The Supreme Court of India and
the High Courts are the guardians
of the Constitution of India. Given
their exalted constitutional status,
it is imperative that the method of
appointing judges to these courts is such that only persons of the highest integrity and aptitude are chdown.

But ,the current system of
appointments, by a collegium of
senior Justices of the Supreme Court, pursuant to a decision of the Court itself, has proven unequal to this way . Finally, it proceeds on an indefensible interpretation of Article 124(2) and Article 217(1) of constitution which prescribes the method of judicial appointments.

WHAT IS SOLUTION .

The Constitution (120th Amendment)bill,2013 and the judicial Appointment commission bill,2013 were introduced in the Rajya Sabha in August 2013.According to this bill provides for the establishment of a Judicial Appointments Commission to appoint judges, the composition, functions and procedures of which are laid down in the accompanying
Bill. In general, the concept of an
appointments commission is salutary.

Three keys amendments to
the existing scheme are necessary.
1.too much latitude is allowed to
Parliament to change the composition and functions of the Commission. It is necessary that not only the establishment of the Commission but also its composition and functions
are laid down by a constitutional
amendment.

2. These is no procedure or criteria laid down in the act for shortlisting of candidates or
for resolving disagreements in the
Commission. The past experience of judicial appointments, both when it was led by the executive as well as the judiciary, suggests the definite need for dispositive rules in this regard thereby bringing an optimal degree of
transparency into the process.

3. Despite vesting the Commission with the power to transfer judges and Chief Justices from one High Court to another, the Bills neither specify the grounds nor the procedure for
doing so. It is clearly delineated grounds for transfer of judges and the procedure to be
followed are laid down in the Act.

Now we comes towards the IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPACT

1. The Constitution (120th Amendment) Bill, 2013 passed by the Rajya Sabha and The Judicial Appointment Commission Bill, 2013 pending in the Rajya Sabha should be withdrawn.
2.A more detailed constitutional
amendment should be introduced
containing the following-
∆ The composition of the Judicial
Appointments Commission;
∆ The functions of the Commission.
3. A new, reworked bill must be
introduced alongside the constitutional amendment providing for-

∆ The criteria and procedures
for shortlisting and selection of
candidates
∆ The grounds and procedures for transfer of judges to be followed by the Commission.

Result

Such reform will ensure that the best candidates for judicial office are selected in an optimally transparcy manner. Further, it will do so in a manner that is perfectly consonant with the independence of the judiciary.

To earn a BREAD for our family is everyone’s basic need but what if we cannot fullfill it? There are plenty of questions in our mind running continuosly some of them are…..

what is GDP ? What is the relation between GDP and grains ? How it affects our life …?

GDP stands for gross domestic product for example the amount of crop production per year which is sell by the farmers and reach to common people in cheap prices just like what we improt or exports what profit we get what we invest what we spend on it. In short calculating all the factors related to development like education ,child ratio,birth ratio,crops, goods ,prices etc

Our capita increase when we work but if we do nothing by sitting at our homes it affects our economy so harshly it decrease the GDP .

2011-2012 till 2020-21 GDP is same 135.13 trillion but it is expected to be 145.69trillion

And in 2020 when lockdown starts it gowing down fall rapidly .

Did you know that upto 60% of our body is made of water. Every single cell in our body needs water to survive whether it’s our digestion our lungs our heart everything needs water. Many times if we’re feeling tired, lethargic if we have a headache or when our muscles feel tight. A lot of time it’s actually simply because we are dehydrated. It’s actually a key component when it comes to our immunity. We have to keep our body hydrated and water and water only is the thing that’s going to do that.

1. Drink it hot. Or at least at room temperature. According to Ayurveda the boiling water actually enriches it with energy and it gains a quality of sukshma which means penetrating. Hot water is easily absorbed into your circulatory system and helps to flow throughout the body. This means nutrition is delivered more effectively to your cell and your body is removing the waste products from your cell more efficiently too.

2. Sitting down to drink. Standing and drinking water is actually not recommended at all in ayurveda. It says that water can accumulate in different parts of your body and cause swelling. When you drink water too fast it actually just gushes through your body and it doesn’t allow time for your water to go through all the organs. Water is supposed to move through your organ to also remove out some of the toxins or impurities. So if it doesn’t reach the kidney then those toxin will actually build up in our organ and that can lead to bad health. Drinking water standing can also increase the amount of fluids that gets to the joints and so sometimes people will have pain in their joints or swelling in their knees or hands.

3. Drink slowly. Taking small sips throughout the day is most beneficial to you. You can start your day having a good few glasses but as you go through the day, drink it slowly, drink it every hour. But most important when you get to the end of the day try not to drink to much it will disrupt your sleep and it also put too much pressure on your bladder when it’s supposed to be resting and rejuvenating.

4. Drink it first thing in the morning. First thing that goes into your body is so important because of the toxins that accumulate in our body overnight. This actually help flush them all out before we start all over again the next day. Starting your morning with having hot water can really help to cleanse out your system before you get ready for the day.

