Month: June 2021

Realism in Pather Pachali

The Bengali feature film, “Pather Pachali” was directed by Satyajit Ray and was released in 1955. It was considered a landmark in the field of Indian as well as world cinema. Although it was director Ray’s debut effort, it went on to win critical and popular acclaim from all around the world. The path breaking movie was also instrumental in winning the ” Best Human Document ” award at the Cannes Film Festival of 1956.

Pather Pachali us considered to be neo- realist in its implications. The main reason for describing the movie as non-realist was the fact that it was filmed not long after the second world war when neo- realism held sway in most of Europe.

“Pather Panchali will leave many images in the mind’s ye and many impressions of another way of life.” – Helen Bower

“A moment where Apu and Durga walk through long grass and the boy catches his first glimpse of a train crossing the landscape defines Ray’s genius for composition and his gift for metaphor.” – Desmond Ryan

Ray chose mostly natural locations while shooting Pather Pachali. He wanted the backdrop of each shot to speak for itself. Also, he totally refrained from the artificially exaggerated practices and gestures of the popular cinema prevailing in India.

The movie is said to have amply demonstrated some affiliations with the traditions narration, representation as well as musical address prevailing in earlier times in an effort to articulate in an Indian identity of the day following independence.

Pather Pachali possessed all the essential characteristics of neo- realism. In fact, Ray was virtually unable to keep the subjective element out of his movie. But he never made comments on his actions, characters or situations. He never pitches hints at his audience and never tells them just what to think and feel.

At the same time he was not at all apprehensive about taking the appropriates not to his characters but to the drama of life itself. This is because he was predisposed not to his characters but to the drama or life itself. He had his own ways to suffuse life on to the screen in order to impart a shimmer of to all his characters.

Satyajit Ray showed the basic essentials or the happiness of the rural lives as compared to the urban lives. In urban lives we are happy with our level of happiness but in the film it is shown that the rural people were happy from little things. Their level of happiness was lower from that of the urban life but still they were happy with that.

Apu and Durga’s father was a priest so for them it was a respectful and a standard job. The main significance of the train is a very important thing throughout the movie. For the urban people train was just a common thing but for the rural people it was like a special thing. The shot of the train scene was only of 25 seconds but there were no dialogues in that scene. Here, Apu and Durga’s expressions showed the happiness on seeing the train for the first time.

The concept of train was totally unknown to them. So, when they saw the train for the first time they were surprised. Also, Apu and Durga’s mother, Sarbojoya, her human side is shown in the film. Sarbojoya’s sister-in-law used to misbehave with her due to poverty which showed the actual human aspect.

When Apu and Durga’s father returns from the city to village, the death of Durga is shown in a realistic way. There was no background music in the scene, there was no sadistic thing. The death showed the numbness which actually happens in reality where people become numb she their loved ones die.

Also, it was shown that Durga loved her aunt and so she used to steal fruits for her aunty . So this showed the bond or relationship between an old member with the younger members of the family. In real life, where we have the relationship between us and our grandparents, in the film the same things is shown through Durga and his aunt.

https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/pather_panchali

https://www.moviequotes.com/s-movie/pather-panchali/

All About Bachelor of Journalism & Mass Communication

Mainstream courses are chosen by a majority of people. But if you want to do something creative and different from the usual courses, then a Bachelor of Journalism & Mass Communication (BJMC) is a great option.

It is an undergraduate program for the students who aspire to work in the media industry such as print (newspaper, magazines, books), radio, television, and films. This program is best for inquisitive students, have a good command of the language, have the interest and confidence to report the happenings around the world, and have a grip on writing. Students with an interest in editing software and technical knowledge can also opt for this program.

Bachelors of Journalism & Mass Communication is a degree program for 3 years, which is divided into 6 semesters.

Eligibility Criteria

The students willing to get admission in the BJMC course need a minimum qualification of 10+2 in any stream, with at least a 50% score (varies according to the college requirement).

Admission Process

The admission process varies in different colleges. Some take admissions based on merit lists and some have entrance exams for it. If the admission is based on a merit list, then the result of class 12th is into account. This is also known as direct admission. If the admission is based on the entrance exam, then it is conducted in stages or rounds. The first round includes a written exam, after which the qualified students need to qualify for the personal interview (PI) round and group discussion round. 

If any student has prior work experience or has worked on any project, then on that basis also some colleges select the students for admission.

Some of the common subjects consisted in BJMC course

  • Advertising
  • Film Theory & Practice
  • Media Laws & Ethics
  • Public Relations
  • Basics of Research
  • Basics of Photography
  • Writing for Media
  • Animation Theory & Practice

Career Options in Bachelors of Journalism & Mass Communication

BJMC is a vast field and has a variety of options to pursue your career. It has an opportunity in both government and private sectors. Students willing to get into jobs after completion of their bachelors can do so. Students willing to pursue their higher studies can complete their masters and have better job opportunities and salary packages as they have a much broad perspective in the field.

Students willing to work in the government sector, especially in civil services can give Civil Service Exam conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) and become IIS Officers. IIS stands for Indian Information Services. The job of the IIS officer is o communicate the information on behalf of the government. 

List of Job Opportunities for Journalism & Mass Communication Students:

  • Journalist
  • Radio Jockey (RJ)
  • Columnist
  • Animator
  • Public Relations Officer
  • Photo Journalist
  • Video Editor
  • Copy Writer
  • News Analyst
  • Television Anchor
  • News Anchor
  • Film Maker
  • Illustrator
  • Advertisement Agency
  • Fashion Photographer
  • Wildlife Photographer

The list does not end here. The job opportunities are enormous.

