While the Mughals were an invincible force everywhere, they never succeeded in getting a foothold in the North East India.  The North East was an attractive proposition for the Mughals, rich Brahmaputra flowing through many countries and hence a great trade opportunity, and by controlling this region, one could control the trade route. The region was fertile and it meant great agricultural bounty.

The story of Ahom dynasty of Assam vs Mughals is incomplete without the story of Lachit Borphukan.  He was one of the five Patra Mantri (minister) in the Ahom Kingdom. He was the ruler of Lower Assam during that period.

From 1615 to 1682, the Mughals attacked North East 17 times. In 1667, the Ahoms lost Guwahati (Pragjyotishpur) to Mughals and had to pay a war indemnity of 3 lacs rupees and ninety elephants. Two Ahom princesses were taken as hostages by the Mughal Army.  King Chakradhwaj Singha selected Lachit Borphukan to lead the forces and get Guwahati back from Mughal captivity. Lachit raised the army and seized Guwahati from the Mughals.  He was sure that Mughals will be back soon, and hence immediately started preparing for the next battle.  .  He was right, Mughals came knocking at their doors with a much bigger and powerful army.

The Battle of Saraighat

The Mughals did not take this defeat lightly and came back with 30000 soldiers, 15000 archers, 18000 Turkish cavalry, 5000 gunmen and over 1000 canons. This was a mighty fleet and defeating them looked like an uphill task. Lachit was brave and a master mind. He forced the Mughal army to fight at the Brahmaputra River. Lachit had identified the weakest link in the Mughal force – their navy. The Ahom army built multiple mud embankments around Guwahati so that the Mughals were forced to attack them through Saraighat using their Navy.

For the Ahoms, the knowledge about the terrain was a big advantage. During the battle, there was a time when Lachit Borphukan fell terribly ill and the morale of the Ahom army started dwindling. His response to his team was very clear “If you want to flee, go ahead… the King has assigned a responsibility to me and I will do it well irrespective of my health. Let the Mughals take me away. You report to the king that his general fought well following his orders”. His soldiers rallied and a fiercely fought battle resulted in a victory over the mammoth Mughal army.  The general was not fighting for fame, religion or the King. He was fighting for his motherland and its people. Every year, 24^th of November is celebrated as Lachit Diwas in Assam.

Ahoms and their Navy

Ahoms always had a war strategy in place and that was about keeping invaders west of the river. The paik system ensured that each family in the Brahmaputra valley had to depute the male members whenever there was a war or any other extraordinary situation.  This implied a backup of army men whenever the need arise.

The Ahoms made excellent use of the terrain and developed perhaps India’s only “river specific” navy! Inside-out knowledge of the terrain was what made the guerrilla warfare highly effective and they called it “Daga Yuddha”!  Even towards the end of Ahom dynasty, their navy had more than 7000 sailors. There were sophisticated docks for boat building. They also knew how to build bastions (Pani Garh) in the middle of the river without using any existing island.

The Ahom war boats were smaller in size, but made up of wood from a specific tree, which would not sink even if overloaded. Each boat had a life of more than 10 years and was equipped with guns and artillery. The small boats were easy to maneuver in the river as compared to the large boats used by the Mughals. The Ahom boat men were expert in steering the boats in the battle field (river).

High in the Indian Himalayas, a remote lake nestled in a snowy valley is strewn with hundreds of human skeletons.

Roopkund Lake is located 5,029 metres (16,500ft) above sea level at the bottom of a steep slope on Trisul, one of India’s highest mountains, in the state of Uttarakhand.

The remains are strewn around and beneath the ice at the “lake of skeletons”, discovered by a patrolling British forest ranger in 1942.

Depending on the season and weather, the lake, which remains frozen for most of the year, expands and shrinks. Only when the snow melts are the skeletons visible, sometimes with flesh attached and well preserved. To date, the skeletal remains of an estimated 600-800 people have been found here. In tourism promotions, the local government describes it as a “mystery lake”.

For more than half-a-century anthropologists and scientists have studied the remains and puzzled over a host of questions.

