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Undoubtedly, reading books is the finest way towards personal growth and is considered to be one of the most intellectually beneficial activities. People who are in the habit of reading books are usually the ones who are considered to be among the most literate and learned class of society.
Different people have different tastes in reading. They prefer reading books that suit their personalities, ambitions, and likings. Some like to read about fiction, some about politics, some about business, some about romance, some about spirituality, and some like to dive deep into the historical past. Despite the diversity in the reading habits of people, many avid book readers love to read books on the subject of “self-help,” too.
The popularity of self-help books is not a vogue. There is a proper justifiable reason behind this popularity, which is that self-help books can and have transformed the lives, or at least some aspects of the lives, of millions of people around the globe.
There are several benefits of reading self-help books. The prime benefit of reading self-help books is that the experience that it provides puts the reader on a path to read, practice the strategies learned, and make improvements in their lives without asking for other’s help.
Self-help books charge you with positive energy. And not only you feel that energy within yourself, but you also carry and start spreading it all around. You create a positive atmosphere around yourself and charge up the environment wherever you go. And we all know that a more focused and energized worker is always more productive and is appreciated everywhere. In fact, several businesses provide their employees with complimentary self-help books or keep those books in public areas of the office, like the canteen or the lounge. And of course, they ain’t doing this in vain, they do have a point.
Moreover, Reading self-help books can also build a higher sense of confidence in a person – over time that in turn can help a person to get out of almost any challenging situation without seeking other’s help. Another important benefit of self-help books is that it strengthens the reader by developing a mentally tough attitude of relying on oneself. It instills the skill of addressing and untying the knots of day-to-day life.
In a nutshell, the limitless advantages of reading self-help books cannot all be summarized in a short article. However, reading and benefiting from self-help books is all about learning, applying, and taking continuous swift action. It is always encouraged to get used to the habit of reading, particularly self-help books, in order to experience the true transforming and life-enriching benefits of books. Hopefully, as a result of doing so, you too will be able to realize your dream by reaching your greatest and most fulfilling potential.
” The day I understood everything, was the day I stopped trying to figure everything out. The day I knew peace was the day I let everything go. ” This is a beautiful quote by C. Joybell C. Peace has different meaning for different people. Some consider peace as a way of detaching from the world, while some believe it to be the way to find themselves. I personally think peace is happiness.
Peace is the most satisfying feeling in the whole world. It is when you just don’t care anymore. When you stop thinking about anything over and over again. When you are not bothered by anything anymore. When you don’t care what other people think about you. When you stop having expectations about something or maybe from someone. When you aren’t expected to do anything. When you don’t have to fight anymore. When you are patient. When you just don’t trust anyone but yourself.
Peace is eternal. If you find it once truly, it will stay with you forever. If it’s really peace that has come your way, it will never go away. Peace is when you are standing in the open and cold wind blows through your hair. You don’t do anything or think about anything. Then you close your eyes and whatever you see first, any thing or anyone or any feeling, that is peace.
Peace is when all your regrets are forgotten. All the mistakes forgiven. All the problems solved. The self doubts cleared. The pressure gone. The hurt healed. The sadness removed. The bad deeds neglected. The guilt ignored. The desperation turned into patience. The anger calmed. The thoughts organized and the mind cleared. That is peace. You feel it, you sense it.
Peace is the most supreme feeling anyone can have. It is greater than happiness. Even greater than the hurt. It is endless while others are temporary. Most difficult to find but the most valuable, most eternal and satisfying emotion. It subsides the anger, it heals the most dreaded hurt and fills the heart with calmness. It’s the ultimate goal of someone’s life. To not care, to not be angry, to not be hurt by betrayal, to be happy and content, to feel nothing but peace, this is life.
Search for peace and when you find it, claim it yours and never let go. Peace makes the soul last forever and ever. The crave for peace is undeniable when you are on the verge of ending everything. When you just can’t tolerate anymore, you desire the sense of calmness, the inner peace. The want doesn’t subside easily. It never ends until you do find your precious peace. Peace makes you wholesome.
The power of peace and calm is unbeatable. The crazy hunger to find peace turns into anger and that anger flows out in the form of tears. The strongest, most desired and the most overwhelming feeling is peace. It consumes you from inside out. It grabs your fear of being lost, throws it away and puts you back on the track of your life. When you have it, you will know the true meaning of peace.
If anybody is reading what I am about to say, please your life is important this is not the way. Now a days, now and then I find posts about people committed suicides, which is very disheartening to see. I wonder what happened to our generation, why they are running away from their lives. “Suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem, It doesn’t end the pain it just passes it on to your loved ones.” Please take positive action, reach out for help from loved ones, save your life.
Job Interview is the most crucial phase of a person’s life. It is one step towards your success in life. If you are here, that means you probably applied for a job and now you have got a callback. So don’t worry, you have come to the right place. Here you will find absolutely everything you need to know about preparing for an interview. Once you have made up your mind about the interview, then there’s only one thing you have to take care of, that is, a list of essentials to take with you.
The first step towards preparing for an interview is to make a checklist of all the essential items you have to bring to the interview. Don’t panic. Just take a deep breath and leave this tension on us. We will clear all your doubts and you can go ace your interview. We might need a Thank you note afterwards ! Anyways, the most important thing is your confidence. Then comes your A-game. Other than these there are a few things which are shown below. So to make the employers pleasantly surprised, check out our fully detailed and updated list of what you need to bring to your interview. Come on let’s have a look and dive straight into the main points.
You don’t want to make a fool of yourself if you show up half prepared for your interview. So we are here to help you with that. Here are some items listed below. Use this list to make sure you are fully prepared for your big day.
Folder – There are many documents and papers you need to carry to the interview. So a folder is an organized way to do that. You can store all the necessary documents in the folder. Plus you will have an easy access to your documents when needed.
Copies of your resume – You should carry at least 5 copies of your resume. It will ensure that you have a resume for every employer you meet. Keep them safe, otherwise you’ll lose them. Keep them in the folder so they don’t wrinkle or bend. And it certainly won’t hurt to print a copy to keep for yourself. Would it ?
Copies of your cover letter – Keep at least 5 copies of your cover letter. Bring them in the folder to ensure that they are safe from bending and you have easy access to them. One for you and others for all the employers you meet. It will be helpful, trust us on this one ! It will also be helpful in case one gets misplaced.
Portfolio or your Work samples – Your portfolio is the most crucial and promising step ahead to you securing the job. Your work samples should be neatly maintained and are required to be perfect for the level of the job. The portfolio will be the best option to showcase your talents and what you have achieved in the past. It also helps the employer in finding your true potential and increases your chances of getting the job. The hiring manager always goes for the portfolio first. Keep it in the folder to have easy access to it when needed.