Salary Package

A student can earn a handsome amount after the successful completion of his or her course. The salary varies according to job responsibility and the organization. For a fresher, the salary varies from between Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 4 lakhs. However, the amount tends to rise with time and experience.

A journey – A metaphor

What does this sojourn really mean?

You embark on a journey knowing the destination inclusive of tribulations and rewards enroute, and chart out a plan accordingly. When destiny devices digressions from the plan, you adjust your sails and navigate in the directions of the wind. You realize as you sail, that the tides have been high and low; the sea and the weather, unpredictable; making the journey more challenging. The expedition keeps unfolding immeasurable joy and inexplicable pain as you are completely unaware of destiny’s disposition. At times, the turbulent waves rock your confidence to sail further and at times, the placid tides rock your mast gently to keep you afloat. The sea is sometimes fierce with thunderstorms, and the tilted sideways push you overboard, but sometimes calm and quiet, and the lucid sky above lulls you. The journey, invariably, becomes both dicey and appealing. The Sirens lure you, the lotus eaters’ land sedate you, Circe enslaves you for a while and the Cyclops scare you to death. Caught in the storm and very rough waters, smiting the sounding furrows and visiting Hades momentarily become regular maneuvers. Nonetheless, your ship is cruising safe because on the cruise to unknown destinations, you aren’t alone. Since the day you set foot to embark on this mysterious journey, there have been sailors of various stations and ages travelling alongside.

What do I encounter along the way?

Some helped you on the poop to hold the mast against heavy storms, some helped you to anchor the ship on shores you needed to explore; the aged and experienced helped you with the compass, the abled ones bailed out the water from the vessel and the concerned ones lent their shoulders when you were sea sick and tired. Of course, you had a few who left you in lurch when the ship was sinking, a few who moved ashore and onto another ship for better cargo, a few who used you as a bait to catch a big fish and a few who took away your life jackets letting you come onboard in fear and agony. Nevertheless, you have been successfully navigating to reach newer lands because the ones who are guarding you are comparatively large in the barge to the few, who have made you weak and killed your confidence for wanton joy of theirs. With nothing to defeat the might of your journey, you continue to row rigorously and rhythmically to the tunes of the reassuring, ravishing seas. Half-way you pause the journey on the calm seas, and gratefully thank both the ones who have helped you sail at ease and the few who have taught you the endurance to weather any storm. The cruise has crossed arches of achievements, disappointments, success and failures and has managed to stay afloat, and with age and experience you realize that though you cannot change the direction of the winds still you can adjust your sails and make your journey exciting. You are the captain of your ship, so continue ‘To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield’.

Portugal Vs Belgium: Clash of the heavyweights in Euro 2020

Defending champions Portugal, led by Cristiano Ronaldo, will take on world’s top-ranked team Belgium in their round of 16 match

Christiano Ronaldo and Romelu Lukaku will face off each other today in the much awaited knockout game of the tournament. Ronaldo is the Euro’s leading scorer after netting five times in the group stage while Lukaku, who is in the form of his life, is lurking behind the Portugal captain with three goals. Juventus forward Ronaldo is also just one goal away from breaking Ali Daei’s all-time international goalscoring record of 109, which he equalled with a brace against France in the European champions’ final Group F game.

The pair will take on each other at the Euro after doing battle in the Serie A scoring charts last season, with 36-year-old Ronaldo being crowned ‘capocannoniere’ after scoring 29 times in a difficult season for Juventus.

However Lukaku pipped Ronaldo to the league’s player of the season award last campaign despite scoring five fewer goals as he played a key role in Inter Milan winning their first league title in over a decade.

Both teams will have their work cut out to reach the July 11 final at Wembley with Italy, who squeezed past Austria on Saturday, and either world champions France or Spain the opponents in the next two rounds if they get beyond the last 16.

However Portugal coach Fernando Santos is “firmly convinced” his side will come out on top in the clash in Seville.

Speaking about Belgium, the coach of Portugal’s football team said “Belgium has a lot of strengths, especially the knowledge they have of each other for having been together for such a long time. Everything flows naturally. They already know where everyone is without having to think about it “

Players to watch out for in today’s big game –

1. Romelu Lukaku (Belgium) – There are a lot of players who have the ability to single-handedly change the outcome of games for Belgium. But the player who usually ends up finding the back of the net for the Red Devils is their striker, Lukaku. He is expected to be the dangerman Portugal need to watch out for.

2. Pepe ( Portugal) – Pepe is the bedrock of Portugal’s defense. In the ongoing Euro 2020, he has recovered more balls than any other Portugal player and has also won two tackles in three games thus far. His experience makes him one of the key players for Fernando Santos. Pepe will be given the huge task of keeping Belgium’s Romelu Lukaku when the two teams lock horns on Sunday

3. Kevin de Bruyne( Belgium)– He is a player who possesses the ability to do it all on the pitch. He is great from set-pieces, can score with either foot, create chances out of nothing and has the presence of mind to know when to shoot and when to pass.

4. Eden Hazard ( Belgium)- With the kind of experience, Belgium captain possess it will be difficult for the Portugese defenders to contain him and refrain him for providing assists to their strikers.

5. Christiano Ronaldo ( Portugal)– The Juventus star’s drive and dedication towards being the best player in the world is unparalleled. At the business end of tournaments, like the Round-of-16 clash against Belgium at Euro 2020, Ronaldo tends to up the ante, something the Red Devils will have to be wary of.