Who were these people? When did they die? How did they die? Where did they come from?

One old theory associates the remains to an Indian king, his wife and their attendants, all of whom perished in a blizzard some 870 years ago.

Another suggests that some of the remains are of Indian soldiers who tried to invade Tibet in 1841, and were beaten back. More than 70 of them were then forced to find their way home over the Himalayas and died on the way.

Yet another assumes that this could have been a “cemetery” where victims of an epidemic were buried. In villages in the area, there’s a popular folk song that talks about how Goddess Nanda Devi created a hail storm “as hard as iron” which killed people winding their way past the lake. India’s second-highest mountain, Nanda Devi, is revered as a goddess.

Earlier studies of skeletons have found that most of the people who died were tall – “more than average stature”. Most of them were middle-aged adults, aged between 35 and 40. There were no babies or children. Some of them were elderly women. All were of reasonably good health.

Also, it was generally assumed that the skeletons were of a single group of people who died all at once in a single catastrophic incident during the 9th Century.

The latest five-year-long study, involving 28 co-authors from 16 institutions based in India, US and Germany, found all these assumptions may not be true.

Scientists genetically analysed and carbon-dated the remains of 38 bodies, including 15 women, found at the lake – some of them date back to around 1,200 years.

They found that the dead were both genetically diverse and their deaths were separated in time by as much as 1,000 years.

“It upends any explanations that involved a single catastrophic event that lead to their deaths,” Eadaoin Harney, the lead author of the study, and a doctoral student at Harvard University, told me. “It is still not clear what happened at Roopkund Lake, but we can now be certain that the deaths of these individuals cannot be explained by a single event.”

But more interestingly, the genetics study found the dead comprised a diverse people: one group of people had genetics similar to present-day people who live in South Asia, while the other “closely related” to people living in present-day Europe, particularly those living in the Greek island of Crete.

Also, the people who came from South Asia “do not appear to come from the same population”.

“Some of them have ancestry that would be more common in groups from the north of the subcontinent, while others have ancestry that would be more common from more southern groups,” says Ms Harney.

So did these diverse groups of people travel to the lake in smaller batches over a period of a few hundred years? Did some of them die during a single event?

No arms or weapons or trade goods were found at the site – the lake is not located on a trade route. Genetic studies found no evidence of the presence of any ancient bacterial pathogen that could provide disease as an explanation for the cause of deaths.

A pilgrimage that passes by the lake might explain why people were travelling in the area. Studies reveal that credible accounts of pilgrimage in the area do not appear until the late 19th Century, but inscriptions in local temples date between 8th and 10th Centuries, “suggesting potential earlier origins”.

So scientists believe that some of the bodies found at the site happened because of a “mass death during a pilgrimage event”.

But how did people from the eastern Mediterranean land up at a remote lake in India’s highest mountains?

It seems unlikely that people from Europe would have travelled all the way from Roopkund to participate in a Hindu pilgrimage.

Or was it a genetically isolated population of people from distant eastern Mediterranean ancestry that had been living in the region for many generations?

“We are still searching for answers,” says Ms Harney.

A multiple personality refers to dissociative identity disorder (DID), a mental disturbance where an individual has two or more distinct personalities. The thoughts, actions, and behaviors of every personality could also be completely different.
People with DID have two or more distinct personalities. They do not present as simple changes in traits or moods. A person with DID expresses significant differences between these alternate identities, which may even be mentioned as alters.
Trauma often causes this condition, particularly during childhood. While there’s no defined cure for DID, long-term treatment may help people combine their personalities into one.
Often, these personalities are completely different from one another . These fragmented personalities take hold of the person’s identity for a few time.
A person also maintains their primary or host identity, which is their original personality, and can answer to their first name . Their primary identity is usually more passiveTrusted Source, and that they could also be unaware of the opposite personalities.When a personality change happens, the new personality will have a definite history, a new identity, and different behaviors.

