Category: Health

Water Pollution and it’s impact in human health

Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of
human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater.
Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment. For example,
releasing inadequately treated wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic
ecosystems. In turn, this can lead to public health problems for people living downstream. They may
use the same polluted river water for drinking or bathing or irrigation. Water pollution is the leading
worldwide cause of death and disease, e.g. due to water-borne diseases.

Water pollution can be classified as surface water or groundwater pollution. Marine
pollution and nutrient pollution are subsets of water pollution. Sources of water pollution are
either point sources or non-point sources. Point sources have one identifiable cause of the pollution,
such as a storm drain or a wastewater treatment plant. Non-point sources are more diffuse, such
as agricultural runoff.] Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time. All plants and
organisms living in or being exposed to polluted water bodies can be impacted. The effects can
damage individual species and impact the natural biological communities they are part of.

Introduction :-

Water pollution occurs when unwanted materials enter in to water, changes the quality of water and
harmful to environment and human health . Water is an important natural resource used for drinking
and other developmental purposes in our lives . Safe drinking water is necessary for human health all
over the world. Being a universal solvent, water is a major source of infection. According to world
health organization (WHO) 80% diseases are water borne. Drinking water in various countries does
not meet WHO standards 3.1% deaths occur due to the unhygienic and poor quality of water.

Discharge of domestic and industrial effluent wastes, leakage from water tanks, marine dumping,
radioactive waste and atmospheric deposition are major causes of water pollution. Heavy metals that
disposed off and industrial waste can accumulate in lakes and river, proving harmful to humans and
animals. Toxins in industrial waste are the major cause of immune suppression, reproductive failure
and acute poisoning. Infectious diseases, like cholera, typhoid fever and other diseases gastroenteritis,
diarrhea, vomiting, skin and kidney problem are spreading through polluted water. Human health is
affected by the direct damage of plants and animal nutrition. Water pollutants are killing sea weeds,
mollusks, marine birds, fishes, crustaceans and other sea organisms that serve as food for human.
Insecticides like DDT concentration is increasing along the food chain. These insecticides are harmful for humans.

Objective of the study :-

The main objective of the project work is role of water in our life. How important it is. Controlling
city pollution by water pollution.

Definition of water pollution :-

Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants. Due to
these contaminants it either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, or undergoes a
marked shift in its ability to support its biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such
as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and
the ecological status of water.

Prevalence :-

Water pollution is a major global problem. It requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water
resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been
suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and diseases.] Water pollution
accounted for the deaths of 1.8 million people in 2015.
The organization Global Oceanic Environmental Survey (GOES) consider water pollution as one of
the main environmental problems that can present a danger for the existence of life on earth in the
next decades. One of the main concerns, is that water pollution, heart phytoplankton who produce
70% of oxygen and remove a large part of carbon dioxide on earth. The organization proposes a
number of measures for fixing the situation, but they should be taken in the next 10 years for being
effective.

Water pollution in India and China is wide spread. About 90 percent of the water in the cities of
China is polluted.
In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, developed countries also
continue to struggle with pollution problems. For example, in a report on water quality in the United
States in 2009, 44 percent of assessed stream miles, 64 percent of assessed lake acres, and 30 percent
of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted.

Reason :-

The causes of water pollution include a wide range of chemicals and pathogens as well as physical
parameters. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Elevated temperatures can
also lead to polluted water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as
a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen
levels, which can kill fish and alter food chain composition, reduce species biodiversity, and foster
invasion by new thermophilic species.
Water pollution is measured by analysing water samples. Physical, chemical and biological tests can
be conducted. Control of water pollution requires appropriate infrastructure and management plans.
The infrastructure may include wastewater treatment plants. Sewage treatment plants and industrial wastewater treatment plants are usually required to protect water bodies from untreated
wastewater. Agricultural wastewater treatment for farms, and erosion control at construction sites can
also help prevent water pollution. Nature-based solutions are another approach to prevent water
pollution.Effective control of urban runoff includes reducing speed and quantity of flow. In the
United States, best management practices for water pollution include approaches to reduce the
quantity of water and improve water quality.

TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION:-

1. SURFACE WATER POLLUTION :-
Surface water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans. A subset of surface water
pollution is marine pollution.
Water pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem
for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused
by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the
environment, drinkable water, plants and animals Chemical contamination of fresh water can also
seriously damage eco-systems.
In industrialized areas rain can be acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed
from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions
of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.

2. GROUNDWATER POLLUTION:-
Groundwater pollution (also called groundwater contamination) occurs when pollutants are
released to the ground and make their way down into groundwater. This type of water pollution can
also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant or impurity
in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as contamination rather than pollution.
The pollutant often creates a contaminant plume within an aquifer. Movement of water and dispersion
within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a
plume edge, can intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into surface water such as seeps and
springs, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume,
called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model.
Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on soil characteristics and
site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.
Pollution can occur from on-site sanitation systems, landfills, effluent from wastewater treatment
plants, leaking sewers, petrol filling stations or from over application of fertilizers in agriculture.
Pollution (or contamination) can also occur from naturally occurring contaminants, such
as arsenic or fluoride. Using polluted groundwater causes hazards to public health through poisoningor the spread of disease.Different mechanisms have influence on the transport of pollutants,
e.g. diffusion, adsorption, precipitation, decay, in the groundwater. The interaction of groundwater
contamination with surface waters is analyzed by use of hydrology transport models.

3.CHEMICAL POLLUTION :-
dustrial and agricultural work involves the use of many different chemicals that can run-off into water
and pollute it.Metals and solvents from industrial work can pollute rivers and lakes. These are
poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and may slow their development, make them infertile or even
result in death.Pesticides are used in farming to control weeds, insects and fungi. Run-offs of these
pesticides can cause water pollution and poison aquatic life. Subsequently, birds, humans and other
animals may be poisoned if they eat infected fish.Petroleum is another form of chemical pollutant that
usually contaminates water through oil spills when a ship ruptures. Oil spills usually have only a
localised affect on wildlife but can spread for miles. The oil can cause the death of many fish and
stick to the feathers of seabirds causing them to lose the ability to fly.