Thinking of education app : unacademy is answer

Photo by ShotPot on Pexels.com

Founded in 2015, the platform was initially introduced as a YouTube channel by Gaurav Manjal back in 2010. With its primary headquarters residing in Bengaluru, Unacademy is India’s biggest learning platform which brings together expert Educators for millions of students who are in the requirement of enhanced quality education. 

The Unacademy app is available not only for 10+2 students but also for college applicants who are qualifying for competitive exams like CAT, GATE, UPSC, etc.

Unacademy’s Progress 

Unacademy offers over 2,400 lessons, covering subjects from a variety of competitive examinations. The platform currently comprises thousands of online educators as well as over 250 million total views for their YouTube videos. As the online learning platforms rise in importance the platform will definitely only continue to grow.

INITIAL BEGINNING

Unacademy initially began as a YouTube channel that offered free education for whoever visited its channel. When some extent, its founders began considering the prospect of bit by bit monetizing their expedited services leading to the birth of Unacademy, an official learning platform that offered free classes.

COURSES ON UNACADEMY

Unacademy offers courses for all popular entrances such as UPSC, SSC and bank exams, railway exams, defence exams, JEE and NEET preparation, State PSC, NET exams,  GATE, ESE and IIT-JAM, NEET PG, TET exams, Management & Foreign Studies, CA, CS & Law exams, CBSE and Personal and Skill Development

Conclusion

Backed by major massive companies like Facebook, Amazon, General Atlantic, and redwood Capital, Unacademy has been fending well for itself. At this stage, the platform holds associate degree optimum chance to require its business to larger heights, equipped with a team that’s driven to form the simplest out of its on market resources.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://unacademy.com/&ved=2ahUKEwi-6syS9bfxAhWdIbcAHZR-AOwQ-TAoADAhegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw1WmvYo8mIpjx9yOG7WhwQa&cshid=1624800416467

https://getinstartup.com/roman-saini-the-success-story-of-unacademy/

Aspects of Wealth in ‘Pride and Prejudice’

Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice (Published in 1813) is considered to be a classic in literature. It has often been glossed over as a romantic novel and though it is concerned with human relationships, especially of romantic ones, Austen focuses a great deal on wealth and class. Her infamous opening quote in itself is a testament to the fact that she consciously criticized the influence of money in a society.

“It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.”

Jane Austen (Chapter 1)

Pride and Prejudice is set in Regency England, which was a time of great political unrest and economy volatility. This was mainly due to the shift of the economy from an agrarian one to that of an industrial one. Until then, people were only mainly concerned about food and other primary needs. But the industrialization paved for more materials in the market like clothes, utensils, etc. So more the commodities, the more people wanted money to spend on such items. Thus, the need for money increased, and in the Regency England, being a gentleman was considered more important than merely being rich. And the concept of a gentleman relied highly on inheritance and people wanted to be rich without working for it.

Austen has taken care to include details of each character’s money and their economy backgrounds. The richer characters include people like Bingley who receives €500 per annum and is clearly rich enough to host balls take care of his sisters’ needs. Georgiana Darcy is said to inherit €30,000 pounds and will remain well-to-do even if she is denied legal inheritance of property. Mr. Darcy on the other hand, is a modern equivalent of a multi-millionaire who gets up to €10,000 per year and would get more from his investments. The middle-class characters include Mr. Bennet who receives approx. €2000 per year and would even be considered an upper-middle class. Mr. Wickham inherits €1000 from Darcy’s father and even more from Darcy for leaving the clergy. Although he spends it all and goes into debt, Darcy pays him again to marry Lydia. The Bennet girls on the other hand, would receive only a maximum of €40 per year until the death of their father, after which, their land would legally go to their cousin. Thus, the Bennet sisters had to marry for survival and not just to uphold class. When Elizabeth rejects both Darcy and Mr. Collins, she’s taking a huge risk by choosing happiness over financial security.

Fitzwilliam Darcy€10,000 per year + more
Georgiana Darcy€30,000 inheritance
Charles Bingley€5000 per year
Rich Characters

Mr. Bennet€2000 per year
George Wickham€1000 inheritance
The Bennet Girls€40 per year
Middle Class Characters

Austen also criticises material obsessions through characters like Mr. Wickham and Mrs. Bennet who obsesses despite not being rich, through Caroline Bingley who is pretentious and through characters like Catherine de Borough who exploit their wealth for status.

One of the criticisms against the novel is also that it unconsciously puts out the idea that you need to be rich and have money to be happy. Elizabeth who marries Darcy is happy, Jane who marries Bingley is happy, Charlotte who marries Mr. Collins is not too happy and Lydia is unhappy as she is doomed to pay off Wickham’s debts for the rest of her life. Nevertheless, the Pride and Prejudice’s detailed treatment of money adds to the novel’s realism.   

Reference Links:

INDIA’s first FEMINIST

Pandita Ramabai ( 1858-1922)

In the era of women empowerment and the fight for equal rights for women, women are becoming independent and know their rights.

Pandita Ramabai is known to be the first feminist and the first women to voice up women rights in India.

She was one of the greatest women of modern India.

Ramabai was an outspoken champion of women’s rights and social reform.

She had given the titles of ‘Pandita’ and ‘ saraswati’ conferred on her by the residents of Calcutta in recognition of her intellectual attainment where she was also introduced to the social reform by Brahmo Samaj.

She married to Bipin Behari, (Shudra ) and broke the tradition.

After the death of her husband and daughter, she managed for higher study on scholarship.

There she came in contact with Christian missionaries and was impressed by their progress outlook.