These split personalities, or alters, often have their own distinct:

• name
• age
• gender
• moods
• memories
• vocabulary

The exact explanation for DID isn’t fully understood. However, there’s a robust link between the condition and trauma. This may be particularly true for trauma or abuse during childhood. In Europe, the us , and Canada, 90% of individuals who experience DID are victims of severe trauma in childhood.
The condition represents someone who struggles to integrate and assimilate certain aspects of their own identity, which become disjointed over time.
When these other personalities take over, they often talk with a special vocabulary, and gesture differently. In some cases, one personality can also devour certain habits that the opposite doesn’t , like smoking, or becoming violent.
In the shift from one personality to a different , an individual may experience other symptoms. Some people can have anxiety, as they’ll be scared of the personality change. Some may become very angry or violent. Others might not notice or remember these transitions in the least , although another person may notice them.
Specific personalities may appear in response to certain situations. These symptoms can cause an individual significant distress, and disrupt their ability to measure their life normally.
A person with DID can also experience symptoms of other conditions, like self-harm. One study notes that quite 70%Trusted Source of individuals with DID have attempted suicide.
It takes time to diagnose DID. Misdiagnosis is common, and doctors got to observe a person’s symptoms, and dismiss other conditions.
To properly make a diagnosis, doctors got to see the various personalities and the way they affect the person.
Time is additionally a crucial think about seeing the complete scale of the symptoms. This is because people that seek help for DID commonly present with symptoms linked to other psychological state conditions.
Additionally, as DID often occurs alongside other disorders, doctors got to rule out the symptoms of other conditions before they create a diagnosis. As such, they’ll prescribe therapies or medications to treat these conditions first.
There is no specific cure for DID. However, many of us can help manage their symptoms and work to integrate their identities through regular psychotherapy. They can also ease the other symptoms with medication.

Behavioral economics studies how individuals behave, and how thinking and emotions affect individual decision making. By adding insights from psychology, behavioral economics tries to modify the conventional economic approach, and to analyze how people act in social contexts. It is the study of psychology as it relates to the economic decision making processes of individuals and institutions.  Rational choice theory states that when humans are presented with various options under the conditions of scarcity, they would choose the option that maximizes their individual satisfaction. It assumes that people, given their preferences and constraints, are capable of making rational decisions by effectively weighing the costs and benefits of each option available to them. The final decision made will be the best choice for that particular individual. The rational individual has self-control and is unmoved by emotions and external factors and, hence, knows what is best for himself. However, behavioral economics explains that sometimes humans are not rational and can’t make good decisions.

As humans are emotional and easily distracted beings, they make decisions that are not in their self-interest. For example, according to the rational choice theory, if an individual wants to lose weight and is equipped with information about the number of calories available in each edible product, he will opt only for the food products with minimal calories. Behavioral economics states that even if he wants to lose weight and sets his mind on eating healthy food going forward, his end behavior will be subject to cognitive bias, emotions, and social influences. Behavioral economics draws on psychology and economics to explore why people sometimes make irrational decisions, and why and how their behavior does not follow the predictions of economic models. It seeks to explain why an individual decided to go for choice A instead of choice B.

Companies are increasingly incorporating behavioral economics to increase sales of their products. As companies begin to understand that their consumers are irrational, an effective way to embed behavioral economics in the company’s decision-making policies that concern its internal and external stakeholders may prove to be worthwhile if done properly. For example, in 2007, Apple priced the first iPhone at $600 but then quickly reduced it to $400. However, If they had introduced the phone for $400, the initial reaction to the price in the smartphone market might have been negative as the phone might be thought to be too pricey. But by introducing the phone at a higher price and bringing it down to $400, consumers believed they were getting a pretty good deal and sales surged for Apple. This is how companies use behavioral economics.

Dowry death is a major problem faced by the women in our country. It is a death of married women by her husband or her in law families because of the extortion of gifts. It refers to death of women with the cause of burn or any injury in the body within seven years of marriage and before her death she is subjected to lot of harassment and merciless acts by her spouse or her family members. The report suggest that every day twenty women die due to the harassment they face because of dowry death it may be either murder or are forced to commit suicide. It’s a phenomenon which indicates the death of a young married woman due to dowry after facing all the harassment and abuse. Since 1980s such ill activities are followed. The first case came into the eye of media where a young brides being burned to death.