4.MARINE POLLUTION:-
ne common path of entry by contaminants to the sea are rivers. An example is directly discharging
sewage and industrial waste into the ocean. Pollution such as this occurs particularly in developing
nations. In fact, the 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to
the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and
Bangladesh,[15] largely through the rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur,
Niger, and the Mekong, and accounting for “90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world’s
oceans.
Large gyres (vortexes) in the oceans trap floating plastic debris. Plastic debris can absorb toxic
chemicals from ocean pollution, potentially poisoning any creature that eats it. Many of these long￾lasting pieces end up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. This results in obstruction of
digestive pathways, which leads to reduced appetite or even starvation.
There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative
condition. An example is silt-bearing surface runoff, which can inhibit the penetration of sunlight
through the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants.

IMPACT IN HUMAN HEALTH :-

There is a greater association between pollution and health problem. Disease causing
microorganisms are known as pathogens and these pathogens are spreading disease
directly among humans. Some pathogens are worldwide some are found in well-defined
area]. Many water borne diseases are spreading man to man Heavy rainfall and floods are
related to extreme weather and creating different diseases for developed and developing
countries [10% of the population depends on food and vegetables that are grown in
contaminated water [Many waterborne infectious diseases are linked with fecal pollution of
water sources and results in fecal-oral route of infection]. Health risk associated with polluted
water includes different diseases such as respiratory disease, cancer, diarrheal disease,
neurological disorder and cardiovascular disease Nitrogenous chemicals are responsible for
cancer and blue baby syndrom]. Mortality rate due to cancer is higher in rural areas than
urban areas because urban inhabitants use treated water for drinking while rural people
don’t have facility of treated water and use unprocessed water. Poor people are at greater
risk of disease due to improper sanitation, hygiene and water supply . Contaminated water
has large negative effects in those women who are exposed to chemicals during pregnancy;
it leads to the increased rate of low birth weight as a result fetal health is affected
Poor quality water destroys the crop production and infects our food which is hazardous for
aquatic life and human life [Pollutants disturb the food chain and heavy metals, especially
iron affects the respiratory system of fishes. An iron clog in to fish gills and it is lethal to
fishes, when these fishes are eaten by human leads to the major health issue Metal
contaminated water leads to hair loss, liver cirrhosis, renal failure and neural disorder.

Bacterial diseases :-
Untreated drinking water and fecal contamination of water is the major cause of
diarrhea. Campylobacter jejuni spread diarrhea 4% to 15% worldwide. Fever, abdominal
pain, nausea, headache are major symptoms of diarrhea. Good hygienic practices and use
of antibiotics can prevent this disease. Disease cholera is caused by the contaminated
water. Vibrio Cholerae is responsible for this disease. This bacterium produces toxins in
digestive tracts. The symptoms of this disease are watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and
watery diarrhea leads to dehydration and renal failure. Anti- microbial treatment is used to
get rid of this disease.
Shigellosis is a bacterial disease caused by Shigella bacteria. It affects the digestive tract of
humans and damages the intestinal lining. Watery or bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps,
vomiting and nausea are symptoms and it can be cured with antibiotics and good hygienic
practice. Salmonellosis infects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria are found in
contaminated water and it results in inflammation of intestine and often death occurs.
Antibiotics are prescribed for this disease.

Viral diseases :-
Hepatitis is a viral disease caused by contaminated water and infects the liver. Jaundice,
loss of appetite, fatigue, discomfort and high fever are symptoms of hepatitis. If it persists for
a long time it may be fatal and results in death. Vaccine is available for hepatitis and by
adopting good hygienic practice; one can get rid of this disease Encephalitis is inflammatory
disease spread by bite of infected mosquitoes. Culex mosquito lays their eggs in
contaminated water. Most people don’t show any symptoms but some symptoms are headache, high fever, muscle stiffness, convulsions however in severe cases coma and paralysis
results. No vaccine is available for this disease
Poliomyelitis virus is responsible for poliomyelitis. Sore throat, fever, nausea, constipation and
diarrhea and sometimes paralysis are symptoms of poliomyelitis. Vaccine is available for this disease
Gastroenteritis is caused by different viruses including rotaviruses, adenoviruses, calciviruses
and Norwalk virus. Symptoms of gastroenteritis are vomiting, headache and fever. Symptoms appear
1 to 2 days after infecting. Sickness can be dangerous among infants, young children and disabled.

Parasitic diseases :-
Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the cryptosporidium parvum. It is worldwide
disease and symptoms are diarrhea, loose or watery bowls, stomach cramps and upset stomach
[28]. Cryptosporidium is resistant to disinfection and affects immune system and it is the cause of
diarrhoea and vomiting in humans Galloping amoeba is caused by the Entamoeba histolytica and
affects stomach lining. This parasite undergoes cyst and non-cyst form. Infection occurs when cyst
found in contaminated water and it is swallowed. Symptoms are fever, chills and watery diarrhea
According to WHO, diarrheal case jootes are about 4 billion and results in 2.2 million deathsGiardiasis is
caused by Giardia lamblia. Cells of intestinal lining may become injure. Giardia is resistant to wintry
temperature and disinfectant. Sometimes it is known as travelers’ disease. People suffering from
giardiasis have symptoms bloating, excess gas, watery diarrhea and weight loss .

Universal destruction

How could it be possible that when the time gets worse we often ignore the vulnerable?

Nikhil Meshram

We are living in the world , where no one can intrude . A life , where you can’t touch the one you want . A life, where one has to stay away from his own . A life , where no one can go in one’s home . Yes , it’s a life we are living ‘ A life of a LOG’ .

Coronavirus , I believe it’s not a new word in your dictionary . This eleven letter word creating a massive destruction all over the world . I know you are well aware but the real question is , are you following the protocols properly?

Firstly let’s get some knowledge about coronavirus.

The origin .

The recent outbreak began in Wuhan, a city in the Hubei province of China. Reports of the first COVID-19 cases started in December 2019.

Coronaviruses are common in certain species of animals, such as cattle and camels. Although the transmission of coronaviruses from animals to humans is rareTrusted Source, this new strain likely came from bats, though one study suggests pangolins may be the origin.

However, it remains unclear exactly how the virus first spread to humans.

Some reports trace the earliest cases back to a seafood and animal market in Wuhan. It may have been from here that SARS-CoV-2 started to spread to humans.

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause disease in both animals and humans. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus strain known as SARS-CoV is an example of a coronavirus. SARS spread rapidly in 2002–2003.

The new strain of coronavirus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).


Around 80%Trusted Source of people with COVID-19 recover without specialist treatment. These people may experience mild, flu-like symptoms. However, 1 in 6 peopleTrusted Source may experience severe symptoms, such as trouble breathing.

