you are not able to pull up 4 Pomodoros continuously, opt for one or two Pomodoros in a day. At the end of the day, what matters the most is how much productive and focus you are in those sessions and how much work gets done. You can also vary the time interval as 50/10 (50 minutes of focus and 10 minutes of break) instead of the traditional 25/5 technique if you are quite confident about your focus.

This technique is useful if you feel distracted or overwhelmed to focus on what matters to you. It has worked well for me in this lockdown and has helped a lot in my exam preparations. Hope it works for you too!

Everything you should know about SEBI

Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is a statutory regulatory body entrusted with the responsibility to regulate the Indian capital markets. It monitors and regulates the securities market and protects the interests of the investors by enforcing certain rules and regulations.

SEBI was founded on April 12, 1992 under the SEBI Act, 1992. Headquartered in Mumbai, SEBI has regional offices in New Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata and Ahmedabad along with other local regional offices across prominent cities in India.

The objective of SEBI is to ensure that the Indian capital market works in a systematic manner and provide investors with a transparent environment for their investment. To put it simply, the primary objective of setting up SEBI is the creation of such an environment that helps in effective mobilization as well as the allocation of resources with the help of securities market of India.

Objectives

SEBI has many objectives and is meant for the betterment of each participant in the market, be it investors, intermediaries or the issuers of securities. Some of these objectives are-

  1. Provide protection: It guides and educates people who are willing to invest their money in the securities market. This is done in order to protect their interests.
  2. Preventing malpractices: It aims at prohibiting of all kinds of malpractices which are prevalent in the trading market.
  3. Professional and Competitive environment: SEBI has the objective to develop a code of conduct through which it can easily regulate the activities of the intermediaries. Brokers, merchant bankers are some of the intermediaries. The main objective of SEBI is to make these intermediaries professional and competitive.
  4. Orderly Functioning: SEBI has been entrusted with the duty of promoting the functioning of the securities industry and stock exchanges in an orderly manner.
  5. Establishing balance: SEBI also maintains a balance between the regulations provided by various statutes and the regulations made by the securities industry.

Functions of SEBI

SEBI is entitled to fulfil various functions, which can be divided into the following three parts:

  • Developmental functions
  • Protective functions
  • Regulatory functions

These broad functions can be subdivided into various other functions. Some of them are as follows:

DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTIONS

There are various developmental functions of SEBI. Some of them are as follows:

  • Promoting fair trade: SEBI has made underwriting optional in order to achieve the goal of promotion of fair trade.
  • Research: SEBI also makes a publication of the data and information which is necessary for various participants of the market in order to conduct effective research.
  • Training of brokers: Intermediaries of the securities market are trained to promote the efficiency of the market.

PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS

There are various protective functions of SEBI. Some of them are as follows:

  • Prevention of various Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices: Price ragging and purchase or sale of securities with the help of several misleading statements are some of instances of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices. SEBI aims at prohibiting such practices.
  • Prohibition of Insider Trading: Promoters, directors and other key managerial personnel of the companies take advantage of the possession of the unpublished price sensitive information for making profits by trading into securities. SEBI aims at preventing such insiders to trade.
  • Educates Investors: SEBI organizes various campaigns in to order to promote awareness amongst the investors. This is done to protect them, from various fraudulent activities prevalent in the securities market.
  • Promotion of Fair Practices: SEBI is also responsible for the promotion of code of conduct and other fair practices in the market of securities in India. For instance, SEBI regularly keeps a check on the interests of debenture holders with respect to any midterm revision of rates of interest and many more.

REGULATORY FUNCTIONS

  • Notifications of various Rules and Regulations: SEBI is empowered to issue various rules and regulations to make the functioning of all the intermediaries existing in the securities market smooth.
  • Levying of Fees: If any of the players of the market contravenes any order or direction passed by it, SEBI has the power to levy penalties, fees and other charges for the same.
  • Registration of Agents and Brokers: For the purpose of making a safe market place for trading into the securities, it is mandatory for all the transfer agents, brokers, merchant banks, sub-brokers and so on to register themselves.
  • Regulator of Investment Schemes: It has made the registration of mutual funds and collective investment schemes mandatory in order to regulate them.
  • Exercising and Performing Powers: SEBI has been delegated various powers under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956 by the Government of India. SEBI exercises and performs all such powers.
  • Enquiries and Inspection: SEBI conducts various inspections and undertakes audits and enquiries of stock exchanges of India.

