Category: Science

DATA SCIENCE BASICS

In this post, we’ll be discussing about two fundamental questions which can assist you in shaping your career in data science.
1 . What is data science and what are its components?
2. What are the prerequisite skills needed to get a job in data science?
1 . Data science is actually the techniques which are used for extracting meaningful insights from a huge dataset. With the presence of many people on the web , companies like Facebook, Instagram, Google collected plenty of knowledge about its users. This led to Big Data. It comprises of unstructured datasets. Hence, several methods were developed to work on this data and are available up with wide scale applications. An example is that Netflix collects data from its users to return with the choices like where to put subtitles, the way to place the top credits and the way to make transition between episodes of an internet series.
So the first step is to collect data and store it. It involves collecting differing types of knowledge like user generated data, external data and storing them.
To ensure the reliable flow of knowledge , data pipelines are built on the idea of a standard structure, ETL which is Extract, Transform and cargo . Through this, the transformation of raw data is done so that it can be suitably analysed. This task is handled by data engineers.
Only after this, the “analysis” on data can be performed. Often this is often the sole part which is concentrated ignoring the essential foundations, hence people have the misunderstanding that only data analytics comprise data science.
On top of this, metrics are built on which data is tracked, categorisation of users is completed and data also can be trained with the assistance of labels. Before deploying ML models, an experimentation framework is put for getting an estimate of the changes before it’s implemented on the whole dataset.
2. Now to be able to implement it, you need the following skills for getting started in the domain of data science.
Programming LanguageIrrespective of the role, you would like to understand a programing language suitable for manipulating statistical data like Python or R. Besides this, you furthermore may got to know a database command language like SQL. With the help of Python libraries, the application of machine learning models get simpler hence it is not required to know how exactly the algorithms work initially.

Applied Mathematics You should have a solid understanding of statistics, as it will be needed for making decisions for evaluation of experiments. Knowledge of calculus and linear algebra helps in using the results of a machine learning or statistical implementation in a different case independently.
Data cleaning and visualisationDo not think that data will be readily available to you for processing. Often an excellent deal of your time is spent in cleaning the info , adjusting missed values, correcting formatting. Without this, data can’t be processed to further stages.
You should skills to use visualisation techniques to draw meaningful insights from the info . Matplotlib, ggplot can help in visualisation. Tableau has also been a well-liked tool for rendering data visually.
Software engineeringA strong software engineering background is that the most essential requirement. You should have a clear understanding of algorithms, data structures, memory management which will be always tested in the first rounds for the data science roles.

Journey of the Technologies that shaped today’s world: Electricity

The heat engines namely steam engine and Internal Combustion engine solved travel and transportation problems of mankind. From depending on manual human labour and animal power- which came with a number of limitations, to portable engines that could drive the wheels without being tiered for hours and for miles; the jump was significant. The society started progressing in leaps and bounds. Raw material could reach factories faster and finished products could reach markets faster. Agriculture produces could reach to consumers faster.

But human endeavour to understand nature and natural forces did not end here. Man continued to find laws that governed nature based on natural phenomenon. These laws inspired inventors to build machine that put these laws to use for making the human lives easier and far more enriching. One such discovery that changed the course of human civilization forever was ELECTRICITY.

Humans were introduced to electricity by electric eel and such aquatic creatures. However, this introduction was hardly productive. The next big milestone came when humans discovered Static Electricity. Rubbing of certain materials on certain other materials made the material charged and it could attract lighter objects like feathers. The first record of this phenomenon is available since as early as 600 BCE. But this phenomenon was not well understood and could not be put to use to any human use.

In 17th and 18th century, more experiments were done on static electricity. Benjamin Franklin is credited to discovery of electricity. He used a kite and key to experiment in 1752. His experiment showed that the lightening is the same as electricity. This was a crucial understanding to see electricity in action in natural phenomenon. After all, science uses naturally occurring events as a step stone to develop its understanding, to mimic the event and put it to human use.