A notepad and a pen – You should absolutely carry a notepad to write down the names, the company’s information and of course to note down what the employer has to say. Maybe try to catch up on the important information you get. But don’t take so many notes that you forget to make eye contact. That will not be a good impression and will show you as incompetent. Make sure to carry more than one pen so you have an extra if one runs out of ink. Don’t forget to first ask for permission from the employer to take notes.
A list of references – Now, even if you are going well with the interview, a list of references will be a good addition to the list of things you need to carry with you. The employer might ask you for references anytime during the interview. So it will be good to be prepared for this hurdle beforehand. Think of all the people who could vouch for you and maybe put in good word for you to the hiring manager. Make sure to include the contact information with the details of your references. But don’t worry if you are not much experienced or don’t have any references to list down. Any former teachers will also make a pretty good reference. Just don’t list down your family members or friends. That will surely be the embarrassing highlight of the day.
A bag or a briefcase – Carry a briefcase so it looks professional and you have a great first impression on the employer. It will help you carry all the items easily to the location. You should organize the items and documents in a proper manner so that they are easily accessible to you when needed. You don’t want to look like you can’t even handle your things. Pages dropping out of your hand will not look good. Now, would it ?
Identification proof or Photo ID – Of course this is a very common thing to remember to take anywhere. Nut we thought it might be beneficial for you to remember to take it with you for your big day ahead. You don’t want to lose a probable job because you forgot your photo id. That would be depressing but don’t stress, we are here to remind you. Taking your identification with you will be good and will look professional. It may also earn you more points on the employers priority list of selection for the job. And plus you might need it to get through the security outside of the building.
Talking points – You might want to add this also to your list. These should basically be the summary of your experience in bullet points. Points will be easy to glance at once before the big meeting. It will also boost your confidence and keep you out of stress. These points can be your specific skills that you might want to put light on in front of the employer. And most importantly your accomplishments should be surely mentioned so that you remember to review them before the meeting and you don’t forget to tell all about them.
Questions for the Hiring Manager – These are the questions for you to ask the hiring manager. Any queries you have regarding the job can be written down on a paper and asked during or after the interview. These questions may also be regarding any company policies you need to clarify about. You can ask about the position you are applying for. But remember, do not ask for the salary details. It might cast a bad light on you in front of the manager. At least wait until he / she brings it up himself / herself. And remember to be specific in your questions and of course, ask in a professional manner to make a good impression. The questions should be valid and easily understandable to the employer. They should be good and relevant enough to make you stand out from the other applicants.
Travel directions to the interview – You should absolutely carry the travel directions to the building you are suppose to go to. You certainly don’t want to get lost in the middle of no where. Do you ? So better carry a print out of the directions to the company building. It will of course be helpful if you are going in a new city for the interview or travelling first time to the area. And getting lost might get you late for the meeting. It could also cost you the chance to work in the company. After all your hard work and preparation, you don’t want to get late because of unexpected delays and interruptions that might get in your way. So it is better to be prepared before hand. And even after planning your schedule 10 – 15 minutes early, you are still running late then you should definitely inform the office or the employer.
Contact information – You should have the contact information of the employer as well as the front desk of the company you are going to. In case you are running late or any other interruption has entered your way, then you can easily get in touch with them and maybe they will understand. But good luck with that ! Mostly the hiring managers don’t consider any issues but you can always hope for better. However, it is better to make sure you reach to the building on time.
Business cards – They may not be necessary but are certainly a good addition to the list. They can be eye catching and helpful for increasing your chances of getting the job. It is only because the hiring manager may find you smart and more experienced if you show a business card. It depicts you as a more professional candidate for the job. They might also be helpful in providing your contact information to the employer. Business cards are just a piece of paper to store your information in a concise form and in a single place.
Well, there are a lot of other things that you need to keep in mind while preparing for an interview. They are not things to carry to the meeting, but rather some personality traits or may we say, a professional persona. Here, come on we will have a look at them.
Positive mind – You need to remind yourself that you have worked so hard for this job and now this is where it all comes comes together. You need to keep a positive mind going into the big meeting. Do not stress or have doubts about the job just before the interview. It can destroy all your hard work that you put into it. You just need some positive vibes around you to keep you all ready to go and ace the interview. Believe in yourself and there it is. You did it. You will get through it with flying colors.
Confidence – Now the next is confidence. Well all of us know that this is the most important and required component of your list. Remember, do not get nervous. Do not get cold feet at the last minute. It will ruin your preparation and afterwards you will feed bad and regret not being confident enough. But of course, you know there is a fine line between being fully mentally prepared and being overconfident. Do not in whatever circumstances, cross that line. More than anything else, being overconfident will surely almost drop your chances of getting the job.
A professional outfit – Your first impression will be taken on how you look. It is very important for you to look absolutely professional. You need to set a work outfit for your big meeting with the employer. A suit with formal shoes and well trimmed hair should be a nice and presentable attire for men. And as for women, a shirt with trousers or maybe work skirts paired with nice pair of heels or shoes. These are just our suggestions for you, but it totally depends on what you have on your mind. Just remember that your outfit should be neat, presentable and properly ironed. You don’t want the employer to see the wrinkles on your shirt peeking out during your interview ! And one more last tip is that wear what you feel comfortable in but also maintaining the theme of a professional attire.
Practice – All of us have heard that ‘Practice makes a person perfect.’ Haven’t we ? So this applies here too. Practice for the interview in advance. Like practice your communication skills. Maybe practice speaking your questions out loud. Check your confidence level too. Practice enough that you don’t regret afterwards. Search for the common interview questions that are mostly asked and practice answering those questions. And lastly, practice arranging and taking out items from your folder without fumbling.
Attitude – This may sound absurd but it’s not what you think. We are not telling you to go to your interview with a snarky attitude. By this we simply mean that you should have a positive attitude when you go in. You should have hope and faith in yourself that you will ace it and get through certainly.
A well prepared mind – A well prepared mind would be the perfect ingredient for a successful interview. You need to be mentally prepared and healthy while going in. Throw out the self doubts and the low self esteem surfacing your thoughts. Make sure you get a good sleep before the big day. Go get the job with a peaceful mind.
Your A-game – This is a must. You need to bring out your A-game for the interview. Be well prepared. Don’t hesitate. And you will ace it.
A good mood – A good mood will give you a fresh start for the big day. And you will go into the interview with a confident persona. You also won’t be impatient or scared.
A convincing smile – As we know a smile is the key to fit in every where. Stride confidently into the room with your perfect smile. It gets the undivided attention of the hiring manager. A smile also makes the best first impression.
Last minute check ups – The above listed things and extras are enough. But you can also check out these small items necessary for unwanted circumstances. Here it is.
Silenced mobile phone – Bring you phone with you but it should be silenced and fully charged. You don’t want to have to be interrupted by a call.
Cash – Some cash should be helpful to bring in any case of emergency.