In the women movement during the time of post-independence the key issue was the ‘bride burning’. Marital violence is a ‘cultural crime’ which is practiced in India. During the time of marriage a ritual is followed where gifts in the form of property, cash and goods are offered from the bride’s side to the bridegroom and his family, such ill practices are followed with the name of custom and is called dowry. The practice of such ill activities is now followed by almost every community and caste. The occurrence of such custom is just because of our patriarchal society that prefers men much more superior than women. Boys are given the prevailage of rate card which is an unofficial price the male members of the society are worth. This worth is measured by the dowry provided to them on their marriage. We say that we all are equal but at many places strong inequality is followed where the bride’s family is constantly pressured to full fill all the demands of the groom’s family and in return they accept their daughter. The dowry system is deeply connected to our Indian Culture and thus remains satisfactory and unchangeable in the society. We all know that dowry taking is a crime but we ignore this fact and as a result dowry death occurs. Even educated people practice such ill customs because we are afraid to go against and challenge our society and its traditions. The result of our custom and tradition is dowry death which has till now taken many lives. In this ill tradition members of the groom side have given much advantage and are considered superior. In case the women and her family is unable to full fill the desires and needs of the groom then the bride is tortured and harassed.

 Dowry death is the bitter realities which every next upcoming bride is afraid off and due to this customs daughter are considered inferior than man and a burden for whole family. As a result, families store the wealth rather than investing it on the daughter’s education or they certainly kill the baby inside the mother’s womb. Dowry death is a great offence and there should be strict rules plus regulation for it. The one who practice such ill acts in the name of tradition shall be given strict punishment.

All laws of generosity deny creature savagery. In case of domesticated animals, no request can legitimize savagery, as terrible animals can do little to ensure themselves. There are numerous kinds of savagery to domesticated animals. It is endured essentially by the individuals who have little information on how the touchy balance of nature is to be kept up with by various species. The Savagery To Creatures Exposition is a knowledge into the remorselessness that creatures endure and what arrangements can be embraced

At the first spot on the list is a sort of’ government-supported savagery that is clear from the sorry condition of our zoos where creatures are kept in squeezed confines, some of which’ smell’ so severely that you can’t get the solidarity to take a gander at the creatures all the more intently. Behind the entryways of the research center is the most shocking case of remorselessness — youthful creatures in the lab are being tormented for the sake of studies and experimentation.

In beautifiers, 60,000 synthetic compounds are utilized and frequently tried on rodents, bunnies, guinea pigs, mice, and monkeys. To choose corneal pestering, damaging engineered compounds are mixed into the eyes.. To decide tissue decay, creatures are frozen in ice and put on hot plates. Consistently, around ten million creatures are killed in tests.

Different instances of overall detailed pitilessness incorporate uncommon species, for example, Liver Ridley turtles becoming enmeshed in the fishing vessel’s nets, driving in suffocation, or spinal followed reptiles Offered to make aphrodisiacs. Within the sight of imminent customers, their necks are snapped.

The balances of the sharks are cut and the terrible creatures stream once again into the sea to bite the dust a difficult demise. Frog legs are additionally cut, which are taken care of as a delicacy. Additionally, the adolescent chiru deer hide is utilized to make’ wraps’ of colorful toosh. In spite of many creatures and birds being caught and killed for the sake of custom and custom, notwithstanding the laws.

Untamed life Laws

There is enactment determined exclusively to save the uncommon and quickly diminishing species. For instance, the Constitution’s Article 15A(G) pointed toward securing and working on the common habitat. The Untamed life Assurance Demonstration of 1972 is another similar law.

In any case, the irregularity is that there isn’t sufficient execution of any of this enactment. Likewise, the Untamed life Insurance Act, for instance, was changed in 1991, however it couldn’t stop India’s outlandish bird exchange.

Clearly, guidelines alone can’t defend creatures from eradication. It will possibly happen on the off chance that we figure out how to cherish and recognize the sacredness of both human and creature life types.