Astronomical Breakthroughs

The first scientifically minded celestial observers included people such as Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei, who began looking at the sky through telescopes they built. Galileo’s view of Jupiter in 1610 transformed our view of the planets. They weren’t just dots of light in the sky. They were worlds. Over the years, more and better telescopes have revealed double stars and nebulae in the sky, and their discoverers set out to figure out what these things were. The science of “natural philosophy” uses mathematics, chemistry, and physics to explain objects and events in the universe. Nicolaus Copernicus came up with the heliocentric solar system, with the planets orbiting the Sun. The laws of planetary motion developed by Johannes Kepler and the laws of physics devised by Sir Isaac Newton helped explain the motions of bodies in space.

Contributions of Famous Scientists and Breakthroughs:

Nicolaus Copernicus – He wrote De revolutionibus orbium coelestium(on the revolution of the heavenly sphere)(1543) in which he proposed the heliocentric theory.

Galileo Galilei– He was the first one to look at the sky with a telescope. In 1610, with a telescope, he watched Jupiter and discovered 4 moons(Galilean moons). He also observed phases of Venus and sunspots. He wrote On motion , Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems and  Discourses and mathematical demonstrations relating to two new sciences .

Hans Lippershey and Zacharlas Janssen (dutch-german opticians)- They invented the telescope(first to patent)

Johannes Kepler – He wrote Mysterium cosmographicum (latin for the cosmographic mystery)(1596) in which he defended copernican heliocentric ideas. In 1609, he published the first 2 laws of planetary motion. 

Kepler’s laws: 1. The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus.

2. An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time.

3. The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their semi-major axis.

Kepler’s Publications- Johannes Kepler published treatises about many topics. Here is a list of some of his other astronomy-related works.

1. Astronomia Pars Optica (Optics in Astronomy)

2. Astronomia Nova (The New Astronomy) 

3. Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo (Conversation with the Starry Messenger, an endorsement of Galileo Galilei’s observations)

4. Harmonice Mundi (The Harmony of the Worlds, in which Kepler describes harmony and congruence in geometry and presents his third law of planetary motion)

William Herschel– He deduced that the solar system is  moving, and saw martian ice caps. He created a deep sky catalog and double star catalog and catalogue of 500 nebulae, nebulous stars, planetary nebulae,etc. He discovered uranus (1781). He also discovered infrared light.

Caroline Herschel- she was the first woman paid to do astronomy and she discovered 8 comets.

John Federick William Herschel- He published the general catalog of 10,300 multiple and double stars, and The New General Catalog of Nebulae and Clusters(NGC).

Isaac Newton– He gave the famous three laws of motion. 1.The first law states that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by a net external force.

2]The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body over time is directly proportional to the force applied, and occurs in the same direction as the applied force.

3]The third law states that all forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite direction.

He also gave the universal law of gravitation. He invented Newtonian reflectors- telescopes with reflecting mirrors.

Henrietta Swan Leavitt– She discovered cepheid variables(period of pulsation of star is related to intrinsic brightness of star), many other variable stars and novas.

Edwin Hubble– He showed that the universe was larger and beyond the Milky Way by showing that Andromeda was outside the milky way. He discovered the universe is expanding. He gave the hubble sequence of galaxy morphologies – spiral, elliptical, lenticular or irregular.

Einstein– He discovered the photoelectric effect, and  wave-particle duality. He published the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity.

Jocelyn Bell burnell– The first pulsar that Bell found is called PSR 1919+21, and its signal repeats precisely every 1.33 seconds.It was called LGM-1. 

Vera Rubin– She proved the existence of dark matter.

Clyde Tombaugh – In 1930, He discovered pluto.

Mike brown– He demoted Pluto to dwarf planet and wrote How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton’s_laws_of_motion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astronomy

Song of the Little Road

by Satyajit Ray

Set in the 1910s in Bengal, this film originally known in Bengali as Pather Panchali is the first feature length film of one of India’s most acclaimed and celebrated directors: Satyajit Ray (1921-1992). The film focuses on an impoverished Brahman family in a Bengali village with the youngest member Apu being one of the central characters. It is his story that Ray focuses on in his two feature length films : Aparajito (The Unvanquished, 1956) and Apur Sansar (The World of Apu, 1959) thus making this movie the first in Ray’s critically acclaimed Apu Trilogy.

