The difference between void and voidable contracts Is that a void contract is illegal and unenforceable while a voidable contract is legal and the parties can enforce it. A void contract is invalid or entirely against the law, so no one involved can say it’s enforceable under the law. Contracts that are voidable are valid and legally enforceable.

Null and Void

The word void means something isn’t valid and it isn’t legally binding. When we say a contract is void, that means it’s null, void, and that it is not backed by the force of law. That makes it unenforceable, and if anyone breaches an unenforceable contract, the other party to the contract has no legal recourse against them.

A contract can be valid when formed and later become void. This happens when the contract fulfills all the necessary conditions of a valid contract when it’s formed, but the laws change later or something changes to make fulfilling the contract impossible and beyond the capacity of imagination or beyond the control of the involved parties. Then, at that time, it becomes void. The things necessary to establish a valid contract include:

• Capacity
• Consideration
• Lawful object
• Free consent

What Makes a Contract Voidable

A voidable contract binds one party and the other party has the option to change their mind. This means they can cancel the contract anytime they want. The party that isn’t bound by the contract has the control in this type of contract. A mutual mistake on the part of both parties to a contract makes it voidable. If one or more pieces of material information are omitted from the contract, that also makes it voidable. A contract involving a minor is one example of a voidable agreement.

Minors can enter contracts, but if minors decide to breach the terms of a contract there isn’t any form of legal action that can be taken against them. This makes minors unbound parties in the contract. Another example of an unbound party in a contract is someone who’s either under the influence or someone who isn’t mentally capable of entering into a contractual agreement.

Legal Contract Forms

Both void contracts and voidable contracts are forms of legal contracts. A void contract, however, is invalid from the very beginning because it regards an illegal act. A voidable contract becomes invalid when one of parties involved cancels it for legal reasons. Because a void contract is holding against the law, neither party can enforce it. The voidable contract is both legal and valid until canceled or revoked. Starting at the beginning, a void contract can’t be enforced legally.

While no law is in place to support a void contract as a valid, existing contract, at least one party involved can be bound by a voidable contract. Neither obligations nor rights are associated with a void contract. With the voidable contract, which is covered under the law, only one party has the option of whether to continue it or rescind it. Legal liability can’t be assessed on either party to the contract if it’s void, but the voidable contract is upheld until the unbindable party chooses to rescind it.

When a contract is no longer enforceable, it becomes void. When a tactic like coercion, misrepresentation, or fraud are used in establishing a contract, it becomes voidable. A contract that is void can’t be made into a valid contract by two parties agreeing to the contract because you can’t legally agree to do something that’s illegal. A voidable contract, however, can be made valid by the party who isn’t bound, if they agree to give up the right to rescind the contract.

When a contract is ruled void, the court treats it as if it never existed. When a contract is ruled voidable, it can become a void contract based on the conditions that were in place when the contract was formed or it can be avoided under the law. Also, one party, or potentially both, has an option to void the contract. With a void contract, one or both parties have to do something that’s either impossible to do or illegal to do.

The Covid-19 pandemic reiterates the importance of Public Health systems. The private health sector which accounts for 70% of healthcare services in India, is playing only a supporting role.

There is a need to address the constraints and revamp of the public health system in India which would not only enable improved handling of Covid-19, but would also have widespread positive impacts extending much beyond the Covid-19 situation.

Covid-19 And Significance of Public Health Care

• For Indian population, the availability of functional public health systems is literally a question of life and death.
• A robust government health-care service is translated into a more effective outreach, timely testing, early case detection and more rational treatment for Covid patients. This is evident by comparing two States— Maharashtra and Kerala. Their per capita gross State domestic product (GSDP) is similar. However, their Covid-19 case fatality rates are hugely different — this being 0.48% for Kerala and 2.04% for Maharashtra.
• A major reason for such critical divergence is likely to be the huge differences in the effectiveness of public health systems. Kerala has per capita two and a half times more government doctors, and an equally higher proportion of government hospital beds when compared to Maharashtra, while allocating per capita over one and half times higher funds on public health every year.
• Despite Maharashtra having a large private health-care sector, its weak public health system has proved to be a critical deficiency.