She decided to convert to Christianity along with her very young daughter.

On her return to India, she was actively engaged in social work , particularly for the rehabilitation of Hindu Widows of the high caste, as their condition was particularly deplorable.

In this effort , she received financial assistance from Christian missionaries who were largely interested in the conversion of Indians to Christianity .

In this process, She became the target of criticism from Hindu Brahmins as well as Christian missionaries.

Returning to Maharashtra, Ramabai experienced her first public encounter with the forces of patriarchy when she set up the Arya Mahila Samaj in 1882 in Poona to mobilise women and aroused instant hostility .

“ She brought out a book in Marathi , Stree Dharma Niti with the Objective of counselling the helpless and ignorant women”.

In 1889, Ramabai established her Mukti mission near Pune as a refuge for young widows who were maltreated by their families.

In 1919, she was conferred the ‘ kaisar-e-Hind’  award for her social reform activities, one of the highest awards that an Indian could receive during British Raj. In 1989, Government of India issued a commemorative stamp in her honour.

Pandora Ramabai’s important writings includes :-

Stri Dharma Niti ( Morals for Women )(1882)

The High-Cast Hindu women(1888).

Ramabai on Motherhood

Pandora Ramabai observed that the normative structure of upper – cast Hindu patriarchy defined the fulfilment of her life solely through her role as a wife upper–cast

Indian women themselves saw the significance of their existence in accomplishing the role of mother and wife.

The major contestation in Ramabai’s educational and missionary activities was that of patriarchy.

HOLI : FESTIVAL OF COLOURS

INTRODUCTION

Holi is also known as the “festival of colors” in which people celebrate the day. They throw and splash the colors over friends and family. It is celebrated in the spring season of the year. It is celebrated every year by all people across the country, no matter what their faith or race is. The quality of colors are some things that bring a heap of positivity in our lives. Holi is the festival of colors. Holi is a known Hindu festival celebrated in each part of Bharat with utmost joy and enthusiasm.

HISTORY OF THE FESTIVAL

The ritual starts by lighting up the bonfire in the future before the day of Holi. This process symbolizes the triumph of excellence over the bad. On this day people play with colors with their friends and families. In the evening, they show love and regard to their close ones and celebrate it by distributing sweets. According to Indian mythology, Holi is celebrated on the occasion of the demolition of the demoness Holika by Lord Vishnu. Holika was the sister of Hiranyakashipu. Hiranya kashipu thought himself to be god and ordered others to worship him as god. He thought that no one could beat him. He also thought that he was immortal. He would kill anyone whoever didn’t follow him because of God. Hiranya kashipu had a son named Prahlad who didn’t follow his father as a god.

Due to this reason Hiranyakashipu tried to kill Prahlad. On the other hand, Prahlad idolized Lord Vishnu. Holika had an extraordinary power that she didn’t get burned from the fireplace — once wearing a unique garment. Thus, Hiranya kashipu created an idea to kill Prahlad. He planned to keep Prahlad within the lap of Holika and make her sit in a burning fire, as a result Prahlad will be burnt to death in fire. It’s believed that it had been the firm religion of Prahlad. In Vishnu, that caused the garment to hide Prahlad.

Later, Lord Vishnu appeared within the sort of Narsingh and killed Hiranya kashipu together with his claws by putting him in his lap so that the people were free from the demoness Holika and demon Hiranya kashipu. And from that day they celebrated the occasion by smearing the ash of Holika over one another. In this way the festival Holi originated. People play with colors on the day of Holi; they eat sweets and celebrate. These bright colors represent our feelings. Kids have the foremost fun at this festival by playing with colors. Balloons stuffed with colored water, pichkaris, and buckets full of colored water.

HOW IT IS CELEBRATED

On the day before Holi, we celebrate Holika Dahan. People collect wood and put fire in it. Then we celebrate it by singing songs round the hearth from that woodpile. It is dedicated to honour the myth of burning Holika and the protection of Prahlad from that fire. There is no Holi without colours. In this festival we throw colours upon one another. This is the primary means of celebrating Holi. Since Holi is known throughout the start of the spring season, the colors symbolize the recent harvest and fresh fruits and vegetables that are about to be harvested that season. The vibrant colors used to celebrate Holi’s essay in English welcome the spring season. And nothing will boost our energy state because of the bright colors.

 At night people light the fire. People supply crude coconut and corn to the fireplace. The second day is the celebration of shading or “Dhuleti,” celebrated by sprinkling hued water and applying hues to at least one another. Dwarka, a dry land town of Gujarat, observes Holi at the Dwarka dheesh sanctuary and with broad satire and music festivities. Barsana, a neighboring city Mathura within the Braj scene of state. They celebrate lathmar Holi within the rambling compound of the Radha rani sanctuary.

Thousands of people accumulate to look at the lath Mar Holi once women beat up men with sticks. As those on the side-lines finally, end up insane. Everyone sings Holi melodies and yells “Shri Radhey” or “Sri Krishna.” Several foreigners visit India throughout the time of Holi to experience our culture.