5.Don’t drink water with your meals. We leave atleast 45 minutes gap between drinking large amount of water and having our meals. The reason is because drinking water releases large amount of water before we’re about to eat dilutes our digestive enzymes in our stomach and then it makes harder for our stomach to digest our food.

6.Add Flavor to your water. I wouldn’t recommend adding sugar because our body actually ends up not recognizing the water to be water it ends up taking it as food so it hydrates your water differently. I recommend you using herbs or spices like cardamom or black pepper. You can also add fruits like grapefruit or oranges anything you like but as natural as possible. Keep it fresh.

Underground train system used to carry large numbers of passengers within urban and suburban areas, also known as subway, tube, or metro. Subways are normally built beneath city streets to make construction easier, but they may take detours and must occasionally cross rivers. The system’s outskirts usually emerge aboveground as conventional trains or elevated transit lines. The majority of subway trains are made up of multiple cars that operate on a multiple-unit basis.

Charles Pearson, a city solicitor, suggested the first subway system for London as part of a city improvement proposal shortly after the Thames Tunnel opened in 1843. Parliament approved the building of a 3.75-mile underground railway between Farringdon Street and Bishop’s Road, Paddington, after ten years of debate. Cut-and-cover construction on the Metropolitan Railway began in 1860, with trenches dug along the streets, brick sides added, girders or a brick arch added for the roof, and the highway restored on top.

London’s example was followed by a slew of other cities. The first subway on the European continent, a 2.5-mile (4-kilometre) electric tube, opened in Budapest in 1896, employing single trains with trolley poles. The use of a flat roof with steel beams instead of a brick arch, and thus a smaller trench, resulted in significant cost savings over prior cut-and-cover systems.

The Metro (Chemin de Fer Metropolitan de Paris) began service in 1898 in Paris, with the first 6.25 miles (ca. 10 km) opening in 1900. The speedy pace was due to the large streets above and the modification of the French engineer Fulgence Bienvenue’s cut-and-cover approach. At regular intervals throughout the route, vertical shafts were sunk, and side trenches were dug, and masonry foundations to support timber shuttering were placed immediately beneath the road surfaces. The roof arch was then built with minimal disruption to street traffic. While this technology is still employed in Paris, it has not been widely replicated in the construction of subways abroad.

Automatic trains, which use aerospace and computer technology to design, build, and run, have been developed in a few urban regions, including the Victoria Line, a component of the London subway system (completed 1971). BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit), which opened in 1976 in the San Francisco Bay Area, was the first rapid-transit system to be intended for totally automatic operation. Trains are controlled remotely, needing only one crew member in each train to be on standby in the event of a computer breakdown. The first subway line in Washington, D.C., opened in 1976, featuring an autonomous train control system and 600-foot (183-metre) long underground coffered-vault stations.

Other elements of modern subway construction include air-conditioned trains with lightweight aluminium cars, smoother, and faster rides due to advancements in track construction and car-support systems, and attention to the architectural appearance of and passenger safety in underground stations.

When planning and constructing high-rise buildings, the aim is to create safe and livable rooms in very tall buildings; the buildings have to bear their weight, withstand wind and earthquakes, protect residents from fire, but also have to be easily accessible on the upper floors. Utilities and a comfortable climate for residents Most high-rise buildings have a steel frame that allows them to be built higher than typical reinforced concrete structural walls. Buildings are characterized by window areas created by the concept of a steel frame and a curtain wall; However, skyscrapers can also have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls and have a small window area. This is made possible by cheap energy from fossil fuels and industrially refined raw materials such as steel and concrete.

The construction of the skyscraper was made possible by the construction of steel structures, which increased the brick and mortar construction of the late 19th work. The usable area for ever-larger supporting pillars is reduced. Tubular skyscraper structures have been used since 1960, reducing the use of materials (cheaper: Willis Tower uses a third less steel than the Empire State Building), but allows for greater height; allows fewer interior columns and thus creates more usable space . The elevators are characteristic of skyscrapers, a safety elevator with which passengers can be transported comfortably and safely to the upper floors option was to use a steel frame instead of stone or brick; Otherwise, the walls of the lower floors of a tall building would be too thick to be practical.

Today’s leading elevator manufacturers are Otis, ThyssenKrupp, Schindler, and KONE. Advances in construction technology have caused skyscrapers to shrink in width and increase in height. Some of these new techniques include mass dampers to reduce vibration and oscillation and gaps to allow air to pass through, which reduces wind shear.

Basic design considerations

Good structural design is important for most construction projects, but especially important for high-rise buildings because, given the high price tag, the likelihood of catastrophic failure is small but unacceptable. For civil engineers, this is a paradox: the only way to ensure reliability is to test all failure modes in the laboratory and the real world, but the only way to understand all failure modes is to identify previously known failures. Thus, no engineer can be sure that a given structure will withstand all the stresses that could lead to failure, but they can only have a sufficiently large margin of safety to make failure acceptable due to some form of myopia or some unknown factor.