However, all these discoveries and experiments of static electricity were giving power in a sudden burst which was not possible to contain or put to any use. (In fact, to this day we wish to harness the power of lightening. It could solve all our power problems.) So, it was a milestone achievement when Italian physicist Alessandro Volta discovered that certain chemical reactions could also generate electricity. If one could control the rate of the chemical reaction, one could ensure a steady supply of electricity.

This discovery was that chemical reactions could generate electricity was quite a chance discovery. Around 1800, an Italian doctor Luigi Galvani found that a frog’s leg twitched when it touched two different kinds of metals. Volta studied these findings and concluded that the different metals created a potential difference and thus the electric current flowed. So, Volta needed only to create a potential difference between two points which could be connected through a wire for electric current to flow. As simple as water flowing through pipe.

The Voltaic cell opened a door for chemical cells. Different metals and electrolytes have been tried by different scientists. A few that we use till date are Lead Acid cell, and Dry cells (as in pencil/AAA batteries).

Teen slangs of 2020

Latest Teen Slang

 

Here are 20 of the latest teen slang words and phrases that are showing up in 2020, and what they mean.

Extra

This is another way of saying that someone or something is too much or over the top. An example might be: “She is so extra. She talks about Karen non-stop.” Extra can also be used in a self-deprecating way.

Snatched 

You don’t have to worry if you hear your teen saying that someone or something is snatched. It’s actually a compliment, and it could sound something like: “I love those sneakers! They are so snatched.”

Big yikes 

To use a slang word that we’ve already learned, big yikes is like yikes only extra. Think about how you might use “Yikes!” or “No way!” and then double it as in: “Big yikes! Did you see what Jared just posted on his finsta??”

Finsta 

You monitor your teen’s social media and are probably even connected with them on Instagram, so you feel like you’re aware of their digital footprint, right? Unfortunately, they may have a “finsta” too, which is a secret second Instagram account. This account is hidden from parents and may tell a different story than your child’s official Instagram account.

Flex 

Flex is the new way to say “show off.” An easy way to remember this one is to picture someone flexing their muscles. Your teen might say: “She is trying to flex all over finsta today since she received another college acceptance letter.”

No cap

This is probably equivalent to our “for real” or no “no lie” from our younger days. Teens are emphasizing that they are telling the truth with this one.

Lowkey 

This is a way to describe something you want to keep on the downlow, to use one of our old slang words, or something that you don’t want to emphasize too much. For instance: “I lowkey can’t wait for this school year to be over… not that I’m mentioning this to my parents.”

Highkey 

Conversely, highkey is a way to describe something that you really want to emphasize. For example, “I highkey can’t wait for this day to end! I want to scream it from the rooftops.”

I’m dead 

This is one you may have noticed in many of BuzzFeed’s “article” headlines. “I’m dead” refers to the fact that your teen is laughing so hard about something that she is dying of laughter.

Slay 

Slay is a way to say someone looks amazing or did an excellent job at something. One friend might tell another: “Girl, you slayed in that game! I can’t believe how many points you scored.”

Straight fire 

Straight fire is otherwise known as “on the up and up” or better than all of the rest. It can also mean hot. Not as in temperature, but as in “That’s hot!” expressed in a positive way.

Spill the tea 

If you hear your teen asking a friend to “spill the tea,” it means that they want to hear the latest gossip or story. Your teen might say, “Spill the tea! I want to hear what happened after you left the party.”

CD9 

Breaker, breaker. This one may take you back to the walkie-talkie days of your youth. CD9 stands for Code 9 as in, “Can’t talk! My parents are here!”

Shook 

Shook is a way to describe that you are emotionally shaken or affected by something. You might hear your teen say, “I stayed up all night reading that book, and now I am shook.”