The film centers around Apu and his family members including his elder sister Durga, his priest of a father who dreams of being a poet and a playwright and his mother who is often engaged in a battle with his father’s cousin who she resents for stealing their food from the kitchen while she struggles to feed her children. The film is a slice of life and one that displays the harshness of reality for a family living in dire poverty. Since Apu’s mother is often busy, taking care of the family, it is Durga who cares for him like a second mother, often teasing him and sharing the simple joys of life with him like sitting under the cool shade of a tree, viewing the mind-boggling pictures through a travelling vendor’s bioscope or watching a folk theatre performed by a troupe or even chasing and salivating at the sweets of the candy man despite their empty pockets.

The film blindsides the viewer by showing a child’s perspective of the world. Be it Apu and Durga’s fascination with all the vendors and their goods or their wealthier friend’s jewellery and beads. A soundtrack composed by Pandit Ravi Shankar which includes mainly tunes played on the sitar, transports us to the village and its peace; free from the worries of the hustling-bustling cities.

Starring mostly amateur actors and a first-time director at the helm, the film struggled in its funding but was ultimately funded by the government of Bengal, giving Ray the opportunity to finish his masterpiece. Once released, the film was an astounding critical and commercial success. Grossing 100 million through positive word of mouth, the film received accolades from various national and international organizations the most noticeable being The National Film Awards and a screening at the Cannes Film Festival. The film cemented Satyajit Ray’s career as a director and placed India on the world cinema map. It created a new genre of film-making in which authenticity and realism were the primary themes, breaking the norms of traditional Indian filmmaking. The film may not hold the test of time from a technical stand point due to its poor print quality and damage to the original negatives, but from a story telling standpoint, the film still strongly puts forward its themes of poverty and child-like wonder, that are as relevant today as they were in a film that released 66 years ago.

Economic significance of Algae

People are mainly aware about the algae as seaweeds or algal blooms. They are the organisms with ability of photosynthesis and very much diverse community as well. But algae are important to man and their economic importance is manyfold. They are used as food, fodder and manure. They are also important in industrial field as well as agriculture.

there are 7 major types in algae
  • Chrysophytes
  • Euglenophytes
  • Pyrrophytes
  • Chlorophytes
  • Rhodophytes
  • Phaeophytes
  • Xanthophytes
these are the benificial roles of algae
  1. Algae is a food source: In different parts of the world algae have been utilized as direct source of food. They are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, oils, vitamins and minerals hence used as a diet food. They possess minerals like Cu, Fe, Zn, Co, V, Mn and Cr. About 20 different seaweeds are used as food source. Nostoc,
  2. Algae as fodder: Many seaweeds are as food for cattle, poultry and aquatic organisms. Sargassum is used as cattle feed in China. Laminaria and Fucus are also used for the same purpose. Seaweed meal increases the egg laying capacity of fowls. These eggs contain high amount of iodine and carotene.
  3. Algae in agriculture: Algae are used as green manures in agriculture. Sargassum, Laminaria, Macrocystis and Gracilaria are the most commonly used ones. Seaweed manure increases the yield of barley, potato, coconut palms, citrus etc. Many blue green algae have the ability to fix the atmospheric nitrogen into the soil. So they can be used as biofertilizers. Saline and alkaline soils can be converted into productive ones by growing some blue-green algae on soil. Anabaena, Rivularia, Spirulina are used for this purpose.
  4. Algae in Industries: In Industries many algae have been used as sources for the extraction of commercial products like agar-agar, diatomite, carrageenin and algin. Agar-agar is used as culture media for bacteria. It is also used as emulsifier in ice-cream, fruit jellies and dairy product preparation. Algin is used as painting pastes in textile industry and thickeners in cosmetics, pharmaceutical products etc. Carrageenin which is extracted from Chondrus crispus and Gigartina are used in food industry, textiles and leather industry. It is a remedy for cough.
  5. Algae in sewage disposal: Sewage water contains organic and inorganic substances which makes it low in oxygen content. But sewage finds use in agricultural practice as they are rich in salts. To decrease the foul smell algae are used. Algae are used to decompose the organic and inorganic substances.
  6. Algae and Research: Algae are used in the study of effects of pesticides, herbicides and UV light. They are used in the research for preparing biofuels.
  7. Algae as pollution indicator: Some algae grow well in polluted water as they are more tolerant towards pollution. Growth of these algae indicates the pollution and its intensity. Scenedesmus indicates copper wastes and Ulothrix zonata indicates indicates paper mill wastes.