Issues With Current Healthcare System

• Lack of Primary Healthcare Services: The existing public primary health care model in the country is limited in scope. Even where there is a well-functioning public primary health centre, only services related to pregnancy care, limited childcare and certain services related to national health programmes are provided.
• Supply-Side Deficiencies: Poor health management skills and lack of appropriate training and supportive supervision for health workers prevent delivery of the desired quality of health services.
• Inadequate Funding: Expenditure on public health funding has been consistently low in India (approximately 1.3% of GDP). As per OECD, India’s total out-of-pocket expenditure is around 2.3 % of GDP.
• Sub-optimal Public Health System: Due to this, it is challenging to tackle Non-communicable Diseases, which is all about prevention and early detection. It diminishes preparedness and effective management for new and emerging threats such as pandemic like Covid-19.

What can be done?

• Focus On Public Health:
  • Need for a larger programme which requires the immediate attention is the National Health Mission (NHM); since 2017-18, Union government allocations for the NHM have declined in real terms, resulting in inadequate support to States for core activities such as immunisation, while systemic gaps affect the delivery of Covid-19 vaccination.
  • The condition of the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) also remains pathetic.
    • This year’s Central allocation for the NUHM is ₹1,000 crore, which amounts to less than ₹2 per month per urban Indian.
• Private Sector Regulation:
  • Another clear priority that has been highlighted during the Covid-19 pandemic is the need to regulate rates and standards of care in the private sector.
  • Massive hospital bills have caused untold distress even among the middle class.
  • Although various determinants have contributed to the Mucormycosis outbreak, irrational use of steroids in Covid-19 patients, especially diabetics, appears to be an important factor.
  • The central government should take necessary steps to promote the implementation of the Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act (CEA).
    • Passed in 2010 and presently applicable to 11 States across India, this Act is not effectively implemented due to a major delay in notification of central minimum standards, and failure to develop the central framework for regulation of rates.
• NITI Aayog Prescriptions:
  • NITI Aayog has recently published the document, ‘Investment Opportunities in India’s Healthcare Sector’.
  • The document states that ‘in the hospital segment, the expansion of private players to Tier 2 and Tier 3 locations, beyond metropolitan cities, offers an attractive investment opportunity’.
  • Manufacturing of medical devices and equipment, expansion of diagnostic and pathology centres and miniaturized diagnostics have high growth potential.
  • Technology advancements such as Artificial Intelligence, wearables and other mobile tech, along with the Internet of Things, also offer numerous avenues for investment.

Conclusion

Existing evidence from the Covid-19 pandemic provides a clear message that a neglect of public health systems can mean large-scale, avoidable losses of lives; hence, public health services must be upgraded rapidly and massively as a topmost priority.

At some point in life we all have heard the dating phrase “it’s not you, it’s me”, but in case of a single mother they are usually left out with a heartbreak and the saying change as “it’s not you, it’s your child”. Our restrictive culture portrays that a second chance is not meant for a single mom. Our patriarchal society demonstrates that if a person is dating a single mother then he is doing a great offense but we never try to image the scrutiny of society she has to tackle. Society pictures that dating a single mother is impossible and in case it is possible it is not accepted.