Netflix and Chill 

This one sounds nice, right? Maybe you’re at work right now thinking of how nice it would be to get comfy on the couch and watch Netflix tonight with a pint of ice cream. When your teen says it, unfortunately, it means that she is using that as a front to have someone over (or go over there house) to make out and possibly

 

 

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria or PGPR is a group of bacteria that can be found in the rhizosphere or it can be said that bacteria that colonize the roots of the plants that enhance plant growth. It is observed that the rhizosphere is the zone of maximum microbial activity. It is the rhizosphere region of the plant from where most of the essential mico and macro- nutrients are extracted. The different species of Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes, Protozoa, and Algae can be found in the rhizosphere region, Bacteria being the most abundant.
The term PGPR was introduced by Kloepper and Schroth. They concluded that PGPR are not only associated with the roots to exert beneficial effects on plant development but also have positive effects on controlling phytopathogenic microbes. Therefore, PGPR is one of the active ingredients in biofertilizer.
Based on the interactions , PGPRs are of 2 different types :

  1. SYMBIOTIC or INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA (iPGPR) live inside plants and exchange metabolites directly by biofertilization, stimulation of plant growth, rhizoremediation, and plant stress control. While performing direct growth promotion, they behave as Biofertilizers.
  2. FREE – LIVING or EXTRACELLULAR BACTERIA (ePGPR) live outside plant cells and indirectly increases plant growth by reducing the impact of disease, by Antibiosis, induction of systemic resistance, and competition for nutrients and niches. While performing indirect plant growth promotion, they behave as Biopesticide.

PGPR shows an important role in sustainable agriculture industry.
Undoubtedly, there is an increased demand of crop production now-a-days and also a significant reduction of synthetic chemical pesticides and fertilizers which is a big challenge. So, the use of PGPR has been proven to be one of the best ways of increasing crop yields by facilitating plant growth.
PGPR show synergistic and antagonistic interactions with microorganisms within the rhizosphere and in bulk soil, which indirectly boosts the plant growth rate. PGPR also works as a biofertilizer for agricultural sustainability.
Agriculture is one of the human activities which leads to the increasing amount of chemical pollutants with the excessive and continuous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This causes further environmental damage causing a serious risk for human health.
For e.g. N2O is excessively released by continuous use of nitrogen fertilizers which causes Greenhouse effect and finally Global Warming. Farmers apply a high concentration of nitrogen fertilizers in the form of ammonium nitrate to increase crop yield but continuous use of nitrogen fertilizers decreases the Biological Nitrogen Fixation in soil.

For Sustainable Agriculture fulfillment, crops which are produced must be grown with disease resistance, salt tolerance, drought tolerance, heavy metal stress tolerance, and better nutritional value. Also, the use of soil microorganisms is the one possible way. Soil microbes increase the nutrient uptake capacity and water use efficiency in the soil. Among these soil microorganisms, PGPRs are mostly used which are capable of performing all the activities without environmental contamination. PGPR include the species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Azobacter, Variovorax, Azosprillum and Serratia.
But it is found that agricultural industries worldwide still not use the concept of PGPRs. This is due to the inconsistent properties of inoculated PGPR which can greatly influence the crop production.

 A PGPR must :

  1. Possess its survival in soil by tolerating several environmental factors.
  2. Be compatible with the crops on which it is inoculated.
  3. Be interactive with the already existing microflora in soil.
  4. Have a broad spectrum of action.
  5. Be safe for the environment.
  6. Enhance plant growth.
    Another challenge is that all Rhizobacteria do not possess the same mechanisms which is a major disadvantage for the environment therefore, PGPR still are not used as a biofertilizer in global agricultural productivity.

How to grab internships?

My connections often ask me how to get an internship?What preparations do we need to do to get an internship? How you prepared that you got so much internships? So, i thought of publishing an article that might help you all in getting your answers.

A Guide to Starting Your Career Off Right

Consider Your Qualifications

One of the most common misconceptions that students have about how to get an internship is that they must apply to every position that catches their eye to increase their odds. But this is a sure-fire recipe for radio silence from recruiters and hiring managers. Instead, think about the skills and experience you currently possess, and which positions you might be a good fit for based on that information. A few ways to narrow down which internships are right for you:

Think about your degree

Look up common career fields and job titles for people with your major.Consider your experience: Think about your previous work experience, and which roles it might prepare you for. A student working at a campus newspaper might consider a journalism internship, while a student who tutors for a statistics class may want to look at data science internships.