The new coronavirus has spread rapidly in many parts of the world. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO)Trusted Source declared COVID-19 a pandemic. A pandemic occurs when a disease that people are not immune to spreads across large regions.

It’s okay take a deep breath . Yes, it’s a lot to take in but we all know how china played with the whole world .

The protocols.

  • Wear masks ,
  • Wash hands ,
  • Use sanitizers ,
  • Social distancing , etc,.

Is it important to follow protocols ?

You say NO , I say ‘if you want to die you can easily ignore the protocols ’ . Well I don’t want to die , I have my whole 20s , 30s and so on…… .

According to the survey, people have been moving around freely, meeting different social groups and attending gatherings, going to malls and markets. This indicates that a pandemic fatigue has set in after after a year of restrictions on movement, social distancing and strict mask wearing norms.

Well , if you are saying this is what following protocols is than I am happy to stay home rather than chilling around like a monkey . Like really , a monkey also has a common sense that when to do chilling and when to fight for himself . What we are doing is putting masks in our pocket to showcase the world that I have one . Haha it’s kinda funny .

We long to return to normal, but **normal led to this**. To avert the future pandemics we know are coming, we MUST grapple with all the ways normal failed us. We have to build something better. I hope this piece, in showing what went wrong, helps.

Link :

CANCER- EATING PRECIOUS LIVES

Cancer has a major impact on society across the world. Cancer statistics describe what happens in large groups of people and provide a picture in time of the burden of cancer on society. Cancer has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Each year so many people die of cancer either because they could not survive the chemotherapy treatments given to them or due to lack of money they could not afford the treatment. The most common Cancers(listed according to estimated new cases in 2020) are Breast cancer, Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma, Kidney and Renal Pelvis cancer, Endometrial cancer, Leukemia, Pancreatic cancer, Thyroid cancer, Liver cancer.

Prostate, lung and colorectal cancers account for an estimated 43% of all cancers diagnosed in men. For Women, the three most common cancers are Breast, lung, colorectal and they account for an estimated 50%.

WHAT IS CANCER?

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors do not spread to all parts of the body whereas Malignant tumors spread to the different parts and grow where ever they get accumulated. Cancerous cells have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissues.

SYMPTOMS

Signs and symptoms caused by cancer vary depending upon the part of body getting infected. Some of the general signs and symptoms associated with the same are:-

  • fatigue
  • lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin.
  • weight changes, including unintended loss or gain.
  • skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of skin, sores that won’t heal or changes to existing moles.
  • changes in bowel or bladder habits.
  • persistent cough or trouble breathing.
  • difficulty in swallowing.
  • hoarseness
  • persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating.
  • persistent muscle or joint pain.
  • persistent fever/night sweats/bleeding.

CAUSES OF CANCER

Factors causing cancer include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiations, mutations in genes and environmental pollutants. Cancer is caused by changes(mutations) to the DNA within the cells(in majority of cases). The DNA inside a cell is packaged into a large number of individual genes, each of which contains a set of instructions telling the cell what functions to perform as well as how to grow and divide. A gene mutation can instruct a healthy cell to:-

  1. allow rapid growth– a gene mutation can tell a cell to grow and divide more rapidly. This creates many new cells that all have that same mutation.
  2. fail to stop uncontrolled cell growth– normal cells know when to stop growing but cancerous cells lose the control(tumor suppressor genes) that tell them when to stop growing. A mutation in tumor suppressor gene allows cancer cells to continue growing and accumulating.
  3. make mistakes when repairing DNA errors– DNA repair genes look for errors in a cell’s DNA and make corrections. A mutation in DNA repair gene means that other errors aren’t corrected.

PREVENTION

  • Stop smoking.
  • Avoid excessive sun exposure- harmful UV rays from the sun can increase the risk of skin cancer.
  • Eat a healthy diet.
  • Exercise most days of a week.
  • Maintain a healthy weight- being overweight or obese may increase the risk of cancer.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a long-term brain disease. Some symptoms include speech confusion, delusions, lack of motivation, trouble thinking, and hallucinations. But there are many treatments that can alleviate symptoms and minimize the chance of a recurrence.
Documents on Schizophrenia | English
Schizophrenia Papers for Students and Children Jan 8, 2021, Prasanna
Schizophrenia Papers: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that occurs in early adulthood and primarily affects emotions in personal life, thinking and speaking.
This is a life-long disease, but treatment can help control symptoms. A person may experience anxiety and inattention before the actual symptoms of schizophrenia appear.
You can also find more essay writing articles on events, characters, sports, technology, etc.
English short and long essays on schizophrenia for students and children
We provide students with a 500-word long essay and a 150-word short essay on schizophrenia for students’ reference.
Schizophrenia Long Essay 500 English words
Schizophrenia Long Essay is usually taught in classes 7, 8, 9 and 10.
Schizophrenia is a long-standing brain disease. Some symptoms include speech confusion, delusions, lack of motivation, trouble thinking, and hallucinations. But there are many treatments that can alleviate symptoms and minimize the chance of a recurrence.
One of the most terrifying mental illnesses, schizophrenia, has affected humanity for countless years without declining. Schizophrenia reached its prominence as an independent clinical unit in 1860. Between 1936 and 1956, approximately 7,000 articles were published on this subject. In the past 100 years, more researchers have spent more money, time, and energy writing articles on schizophrenia, perhaps more than all other mental illnesses combined.
People still have a profound lack of knowledge about its process, definition, causes, results and treatment. There is no permanent cure for schizophrenia, but research is leading to safe and innovative treatments. By studying genetics, using advanced imaging techniques to look at brain structure and function, and conducting behavioral studies, experts are unraveling the causes of this disease.
Due to the complexity of the illness, people have many misunderstandings about schizophrenia. Many people think that schizophrenia means multiple or split personalities. However, in general, patients with schizophrenia are not more violent than the normal population. It is a misunderstanding that most people with schizophrenia end up living in the hospital or being homeless, although due to the limited mental health resources in the society, some people may have to go to the hospital frequently or may lead to homelessness. But most people with schizophrenia live alone or with their families.
Schizophrenia Papers | English Learners and Children’s Schizophrenia Papers
January 8, 2021, Prasanna
Schizophrenia Papers: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that occurs in early adulthood and mainly affects personal life Emotions, thoughts and words.
This is a life-long disease, but treatment can help control symptoms. A person may experience anxiety and inattention before the actual symptoms of schizophrenia appear.
You can also find more essay writing articles on events, characters, sports, technology, etc.
Long and short English for students and children with schizophrenia
We provided students with a sample of a 500 word essay and a short 150 word essay on the topic of schizophrenia for reference.
Long Essay on Schizophrenia 500 English Words
Long Essay on Schizophrenia is usually given in classes 7, 8, 9 and 10.
Schizophrenia is a long-standing brain disease. Some symptoms include speech confusion, delusions, lack of motivation, difficulty thinking, and hallucinations. But there are many treatments that can reduce symptoms and minimize the chance of recurrence.
One of the most terrifying mental illnesses, schizophrenia, has plagued mankind for countless years and has not declined. In 1860, schizophrenia as an independent clinical unit reached a prominent position under the heading of earlier dementia. Between 1936 and 1956, around 7,000 articles were published on the subject. In the past 100 years, more researchers have spent more money, time, and energy writing articles on schizophrenia, perhaps more than all other mental illnesses combined.
People are still very ignorant of its process, definition, causes, results, and treatment. There is no permanent cure for schizophrenia, but research is leading to safe and innovative treatments. By studying genetics, using advanced imaging techniques to look at brain structure and function, and conducting behavioral studies, experts are unraveling the causes of this disease.
Due to the complexity of the illness, people have many misunderstandings about schizophrenia. Many people think that schizophrenia means multiple personality or split personality. But, in general, people with schizophrenia are not more violent than normal people. Most people with schizophrenia end up living in hospitals or homeless, which is a misunderstanding, although due to society’s limited mental health resources, some people may have to go to hospital frequently or may end up homeless. home. But most people with schizophrenia live alone or with their families.
Studies have shown that schizophrenia can have an earlier onset in men, although it affects men and women equally. Due to the high incidence of diseases such as diabetes and heart disease, patients with schizophrenia are more likely to die than the general population.
A plot that cannot distinguish between reality and fantasy when the disease is active. As with any other disease, the duration, frequency, and severity of symptoms can vary. Once a person begins to age, the incidence of severe psychotic symptoms generally decreases.