Since children are thus excited about throwing colors on others, they’ll find themselves hurting others. Each festival includes a purpose. We must always celebrate it in an exceedingly good method and maintain the spirit of the festival. Holi festival is an image of our nation, and since everybody widely knows. Holi, despite caste and creed, it shows to the globe nations; yet, united we are. Holi festival brings people even a lot of firmly and makes them happier.

https://time.com/5799354/what-is-holi/

https://www.holifestival.org/

@track2traininginstitute @edunewsnetwork @track2trainingservice @track2trainingseminar

Data structures

Structure could be a data organization, management, and storage format that allows economical access and modification. additional exactly, an information structure could be a assortment of information values, the relationships among them, and therefore the functions or operations that may be applied to the info.Python has four basic inherent information structures specifically Lists, Dictionary, Tuple and Set. … Lists: Lists in Python square measure one amongst the foremost versatile assortment object varieties on the market. the opposite 2 varieties square measure dictionaries and tuples, however they’re extremely additional like variations of lists.Data structure provides the proper thanks to organize data within the digital house. the info structure could be a key part of engineering and is essentially employed in the areas of computing, operative systems, graphics, etc
The data structure isn’t any artificial language like C, C++, java, etc. it’s a group of algorithms that we will use in any artificial language to structure the info within the memory.

To structure the info in memory, ‘n’ range of algorithms were projected, and every one these algorithms square measure called Abstract information varieties. These abstract information varieties square measure the set of rules
Types of information Structures
There square measure 2 kinds of information structures:

Primitive organization
Non-primitive organization
Primitive organization

The primitive information structures square measure primitive information varieties. The int, char, float, double, and pointer square measure the primitive information structures that may hold one price.

Non-Primitive organization

The non-primitive organization is split into 2 types:

Linear organization
Non-linear organization
Linear organization

The arrangement of information in an exceedingly serial manner is understood as a linear organization. the info structures used for this purpose square measure Arrays, joined list, Stacks, and Queues. In these information structures, one part is connected to only 1 another part in an exceedingly linear type.

When one part is connected to the ‘n’ range of components called a non-linear organization. the simplest example is trees and graphs. during this case, the weather square measure organized in an exceedingly random manner.

We will discuss the on top of information structures briefly within the returning topics. Now, we are going to see the common operations that we will perform on these information structures.
Data structures may also be classified as:

Static information structure: it’s a kind of information structure wherever the scale is allotted at the compile time. Therefore, the utmost size is mounted.
Dynamic information structure: it’s a kind of information structure wherever the scale is allotted at the run time. Therefore, the utmost size is versatile.
Programiz

Search Programiz
DSA emblem Programiz

Learn DS & Algorithms
Tutorials
A computer virus could be a assortment of directions to perform a particular task. For this, a computer virus may have to store information, retrieve information, and perform computations on the info.

A information structure could be a named location that may be wont to store and organize data. And, associate degree rule could be a assortment of steps to unravel a specific drawback. Learning information structures and algorithms permit North American nation to jot down economical and optimized laptop programs.

Our DSA tutorial can guide you to find out differing types of information structures and algorithms and their implementations in Python, C, C++, and Java.

DSA Introduction
What is associate degree algorithm?
Data Structure and kinds
Why learn algorithms?
Asymptotic Notations
Master Theorem
Divide and Conquer rule

Data Structures (I)
Stack
Queue
Types of Queue
Circular Queue
Priority Queue
Deque
Data Structures (II)
Linked List
Linked List Operations
Types of joined List
Hash Table
Heap organization
Fibonacci Heap
Decrease Key and Delete node from Fibonacci Heap
Tree based mostly DSA (I)
Tree organization
Tree Traversal
Binary Tree
Full Binary Tree
Perfect Binary Tree
Complete Binary Tree
Balanced Binary Tree
Binary Search Tree
AVL Tree
Tree based mostly DSA (II)
B Tree
Insertion into B-tree
Deletion from B-tree
B+ Tree
Insertion on a B+ Tree
Deletion from a B+ Tree
Red Black Tree
Insertion in Red Black Tree
Deletion from Red Black Tree
Graph based mostly DSA
Graph organization
Spanning Tree
Strongly Connected elements
Adjacency Matrix
Adjacency List
DFS rule
Breadth-first Search
Bellman Ford’s rule
Sorting and looking out Algorithms
Bubble type
Selection type
Insertion type
Merge Sort
Quick Sort
Counting type
Radix Sort
Bucket type
Heap Sort
Shell Sort
Linear Search
Binary Search
Greedy rules
Greedy Algorithm
Ford-Fulkerson rule
Dijkstra’s rule
Kruskal’s rule
Prim’s rule
Huffman Code
Dynamic Programming
Dynamic Programming
Floyd Warshall rule
Longest Common Subsequence
Other Algorithms
Backtracking rule
Rabin-Karp rule

Why Learn DSA?
Write optimized and ascendable code – Once you have got data concerning completely different information structures and algorithms, you’ll verify that organization and rule to settle on in numerous conditions.
Effective use of your time and memory – Having data concerning information structures and algorithms can assist you write codes that run quicker and need less storage.
Better job opportunities – information structures and algorithms queries square measure commonly asked in job interviews of varied organizations as well as Google, Facebook, and so on.
Interview queries

  1. are you able to make a case for the distinction between file structure and storage structure?
    File Structure: illustration {of information|of knowledge|of information} into secondary or auxiliary memory say any device like disk or pen drives that stores data that remains intact till manually deleted is understood as a file structure illustration.
    What is associate degree array?
    Arrays square measure the gathering of comparable kinds of information hold on at contiguous memory locations.
    It is the best organization wherever the info part will be accessed willy-nilly simply by exploitation its fact.
    however could be a stack completely different from a queue?
    In a stack, the item that’s last another is removed 1st whereas in queue, the item least recently another is removed 1st.
    What is hashmap in information structure?
    Hashmap could be a organization that uses implementation of hash table organization that permits access of information in constant time (O(1)) complexness if you have got the key.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

Artificial Intelligence refers to the intelligence of machines. This is in contrast to the natural intelligence of humans and animals. With Artificial Intelligence, machines perform functions such as learning, planning, reasoning and problem-solving. Most noteworthy, Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence by machines. It is probably the fastest-growing development in the World of technology and innovation. Furthermore, many experts believe AI could solve major challenges and crisis situations.