Identify transferable skills

Skills that help you succeed in school or in the student organisations you participate in — such as organisation, critical thinking and time management — will all be useful in the working world. Some quick research should reveal which jobs require these skills.

Explore your interests

With how much time you spend at work, you want to make sure you enjoy it! Write down a few career fields that interest you, and search internships in those areas.

Start small

Don’t feel pressured to get your dream internships right away, especially if you have no prior work experience. Start by exploring small local organisations, groups affiliated with your school or volunteer work in order to bolster your resume.

Know Where to Look

Once you have a more concrete idea of which internships would be the right fit, it’s time to see what’s out there! Here’s how you can do that.

Visit Job Sites

 Websites like LinkedIn , Internshala have millions of job listings, so you’re bound to find something that’s right for you. You can search for the internship titles you’re interested in, and narrow results down by location, size, industry, company ratings and more.

Leverage Your Network

Getting a personal recommendation can make all the difference in your internship search, so make sure to reach out to friends, family, colleagues, classmates, professors and alumni to see if they know anyone hiring.

Prepare Your Application Materials

No matter what job you apply to, there are a few key materials you’re going to want to have on hand. Here are the most common ones, and how to perfect them before you apply.

Resume

Resumes are brief documents that showcase your skills, education and professional background. Typically, resumes will contain your name and contact info, education, professional summary, work experience, skills and additional experience.

Social Media Profiles

Many recruiters use social medias to recruit— some may even require a link to your social media profiles. So, if you haven’t already, you may want to create a professional social media profile, especially on a networking site like LinkedIn.

A few best practices to follow as you polish your social media presence:

Choose a professional headshot for your profile picture.

Add relevant work experience as applicable.

Keep it appropriate — delete any suggestive references or pictures.

Share and engage with relevant industry content.

Hope, this will help you all in getting your dream internship.

HOW TO LEARN CODING AND TIPS TO LEARN IT FASTER

With the resources present on the web , it’s very easy to urge started with programming. If you’ve got a laptop/desktop and a reliable Internet connection, you’ll start your coding journey immediately . Follow this roadmap to begin without any confusion.

Object Oriented Programming Language( OOP )
Start your coding journey with an OOP Language like C++. Learn the nitty gritties of it and master the important libraries such as STL. For a detailed strategy to learn C++, check this article. It is equally important to solve different programming problems. This tests if you’ll actually convert an algorithm into working code. Hackerrank is a good source for covering the basics and solving challenging problems.

Mastering Data Structures and Algorithms
You should develop the ability to tackle different programming questions by implementing the correct algorithm. This is also crucial for software developer roles, as every company tests the knowledge of algorithms and data structures. Competitive programming websites such as Codechef, Codeforces are some of the recommended sources to begin with.

Building Software
Start developing your own applications. Simple projects like web scrapers, document searchers are an honest start line . Learn Python which may be used for developing several web applications. You can also start learning android and web development. You can also build your own portfolio after this.

Delve Deeper
Software engineering is a huge field. Increase the complexity of projects gradually such as using the web scraper to fetch data from a website and adding classification by using ML. You can try to build applications powered by databases( apps such as Quora or a small social network application that can group users by their common interests and engage them accordingly. )

Specialized Skills
Try to gain skills which can be leveraged massively. Start with Machine Learning from Andrew Ng’s Coursera course. Join Kaggle and participate within the ir contests in order that you’ll understand the implementation of ML in the world . Often the practical use of different ML algorithms is more essential than understanding the theory fully. You can also explore areas such as Cryptography, Network Security depending on your interests.

IMPORTANT TIPS TO LEARN CODING FASTER
When learning how to code, it is important to know the right way to learn. Otherwise even after spending a huge amount of your time , it can happen that you simply aren’t actually good in coding and there are gaps in your learning.