Though many algae are useful, there are harmful algae are also there. The development of water blooms is considered to be a bad effect of algae. There are some parasitic algae cause diseases in plants. Attachment of algae tp ship retards the speed of the ship. growth of algae on cloths are also seen and they ruin the cloth.

360 Wander Writer

WELCOME TO HISTORIC WORLD

GUPTA EMPIRE

Chandra Gupta I, king of India (reigned 320 to c. 330 c) and founder of the Gupta empire. Prosperity in the Gupta Empire initiated a period known as the Golden Age of India, marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy. After the Kushanas, the Guptas were the most important dynasty. The Gupta period has been described as the Golden Age of Indian history. The first famous king of the Gupta dynasty was Ghatotkacha’s son Chandragupta I. He married Kumaradevi, the daughter of the chief of the Licchavis. This marriage was a turning point in the life of Chandragupta I. He got Pataliputra in dowry from the Lichhavis. From Pataliputra, he laid the foundation of his empire and started conquering many neighbouring states with the help of the Licchavis. He ruled over Magadha (Bihar), Prayaga and Saketa (east Uttar Pradesh). His kingdom extended from the river Ganges to Allahabad. Chandragupta I also got the title of Maharajadhiraja (King of Kings) and ruled for about fifteen years.

Chandragupta I was succeeded by Samudragupta in about 330 A.D., who reigned for about fifty years. He was a great military genius and is said to have commanded a military campaign across the Deccan, and also subdued the forest tribes of the Vindhya region.

Samudragupta’s successor Chandragupta II, also known as Vikramaditya, conquered the extensive territories of Malwa, Gujarat and Kathiawar. This provided exceptional wealth, which added to the prosperity of the Guptas. The Guptas in this period engaged in sea trade with the countries of the west. It was most probably during his reign that Kalidas, the greatest Sanskrit poet and dramatist, as well as many other scientist and scholars flourished.

Gupta dynasty, rulers of the Magadha (now Bihar) state in northeastern India. They maintained an empire over northern and parts of central and western India from the early 4th to the late 6th century CE. Historians once regarded the Gupta period as the classical age of India—during which the norms of Indian literature, art, architecture, and philosophy were established—but many of those assumptions have been challenged by more extensive studies of Indian society and culture between the Mauryan and Gupta periods. Among the products traditionally thought to be from the Gupta era were the decimal system of notation, the great Sanskrit epics, and Hindu art, along with contributions to the sciences of astronomy, mathematics, and metallurgy.

My First Salary!!

The word “last” makes people sad always but I’m sure the last time when you will no more ask your father for your pocket money but rather you would give him your “first” salary ,I’m sure no one will feel sad for this “last” instead you will be waiting for it…

I thought it was just few thousands but it brought happiness in my mom’s face ,made my dad forget all his struggles and made him feel proud of him as well as me ,only then I realized that it might be few thousands but it made something happen which I haven’t seen or felt before. I told myself,” Its worth a million bucks”.

The whole family, friends, relatives and neighbours came to know about my first salary ,each and every one was very happy but someone who was happiest than me ,was my Mom!! She didn’t ask me for a saree ,gold or anything else for her , instead she asked me,“what do you want for dinner?“.

I gave my first salary to my father and saw his hands, I couldn’t see Gandhi’s smile in it but all I could see was my father’s smiling face. He didn’t react to me with his words but his silence told me many things which I haven’t heard before and made me feel proud.

I got a silver ring for my mom and gave it to her. I knew that was a surprise for her. Her eyes filled with tears and face with a bright smile. I asked her,” if someone asks you, who brought this ring?, What would you say?”. She replied ,” My daughter’s first salary”. This made me feel like “I’M DONE”…

” First Salary is not only dream of a boy ,it is also a big dream for a girl”…

An ultimate solution to tea bags ‘Tea Infuser’

As soon we wake up we need our cup of tea . Normally we make tea from loose leaves but for ease big companies started selling tea in teabags. We only have to dip these teabag in hot water or milk and our tea is ready.