Life of women is very difficult weather it’s her life before marriage or after marriage. Many women face a lot of harassment plus mental as well as sexual abuse after their marriage which ultimately results in split-up of the couple. Our patriarchal society is so cruel that getting divorce is acceptable but dating a single mom is not tolerable. If a married women who have child practice dating then she is always asked to put the child interest as the first preference. The reason behind single mom refuse to date is the social stigma they have to face. Whatever is the situation the one who is always considered in the faulty side is the women only and the amount of social scrutiny she have to face is numerous. Dating of a mom is not acceptable in India and is considered as a massive ill but taking dowry is referred as a ritual and this is the bitter reality. People often criticize others situation but the trauma one suffers is inexpressible. Dating a mother is like a shame and thus women ultimately decides to either quit the relationship or simply never approaching. If a woman is having a child it is just well-thought-out as a liability or we can simply say a burden which is in the form of joint custody of the child, all the expenses of the child which includes their schooling, tuition and all extra expenses. A divorced woman is always subjected to gossips and if she is an independent mother then definitely she has to tolerate a lot of humiliations and blabbermouths. A counselor from Mumbai, Mr. Narendra Kinger expresses his view that men feels extremely threatened as women’s give their first preference to their child. Every person needs a support in their life and same goes in case of single mom too as even they need companion in their life but keeping the child at the forefront is mandatory for women.

A single woman who has a child usually encounters a lot of difficulties and barrier in her mundane dating life. We all are living at a free democratic country where we have the right to go with our own will then why a mother is always subjected with questionable eyes if she is dating? Only we can change our society by changing our outdated thinking plus we have to modify our patriarchal society to a society which treats everyone equally.

As humans continue to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the planet’s oceans have changed due to it. The seas have absorbed more than 90% of the heat from the harmful gases. Scientists constantly express their concerns regarding climate change, describing the complex shifts now affecting our planet’s weather and climate systems. Rising sea levels are one of those climate change effects. Average sea levels have risen over 23 cm since 1880, with every year, the sea level rising 3.2 mm in height.

The change in sea levels is linked to three primary factors:

• Thermal expansion:

When water heats up, it expands. About half of the sea-level rise over the past 25 years is attributable to warmer oceans occupying more space.

• Melting glaciers:

Large ice formations such as mountain glaciers naturally melt to an extent each summer. This is followed by heavy snow and thick icebergs in the winters, thus maintaining balance in the environment. But since the last few decades, due to climate change, the natural summer ice melting lasts longer than usual. The atmosphere is so hot that even in the winter the cold isn’t able to re-freeze all the melted ice, thus, causing sea levels to rise.

• Loss of Greenland and Antarctica’s ice sheets:

Due to large amounts of heat accumulating on either side of the planet, the land on and around the poles, Greenland and Antarctica, are losing massive ice sheets making it melt more quickly. Scientists also believe that melted water from above and seawater from below is seeping beneath Greenland’s ice sheets, lubricating ice streams and causing them to move more quickly into the sea.

Even a small increase in sea level, have devastating effects on coastal habitats, it can cause destructive erosion, wetland flooding, aquifer and agricultural soil contamination with salt, and destruction of habitat for fish, birds, and plants. Higher sea levels along with dangerous hurricanes and typhoons move more slowly resulting in heavy rain, contributing to more powerful storm surges that can strip away everything in their path. Already, flooding in low-lying coastal areas is forcing people to migrate to higher ground, and millions more are vulnerable from flood risk and other climate change effects. The prospect of higher coastal water levels threatens basic services such as Internet access, since much of the underlying communications infrastructure lies in the path of rising seas.

While all coastal cities will be affected by sea-level rises, some will be hit much harder than others. About four out of every five people impacted by sea-level rise by 2050 will live in East or South-East Asia. US cities, especially those on the East and Gulf coasts, are similarly vulnerable. More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding every year and that number is expected to double by 2030. About 3 in every 4 European cities, will be hit hard by massive flooding. Africa is also highly threatened, due to rapid urbanization in coastal cities and the crowding of poor populations in informal settlements along the coast. Big cities like New York, Mumbai, Tokyo, Shanghai, to name a few, are all predicted to go under water in just a few decades if no action is taken. Only a few nations, like Singapore, Finland, New Zealand, Austria, are taking this dangerous situation seriously and spending billions of dollars to build infrastructure to protect itself from potential destruction in the future.