Research about the company – Do a thorough research about the company and the job you are applying to. Maybe about former employees and about the job requirements along with the rules inside the office.
Breath mints or floss – They will help you maintain a good oral hygiene during the interview and will make you feel clean.
A negative attitude – You don’t want to make a bad first impression. Your negative attitude might do just that. It might put you in a bad light and maybe cost your potential job.
Salary demands – Do not ask about your salary in the interview. It might seem greedy and of course unprofessional. At least not until you are sure of getting the job or the employer brings it up himself / herself.
A companion – Do not at any cost bring yourself a companion. Neither your parents or any guardian, nor any friends. Nobody is needed in the interview room. They might just give you a low confidence because of peer pressure.
Hats or caps – Any type of accessories are not advisable to wear to an interview. They might just be a distraction for the employer during the interview. And in some cases, physical appearance can be a hurdle in the way.
Strong perfume – Wearing strong perfume or cologne in a office might be risky as you never know, someone might have an allergy. It will just add to the distraction.
Food or drinks – You can certainly eat food before or after the interview. You can even celebrate after with some drinks too. But bringing food items inside the building might not be a good idea to impress the employer.
Untidy appearance – Wearing shabby or loose clothes is not a professional work attire. And certainly do not attend the interview with unclean and untidy hair. Again, physical appearance also plays a role in getting you a job.
So, these were the things you need to keep in mind while preparing for your big day. It is a special moment in anyone’s life and you sure don’t want to spoil it. At last we wish you All the Best and hope you come out with flying colors. You enter the room with confidence, and exit it with pride for yourself because you absolutely deserve it. It is important to be aware of what to bring to an interview but it is also necessary to know that what you say during it or the way you act in front of the employer, will have a bigger impact on your chances of getting the job.
Hockey is normally played on grass field or turf field or an indoor stadium. Hockey is predominantly a stick and ball game. Hockey is also the National Game of India.Field hockey, also called Hockey, outdoor game played by two opposing teams of 11 players each who use sticks curved at the striking end to hit a small, hard ball into their opponent’s goal.The objective of this game is to pass the ball with a bat to the goal of opposite players’ court. Other players will be trying to take the ball away and make their goal. The players in the team will be assigned positions for which the duties will be defined earlier. The task of each player in the team is to get the ball in the opponent’s goal point. All the players should be co-operative in scoring more goals.
HISTORY OF HOCKEY :
Hockey, as a sport of stick and ball, dates back to middle-age. Some of the carvings of this sport were found in Ireland and Greece in 1200 and 600 BC respectively. It is assumed that the sport existed some 4000 years ago. However, hockey took its actual form with government organization to recognize the sport. Hence, specific rules of the game were introduced in early 19th century. Countries like England, Germany, Argentina, Spain, India, Malaysia, and Pakistan have international teams and take part in all the annual events organized by International Hockey Federation (FIH) formed in 1924.
TEAM SIZE :
The Hockey is either played girls against girls or boys against boys. The team consists of 11 members and each player is assigned with a particular position and task. Like most games, team work is the basic element of winning and the entire team’s contribution is crucial for success.
The 11 players consist of Goalkeepers, Defenders and Strikers. Individual player has got their tasks to work on in the game. The hockey squad will be having a total of 16 players as the game allows rolling substitutions under necessary conditions. The rest 5 players will be a backup most of the time
COUNTRIES PARTICIPATION :
As Hockey was literally originated in England, Scotland and Netherlands, it was encouraged by various other countries as they participated in the game. The International Hockey Federation governs the sport all over the globe. Men and women represent in competitions including Olympics Games, Champions Trophy, World League and Junior World Cup with many countries which run masters’, senior and junior club competitions. This body is responsible for rules development for the game.
Most countries take part in this game. There are more than 50 countries that participate in hockey. But to consider the countries that are termed as the Big Eight include Canada, Sweden, USA, Russia, Finland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Switzerland. As Canada invented the game, they are the best in it. More than 60% of National Hockey League players are from Canada. It’s a right that if you are born in Canada, you are born for Hockey.
The top twenty hockey playing countries are Canada, Sweden, United States of America, Russia, Finland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Germany, Latvia, India, China, North Korea, United Kingdom, Belarus, Denmark, Mongolia, Japan, South Korea and Indonesia. India was ranked as the eleventh country in Hockey playing.
HOCKEY GROUND DESIGN :
Hockey is a speed demanding game. It demands speed from its players and also from its playing surface. No other sport beats the surface like hockey does and hence, the surface should be incredibly durable handling the wear and tear of hockey sport. The surface has to be maintained to enable a top-level game to the players. The base design is to be maintained in any of the two designs namely Diagonal fall Design and Crown Design.
The diagonal fall design directs all the surface water to a collection pit at the corner. Whereas, the crown design flows the surface water to all the four corners allowing them to collect there like the crown in the center. It allows the water to collect at a corner or all the four corners for cleaning and slightly tilting the ground. This is the base design of the ground and is followed in all the ground designs.
After the base is finished, In-situ shock pad is to be installed over the base. It consists of black SBR granules and polyurethane binder. This is mixed on site and laid to specified depth. This gives a firm hold of the ground and the strength. The hardness below the ground makes it sustainable from the beatings of the hockey bat during the play. As per the requirement of the FIH (Federation International Hockey) the ground is made to shock absorbent.
Earlier, the game was played on a natural turf or grass field. But now-a-days it is played on artificial turfs. In the 1970’s, the transition into artificial turfs came into existence and its being made mandatory since 1976. All the markings, lines, and goals are specified by the International Hockey Federation in the Rules of Hockey. The foul game is played in a 23 meter area.Standard pitch measurements are given as 100 yards by 60 yards. The total area of the field is 5027 square meters. The hockey pitch is shaped in rectangular manner. The long perimeter side is named as side lines and the short perimeter edges are named as back lines. The portion between goal posts is known as goal Lines. All lines are colored white with 75mm wide. At all the corners of the pitch, a flag of max 300 mm square is attached to a post of height 1.20 to 1.50 meters.
HOCKEY EQUIPMENT :
Hockey stick and ball are the most important equipment without which the sport cannot be played. There are many other equipment like shin guard, helmet, glove, shoes, etc., that a hockey player uses during the match.
The following are the equipment used in the hockey game by the goalie and the players.Hockey Stick − It is a wooden stick with length varying from 26’’ to 38.5’’ depending on height of the player. The bat has a hooked shape at the head. There are mostly four types of variations namely shorti, midi, maxiand the J Hook depending on the efficiency of the player holding the ball.
The shorti type is used by players, who take an extreme control over the ball to increase the manoeuvrability. Generally, the players at the mid field position use this type of bat in the game.
The midi type is used by the players who hit the ball more often and need to be strong on the reverse side. Strikers use midi predominantly.