Teabag seems like paper bag but to keep the seal and shape of teabags intact in hot water, some companies are mixing polypropylene in it, which is a type of plastic. When teabag is dipped in hot water billions of microplastic gets released in tea, so basically it is not good for health.

To find out teabag is made of plastic or not we just have to rip a single bag with hands. If it rips easily, then it’s a paper bag. If it doesn’t rip easily then either it’s cloth bag or there is high chance of plastic mixed in it. Also teabag comes in different packets which is plastic wrapper so it generates a lot of waste.

Solution to teabags

It is best to make tea with loose leaves but this is not possible during travel that’s why most people use teabags. We can use Tea Infuse instead of tea bags. Tea infuser starts from Rs. 150/- and it is made up of steel.

We just have to open it fill it with tea leaves and use it as teabags. This won’t release any microplastic nor any waste would be generated. We can use tea infuser multiple times and it is compact, easy to carry during travel. This will save money as well because loose leaves are much cheaper than tea bags. One can buy tea infuser at any crockery shop or online.

NEWS

Modi goverenment cabinet reshuffle due to resignation of 12 ministers

12 ministers resigned including Ravi Shankar Prasad, Harsh Vardhan, Prakash Javdekar, Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank and Santosh Gangwar. Due to over haul

Kiren Rijiju will be the new Minister of Law and Justice while the health portfolio has been allocated to Mansukh Mandaviya and home minister amitsah has been allotted as ministry of cooperation and ministry of Home affairs

Mansukh Mandavia was appointed as the new Health Minister and bureaucrat-turned-politician Ashwini Vaishnaw the new Railway Minister on Wednesday.

Jyotiraditya Scindia has been made the Civil Aviation Minister, while Home Minister Amit Shah has been given the charge of the newly-created Ministry of Cooperation. Piyushgoyalwill now be the Minister of Textiles, while dhramendra pradhan has been given the portfolios of Education Ministry and the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. And kiren Rijiju was allotted for the ministry for Law and Justice. And hardeep Singh will going to charge the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas and Housing and Urban Affairs Minister.

Among the new ministers who were inducted into the Union Cabinet are BJP’S Narayan Rane-minister of micro small and medium enterprises, Sarbananda Sonowal-minister of ports, shippingand waterway,also for minster of ayush,Jyotiraditya Scindia-ministry of civil aviation , Ajay Bhatt, Bhupender Yadv-minister of environment forest and climate change also a minister of Labour and employement, Shobha Karandlaje, Sunita Duggal, Meenakshi Lekhi-ministry of external affairs and ministry of culture, Bharati Pawar, Shantanu Thakur and Kapil Patil; JD(U)’s R C P Singh, LJP’s Pashupati Paras, and Apna Dal’s Anupriya Patel.

And these seven members were promoted to higher ministry positions Anurag Thakur, G Kishan Reddy, Paroshottam Rupala, Kiren Rijiju, Hardeep Singh Puri, Mansukh Mandaviya and Raj Kumar Singh.

Reasonable Pluralism

The world we live in today consists of people belonging to different religions, castes, places, people who speak different languages, have differing political opinions and the list goes on. Human beings are unique in their thinking as well as the way they express their thoughts. They are inherently different so many ways and sometimes conflicts can arise between people due to this. But having difference of opinion always does not necessarily mean it is bad or it can end up in conflicts, it can sometimes give insight into how differently and parallelly things work in the other paradine. 

This can result in Political Liberalism, where people are more attentive and acceptable of other people’s religion and are not ethnocentric. This is what John Rawls talks about, he brings in the idea of Political Liberalism where he claims that people who are reasonable would have a liberal approach towards the differing views. And hence the idea that conflicts or fights will happen between people because of their differences is flawed. 

People who hold different comprehensive doctrines can only be acceptable of others differences if they are reasonable. This is what Rawls point out in his study, he says that people living in a society, if they are reasonable people and rational in thinking and attitudes. 

Rawls talks about ‘Reasonable Pluralism’ where people are accommodative of other people’s differences and views. Even though people are inherently different and have different ideas and beliefs people choose to understand them and let this not cause a divide between them. It instead made people more accommodative of these changes and will make them more cosmopolitan in approach. 