Types of Artificial Intelligence:

First of all, the categorization of Artificial Intelligence is into four types. Arend Hintze came up with this categorization. The categories are as follows:

Type 1: Reactive machines – These machines can react to situations. A famous example can be Deep Blue, the IBM chess program. Most noteworthy, the chess program won against Garry Kasparov, the popular chess legend. Furthermore, such machines lack memory. These machines certainly cannot use past experiences to inform future ones. It analyses all possible alternatives and chooses the best one.

Type 2: Limited memory – These AI systems are capable of using past experiences to inform future ones. A good example can be self-driving cars. Such cars have decision making systems. The car makes actions like changing lanes. Most noteworthy, these actions come from observations. There is no permanent storage of these observations.

Type 3: Theory of mind – This refers to understand others. Above all, this means to understand that others have their beliefs, intentions, desires, and opinions. However, this type of AI does not exist yet.

Type 4: Self-awareness – This is the highest and most sophisticated level of Artificial Intelligence. Such systems have a sense of self. Furthermore, they have awareness, consciousness, and emotions. Obviously, such type of technology does not yet exist. This technology would certainly be a revolution.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence:

First of all, AI has significant use in healthcare. Companies are trying to develop technologies for quick diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence would efficiently operate on patients without human supervision. Such technological surgeries are already taking place. Another excellent healthcare technology is IBM Watson.Artificial Intelligence in business would significantly save time and effort. There is an application of robotic automation to human business tasks. Furthermore, Machine learning algorithms help in better serving customers. Chatbots provide immediate response and service to customers.

AI can certainly make education more efficient. AI technology can discover the needs of students. Then it can adapt according to their needs. AI tutors provide study help to students. Also, AI can automate grading which results in saving a lot of time.AI can greatly increase the rate of work in manufacturing. Manufacture of a huge number of products can take place with AI. Furthermore, the entire production process can take place without human intervention. Hence, a lot of time and effort is saved.Artificial Intelligence has applications in various other fields.

These fields can be military, law, video games, government, finance, automotive, audit, art, etc. Hence, it’s clear that AI has a massive amount of different applications.To sum it up, Artificial Intelligence looks all set to be the future of the World. Experts believe AI would certainly become a part and parcel of human life soon. AI would completely change the way we view our World. With Artificial Intelligence, the future seems intriguing and exciting.

GENDER EQUALITY – MYTHS AND FACTS

Gender equality – When the term is said, we immediately start thinking of men and women and the differences between them in our society. Do we think of other genders? Do we know how many genders are there apart from male and female? No or maybe few. But the actuality is there are different genders of people living all over the world. Without being aware of this, we just speak only about males and females or transgender at times. When we speak about the difficulties faced by them, are we also adding the opportunities and recognition they got along with this? No. It is our responsibility to give equal importance to the good and bad in our society. So, let’s try to understand the myths and facts about the some more commonly known genders – male, female and transgender.

MALE AND FEMALE

I would like to start with the good changes in society for women that are left unrecognized most of the time. Starting with the change in family backgrounds, we had certain roles and responsibilities to be played, as men should work in the outside world, and women were stereotyped to carry out household chores in the olden times. But now we live in the era where both men and women work in the corporate world and share the household responsibilities equally. So, no longer there exists a male chauvinistic society. Still, we talk about the olden scenario rather than the reality. Talking about social development is as important as raising a voice for the differences.

Moving on to the traditional differences, I already said women are stereotyped to play certain roles which are being criticized as a major difference. But the reality is women are said to carry out household chores as they are the physical exercises a woman can do. Those days there were no corporate jobs. All the men had to do physical work which women couldn’t carry out and she shouldn’t do as it affects her uterus. This was the scientific reason behind the traditional practices. And again, this is also misinterpreted as women are made to sit in their houses.

The next one is about male-dominant domains – Women emerge and maintain their place in every field making every domain equal for both genders. They work in prominent roles in the so-called male-dominant domains such as Army, Navy, Airforce, and many more. Still, certain fields come under the dominance of men even after women laid their step into it. For example, they have already started driving autos changing the tag “male dominant domains”. But we recognize this as their special talent than treating them equally. All men and women are equally bestowed by the lord and there is nothing special when a woman does the same a man does. 

TRANSGENDERS

Coming to the transgenders, the myth is they are not given enough support and chances to prove themselves. But the fact is they are provided with opportunities to showcase their talents. The difference is between whether they utilize it effectively or not. They are persons like Kalki Subramaniam who changed her identity from transgender to an entrepreneur cum inspirational speaker and some individuals are asking alms from the people in public places instead of standing on their legs. 

So, many such good things are happening around in our society. We should feel proud and accept the changes taking place rather than complaining blindly. NGOs are working for different genders other than the above-mentioned to grant the place they deserve in society. It all depends on how we perceive them. Let us look deep into them and together build a better society.

How to feel better in a pandemic?

We often feel low, especially during the pandemic. We cannot go out and have fun nor can we physically go to school or work. Yes, the situation is slowly getting better with the distribution of vaccines but it is still a lot to take on our mental health.

So, here are some things you can do in your own house and instantly feel better:

Taking a long hot bath: Our skin releases endorphins in response to warm water. This is why you must have noticed that before taking a shower we tend to be lazy and don’t feel like taking it but once we are in the shower we don’t plan on coming out.