The maxi type is used by the players who act as defenders or attackers. This bat is similar to the midi type but the surface area is being increased. For stopping the ball, its strength allows it to be much more efficient in doing that.
The J Hook type has a much larger surface area. However, it doesn’t possess the efficiency of the midi type in striking the ball. But, for stopping the ball it has an increased thickness. This head type is preferred by the defenders.
GAME PLAYERS AND THEIR ROLES :
Hockey has started its course from the English Public Schools to Olympics level. Each hockey team must have 11 members who should always be ready on the field to start the match. Total number of members in a team are 16 of which five are substitute. The guidelines on how to play the game is given by the International Federation of Hockey.
Substitution of players can be done any number of times. At any point of time, the team can give rest to a player and call a substitute on his behalf. The 11 players consist of one goal keeper, and the rest shall be in the field. The attributes for each player is as follows −
GOAL KEEPER:
Arguably, the goalkeeper is the most important player in the whole team. The responsibility of the goalkeeper is to defend the goal post and prevent the other team from hitting a goal.
The key responsibilities of the Goal Keeper are listed as follows −
Should be fast and also agile.
Should be proficient at both right and left foot.
Should be able to judge the shooting angle and close them down.
Should be a good communicator and be able to organize the defense.
Should be able to go down in a correct manner at defensive moments and at required moment should remain in standing position
The position of the goalkeeper needs to meet the following requirements.
Should be able to save the straight shots towards the goal.
Should be able to minimize the attacking team’s score by organizing the defensive attacks.
Should establish good communication with other defenders.
DEFENDERS:
The defenders are positioned at four locations. They are right half, left half, right back and left back. The chief role of the defenders is to defend the back four. They should work as a team and try to minimize the score of their opponent.
The main attributes of a defender are as follows −
Should be able to turn sideways and get back swiftly.
Should be having strong basic skills. Effective in trapping the opponent, passing the ball and tackling the situation.
Should be able to prevent opponent attack and put the ball away from the danger zone.
Should understand both man-to-man as well as zonal defense and decide the correct approach to use.
Should be able to have a good vision of other players and gather knowledge of best passing opportunities
MIDFIELD :
The three distributions in the midfield positions are inside right, inside left and center half. The midfield is the team’s engine room. It links the attackers and the defenders. It should avoid opponents to have clean breaks through the middle of the field. Midfielders should be major game distributors and have a great awareness of the game.
Attributes of a midfielder are as follows −
Should possess a great acceleration with fitness, fast and agile.
Should possess strong all-round basic knowledge of hockey.
Should have a good knowledge in passing, ball carrying, receiving and shooting.
Should have a great awareness and vision of the game.
Should be able to switch play or change the point of attack.
Should be able to understand the defenses and choose the right one at right time.
Should be able to understand the lines and angles of attack and defense in the play at midfield.
STRIKERS :
The first role of a striker is to generate opportunities of scoring. These must be done by working as a team, creating width and depth on the attack, create a link with midfield and taking the best of all the possible opportunities.
Specific attributes of a good striker are as follows −
Should be able to get a clear view on the lines and angles of attack and defense.
Should be able to deploy pressure on the opponent defenders.
Should be able to move fast and should be agile with high acceleration and pace change.
Should have a good vision on the game and awareness of moves.
Should have a constant movement where the key actions are creating space, attacking opportunities and leading the team.
Should be able to execute and identify the best opportunity for shooting.
DURATION OF MATCH :
A regular hockey match takes place for 70 minutes consisting two halves each of 35 minutes. Also, sometimes matches end in draw. But the official matches should have a winner unlike other matches. If in any case, the game is a tie then extra time is given. If there is tie again then penalty flick competition decides the winner of the match.
A player passes the ball among them to progress it towards the goal using a triangle method of passing system. This prevents the opponent to intercept the ball.
The hockey players take their respective positions on the field. One of the teams starts the game with a centre pass and continues to attack opponent to score a goal. The player taking centre pass can only stand in the other half of field while his team members should stand within their half of defending goal. The player taking centre pass is permitted to hit the ball in any direction.
The team members keep passing the ball and look for opportunities to score the goal while the opponents tackle them and try to take control of the ball.
If the game is paused any moment for injury or substitution, it resumes by the player passing the ball from nearest spot of stoppage of play. This is called bully.
A player from each team stands close to the ball with defending goals on their right to take a bully. Both players tap faces of their sticks and one of the players is allowed to hit the ball.
A free-hit situation arises when a player hits the ball outside the sideline or baseline. Free-hit is taken by a defender by placing the ball 15 meters in line to the centre of goal.
SCORING :
It is very interesting thing to learn how to score in hockey. Specific ways to win a score are penalty corner, field goal, and penalty stroke.
Taking a Penalty Corner:
Only four players are allowed along with a goal keeper. They must be behind the baseline inside or outside the goal. The other defending players must be behind the half way line or on the line. Any number of players from the attacking team can be there to attack but most probably seven will be the attacking players. One player will be injecting the ball from baseline.The presence of a stopper at the top of D depends on the set-up of the team. When the injection of the ball takes place before it re-enters D and shot at goal, it must go out of D first. For the first strike to be counted, it must be below the back board, if it is a drag or a deflection, it can end anywhere inside the goal and it can also be counted.
Taking a Penalty Stroke:
When there is an infringement inside of D, the penalty stroke is given if there was a definite goal scoring chance. It is a free shot that was taken by one attacker against one goal keeper only and from a distance of 6.4 meters straight in front of the goal. The duration of the match is stopped when there is a penalty stroke taken.
FOULS :
The on-field players are not allowed to control or stop the ball with feet or any other body part. A free-hit is awarded to a team if ball hits the opponent player’s body. The hockey ball is often scooped by players to pass it to their team members directly. However, the same shot is given as foul by the referee if it is played dangerously.
Apart from these, there are tackling fouls where players are found to be little rough with opponent players to take control of ball. The game is observed very closely by referee to declare fouls and make important decisions. The referees in the game display cards in three colors, each of which indicates the level of foul or offence committed by a player.
Green card − The player may not leave the pitch (international standards say that the player may leave the pitch for two minutes), but further infractions indulge in a red or yellow card.
Yellow card − It is a suspension where the time is decided by the card issuing umpire. Mostly, five minutes will be the chosen time by any umpire. But, if the offense is serious the time may exceed or the player is replaced.
Red card − It is a permanent exclusion from the game. Here the player is banned for some time or for a few matches. The player should leave the pitch in this case.
HOCKEY AND ITS TYPES :
Field Hockey:
This game is played on ground with grass or artificial synthetic ground. It is predominantly for women in some countries like Europe. But due to the absence of hand gloves, injuries at fingers sometimes hamper the players to continue in the game. But advancement in the game and its rules resulted in security precautions of total body while playing.
