The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the world’s oldest civilization.It is popularly known as Harappan Civilization because the first territory to be carved was ‘Harappa’ in the year 1921 under the oversight of Daya Ram Sahni.

The extent of this civilization:

• In the west is up to Sutkagendor in Baluchistan ( now it is a part of Pakistan ).

• Alamgirpur ( Uttar Pradesh ) in the East.

• Daimabad ( Maharashtra ) in south.

• & Manda ( J & K ) in the north.

This Civilization refer to Bronze Age/ Chatholic Age. Thus, it is also called Bronze Age Civilization.

Some General Facts About Sites located in this Civilization

1.Harappa

• It had working floors consisting of rows of circular brick platforms which were meant for threshing grain have been found here.
• Six granaries and sixteen Agnikundas ( firepits ) have been found here.
• People here knew the process of making tarcoal.
• Main gate for the entry in the houses of Harappa was in the North Direction.

2.Mohenjodaro

• Mohenjodaro was discovered in 1992 under the supervision of R.D.Bannerji

• The literal definition of Mohenjodaro in Sindhi language is “Mound of the Dead”.

• There found some evidences that shows how properly assembled were the halls,kitchen, & courtyard were.
• Seven layers of Mohenjodaro city directs that the city was destroyed and rebuilt seven times.3.

3.Lothal

• A dockyard have been found at Lothal.
• In 1957, Lothal was found by S.R.Rao in Gulf of Cambay Gujarat.
• Red & Black clay pots, copper tools, brick built tank like structure,a bead making factory & a seal from Iran have been discovered at Lothal.
• Also some liner scale of bronze have been found here.

Besides locales of this civilization there are some more amazing facts such as :

1.Town Planning : It was one of the most distinguishable feature of this civilization.Hence ,this civilization also known as first Urbanization.

2.Economy : Agriculture & Animal husbandry were popular since that age.They used to grow crops like wheat,barley,cotton,mustard. Harappan domesticated sheep,goat,buffalo & pig.They also knew about Tiger,camel,elephant various birds etc however they were unaware of lions.

3.Crafts :The Harappa culture belongs to the Bronze Age,as the people were very well acquainted with the manufacture and use bronze.The weavers also used to wove clothes of wool and cotton.Remains suggests that pottery was also done by people of this civilization. Some Seal were also found. However they were not aware of Iron.

4.Trade: Land and sea trade was in vogue.The most prominent trading partner was Mesopotamia.The mesopotamia inscription refer to trade relation with Meluha which was the ancient name given to Indus Region.

5.Religion: Pashupati seal has been found from Mohejodaro in which a Yogi figure has been depicted.The yogi on the seal is surrounded by buffalo,tiger,elephant,rhinoceros and dear.Hence the Yogi is said to be proto-Shiva.Harappans also worshipped Mother Goddess.

6.Script of Harappa: The Harappas knew the art of writing.There are nearly 4,000 specimens of Harappan writing on stone seals and other objects. Harappan Script is not alphabetical but mainly pictographic.

7.Decline of Harappan Civilization: There are several view points of the different historians on the decline of the Harappan Civilization.According to Wheeler Aryan attack was the cause of decline of Harappan Civilization & as per G.F.Dales and Marshal,Aryans were not responsible for the decline of this civilization.Also James Marshall stated that natural calamities were responsible for the decline of Harappan civilization.

Elon Musk, Tesla’s co-founder and chief executive officer, pointed to some of California’s issues when he announced the move from Palo Alto to Austin. The company’s Fremont factory is jammed with workers and equipment, with little space to build around it.

California Governor Gavin Newsom frequently touts that his state is the leader in cutting-edge manufacturing and green technology. Now one of the most recognizable companies in those fields is taking its headquarters elsewhere.

Tesla Inc.’s move from Silicon Valley to Texas marks the latest blow for California, the electric-car maker’s home since its founding 18 years ago. It joins companies including Oracle Corp., Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co., and Charles Schwab Corp. in relocating their corporate hubs to the cheaper and more tax-friendly Lone Star state in the past two years.

They all are keeping a large presence in California, underscoring the importance of the world’s fifth-largest economy. But the shifts of companies born and bred in the state show how many of its intractable issues, from the nation’s most expensive housing costs to high taxes and climate catastrophes, pose a threat to continued economic growth if corporate departures multiply. 

And losing Tesla — a long-shot, clean-energy startup that upended the auto industry and embodies much of the state’s economy — delivers a particularly symbolic hit.

Tesla as a brand represents not just Motor City USA, it represents Silicon Valley and Hollywood,” said David McCuan, chairman of Sonoma State University’s political science department. “Tesla is really a California-centric thing. But Elon Musk represents something larger than life, and that’s really Texas.”

Musk, Tesla’s co-founder and chief executive officer, pointed to some of California’s issues when he announced the move from Palo Alto to Austin. The company’s Fremont factory is jammed with workers and equipment, with little space to build around it. 

The billionaire clashed with local public officials over lockdown policies during the pandemic. He defied local orders by restarting production at the plant. Musk said that Tesla isn’t leaving California and will continue to expand there – but he made clear that he saw more opportunity for growth in Texas.

It’s tough for people to afford houses and a lot of people have to come in from far away,” said Musk, who last year said he was moving to Texas himself. “There’s a limit to how big you can scale in the Bay Area.”

That region, in particular, has long been seen by companies as a difficult place to do business. Employers have had to offer ever more generous compensation so that workers can keep up with sky-high housing costs. Many workers have simply been priced out of living near their work, forcing them into long commutes before the pandemic.  

California’s Association of Realtors forecast this week that the state’s median single-family home price will jump to a record $834,000 next year, more than twice the national level. The median sale price of homes in Santa Clara County — the heart of Silicon Valley – was $1.66 million in August, an almost 11% jump from a year earlier, according to the industry group.