The use of alcohol or illegal drugs, stressful situations, and unregulated drug use often increase the symptoms of schizophrenia. The three main categories of this disease are i. Positive symptoms include hallucinations, such as seeing or hearing things that are not there, and distorted perceptions, behaviors, and beliefs. ii. Negative symptoms include decreased or loss of ability to speak, make plans, or express emotions. 3. Disorganized symptoms, including speech and thinking confusion or disorder, abnormal movements, or difficulty in logical thinking.

AWARENESS OF PTSD

                         POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

This kind of disorder arises when we are ­­­­­­­affected by situations that cannot be accepted so easily associated or experienced or witnessing of events in life. Those unforgettable moments always haunt us as nightmares and memories making us to regret for a lifelong period.

It is not an easy task to make them vanish from our life but feeling to overcome from it is a worse kind struggle between heart and soul.

It reflects that one-fourth of the people gets affected by this kind of deep emotion and as life goes by sacrifice those hinderances and move on. The more affected gender falls on mostly women as they are more emotional and trust worthy then men.

“IT’S NOT THE PERSON REFUSING TO LET GO OF THE PAST, BUT THE PAST REFUSING TO GO OF THE PERSON”

It is clear that people at several ages have experienced this disorder being in a state to console themselves, to come out of it and to forget the certain thing happened.

This disorder is affected if the affected one unable to move out of that trauma. About 10 percent have experienced this kind of situation out of 100. But the worse part is the trauma became advanced for 2 percent which they were out of control without treatment.

 There are different levels for this disorder where each level will affect our mental ability badly and make us weaker. The stages of this effect will last till six months until for life period of one person.

Reducing the pressure and engaging on with multiple tasks at the same time makes us concentrate on the work to relieve us for some time. “Unexpected things happen but humans are a part of it to accept the fact of life”.

“Thing can’t be undone unless or until you come out of it”.

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So Many Vaccines! But Which One Is The Best?

Since the pandemic unleashed each country from every nook and corner of the world started the research on the virus to make a vaccines. Till date a lot of countries have produced innumerous vaccines. Following are some of the most widely used vaccines.

1.Covaxin

Released by Bharat Biotech, it has an efficacy of 78% against symptomatic cases. The phase 4 trials were started in June 2021. It constitutes an inactive form of the covid virus. This invokes the immune system which kills any such virus that enters the future. It is given in the form of 2 doses each 4 to 6 weeks apart. There may be side effects like pain, swelling, stiffness in the upper arm, etc. It has not been tested on infants, pregnant, and breastfeeding women.

2.Covishield

 Developed by the Oxford-AstraZeneca, it is being manufactured by the Serum Institute of India (SII). It is also given in 2 doses but both are 12 to 16 weeks apart. When both doses are given 30 days apart it is 70% effective but when the doses are 2 to 3 months apart, the efficacy rises to 90%. It has the same side effects as covaxin and is also not tested on infants, pregnant, and breastfeeding mothers.

3.Pfizer

Developed by the German company BioNTech it is an mRNA bases vaccine that encodes the mutated form of the spike protein. Its efficacy is around 91% after the second dose. A gap of 3-4 weeks is recommended between the 2 doses. Side effects remain the same. It can be administered to children above 16 years of age.

4.Sputnik V

Produced by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia, it is an adenovirus viral vector vaccine. Its efficacy is 91%. The second dose is different from the first and is given after 21 days gap. The export from one country to another is easy as it requires a storage temperature of +2-8 degrees Celsius. With the same side effects, it is not recommended to pregnant women.

5.Moderna

Produced by ModernaTX, Inc., an American pharmaceutical and biotechnology company in Cambridge, it is an mRNA-based vaccine. It is given in the form of 2 doses 28 days apart. It is recommended for people above 18 years of age with the same side effects. After 2 weeks of the second dose, the efficacy rises from 91% to 94%.

The side effects that these vaccines have are normal and only means that our body’s defense mechanism is working. Therefore each individual should get a vaccine as soon as possible.

Is third dose required for Pfizer- BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine ?