Ice Hockey:
The same principle of pushing the ball into the goal post but instead of ground, the game takes place on ice. The players use skates to skate over ice and earn points. Their bats also differ in shape and size. The ball is actually not spherical in shape but a disc like solid that is used to roll over ice. It is fun watching this game and even more to take part.
Sledge Hockey :
For disabled people who want to enjoy the fun of playing ice hockey, this game was invented. It has a board on which the player will be resting and with the help of skates it will be rolling on ice and the rest is same as ice hockey. It is also played by normal people sitting on the boards.
Bandy:
Bandy is Russian version of hockey and also the national sport. It became so popular across Europe that a bandy federation was formed during mid-20th century. The major difference from other versions is that Bandy is played in a field that is almost equal to the size of football field. This sport also took birth from ice hockey. Gradually by end of 20th century, Bandy was played professionally in parts of Asia and North America.
HOCKEY CHAMPIONS :
Santi Freixa (Spain)
Santi is another great player from Europe. He has represented Spain in 2008 Olympic Games and won silver medal for the country. He has also won the FIH award for best young player.He is the captain of Spain’s hockey national team. He is also known for his off-the-field social activity campaign Stick for India that supports children of Anantapur with education and hockey skills.
Dhyan Chand (India)
Dhyan Singh alias Dhyan Chand was believed to be the best hockey player ever. His ability to control the ball and break the defense of opposition with ease was the prime attraction. The way he carried himself both on and off the field brought him respect all over the world.He led Indian hockey team to three consecutive gold medals in Olympic Games. Many people around the globe followed and admired Chand’s stick play; some fondly called him magician of hockey.
Leslie Claudius (India)
Another Indian legend who was born to play hockey only, as few experts of the game described. Claudius was short in stature and had bundles of stamina. He never used to get tired.Leslie holds a Guinness World Record for being part of a Hockey team that won maximum number of Medals at the Olympic Games.He took part in four Olympic Games and won four medals; three gold medals in 1948, 1952, 1956, and a silver medal in 1960 under his captaincy
Ties Kruize (Netherlands)
This Dutch player was simply superb on the field. He scored 167 goals in just over 200 international matches. He met with an accident during his prime and doctors told that he can never play the sport again.Surprisingly, he recovered to full health and returned to the sport only to stun the world with victories in World Championship (1973), two Champions Trophies in 1981-82, and European Championship in 1983.
Jamie Dwyer (Australia)
Dwyer was one of the legends of hockey in modern era. He was very quick on the feet with great skill to manoeuvre ball with the stick. He was nick named as foetus for his ability to shift positions from being an attacker to defender in a flash.He played for Australia to achieve hockey gold medal in Olympics after a long gap of 48 years. He also won World Cup and Commonwealth Games gold for his national side. Dwyer won world player of the year award five times.
Luciana Aymar (Argentina)
Aymar is considered as the greatest ever female hockey player. She was the finest dribbler when compared to her counterparts. She played an important role for her national side to win World Cup titles in 2002 and 2010. She also won eight FIH world player of the year titles.At junior level also she played very well and helped her team to win many tournaments. She represented Argentina as a flag-bearer for 2012 Olympics and was the second hockey player to receive this honour.
Natascha Keller (Germany)
Natascha is one of the most popular female hockey players in the world with an Olympic gold medal to her kitty. She represented Germany in more than 400 matches.She won the gold medal in 2004 Olympic Games and was the flag bearer of Germany in 2012. Her family has an illustrious career in field hockey and that boosted her to play and represent the country at international level.
Universal Basic income(UBI), also called citizen’s income, citizen’s basic income, basic income guarantee, basic living stipend, guaranteed annual income, or universal demo grant, is a theoretical governmental public program for a periodic payment delivered to all citizens of a given population without a means test or work requirement. It’s main purpose is to reduce inequality and eliminate poverty.
Features of UBI:
1. Universal Scheme: UBI is a universal scheme in nature. It means UBI is not targeted so all citizens of the country will receive the payment of cash without any discrimination.
2. Periodic: Money will be distributed to the beneficiaries at a fixed interval i.e. monthly/yearly.
3. Cash Payment: The beneficiaries will get the cash directly into their account. So they won’t get anything in kind of cash i.e. vouchers for goods or services.
4. Unconditional Scheme: It means one need not prove his or her unemployment status or socio-economic identity to be eligible for UBI. So social or economic positions of the Beneficairy/individual are not taken into consideration.
5. Individual Beneficiary: In this scheme each citizen (or adult citizen) is considered as the beneficiary rather than each household.
An unconditional income that is sufficient to meet a person’s basic needs (i.e., at or above the poverty line) is sometimes called a full basic income; if it is less than that amount, it may be called a partial basic income. One central motive for basic income is the belief that automation and robotization is paving the way for a world with fewer paid jobs.
Today, disruptive technologies like artificial intelligence are ushering in productivity gains that we have never seen before. They are also steadily reducing human capital requirements, making jobs a premium. The gap between the rich and everyone else has expanded significantly in recent years, and many fear that automation and globalization will widen it further.
Good Idea Why?
1. Currently, the government provides services through various social welfare schemes but now the government wants to change this trend by giving them cash so that peoples can buy services/goods of their choice.
2. UBI will provide secured income to individuals.
3. The scheme will reduce poverty and income inequality in society.
4. It will increase the purchasing power of the poor, so aggregate demand in the economy will get a boost.
5. It is easy to implement because the government needs not to identify the beneficiaries which is very tough task for State and Central Government.
6. This scheme will reduce the wastage of government money because its implementation is very simple.
If the only choice were between mass impoverishment and a UBI, a UBI would be preferable.
UBI is a project for reforming capitalism into an economic system by empowering labor in relation to capital, granting workers greater bargaining power with employers in labor markets, which can gradually de-commodify labor by separating work from income. This would allow for an expansion in the scope of the social economy by granting citizens greater means to pursue non-work activities (such as art or other hobbies) that do not yield strong financial returns.
Such a program would allow people to spend their money on whatever they value most. It would create a broad sense of ownership and a new constituency to shake up the system of big-money politics. Studies of conditional cash-transfer programs in developing economies have found that such policies can empower women and other marginalized groups.
Bad Idea Why?
1. There is a strong possibility that free cash to the poor can make them lazy or it may reduce the incentive for work, increasing the rate of inflation in the economy.
2. There is no guarantee that the given cash will be spent on productive activities, health & education, etc. It may be spent on tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and other luxury goods etc.
3. It may be that workers can refuse to work (as it had been observed in the case of MGNREGA) as a laborer or demand higher wages which can increase the cost of production of agricultural goods.
4. UBI is a flawed idea, not least because it would be prohibitively expensive unless accompanied by deep cuts to the rest of the safety net.
5. Without major cost savings, federal tax revenue would have to be doubled, which would impose massive distortionary costs on the economy.