  1. Practice coding
    Only seeing tutorials for coding would not help. Often students are satisfied in watching videos and that they feel that the training is over. This is not how it works in real world and is certainly not coding. Unless you are stuck at problems, you do not know your weaknesses. Writing code is the deal. And you have to get things executed. Practice problems from sites like Hackerrank to urge started. There are elaborate editorials for problems and you’ll understand from there if you’re stuck.
    For running Python programs, you’ll also use Google Colaboratory. You have the power of Google data centres at your disposition and there is no additional need to install anything else. The notebooks are present in the Google Drive connected to your account. Try Google Colaboratory.
  2. Googling
    Google things on how to do it. Stackoverflow has many solutions to very frequently occurring errors. There are blog posts available for it. Use the main keywords and not unnecessary grammar. Googling in itself is a great skill. You need not remember each and each syntax of each programing language . Be smart to take the help of the resources.
  3. Patience
    Writing code by yourself by following the logic requires patience and it’s okay to struggle initially . You can understand the essential syntax of a language at one go but that’s not enough. For understanding the subtleties within the various problems, you would like to spend longer time with the precise questions. If you’re stuck in writing a program, follow the 2nd step, read the code, the relevant material and execute step 1. Once you recognize the way to do these stuff, you’ll be learning things quickly.

Will India have SUPERPOWERS like USA?

The world is almost ruled by powerful countries like USA, China, Japan, Russia etc. and its none of the wonder that developed countries are helping as well as exploiting the developing countries. Developing countries like India, Pakistan, Srilanka and many more… are mostly dependent on the developed countries, but the biggest question arises will India be list of the superpower countries by 2050. The answer would be yes, but unfortunately due to pandemic situation that number will rise to 2055-2060 because India faced a major setback due to this and also India build a strong relation with other countries with help of our respected Prime Minister sir. Let us look out which factors are going to help to build a nation with superpowers:

1- Economic growth

Chinese economy is based on foreign investment, while India is growing based on a more local economic sector. So if we look in future i.e. after 30-40 India will overtake as it is very slow process. We know very well that many MNCs have begun to invest tremendously in India and has started to rely on Indian engineers for their next generation products. Companies like GM, Boeing, Motorola and many others have begun to build their Research and Development facilities and Asian headquarters in India. They see more potential on Indian market. If India is able to maintain this steady growth, it can definitely become 2nd largest economy by 2050.

money bills currency euros
Photo by Dom J on Pexels.com

 

3) Military power

India stands on 4th rank in terms of defense with the budget of 54 billion $ and 13L+ army man. India has a total of 2,102 aircrafts and a naval strength of 295 and is ready to tackle any military emergency. India is gaining new technology and ideas from world and also our DRDO is working very efficient like wise India adopted 5th generation fighter plane from Russia and Defense Drone technology from USA and other technology too from Israel. Therefore if India increases the defense budget in next 3-4 decades, specially in Air force and cyber and New technology than India definitely can handle any worse situation.

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Image source: economictimes.com

3- Diplomacy and international relations

India’s Diplomacy is standing at a good potions no matter still there are many internal disputes but in the eyes of world India is at a better place. India is able to maintain relation with foreign countries in a stable and steady manner which will ultimately help the people of India. In the coming years India will be able to maintain permanent seat in UN Security Council which will be biggest achievement in diplomatic point of view.

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Image source: Kosha group

4) Population

India has highest number of fresh minds, they are handled correctly with innovative and interesting education system than none of the country can stop India to be listed in top 5 countries. Youth is the biggest asset of India and no other country has this much amount of youth in their population. In the coming years, some of the strong nations of the world will face problem of decrease in populations and this will lead to, a decline in workforce, India will face no such problem.

India’s education system need to be modified a bit and student instead of memorizing theories, they should be taught to learn and understand the concept. The subject related to entrepreneurship should be added at early age so that they get knowledge of business at early age which would help them and ultimately help the nation.