The ongoing trial, conducted into the Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine, has shown that a third dose can push antibody levels five to 10 times higher against the said variants of the coronavirus compared to the first two doses alone



The Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine, sold under the brand name ‘Comirnaty’, may require a third dose to work more effectively against the original strain of the coronavirus disease (Covid-19), news agencies reported on Friday morning, citing a statement from the companies from a day ago. The third Covid-19 shot is also expected to provide better protection against the Beta variant, first identified in South Africa, and the Delta variant, found in India, as per interim data from an ongoing trial into the vaccine. Pfizer and BioNTech announced on Thursday that they would seek regulatory approval for the third dose of their Covid-19 vaccine, in view of the interim trial data which showed that a third dose can push antibody levels five to 10 times higher against the said variants of the coronavirus compared to the first two doses alone. This will, in effect, provide better protection than the current practice of administering two shots, the statement read.
The development comes after the vaccine was found to less effective against the Delta variant  of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. A study, published in the journal ‘Nature’, showed that a single shot of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, or even the AstraZeneca shot for that matter, “barely” induces any neutralising antibodies against the Delta Covid-19 strain.
The Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine was reportedly dropping in efficacy after six months, the Israeli government said earlier this week. According to Bloomberg, data from Israel’s health ministry showed the Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine protected 64% of the country’s people against the virus between June 6 and early July, down from the earlier 94%.
This decline has been observed amid the emergence and rise in cases of Delta variant in the country, the data revealed. Commenting on the matter, Pfizer-BioNTech said that the third dose may be needed within six to 12 months after full vaccination for complete protection.
In light of these findings, Pfizer-BioNTech announced that the companies are working on a Delta-specific vaccine, the first batch of which has already been manufactured at BioNTech’s facility in Mainz, Germany. However, more studies are needed in this area and the companies anticipate the clinical trials to begin in August, subject to regulatory approvals.
“The companies expect to publish more definitive data soon as well as in a peer-reviewed journal and plan to submit the data to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), EMA (European Medicines Agency) and other regulatory authorities in the coming weeks,” the statement said.
 

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Excretion

Removal of nirogenous waste produce during metabolism of protein and nucleic acid.

Human excretory system includes:-
Pair of kidney
Pair of ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Function of kidney

Kidneys regulate the osmotic pressure of a mammal’s blood through extensive filtration and purification, in a process known as Osmoregulation.

  • Kidneys filter the blood; urine is the filtrate that eliminates wastes from the body via the ureter into the urinary bladder.
  • The kidneys are surrounded by three layers:
    1.  Renal fascia
    2. perirenal fat capsule
    3. Renal caps

EXTERNAL ANATOMY

A typical adult kidney (mass – 135–150 g) is:

10–12 cm- long
5–7 cm – wide
3 cm cm- thick

  • The concave medial border of each kidney faces the vertebral column. 
  • Near the centre of the concave border is an indentation called the Renal hilum, through which the ureter emerges from the kidney along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.
  • Human kidney are Retroperitoneal(covered with peritoneum) 
  • Present between 12th thoracic vertebrae to 3rd lumber vertebrae. 
  • Left kidney is higher than the right kidney due to position of liver in right side. 

Three layers of tissue

a) .The Renal capsule(Deep layer) – Smooth, transparent sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter.

  •  It serves as a barrier against trauma and helps maintain the shape of the kidney. 

b) The adipose capsule (middle layer) – Mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule. 

  •  Protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity.

c) The renal fascia(superficial layer) – Thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue 

  •  Anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall 

On the anterior surface of the kidneys, the renal fascia is deep to the peritoneum

Internal anatomy

A frontal section through the kidney reveals two distinct regions: 

  1.  Renal cortex (outer)
  2.  Renal medulla (inner). 

The renal medulla consists of several cone-shaped renal pyramids. 

The base (wider end) of each pyramid faces the renal cortex, and its apex (narrower end), called a renal papilla, points toward the renal hilum. 

The renal cortex, smooth textured area extending from the renal capsule to the bases of the renal pyramids. 

It is divided into an outer cortical zone and an inner juxtamedullary zone.

Ureter

Muscular tubes of 25-30cm length, 3m in diameter. 

Wall of Ureter

  • Innermost-Transitional epithelium
  • Middle layer-Muscular(longitudinal and circular muscle) 
  • Outermost layer – Tunica adventita. 

Urine is move through ureter by peristalsis.

Urethra conduct the urine from urinary bladder to outside.
Female urethra is short.
Male urethra is long.

 

Urinary bladder

Urinary bladder

It is hollow muscular organ  that stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination. 

In humans the bladder is a hollow distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor

Urinary Bladder

Nephron

Structure of nephron

Structure and functional unit of kidey.

Each kidney contain about 1 million nephron 

Each nephron has 2 part 

  • Glomerulus
  • Renal tubules.
  • Take a simple filtrate of the blood and modify it into urine.
  • Cleanse the blood and balance the constituents of the circulation.
  • Many changes take place in the different parts of the nephron before urine is created for disposal. 
  • The term urine will be used here after to describe the filtrate as it is modified into true urine. 
  • The principle task of the nephron population is to balance the plasma to homeostatic set points and excrete potential toxins in the urine.

RENAL CORPUSCLE

It CONSISTS OF A GLOMERULUS SURROUNDED BY A BOWMAN’S CAPSULE. 

THE GLOMERULUS ARISES FROM AN AFFERENT ARTERIOLE AND EMPTIES INTO AN EFFERENT ARTERIOLE. 

THE SMALLER DIAMETER OF AN EFFERENT ARTERIOLE HELPS TO MAINTAIN HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE GLOMERULUS.

THE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE IS DIVIDED INTO THREE LAYERS:

  • OUTER PARIETAL LAYER- MADE UP OF EPITHELIAL CELLS WITH MINUTE PORES OF DIAMETER 12NM.
  • MIDDLE BASEMENT MEMBRANE-IT IS SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE.
  • INNER VISCERAL LAYER-IT CONSISTS OF LARGE NUCLEATED CELLS CALLED PODOCYTE(BEAR FINGER-LIKE PROJECTIONS CALLED PODOCEL) 

Renal tubule

It IS A LONG AND CONVOLUTED STRUCTURE THAT EMERGES FROM THE GLOMERULUS 

IT CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS BASED ON FUNCTION:-

  1.  PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT) –  IN THE RENAL CORTEX.
  2.  THE LOOP OF HENLE, OR NEPHRITIC LOOP – IT FORMS A LOOP (WITH DESCENDING AND ASCENDING LIMBS) THAT GOES THROUGH THE RENAL  MEDULLA.
  3. DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT)- IN THE RENAL CORTEX.

Loop of Henle

Thick segment-Simple cuboidal epithelium
Thin segment-Simple squamous epithelium.

DCT

Distal  convoluted tubules

Cuboidal epithelium with fewer mitochondria and microvilli

  • Conditional reabsorption of water under the effect of ADH.
  • Na+ – Aldesteron
  • Ca²+ – parathyroid hormone
  • Reabsorption ofHCO3¯and secretion of H+, K+and NH3 to maintain pH. 