And, no, a permanent UBI could not be financed with government debt or newly printed currency. Sacrificing all other social programs for the sake of a UBI is a terrible idea. Such programs exist to address specific problems, such as the vulnerability of the elderly, children, and disabled people.
Imagine living in a society where children still go hungry, and where those with severe health conditions are deprived of adequate care, because all the tax revenue has gone to sending monthly checks to every citizen, millionaires and billionaires included. Basic economic theory implies that taxes on income are distortionary in as much as they discourage work and investment. Moreover, governments should avoid transfers to the same people from whom they collect revenue, but that is precisely what a UBI would do.
Besides, a more sensible policy is already on offer: a negative income tax, or what is sometimes called “guaranteed basic income.” Rather than giving everyone $1,000 per month, a guaranteed-income program would offer transfers only to individuals whose monthly income is below $1,000, thereby coming in at a mere fraction of a UBI’s cost.
In conclusion it can be said that history has proven that freebies never changed the economic conditions of the people. So giving a sum of Rs.7,620 per person/year will not change much as we have seen this in the MGNREGA schemes which gives Rs.10,000 per year to the people.
So the government should focus to increase the skill of the people at free cost rather than free cash.
If someone sends you a letter telling you that they would help you to understand the deepest questions about the world, what will you do?
Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s world is all about those answers, written in 1991, originally in norwegrian, it became one of the best selling novels in the year 1995.
This philosophy fiction is about a 14-year-old girl, named Sophie, who starts receiving letters one fine day from a middle-aged; man named Albert, who later becomes her philosophy professor and teaches her about everything. The story revolves around her secretly taking those lessons and discovering the intricate life questionnaires. The novel traces their journey throughout until her 15th birthday, where her mother invites the professor to meet her in person and know about the man who’s secretly teaching her daughter about “philosophy”
Why should you read this book?
Sophie’s world is not only an excellent story about a professor and his student, the book holds immense knowledge. It serves you with the taste of philosophy in the easiest language and easily comprehensible words. Other than the story is set in the 1990s and provides background, a story about a 15-year-old girl and how she looks upon the world while understanding it in a better way. It covers major aspects of philosophy including its history, origin, spread, and the major philosophers.
The story flows immensely well and you’ll always be wondering “what’s going to happen next?” You’ll get in awe whenever the next chapter comes in, there’s a surprise waiting for you to discover. While dwelling into the Philosophy lectures one may get bored with the theory but the twist and turns in between would blow your mind, there are things that you may think of not happening would happen! John Gaarder does this magic impeccably.
Who should definitely read this work?
If you’re one of those people who find philosophy intriguing but difficult to grasp, this book is surely for you.
Recommended for children as well as adults.
Overall, the book is worth reading not for the role of its story but also for the things you learn within it.
Health can be defined as the physical,social, psychological and spiritual well-being of individuals.Now a days it is the main source everyone’s life by maintaining better Healthy nutrition immunity increases . Immunity defines the wealth and happiness of an individual.
we can improve our daily intake to maintain health by nutritive values .
NUTRITION :
The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth.
NUTRIENTS :
A substance that provide nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth.
There are different types of foods that provide various nutrients to nourish the organs and their system in human body.Here there are some nutrients and their food sources.
You may not get all the micronutrients your body needs. Americans tend to eat foods that are high in calories and low in micronutrients. These foods often also contain added sugar, sodium (salt), and saturated or trans fats. This type of diet contributes to weight gain. It can increase your risk of health issues, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), American adults may not get enough of the following micronutrients.
Nutrient and Food sources :
Calcium : Nonfat and low-fat dairy, dairy substitutes, broccoli, dark, leafy greens, and sardines .
Potassium : Bananas, cantaloupe, raisins, nuts, fish, and spinach and other dark greens.
Fiber : Legumes (dried beans and peas), whole-grain foods and brans, seeds, apples, strawberries, carrots, raspberries, and colorful fruit and vegetables .
Magnesium : Spinach, black beans, peas, and almonds .
Vitamin A : Eggs, milk, carrots, sweet potatoes, and cantaloupe.
Vitamin C : Oranges, strawberries, tomatoes, kiwi, broccoli, and red and green bell peppers.
Vitamin E Avocados, nuts, seeds, whole-grain foods, and spinach and other dark leafy greens.
We can prepare some recipes by combining other foods wich gives required nutrients to our body.
Rice and Beans :
Both these foods alone are healthy choices. But if you’re trying to get in all your protein without eating meat, beef, or chicken, a serving of rice and beans can do the trick! A complete protein is one that contains all the amino acids your body needs – an egg is considered the most perfect protein around. The amino acids found in rice complements those found in beans, making it a high-quality protein when eaten together.
Leafy Greens and Tomatoes:
Dark leafy greens like spinach, kale, and collards contain iron. But it’s tough to absorb the iron from these plants without the assistance of vitamin C. Combine fresh or sautéed leafy greens with tomatoes, a splash or lemon juice or slices of strawberries.
Egg and Cheese:
Calcium and vitamin D work in synergy to help promote healthy bones. A glass of milk will give you both, but so can an egg and cheese sandwich, frittata or omelet. Egg yolks contain vitamin D and you’ll find calcium in the cheese.
Oatmeal and Water :
Oatmeal cookies and a warm bowl of oatmeal can foot the bill, but be sure to drink plenty of water. The oats need to absorb water in order to work properly and provide their many benefits. The fiber found in oatmeal has been shown to help reduce blood cholesterol levels and to help keep you full longer.
Tomatoes and Olive oil :
The antioxidant lycopene helps promote a healthy heart, could prevent macular generation and may lower the risk of colon cancer. Cooked tomato products like tomato sauce, ketchup, tomato soup, and tomato paste are the best sources of lycopene. Combine it with heart-healthy monounsatured olive oil for maximum absorption.
Investigating the latest trends in medical science, comes Google’s new innovation, Derm Assist. The new AI tool provides people to identify skin, hair and nail conditions. As such, it is a powerful tool for the ongoing situation but it raises concern from experts and specialists. The main concern comes from the fact that self-diagnosing and treating without understanding the real cause problems and such practices can result in creating side effects and conditions which can’t be irreversible. Experts are also worried about the impact of such AI tools to their profession. They believe that their expertise and potential cant be made use of. They believe such tools can initiate the growth of a new culture where people substitute in-house consultation with new AI tools and the use over-the-counter medications. By doing this, they may complicate their physical condition and it will be difficult to treat afterwards. Experts believe information on the internet can be misleading and even if the information is correct, language/content can be so complex that it can create confusion among masses.
Skin is the largest organ on the human body, but is often neglected. Studies shows that billions of people search for skin, hair and nail related issues over the internet annually. But it is always recommended to seek professional advice so that one can get a full diagnosis and put a treatment plan in place. Even if we consult a General Practitioner for a skin condition, he will advise us to seek help from a dermatologist. This shows that even experts in the same field recommends a specialist for these cases and showcases the risk involved in self-medication.