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Image source: Indiannewsonweb.com

5- Science and Technology

India has greatest potential yet to be showed to the world in the field of science and technology. New and new startups are evolving around us day by day and that will help a lot. Our scientist proved that India can even complete the mission on a budget of bollywood movie. India is also 4th country to land on the moon. India is emerging slowly in the field of software and will create a great impact in the near future.

creative internet computer display
Photo by Markus Spiske on Pexels.com

 

‘ DARK ‘ Season-3 Theories

Season 3 of Netflix’s Dark is releasing on 27th June, and the anticipation is rising. The time-bending series dropped an explosive cliffhanger at the end of season 2, which left us with a whole lot of questions. Considering how confusing the show is anyway, adding an alternate dimension was just icing on the cake. There are some theories which will leave us with  more questions than answers floating around about what happens in the final season  – check it out.

1. Winden will be removed from the timeline entirely.

Considering this is the final cycle, and the intangible knot of timelines has gotten far beyond anyone’s control, something drastic is required. Some people have posited that the town of Winden, which is at the centre of this unholy mess, will be obliterated entirely.

2.The world that alternate Martha comes from is the ‘world without time’ that Adam has been trying to create.

We don’t exactly know everything that Adam has been up to during his timeline, only the bits and pieces that we get during other people’s interactions with him. Mainly, we know he wants to create a world without time . If Adam succeeds in a part of his timeline we haven’t seen yet, then this other world would already exist, because it exists outside of time. This might be where alternate Martha comes from.

3. Helge Doppler has an injured eye in the new trailer, meaning it’s probably him from the alternate dimension.

In the dimension we’re familiar with, Helge has a ear injury (due to Ulrich, If I remember correctly). However, in the new trailer, there’s a shot of Helge with an injured eye , meaning it’s definitely alt-Helge, from the new Martha’s world.

4. Martha is Jonas’ replacement in the other world, as he does not even exist there. There’s even a shot of her wearing Jonas’ yellow coat.

According to Old Claudia, she’s seen the world without Jonas, which means he was probably never born in the alternate world. In that world, Martha lives Jonas’ life.

5. The shot of Stranger/Jonas working on a God Particle in the past could mean he’s accepted his role in founding Sic Mundus and ultimately becoming Adam.

The Stranger, from the post-apocalypse version is shown in the trailer working on a God Particle machine in the distant past under the church.

This could mean he’s decided to follow the path to becoming Adam.

6. The pendant Jonas found near the lake in 2019 belonged to Hannah , who was drowned there by someone while stuck in the 1950s.

In a photo of the filming of 3 season, Hannah has a pendant around her neck, which Jonas found on the lake in 2019. Bartoz spoke of the legend of a dead woman on the lake that grabs people by the legs. It is possible that Katharina, wanting revenge, murdered Hannah while they were both in the 50s.

7. It is theorised that the new trio seen in the trailer is made up of the real Aleksander Tiedemann, or an alt-world Mads Nielsen.

The kid who plays Mads and the child seen in the trailer, burning shit up like a pro, bear a striking resemblance. Similarly, the resemblance between Aleksander and the character seen is also quite notable. Considering his strange and unexplained history in the show, it’s a possibility.

8. Time moves backwards in the alternate world, and everything there goes in reverse.

There are 2 examples of this in the trailer – one is where Jonas is running backwards, and another is of Martha crying and tears going up her eyes. However, that is quite an impractical scenario, so let’s see.

If there’s one thing I’ve learned though, it’s that this show is always ready to surprise you, no matter how many theories you read online. So let’s wait and watch!

Source: YouTube.

BASICS OF A MICROBIOLOGY LAB

Microbiology is the study of microbes i.e. the organisms which we can’t see with the naked eyes. Although many microorganisms are beneficial for the human use, some are pathogenic also which causes diseases. Clinical Microbiological Laboratory is concerned with finding of those infectious, pathogenic microbes.

MATERIALS USED IN MICROBIOLOGY LAB
Laminar flow hood, Incubator, Autoclave, Refrigerator, Bunsen Burner, Wire loop, Petri plates, Glass slides, Weighing balance, Media plates, Sensitivity disks, Staining rack, Microscope, Bio safety Cabinet, Centrifuge etc.

INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENT MEDIA
Some of the media used in the microbiology lab are :

  1. MacCONKEY AGAR : It is the selective and differential media used for the isolation of Gram-negative Bacteria. This media can be used for differentiating Lactose fermenting and Non-lactose fermenting bacteria.
  2. BLOOD AGAR : It is the enriched media for the growth of bacteria such as streptococci.
  3. CHOCOLATE AGAR : It is the lysed Blood Agar. The only difference in blood agar and chocolate agar is that in blood agar RBCs are lysed. This enriched media is suitable for the growth of bacteria that are unable to grow on Blood Agar.
  4. THIOSULFATE CITRATE BILE SALT AGAR (TCBS) : It is the selective as well as differential media for the growth of vibrio cholerae , a causative organism for cholera.

GRAM STAINING
Gram staining is the process for differentiating Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. When the whole procedure of gram stain is followed and the slide is observed under the microscope, Gram positive bacteria appear Violet in color and Gram negative bacteria appear Pink in color.
For the gram staining we need Glass slide, Normal Saline, Inoculating loop, Bunsen burner, Crystal Violet, Gram’s Iodine, Acetone, Safranine.

PROCESS :

  1. The isolated colony of the microorganism is taken and in the drop of normal saline on the glass slide the colony is mixed with the help of inoculating loop to make a smear. The prepared smear is heat fixed.
  2. A staining rack is taken and on the smear, Crystal Violet is added. After 1 minute, the stain was removed by washing the slide in running water.
  3. After that, Gram’s Iodine is added on the smear as a decolorizing agent which is again washed after 1 minute under the running tap water.
  4. The next step is to add Acetone on the smear which is added in the hand to hand process.
  5. After the decolorisation is done, Safranine is added on the smear which is also washed after 1 minute.
  6. The glass slide is then air dried and observed under the microscope.

RESULTS :
It was observed under the microscope that the Gram positive bacteria appear Violet in color due to Crystal Violet stain whereas Gram negative bacteria appear Pink in color due to safranine.

TESTS ANALYZED
The tests analyzed in the microbiology section of the laboratory are basically the culture and sensitivities tests of urine, stool, sputum, pus swab etc.
The basic procedure of performing all the tests are :

  1. First of all, all the tests are performed inside the laminar flow hood.
  2. The samples collected from the patients and the media plates are kept inside the laminar flow.
  3. The inoculating wire loop is heat sterilized and with the help of it, the samples are cultured or streaked on the media plates.
  4. After inoculation, the cultured media plates are incubated for 24 hours (48 hours if necessary) for allowing the growth of bacteria.
  5. After the growth, staining is done or sensitivities are checked according to the requirement by the doctor.
  6. The report is prepared for the patient.

Guide to live a Happy Life !

–You’re going to realise it one day-
That happiness was never about your job, or you degree, or being in a relationship. Happiness was never about following  the footsteps of all of those who came before you, it was never about being like others.
One day you are going to see  it – that happiness was all about the discovery, the hope, the listening to your heart and following or wherever it chose to go. Happiness was always about being kinder to yourself, it was always about embracing the person you are becoming. One day you will understand that happiness was all about learning how to live with yourself, that it was never in the hands of other people. It was about you , It is about you and It will always be about you–

Since long time, I’ve been exploring the best ways that people can live happily. And over the last year.
Outsmart Your Smartphone,Conscious Tech Habits for Finding Happiness, Balance, and Connection IRL. Even though there are tons of things you can do to live a happier life, I’ve narrowed our focus down to the 10 skills you can build that I believe are the most important to increase happiness. By building these skills, you can start to live a happy life.

1. Live a happy life by creating a plan for your happiness.

You wouldn’t bake a cake without a recipe. You wouldn’t go to a place you’ve never been without a map. And you shouldn’t try to build happiness without a plan either. Creating a good happiness plan is what takes you from where you are now to the happy life you envision.

2. Develop yourself to live a happy life.

Remember when something you wanted to do seemed impossible? Maybe it was that first time you rode a bike, or drove a car, or asked someone out on a date. Then you did it and realized you had it in you all along. Creating a happy life is the same way — the first step is believing in yourself and your ability to live happily. Then you’ll see that you had it in you all along. This is why engaging in personal development is key to living a happy life.