Collecting duct

Cuboidal epithelium

Conditional reabsorption of water, Na+, Ca²+. 

Permeability for urea 

PCT

⅔rd of water reabsorption and 60% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed. 

Water, Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, Glucose, vit. C, amino acid, K+and little amount of urea and uric acid.

Descending Limb-permeable to water only. 

Ascending Limb– permeable to ions only. 

Na+, Cl-, k+, Mg²+, Ca²+

Reabsorption is minimum. 

Urine formation

1) Glomerular filtration
2) Tubular reabsorption
3) Tubular secretion

Glomerular filtration 

  • WATER AND SOLUTES ARE FORCED THROUGH THE CAPILLARY WALLS OF THE Glomerulus INTO THE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE (GLOMERULARCAPSULE)
  • FILTRATE –THE FLUID THAT IS FILTERED OUT INTO BOWMAN’S CAPSULE. 
  • Glomerulus filtrate-same as plasma but protein are absent. 

Contains-Water, ions, Glucose, amino acid, water soluble vitamin, urea, uric acid etc. 

Tubular reabsorption

OCCURS BOTH PASSIVE AND Actively. 

GLUCOSE, AMINO ACIDS, AND OTHER NEEDED IONS (NA, K, CL, CA, HCO3) ARE TRANSPORTED OUT OF THE FILTRATE INTO THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES ( REABSORBED BACK INTO THE BLOOD)

ABOUT 65% OF THE FILTRATE IS REABSORBED IN THE PCT. 

AS THESE SUBSTANCES ARE Reabsorbed, THE BLOOD BECOMES HYPERTONICSO WATER EASILY FOLLOWS BY OSMOSIS. 

REABSORPTIONIN THE DCT IS UNDER Hormonal CONTROL ALDOSTERONE CAUSES MORE SALT TO BE ABSORBED

 ADH CAUSES MORE WATER TO BE ABSORBED

TUBULAR SECRETION

WASTE PRODUCTS SUCH AS UREA AND URIC ACID, DRUGS AND HYDROGEN AND BICARBONATE IONS ARE MOVE OUT OF THE PERITUBULARCAPILLARIES INTO THE FILTRATE; THIS REMOVES UNWANTED WASTES AND HELPS REGULATE PH

Urine

It is pale yellow in colour due to Urochrome pigment that is byproduct of red blood corpuscles(RBC) breakdown. 

Around 1-1.5 litre of urine is formed per day. 

PH =6 (vary 4.2 – 8.2) 

It can be four times as concentrated as the blood i. e-1200mosmol/L.

Heavier than water

  • contain
  • 95% =water
  •  5%= urea, uric acid, K+, H+, NH4+, sulphate, hippuric acid, oxalate




Covid-19 THIRD WAVE.

Raising the alarm bells for policymakers and citizens, a research report has contended that India may witness the third covid wave from August 2021. The report – COVID-19: The race to finishing line – prepared by SBI Research, claims that the covid third wave peak will arrive in the month of September 2021.

The research report says that India achieved its second wave peak on 7th May. “Going by the current data, India can experience cases around10,000 somewhere around the 2nd week of July. However, the cases can start rising by the second fortnight of August,” the report said.


These are the highlights from the report:

1. Global data shows that on average third wave peak cases are around 1.7 times the peak cases at the time of second-wave.
2. However, based on historical trends the cases can start rising by the second fortnight of Aug’21 with peak cases at least a month later.
3. India has started giving more than 40 lakh vaccination doses per day as shown by 7 DMA.
4. Overall, India has fully vaccinated 4.6% of its population, apart from 20.8% having received one dose. This is still lower than other countries including the US, the UK, Israel, Spain, France among others.
5. The decline in bank deposits in FY21 and concomitant increase in health expenditure may result in further increase in household debt to GDP in FY22.
6. States with high per capita GDP have been associated with higher Covid-19 deaths per million while low per capita GDP are associated with low Covid-19 deaths.
7. Only 4.6 per cent of the population in India is fully vaccinated, while 20.8 per cent have received one dose, much lower compared to other countries including the US (47.1 per cent), the UK (48.7 per cent), Israel (59.8 per cent), Spain (38.5 per cent), France (31.2), among others.

Child Labor

The human beings between the age of 0 to 14 years are classified as children. It is the age of innocence which forms the basic foundation of a person’s character. It is in this age where the basic physical and mental structure of an individual develops and also morals like integrity, perseverance, honesty and hard work are cultivated. This age can be compared to that of a blooming bud which needs proper nourishment in the form of water , sunlight and nutrients to bloom into a beautiful big flower. Any kind of extra interference in the normal building of a human body tampers the growth and cause serious consequences for the future that is the adulthood which in turn affects the nation as a whole.

The term child labor refers to the exploitation of children by making them do any type of work that deprives them of their innocence, cause damage to their physical health, mental trauma, affects their dignity and causes any kind of moral or social harm. If in the age of learning an individual will be force to work and will be exposed to physically and morally dangerous situations or any kind of violence it will make that child to grow into an adult full of social loathe, low learning, may also make him/her abusive as the absence of proper learning and tremendous pressure tampers the brain to a great extent and that individual may not even be able to live a basic life maybe adopting the way of crime. They will have this mentality that no matter the amount of hard work which is put , the people who are born to just serve (work) can never succeed by the hook.

The United Nations Children’s Fund(UNICEF) has revealed in its report that India with its larger population has the highest number of labors under 14 years of age i.e. it has the highest number of child labors. This blog will tell you the reasons for these high numbers and the measures taken by government to prevent the exploitation of children.

Why is India leading in Child labor

According to the statistics, over 68.8% of the total Indian population is in poverty with an income of less than $2 per day (i.e. 150 rupees) per family where the number of family members can extend more than 10 too with minimum earning members. In a situation where hand to mouth existence becomes difficult, it is very obvious that people tends to increase the number of heir earning members and thus the children in the age of learning becomes the earning members. Education becomes a very high graded luxury in such cases though the government schools provide free education for children upto 14 years of age. Parents believe that the money child will earn in 8 hours which would have been spent in school will at least gather them one meal.