Loading and vibration

The stress in a skyscraper is in large part due to the strength of the building material itself. In most building designs, the weight of the structure is much greater than the weight of the material it supports beyond its weight., The load on the structure is much greater than the payload . The amount of building material in the lower levels of a skyscraper must  be larger than the Empire State Building. Thus the shape results exclusively from the load-bearing capacity. Posts can come in a variety of designs, the most common of which is for skyscrapers. can be divided into steel frames, concrete cores, pipe-in-pipe construction, and wall shear walls. 

Steel frame

By 1895, steel had replaced cast iron as a construction material for skyscrapers. Its malleability enabled a variety of shapes and rivets, which ensured firm connections. The simplicity of a steel frame eliminated the inefficient portion of a shear wall, the center portion, and load-bearing elements, which were consolidated in a much stronger way by allowing horizontal and vertical supports throughout. the distance between the support elements decreases, which in turn increases the amount of material to be supported. In buildings over 40 floors, this becomes inefficient and uneconomical because the usable area for the support column is reduced and the increased use of steel. 

The elevator conundrum

The invention of the elevator is a prerequisite for the invention of high-rise buildings because most people can (or can) only climb a few stairs at a time. Elevators in high-rise buildings are not only necessary aids such as running water and electricity but are also closely related to the design of the entire building . Taller buildings need more elevators to reach more floors, but elevator shafts consume valuable living space. 

Many high-rise buildings use non-standard elevators to reduce space requirements. Buildings like the former World Trade Center Tower and the John Hancock Center in Chicago use elevated lobbies where express elevators take passengers to higher floors and serve as a base for local elevators. Architects and engineers can stack elevator shafts on top of each other to save space; However, celestial corridors and high-speed elevators take up a lot of space and add to the time it takes to move between floors. Double-deck elevators, so that more people can take an elevator to two floors at each station. More than two floors can be used in an elevator, although this has never been the case. The main problem with double-deck elevators is that if only one person needs to reach a particular floor, then everyone in the elevator will be forced to stop. d Mall, Petronas Twin Towers, Willis Tower, Taipei 101 The Paradise lobby on the 44th floor of the John Hancock Center is also home to the first multi-level indoor pool, which is still the tallest in the United States.

“Ode on Indolence” was probably the second ode composed by Keats in the spring of 1819 after “Ode on Melancholy” and a few months prior “To Autumn”. When it comes to grouping of the odes together as a sequence “Indolence” is often placed first in the group, which absolutely makes sense, considering the fact that “Indolence” usually provides glimmerings of themes explored in the other five poems and also seems to portray the speaker’s initial struggle with the problems and ideas of the other odes. “Indolence” is an extraordinarily simple tale of a young man who spends a drowsy summer morning lazing around until he is nudged by a vision of Love, Ambition and Poetry. He feels brewing desire to follow the vision but in the end decides against it when the temptations of his indolent morning outweighs the temptations of love, ambition and poetry.

The principal theme of Keats’ “Ode to Indolence” holds the pleasant numbness of the speaker’s indolence state which is preferable over more exciting and engaging states of love, ambition and poetry. Anguish of morality- the pain and frustration caused by the changes and endings unavoidable in the life of a human being is one of the great themes of Keats’ poetry. In his Ode on Indolence, the speaker’s indolence in many ways seems an attempt to blur the forgetful lines that exists in this world, so that the “short fever-fit” of life can no longer seem agonizing . Love and ambition are rejected by the speaker simply because they require him to experience his own life too and hold the unavoidable promise of ending (of love, the speaker also wonders what and where it is, he notes the pale cheek and “fatigued eye,” and observes it “springs” directly from human morality). He is not interested to find out “how change the moon” and to be “sheltered from annoy” which is why poetry offers the most seductive as well as hateful, challenge to indolence. Poetry is not mortal, but it is detests to indolence and would requires the speaker to feel his life too acutely- hence, it possesses “not a joy” for him as sweet as the nothingness of indolence.

Inspite of the poem ending on a note of rejection, the endurance of the figures and the speaker’s impassioned response to them indicates that the he will eventually have to raise his head from the grass and directly confront love, ambition and poetry. A confrontation which embodies the other five odes, in which the speaker struggles with problems of creativity, morality, imagination and art. Many ideas and images in Ode of Indolence anticipates more developed ides and images in the later odes. Keats in other odes confronts some sort of divine figure, usually a goddess, in the Ode on Indolence, he confronts three. The lushly described summer landscape with its “stirring shades/ and baffled beams,” anticipated the imaginary landscape the speaker creates in “Ode to Psyche”, the experience of numbness anticipates the aesthetic numbness of “Ode to a Nightingale” and the anguished numbness of “Ode to Melancholy” the birdsong of the ‘throstle’s lay’ anticipates the nightingale and the swallows of “To Autumn.”

In this way, the “Ode on Indolence” makes somewhat a preface to all the other odes. It does not present a dramatic exploration of love, ambition and poetry, rather ignites a possibility of such a confrontation in a way that throws light on the behavior of the speaker in other odes. Its lush seductive tone and the speaker’s oscillation between temptation and rejection in the face of the figures’ persistent processional highlights a deeper and more acute poetic exploration to come. As for now the speaker is absolutely content with the numbness of his indolence.