 Make your shower more fun by listening to songs and lighting candles. If you are someone who has a bathtub you can add bath bombs, bath salts, flowers, etc. If you don’t have a bathtub you can use a shower melt which is like a bath bomb but for showers.

Treat for the skin: Now that we are done with our bath. It is time for treating our skin. Doing a small activity like applying a face mask or exfoliating your skin would make you feel good. This will also hydrate your skin and remove the excess oils from it. We often feel great after doing skincare because our skin feels great and we feel relaxed.

Getting ready: just because we don’t have anywhere to go doesn’t mean you can’t look good at home. An issue I faced in the lockdown was not being able to get ready as often. Getting ready is more than just looking good, it also makes us feel more confident. So, wear a good outfit, even if you plan on staying home.

Make the environment cozy: we have to stay in our house most of the time during the pandemic. So, find any place in your house and turn it into your spot. You can decorate it by putting on fairy lights and wallpapers. You can then read your books there, paint or watch movies.

You can also switch things up in your house, move in some furniture or decorate the house. You can do this by adding pictures, posters, or paintings to your walls. You can also add in some indoor plants. Making the house look more lively will automatically brighten the mood. It will also give you a nice change because we are bored seeing the same four walls of our house.

Meditate: we often hear how effective meditating is but we never really try it on our own. Listen to calm music while you meditate. Even doing this for 3-5 minutes will make you feel good.

Cook: I am aware that not everyone is good at it. So, you can try making simple things like a mug cake. It is fun and eating it would brighten your mood.

Watch something light: when you are feeling low I would not recommend watching anything serious. Watch something which will instantly give you light laughter, and improve your mood.

Talk to your friends: during the pandemic, we cannot meet our friends, so video call them instead. Trust me there is nothing better than talking to friends. Whenever I talk to my friends over a video call, it not only brightens my mood up but I keep laughing the entire time. So, call the people who instantly lift your mood.

Media, Disability & COVID-19

According to United Nations, about 1 billion people all over the world come under the category of “disabled” and that is 15% of the global population. Now, the question is, shall we as a society neglect 15% people in the world just because they happen to be in minority?

Media being one of the crucial facets of society has a major role to play when it comes to disseminating information and making people aware about significant and ignored issues. Now, let us go through what media has done to represent people with disabilities and their issue since the beginning of the pandemic.

1) Disability and Broadcast Media


A Look: Public Broadcasters of various countries

In 2020, the World Federation of the Deaf noted that 80 governments in the world have been providing sign language interpretations while Covid-19 press briefings.

For example, in order to curb Covid-19 pandemic, South Korean government aimed to strengthen the ways disabled people could be informed during the pandemic and other related disasters. The country’s public broadcaster KBS during the pandemic announced that it would work to expand the reach of information in its disaster countries. During the pandemic, the public radio in the country had continued to provide programmes dedicated to disabled community with daily news and health updates and general life advice.

When it comes to India’s public television broadcaster Doordarshan and public radio-All India Radio, very minimal representation of disabled community took place during the pandemic. Even though the objective of the these broadcasters is social welfare, disabled community was one of the most ignored ones as “no special programmes” were held for this community, nor was their issue highlighted specifically anywhere. News Bulletins with sign language were held for the disabled community though. More has to be done to ensure social inclusion of all communities including the disabled ones.

Private Broadcasters: nothing matters, but profits!

Media all over the world, including the Indian ones either portray disabled people as “nothing” or “everything” and both of them are dangerous. In 2019, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in India directed the private channels to include special schemes for disabled community. Although some channels have started news bulletins for disable people but there was almost equal to zero representation of the disabled community during the pandemic.

There should be open space for the disabled community such as they should be invited for panel discussions and debates relating to different happenings in the world from politics to entertainment and like.

Digital Media: A hope in every way!

This is probably the best when it comes to serving and representing the disabled community during the pandemic. Digital and online media were the perfect mediums through which disabled people got proper spaces to talk about the issues they were facing during the pandemic.

One of the online apps called “News Hook” became increasingly popular among the disabled audience which used sign language specifically for the audience with hearing impairment. It covered headlines relating to technology, politics, entertainment, business and sports during the pandemic. It should also be noted that 65% of the staff here were from the disabled community.

Moreover, web portals of Indian Newspapers like The Indian Express and The Business Standards and many more gave enough of space to the disabled people so that they can talk freely about the issues they faced during the lockdowns.

The same above mentioned media channels also used platforms like YouTube to sensitise the audiences regarding the hindrances faced by the disabled community. Some reporters and even famous YouTube personalities covered the terrible times disabled people in India went through during the pandemic.

It should also be noted that online media was comfortable for disabled people as well as the medium is now more easily accessible with good quality content and also because of its low price rates.

Media, especially the mainstream media should be more responsible and sensitive in dealing with issues relating to the disabled community. More representation about the disabled community should take place in the mainstream media. Disabled people “aren’t incapable” and therefore they should be given proper employment in the media. They should be engaged and involved in live discussions and debates. Together, as society which includes the media we should create an environment which is inclusive, anti- discriminatory and diverse.

gaming- TYPES, GNERES AND CAREER

Gaming, a word which is shifting its meaning specifically towards electronic games. The technology is becoming more accessible. Internet prices are becoming low. And this field is becoming more and more familiar.