This is the reason the children of 7- 8 years of age are sent far away from their homes on the pretext of getting good jobs when they are in reality being pushed into trafficking. While in some cases tired of poverty, parents themselves sell their children for a small portion amount of money. The trafficked children are then brought into the “child begging industry” where one of their body part is removed and they are forced to beg money as such children evokes the emotion of pity. Organ trafficking is also a part of this big racket which leads to the early deaths in children.

Few children mostly girls are introduced into sex trafficking and as domestic maids where they encounter not only physical and sexual violence but also are starved for days with maximum labor. This is a complete violation of their innocence and dignity.

Child soldiers are another category where these children are sent to serve for money and are trained to rebel against a group of individuals or a government since their childhood days. The best example of child soldiers is the incorporation of children in the terrorist groups which inculcates the strong emotion of hate in them at such a tender age.

Further, the children are naive and can work for longer hours in a relatively low income which makes them a perfect employee for the illegal small scale industries like firecrackers, bidi making etc. It has been reported more than once of many children getting injured in the blast accidents which happens in such industries.

The illegal employment of children working in Brick kilns, minning areas , stone quarries have led to several health problems such as severe respiratory ailments, weakness, hair loss, vision loss and premature aging.

Steps taken to cease this violation

According to data from Census 2011, India was recorded to have 10.1 million (nearly 1 crore) children working as child labors out of which 5.6 million were boys and 4.4 million girls. Whereas, 152 million children works as child labors worldwide with 88 million being boys and rest 64 million being girls. This statistic shows that 1 out of every 10 children works as a child labor worldwide.

The Indian Constitution has labelled Child Labor as a criminal offence with many acts offering a minimum of 3 years of jail if a person is found guilty of child labor. Also, section 372 of IPC(1860) declares the selling of a minor for the purpose of prostitution as a non bailable offence with over 10 years of imprisonment and fine.

Further several non profit organisations are also working to rescue the children from bondages and grant them their fundamental right of Right To Education. Kailash Satyarthi, a receiver of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 has worked since years for the upliftment of suppressed children and to terminate child labor. His foundation The Kailash Satyarthi Children’s Foundation has rescued many children from the exploitation and continues to do so till date.

Child labor is a plague which robs the innocence and the growth from the children who are not privileged, which if not stopped from the common effort will continue to affect the future of the nation.

Depression And Self care

The term depression is quite common these days which is a serious matter of concern. To know the cure we must know what depression is .In simple words depression is mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. It can range from mild depression to chronic depression.

According to data published in times of India — 43% of Indians are suffering from depression. Just to think that almost half of the nation is scary and terrifying. This rate is increasing ever since the Covid 19. The feeling of being trapped and difficulty to cope with the situation is pushing people to fall into the pit of depression. Not only this India also accounts for 36.6 % of suicides globally and suicide has surpassed maternal mortality as the leading cause of death is among women and teenage girls aged 15-19 years. It should be noted that depression may not always lead to suicide or suicidal thoughts.

Anyone can be a prey of depression , so it very important to know how to cope up with this overwhelmingly gloomy feeling. So here is certain tips—

1) Journaling – experts say that journaling and writing down your feeling can lift up your mood.

2) Set attainable goods – Instead of trying to do whole work altogether , your should divide your work into small chunks. This will save you from being overwhelmed by the work

3) Creating routine – Having routine set for the next day always helps to control the day you want. This way you will not feel as if everything is out of your hand

4) Listening to music – Research shows music can be a great way to boost your mood and improve symptoms of depression. It may also help to strengthen your reception of positive emotion

5) Being true to your feelings – Always be true to your feelings , never try to deny it. If you feel like seeking the help of expert , go for it, don’t hesitate.

An ultimate solution to tea bags ‘Tea Infuser’

As soon we wake up we need our cup of tea . Normally we make tea from loose leaves but for ease big companies started selling tea in teabags. We only have to dip these teabag in hot water or milk and our tea is ready.

Teabag seems like paper bag but to keep the seal and shape of teabags intact in hot water, some companies are mixing polypropylene in it, which is a type of plastic. When teabag is dipped in hot water billions of microplastic gets released in tea, so basically it is not good for health.

To find out teabag is made of plastic or not we just have to rip a single bag with hands. If it rips easily, then it’s a paper bag. If it doesn’t rip easily then either it’s cloth bag or there is high chance of plastic mixed in it. Also teabag comes in different packets which is plastic wrapper so it generates a lot of waste.

Solution to teabags

It is best to make tea with loose leaves but this is not possible during travel that’s why most people use teabags. We can use Tea Infuse instead of tea bags. Tea infuser starts from Rs. 150/- and it is made up of steel.

We just have to open it fill it with tea leaves and use it as teabags. This won’t release any microplastic nor any waste would be generated. We can use tea infuser multiple times and it is compact, easy to carry during travel. This will save money as well because loose leaves are much cheaper than tea bags. One can buy tea infuser at any crockery shop or online.

Genetic Disorders

Pedigree Analysis

The record of occurrence of a trait in several generations of a human family is called pedigree analysis. The inheritance of a particular trait is represented in the family tree over generations.

Mendelian Disorders

Mendelian disorders are mainly determined by alteration or mutation in the single gene. Mendelian disorders can be traced in a family by the pedigree analysis.

Most common and prevalent Mendelian disorders are :

  • Haemophilia
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Sickle-cell anaemia
  • Colour blindness
  • Phenylketonuria
  • Thalesemia

Haemophilia

This sex linked recessive disease, which shows its transmission from unaffected carrier female to some of the male progeny has been widely studied. In this disease, a single protein that is a part of the cascade of proteins involved in the clotting of blood is affected. Due to this, in an affected individual a simple cut will result in non- stop bleeding.

The heterozygous female (carrier) for haemophilia may transmit the disease to sons. The possibility of a female becoming a haemophilic is extremely rare because mother of such a female has to be at last carrier and the father should be haemophilic.

Sickle-cell anaemia

This is an autosome linked recessive trait that can be transmitted from parents to the offspring when both the partners are carrier for the gene(or heterozygous). Heterozygous individuals appear apparently unaffected but they are carrier of the disease as there is 50 per cent probability of transmission of the mutant gene to the progeny, thus exhibiting sickle-cell trait.

The defect is caused by the substitution of Glutamic acid by Valine at the sixth position of the beta globin chain of the haemoglobin molecule.

Phenylketonuria

This inborn error of metabolism is also inherited as the autosomal recessive trait.the affected individual lacks an enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine. As a result of this phenylalanine is accumulated and converted into phenylpyruvic acid and other derivatives.

Accumulation of these in brain results in mental retardation. These are also excreted through urine because of its poor absorption of kidney.