This is how Political Liberalism comes into play, people who are liberal and rational tend to understand these diversities and learn to be more adaptive of these differences. This is termed as overlapping consensus. A term used to define the consensus between people having different opinions and view points but are still accommodative of each other. Rawls believed that this would only happen if people were reasonable enough to understand these differences in its moral sense. 

Although this idea behind Rawls is really good, the problem here is that he only takes into account the reasonable citizens. He never accounts for people whose thinking lies beyond reasonable one. Hence, we cannot really say if this is applicable to everyone in the state. Flawless his theory was but it failed to capture people with different perspectives and opinions as different from the crowd of reasonable people. This is one of the major problems which has gone unanswered.

England charged by UEFA for laser amid replay petition

UEFA has charged England after a laser pointer was aimed at Denmark’s Kasper Schmeichel in the Three Lions’ Euro 2020 semi-final win.

The goalkeeper had a laser shone in his face before he saved Harry Kane’s extra-time penalty, although Kane scored the rebound to earn England a 2-1 victory on Wednesday.

England have also been charged with “disturbance caused by its supporters during the national anthem” after home fans booed the Denmark national anthem and the lighting of fireworks inside Wembley.

The case will be dealt with by the UEFA Control, Ethics and Disciplinary Body.

England came from behind after Mikkel Damsgaard’s free kick gave Denmark the lead.

Simon Kjaer’s own goal levelled for Gareth Southgate’s side and Kane booked England’s first major tournament final for 55 years when he followed up his missed penalty after Raheem Sterling was tripped by Joakim Maehle.

The Three Lions now play Italy at Wembley on Sunday aiming to win their first major trophy since lifting the World Cup in 1966.

The news comes amid a petition to get the game replayed.

The England penalty, which was deemed ‘soft’ by the Italian media and many others, has led one particularly salty individual to set up a petition to UEFA with change.org to try and get the match replayed.

The ‘Rematch England vs Denmark’ petition started by Cris Pinto reads: ‘We wish to overule the penalty decision against Denmark. It was a wrong call, there needs to be contact for a penalty and there was absolutely no contact. If this is not overuled, it would show a failure by UEFA and the beautiful game of football.’

Peter Schmeichel was also angry over the call which cost Denmark.

“He made a really big mistake on the penalty and this will be debated for a long, long time. It’s a hard one to take because it’s not a penalty,” he said.

“I would have been much more relaxed and acceptable if they had scored one of the many chances that they created, but unfortunately, the referee made a big mistake in my opinion.

“I know in your opinion and everyone’s opinion – my phone has not stopped going off – everyone else is saying it’s not a penalty so I’m quite sure that I’m right.

“We are very proud of the Danish team. We think the Danish team has done fantastically well. We leave the tournament with honour and England go on to play Italy in the final.

“They have had a really good tournament. It’s the first time, today, they have played against very, very top, tough opposition and in the end they came good.”

Football365

Substance Abuse in India

Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. The use of psychoactive substances causes significant health and social problems for the people who use them, and also for others in their families and communities.

Millions of Indians are dependent on alcohol, cannabis, and opiates, and drug misuse is a pervasive phenomenon in Indian society, says a new report, published jointly by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime and India’s Ministry of Social Justice. Cannabis, heroin, and Indian-produced pharmaceutical drugs are the most frequently abused drugs in India. Cannabis products, often called charas, bhang, or ganja, are abused throughout the country because it has attained some amount of religious sanctity because of its association with some Hindu deities.

Hindu deities are just a reason for people to use drugs without being called as a addict. People started to buy these kind of drugs easily and smoking bhang is now becoming a trend it cant be stopped until its supply is stopped . Drug trafficking is one of the most serious problems for most countries all over the world. Generally, drug trafficking means production, distribution and sale of illegal drugs. Historically, it is possible to talk about appearance of illegal drug trade around the beginning of the 19th century.

The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) is the chief law enforcement and intelligence agency of India responsible for fighting drug trafficking and the abuse of illegal substances. Governments has made the punishments severe. More than small quantity but less than commercial quantity of drugs the punishment is 10 years rigorous imprisonment or fine of Rs. 1,00,000 or both and for commercial quantity of drugs the punishment is 10-20years rigorous imprisonment or fine of Rs. 2,00,000 or both.

Best way to stop drug usage is making awareness to people about harmful effects of consuming drugs