The main dermatological concern in the gulf region are pigmentation and sun damage. These arid areas are too hot that it can damage our skin. It can cause skin conditions such as early aging and in the worst case, skin cancer. If we take moles as an example, there are criteria that differentiate between normal ones and that are a cause for concern. It is not an easy task to determine whether they pose a risk. Only experts who have studied for a long time and are well-versed in the anatomy of moles can differentiate between the two. A normal human being cannot detect the difference, even with the help of the new AI tools.
There is so much of concern about the new technology. But adopting and engraving desirable features to the currently established system can make a huge difference. By saying this, experts ensures that AI can be the future of the medical industry, if strict regulations and the use should be restricted to qualified people. There should be a well scripted and developed system where professionals and patients can benefit from.
Hinduism is now the third largest religious community with more than 1 Billion followers around the world. After the British rule, the Hindu Religion came to known as Hinduism, but before that Hindu was termed as Sanatana Dharma, Which means the eternal Duty of life, No matter any caste, gender or race. Every Hindu People used to practice the Sanatana Dharam through their whole life. In texts, Sanatana Dharma Was written as a way of living a healthy Life with honesty, Purity, Goodwill, Mercy, & Patience. According to some Scholars, along with Hindu devotees and priests, beliefs that the Hinduism is the oldest religion and has always existed in this world. Around 90% of the total Hindu population lives in India (also Hindustan or Bharat) with different beliefs and culture. India is well known for their mix culture, traditions and the believe in their deities. In Fact, Buddhism and Jainism were also originated in India.
Hinduism Beliefs
As this religion has no specific founder, nobody knows that when and how it was originated, but as per the Hindu priests and many scholars had specified it as an oldest religion. Hindu believes in karma (law of cause and effect). They Worships a single god with a believe in the existence of the other gods or goddess. They believe in soul (Atman) and a pure & gentler way to live. Hindu believes that people should live together without harming any other religion or People in the name of God or as any part of their worshiping. They believe in Moksha (also called as Mukti) which is an Indian Philosophy & Religion, that means release from the cycle of Rebirth. Their Goal of Life is to live with their Dharma in the very proper way the Dharma asks their devotees to live. There many other Interesting beliefs of Hinudusim, one would know if they explore more about it.
Hindu Deities
Devas and Devis are called as the God and Goddess of Hinduism. Hinduism itself is very wide and have different traditions to worship their Deities and that’s the Beauty of this religion. People with different Traditions are united by Hinduism and they live together. Some of the Deities are:-
Lord Brahma
Lord Vishnu
Goddess Saraswati
Lord Shiva
Lord Krishna
Goddess Lakshmi
Many other religions have also adopted the Hindu Deities and the traditions outside the India. In the medieval era the texts of Hinduism describe the Human Body as Temple and the soul as the deities residing it.
The Yugs (Era)
There are 4 different Yugs (Era) Every Yuga is Shorter than the preceding one and in each Yuga the humanity will be found less than the Old Yugas. The 4 Yugs are:
Satya Yug
Treta Yug
Dvapara Yug
Kali Yug
Kali Yug Lasts for 4,320,000 years (12,000 divine years). The Kali Yug (Present Era) is Believed that started around 3102 BCE. In the ancient texts of Purans it was also written that the Kali Yug will be dominated by Hatred, intolerance, lust, and corruption.
Hinduism Origin
The Vedic Period where Vedas Were written was lasted around 1500 BC to 500 BC. At that period rituals Used to make sacrifices, chants, and many other mystical practices of that periodic time. It was really hard to be found the exact time period that when did the Hindu religion was actually originated. As per scholars the birth of Hinduism was found in the Indus River Valley, which runs through Northwest India to Pakistan. It was originated around 4500-5000 BCE. The Indus River Valley was diminished around 1800 BC cause of climatic conditions. It was also named as Sindhu as, a Sanskrit Word. It’s location created a lot of problems because of the Iranian plateau. Around 712 AD, Muslims invaded the The Indus Valley.
Around the 7th century, Muslim Arabs began Invading Areas in India. In 1200 to 1757, Islamic ruler prevented Hindus worshipping their Deities. Some of the Hindu Temples were also destroyed around 1757 to 1947, under British Control. Some Christaniers were also found to convert & westernize the Hindu people, which is still happening around the Country.
Hinduism Holy Books
The Vedas were written around 1500 BC. That Book was filled with prayers and verses written by the Hindu Saints in Sanskrit letters and it includes:
The Rig Veda
The Samaveda
Yajurveda
Atharvaveda
Hindu Festivals
Hindu festivals are well known for the way of believing & celebrating it, with full of Joy and worshipping Hindu deities, Devotees enjoy their festival days. Some Of the Hindu festivals Are:
Hindu Culture is filled with joy, teaches a better way of living, Unites the people, Gives freedom to worship the god that their devotees believe, and always wanted people to live in a better place with their family and to enjoy the worshipping.
Nowadays people have become fascinated about their money and beauty but they are not giving due care to their mental health. Stress is a mental tension caused by demanding ,taxing , burdensome circumstances and our increasingly busy lives.A life full of stress is something which is not acceptable and desirable by a person because when a person is in stress the hormones called CORTISOL and ADRENALINE are released into the blood stream thereby suppressing the functioning of the immune, digestive and reproductive system.
Also we need to understand every stress is not considered the bad one because stress is actually the survival response, when our body thinks that it is in danger it is also called as fight or flight response. The problem arises when the situation is constantly prevailing causing stress in the lives and a person don’t know how to manage it. That’s why stress management is tremendously important for our health, quality of life and relationships.
Migraines due to stress
Ways to Overcome Stress
1- Avoid Caffeine , Alcohol and Nicotine:
Many people try to overcome their stress by consuming alcohol , nicotine and rich in caffeine drinks but this is the big mistake people are committing which needs to be stopped first. Caffeine and Nicotine are stimulants which increases the level of stress rather than reducing it. Also alcohol is not ultimately helpful as it is a depressant when consumed in large quantities and a stimulant in small quantities. Herbal and other natural drinks must be consumed for keeping a person hydrated and to avoid these harmful stimulants.
2-Get more sleep:
Sleep plays an important role in maintaining a well being of an individual both physically and mentally. Lack of sleep is also an ultimate cause of stress. The environment of the bedroom must be calming and relaxing for a person so that they can have a sweet sleep also it is important to make sure that the bedroom is a tranquil oasis with no items of causing stress. There must be a fixed schedule for a person to sleep everyday so that the body get used to a predictable bedtime routine.
3-Talk to someone:
Communication allows a person to either distract them from their stressful situations or helps in reducing the built up tension by discussing it . In most of the situations a good friend and a colleague or a family member can guide us in a better way and also can provide us with the best solution for our stress.