Chromosomal Disorders

The chromosomal disorders on the other hand are caused due to absence or excess or abnormal arrangement of one or more chromosomes. Failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division cycle results in the rain or loss of a chromosome, called Aneuploidy. Failure of cytokinesis after telophase stage of cell division results in an increase in a whole set of chromosomes in an organism and this phenomenon is known as Polyploidy.

Down’s Syndrome

The cause of this genetic disorders is the presence of an additional copy of the chromosome number 21.

The affected individual is short statured with small round head, furrowed tongue and partially open mouth. Palm is broad with characteristic palm crease. Physical, psychomotor and mental development is retarded.

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

This genetic disorder is also caused due to the presence of an additional copy of X-chromosome resulting into a karyotype of 47, XXY. Such an individual has overall masculine development, however, the feminine development (development of breast) is also expressed. Such individuals are sterile.

Turner’s Syndrome

Such a disorder is caused due to the absence of one of the X chromosomes, i.e., 45 with X0. Such females are sterile as ovaries are rudimentary besides other features including lack of other secondary sexual characters.

UNIX

UNIX Full Form - GeeksforGeeks

UNIX is a multi-user and multitasking operating system. in a multi-user environment. the computer can receive the commands from a number of end users programs, access files, and print documents simultaneously.

The host computer, which has a UNIX operating system, provides services to the terminal, such as file access services. four terminals are connected to one host computer and all the terminals are sharing resources from the host computer.

Features of UNIX

The general and additional features of UNIX operating system are :

  • File and Processes : file and process are two entities that are supported by UNIX. A file contains information, such as text, code or directory structure that you need to save in the computer, The file is stored in the hard disk of the computer at a particular location, which can be easily remember whereas a process is the name given to a file or a programs that is currently running . UNIX provides various tools that enable you to control a process, change the sequence of the process, and kill the process.
  • Multi-user system: UNIX supports multitasking system as the kernel is designed to handle multiple processes. A single user can run multiple process simultaneously. For example, an end user can print a file and edit another file simultaneously. The kernel handles the multiple processes as foreground and background process. The current process runs in the foreground and the other processes run in the background. This multitasking feature is an advantage for the programmers, as they do not have to close the editor and run the program; this can done simultaneously.
  • UNIX toolkit: The UNIX toolkit provides various tools that are enable you to perform different tasks in UNIX as kernel alone cannot perform every task. The tools that are included in the UNIX toolkit are:

1:- General purpose tools , such as vi editor

2:- Text manipulation utilizes filters that are used to retrieve the output from two or more commands simultaneously .

3:- Compiler and Interpreter .

4:- Network administration and system tools , such as mailx and pine.

  • Pattern Matching :- UNIX supports pattern matching feature that enables you to retrieve the output according to the required pattern . Pattern matching in UNIX can be implemented using a special characters , such as * known as metacharacter .
  • Programming Facility :- UNIX provides a programming facility known as shell that is developed specifically for programmers and not for the users .

What Is Survivor’s Guilt?

Some of us thank our lucky stars when tragedy happens, those we cherish while we remain unharmed, while others feel guilty. “Why should I be the only one? “What could I have done differently to avoid this?” we wonder. ” These are the defining characteristics of survivor guilt, an unofficial but very real condition.

Survivor guilt occurs when a person believes they have done something wrong by surviving a catastrophic incident in which others have died or otherwise succumbed. It can take many forms, ranging from bittersweet emotions to outright sadness. It is most frequently associated with large-scale disasters (such as combat casualties or plane accidents), but it can also manifest itself in unexpected ways.

The term “survivors’ guilt,” according to experts, has its origins in the Holocaust. There are people, for example, who refuse to forget and  instead feel obliged to ‘remember’ by an inner sense of responsibility; they purposefully deny and refuse themselves any happiness in living. Some wish to erase the memories but are unable to do so.

Most psychologists agree that survivors’ guilt is not a medically diagnosable syndrome, but it appears emotionally and physically in those who survive a terrible incident; guilt has traditionally been associated with war veterans, survivors of natural disasters, catastrophes, and sicknesses.

Survivor’s Guilt often falls into one of the the three overarching themes:

  1. Feeling guilty over one’s survival – When we think about survivor guilt, we usually think of this: if you were unharmed while others have been injured, you may believe you didn’t deserve to be protected and should’ve been hurt as well. You doubt the world’s fairness and justice.
  1. Feeling guilty over what you could have done – You’re regretful that you didn’t go above and beyond. You should’ve known better, and you should’ve tried harder. Perhaps you attempted but failed to save someone. There’s an exaggerated feeling of disappointment or blame: “If only I’d done things differently.”
  1. Feeling guilty over what you had done – You could also feel bad about something you did, such as shoving people out of the way to flee an armed gunman or abandoning your family for greater chances abroad. Alternatively, you may experience a great deal of guilt over things that happened by chance.

HOW TO COPE WITH SURVIVOR’S GUILT

  1. Embrace and let yourself feel the emotions – Survivor’s guilt is a known response to trauma, even if it is not particularly rational. Embrace and allow yourself to feel the emotions that emerge. Allow yourself time to absorb the feelings of guilt, sadness, anxiety, and sadness that often come with a traumatic incident and the death of a loved one. It is critical to get treatment if these feelings become overpowering or do not become more tolerable with time.
  1. Build relationships with others – Share your emotions with your loved ones. Search for an appropriate support group if loved ones are not able to comprehend your feelings. Survivors may interact with others, vent emotions, and offer advice in both face-to-face support groups and online forums.
  1. Make use of mindfulness exercises – People who have experienced tragedy may benefit from mindfulness, particularly amid flashbacks or moments of strong and unpleasant emotions. Focusing on the breathing, touching close fabrics, and hearing sounds both within and outside the space are some grounding strategies to try.
  1. Practicing self-care – It is terrifying and upsetting to see a loss or potential loss of life. Survivors can benefit from engaging in pleasurable activities. It is also critical for a person to get adequate sleep, maintain a well-balanced diet, and start exercising on a regular basis.
  1. Do something good towards others – Survivors of traumatic incidents might feel much better if they help others in some manner.

According to studies, some individuals experiencing survivor’s guilt and other symptoms  get better without therapy during the first year of the occurrence. Yet, at least one-third of individuals will experience the symptoms for three years or more. If an individual feels they would be unable to manage on their own, or if the symptoms are getting worse or becoming persistent, then it is critical to seek help.