THERE ARE TYPES OF GAMES

  1. Arcade game: These type of games are typically seen in malls, refreshment parks and restaurants. These are usually coin operated. Pinball machines, videogames and electromechanical games are some of the games you might have seen. They have short levels in games with simple controls. players will rent the games to play. popularity of these games decreased with introduction of PC games.
  2. Console game: This type of game will provide interactive multimedia experience through a display device. A handheld control device is used to play games. Computer runs the game`s software. These games may come in a disk or can be downloaded directly from the internet. These are also played in specialized computers.
  3. Cloud game: This game resides on the company server instead of the users device. The gamer only have to install the client program. The client program will access the server to play games. These games will not require large storage and and processing power to play. The provider can also easily update the game.

POPULAR GENRES IN GAMES

  • Action games: Action games challenge the player`s physical capabilities like reflexes, hand and eye coordination, reaction time etc. These will have a great visuals to treat the player as well as give a punch of adrenaline rush while playing. They deliver a unique experience to the player. Innovations in these genre are frequent and dominating the other genres.
  • Sports games: This genre is present since the beginning of the gaming culture. Traditional physical sports are simulated here. The opposite team is controlled by Bots or by artificial intelligence. Some games will have actual sport tactics and rules. FIFA series is the best example to give here which has a record as fastest selling game.
  • Adventure games: These games involve storytelling themes with action and great visuals. These visuals take gamers on an adventure. Action-adventure games are also developed. The games will have adventure tasks like item collecting, puzzle-solving and explorations. The legend of Zelda is a good example for this genre.
  • Role playing games: These games showcase visually rich 3D experience. The gamer plays or controls a fictional character which goes on a quest. There will be a fantasy world for the character. The tasks assigned to the character are done by the gamer.
  • Simulation games: These games will create a simulation about the tasks of the real world or something near to that. These games try to copy various activities from the real life. These can be used for training analysis or prediction. These games will have more freedom of action within the game. sim city is an simulation game.
  • Battle royale games: This genre puts the player in exploration, scavenging and survival of the players character. This involves dozens of hundreds of players. Players start with minimal equipment and go on exploring and eliminating others. Winner is the last player to be alive. PUBG the game which took the gaming world with a storm is of this genre.
CAREER AS PROFESSIONAL GAMER

Gaming was once restricted to recreational purposes. But now this taking a form of a stable career. As it is a budding industry and not everyone is familiar with this field. But the professional side is picking up quickly. A professional gamer in India can earn between 5000 rupees to 45,000 rupees per month once they tie up with the e-sports company. Obviously the paycheck will depend on the performance and skills.

To become a gamer professionally one should find motivation and interest in playing e-sports. There are plenty of games out there but which game you are choosing to master on will also matter. Anyone who can play a game will not become a professional gamer. To be a professional gamer you have to practice the game you have to make a career in day and night. play and replay the levels so that you will master the levels. Participate in competitions happening around and get noticed by the e-sport companies. Make your own team and become a pro player.

Playing games is a fun task and a successful career from will be more fun. There are many gaming streamers in YouTube platform and game play has become one of the major content. Future will have more professional gamers and a big E-sports community will be built. There is no doubt that younger generations are obsessed with these games and we will definitely see E-sports as a mainstream sport throughout the world.

The Flying Sikh : The journey of MILKHA SINGH

I was moved to tears by the thought that from being nobody the night before, I had become somebody.

– Milkha Singh

The beginning

He was an athlete , an army officer and a proud citizen . He won for his motherland and inspired many . Yes , he was an inspiration and served for his nation .

He was born in November 20,1929 in Govindpura , Punjab ( present – Punjab , Pakistan ) . He was one of his 15 siblings from whom 8 died during the partition . In early age , he moved to Delhi , India in 1947 .

He wasn’t interested in army or becoming one but wanted to prove himself and others that he can be the one . It was his forth attempt when he gained access and introduced to the athletic later .

He once said that “I came from a remote village, I didn’t know what running was, or the Olympics”. And that’s where he started his journey as an athlete .

Medal awards and Popularity

With many Olympic , National and International awards . Rather than his award Milkha Singh was quite popular in media . His powerful aura worked from sports men to the Ministry .

Later in his life he married Nirmal saini , a former captain of Indian women volleyball team and had three daughters and a son .

He became Director of sports in Punjab Ministry of Education and was awarded with Padmashri in 1959. He also turned down Arjuna award in 2001 by saying that it was to be awarded to younger atheletes rather than him.

An inspiration

As an athlete , he inspired young aspirants who want to become from Nothing to Something . He shared his ideas that before his first game he was just a runner but after he earn first postion he became Something from Nothing .

” I was moved to tears by the thought that from being nobody the night before, I had become somebody. “

-Milkha singh

He also co- wrote his biography with his daughter “THE RACE OF MY LIFE ” in 2013 . Which inspired “Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ” an autobiography film in 2013 . A trust had been founded for the poor and needy sports people in 2013 due to the recognition of film .

A day of loss

On June 18th ,2021 , we lost one of the legendary Indian icon , an ace of athlete due to the post covid – complication . “We are deeply indebted to the doctors at PGI for their valiant efforts and the love and prayers we received from across the world and from yourselves,” – statment given by his family .

PM Narendra Modi pay a tribute to MILKHA SINGH in his monthly radio program ‘Maan ki baat’ . He urged India to cheer and motivate for forthcoming Tokyo Olympics .

He said “When talking about the Olympics, how can we not remember Milkha Singh Ji. When he get hospitalized, I got a chance to speak to him, I had requested him to motivate the athletes going for Tokyo Olympics”

We lost one gem of our India but we didn’t lost his contribution to his motherland . He has given a lot and it’s our time to remember what gave to us .

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