4-Stress Diary:
In order to overcome stress the most significant thing is to understand what is the situation causing it so a person must have to maintain a stress diary in which they can write about their feelings and different situations along with their date ,time and the people they were with . This will eventually let them know what triggers them. It is basically a effective stress management tool to avoid stressful situations and to handle them with ease.
5-Physical activities:
Accompanying the daily life with proper exercises ,games and meditation will also help in avoiding stress as they can be used as a surrogate to metabolize the excessive stress hormones and restore the body in more calm state.
Everyone across the world is being informed about the physical health effects of covid-19 infection and the steps to prevent exposure from the virus. But, the effects of this pandemic on an individual’s mental health have still not studied in length. As most of the efforts are focused towards understanding the epidemiology, prevention from the contamination and management from covid-19 outbreak, there’s been a little concern over the effects of one’s mental health. The present situation arising due to the stressful situation in pandemic requires raising awareness in public, which can be helpful to deal with the calamity. This article deals with the detailed description of the effect of the covid-19 outbreak on the mental health of an individual.
The coronavirus pandemic is not just a medical phenomenon; it is affecting an individual mental health causing anxiety, stress and causes disruption or even xenophobia(fear of strangers).As more and more people are being forced to stay at home with self-isolation to prevent the further contamination of the virus, governments should must take the necessary measures to provide mental health support prescribed by the mental healthy experts. According to study conducted in United States ,17.5% of participants reported suicide ideation, and 4.9% had attempted suicide during the covid-19 outbreak.
Quarantine and self-isolation can most likely cause a negative impact on a person mental health. Also a review published in The Lancet said that the separation from loved ones, loss of freedom and boredom can cause a sudden deterioration in one’s mental health. Kids can have anxiety because of the isolation situation they are facing and being away from their school and friends can lead them to distress feeling. In this situation parents should remain calm along with trying every possible way to cheer their child. Elderly people are also facing problem and also they are more prone towards the COVID-19 outbreak. The elderly people living in nursing homes can face extreme mental health issues. However, as simple as a phone call from their family can help to console them.
Understanding the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on an individual’s mental health of various population is as important as understanding the physical features and management. Hence, spending time with your family members and taking break from traditional and social media can help to overcome health issues.
The social services and those workers included in performing the social services during the time of pandemic are really essential and appreciatable! They build on their own existing strong ties towards the children, families and communities to rapidly respond in ways that are effective! But we know their safety also more important! The social workers […]
The social services and those workers included in performing the social services during the time of pandemic are really essential and appreciatable! They build on their own existing strong ties towards the children, families and communities to rapidly respond in ways that are effective! But we know their safety also more important! The social workers are just like an angle to our society, including governmental and non-governmental workers, since they carry out the essential range of needs to common people at the toughest times!
Precious metals like silver, gold, and platinum are all used in medicine to aid treatments as diverse as wound healing and cancer therapies. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are small gold particles with a diameter of 1 to 100 nm which, once dispersed in water, are also known as colloidal gold.
Nanoparticles at a glance.
How did gold get to earth?
Gold, the shiny yellow metal prized for its beauty, malleability and used in many different industries, is actually created inside massive stars when they explode into a supernova. Here lies the history-
Gold, like most heavy metals, are forged inside stars through a process called nuclear fusion. In the beginning, following the Big Bang, only two elements were formed: hydrogen and helium. A few hundred million years after the Big Bang, the first stars were blazing away with their nuclear fires. These nuclear fires forced lighter elements together to make slightly heavier elements, and these nuclear reactions released a huge amount of energy.
Gradually, these early stars began making elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen — working their way up through the periodic table towards iron. But there was still no gold in the Universe. Once these earlier stars ran out of light elements to burn, they kicked in on the heavier ones.
Finally, as they burnt silicon to make iron, they exploded as a supernova, and for a few short moments, each star would release as much energy as all the regular stars in that galaxy put together. In that cataclysmic explosion, for the first time, atoms of gold were manufactured — and then hurled out into the Universe, along with the other debris from that explosion.
On Earth, gold finally reached us some 200 million years after the formation of the planet when meteorites packed with gold and other metals bombarded its surface. During the formation of Earth, molten iron sank to its centre to make the core. This took with it the vast majority of the planet’s precious metals — such as gold and platinum. In fact, there are enough precious metals in the core to cover the entire surface of Earth with a four-metre thick layer.
Cancer treatment
Colloidal gold, the suspension of gold nanoparticles in liquid, has been used for hundreds of years, from staining glass in the Middle Ages to early experiments with photography in the Victorian era. But it was only 160 years ago that gold nanoparticles were given any serious scientific examination, when scientist Michael Faraday created the first pure sample of colloidal gold in his basement laboratory at the Royal Institute in London. Faraday’s early experiments were forays into what would ultimately become the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology.
“Scientists have pioneered a revolutionary approach in the use of gold nanoparticles that could lead to the development of a new generation of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.”
Targeted drug delivery is better than conventional drug therapy because these drugs target the main effected area, so it minimizes the side effects caused..
Gold nanoparticles have the ability of bio-imaging of the effected cancerous cells for therapy. Cancer DNA has a special 3D structure that has an affinity for gold, according to one study, and nanoparticles change color when that DNA is present. Simple, fast tests could detect cancer in 10 minutes.
Gold nanoparticles have unique physical, chemical properties and strong binding attraction for thiols, proteins, carboxylic acid and disulfides, so they have been extensively used in drug delivery for cancer therapy.
Alzheimer’s-
Illnesses associated with ageing are under the microscope too. Scientists are using gold nanoparticles to see the knot-like structures in the brain that cause Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases. By labelling these structures–called amyloid fibrils–with gold they can see the knots more clearly and identify their weak spots for treatment.
Another global health problem shows promise for gold use in medicine. Tropical disease malaria, transmitted by mosquitoes, infected 219 million people in 2017 and killed 435,000. Nanoparticles used in rapid diagnostic tests are cheap to use, can give results in 15 minutes, and help doctors target treatment for malaria where it is most needed.
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Immunity
Immunotherapists are also harnessing the special properties of spherical nanoparticles to deliver a boost to the body’s immune system. Polymer-coated spheres of gold interact with B lymphocyte immune cells and can deliver drugs or vaccine to where it is most needed. In this way they hope to treat hard-to-reach brain tumors.
Going forward there is exciting potential for nanoparticles to help combat HIV and blood diseases. Medics use the gene editing tool CRISPR to deliver new genetic information to cells, but current methods can damage or even kill cells. Gold nanoparticles mounted with CRISPR can quickly cross the cell membrane into the nucleus to edit genes.
Thankfully, even though gold is a rare commodity compared to other metals, in microscopic quantities it can improve our lives immeasurably. Nanoparticles measuring billionths of a meter are used as tiny detectors to develop the most sensitive chemical tests.
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