3. Think positive to create a happy life. 

We all know someone who will find the one bad thing in every situation. Maybe this person is us. If we learn to think positive instead, we can make even the most obnoxious situations more enjoyable, creating a happier life from the one we have now. Every moment of every day is a little better, because we can find the silver linings. This is why positive thinking is key to a happier life.

4. Boost your self-confidence to create a happy life.

If we don’t have self-confidence, it’s easy to think that there’s something fundamentally wrong with us — that there’s nothing we can do to change ourselves and create the happy life we desire. But self-confidence is actually a skill. When we learn how to think, feel, and act in ways that make us a person we really love, we can be more self-confident and, as a result, live happily more easily.

5. Create work-life balance for a happy life. 

Are you exhausted, demotivated, and in desperate need of a break? By learning how to create better work-life balance, you can make better use of the limited time you do have in your life. As a result, you end up enjoying all parts of your life a bit more.

6. Build resilience for a happier life. 

Sometimes life knocks you down — there is no getting around that. What really matters for creating a happy life is how easy it is for you to get back up. Developing emotional resilience keeps those challenges and hardships from overwhelming you. You recover more quickly from difficulties, and as a result, you’ll live happily more days each month and year.

7. Be more mindful to create a happy life. 

Now that we live in a high-tech world, we go through much of our lives on autopilot. As a result, we miss out on the best parts of being alive — positive experiences, connections with others, and even having fun. So maybe we already have a happy life . . . and we just don’t see it. When you become more mindful and self-aware, you stop feeling so numb and are able to better enjoy everything your life has to offer.

8. Find your life purpose for a happy life. 

We all want our lives to feel like they matter. It can be tricky, though, to figure out what matters to us. Each person’s life purpose is different, and learning to notice when you’ve found your purpose is a skill. By building this skill, your life becomes more meaningful and more satisfying, so you can live happily more easily.

9. Practice kindness to live a happier life.

We’re often so focused on boosting our own happiness that we ignore how we affect others. This is a huge mistake, because kindness is, counterintuitively, one of the best ways to create a happy life. Acts of kindness fuel a longer-lasting, more enduring type of happiness. So when you build this skill, you live more of your days happily.

10. Build healthy relationships for a happy life.

So often we think that a happy life is something we must build on our own. But long-term happiness actually comes from the relationships that we build with others. In fact, healthy relationships are the most important factor in both our health and our happiness. This is why learning how to develop better relationships helps you live happily for life.

Here are some steps which will help to boost the above skills :

~ Clarify why you want a happy life.
~ Clarify when you’ll build the skills that lead to a happy life.
~ Decide which happiness skills to build.
~ Decide in what order you will build the skills that lead to a happy life.
~ Commit to your goal to create a happier life.
~ Develop a growth mindset that focuses on           your belief in your ability to create a happy life.
~ Identify your values.
~ Define a happy life in your own words.
~ Record your progress towards personal development.
~ Get some help developing yourself to build a happy life.
~ Help your brain get used to thinking positive.
~ Start your day by imagining the way it looks in your happy life.
~ Savor positive moments.
~ Capitalize on positive moments.
~ Pay attention to the positive things.
~ Create a collection of positive images or positive quotes.
~ Think positive, but think negative when you need to​.
~ Practice gratitude​.
~ Stop minimizing your successes​.
~ Practice self-compassion.
~  Imagine your best self.
~ Know your strengths.
~ Celebrate your successes.
~ Practice mindful acceptance.
~ Observe your situation to increase your awareness​.
~ Find the positives in negative situations​.
~ Create a collection of images or quotes that inspire you to live happily.
~ Understand the benefits of negative emotions.
~ Beef up your coping skills.
~ Stop your negative thought cycles.
~ Be more present in the moment.
~ Take breaks from technology.
~ Pay more attention to find the meaning in your life.
~ Spend more time uninterrupted
~ Identify your values.
~ Find out what drives you.

Of course, building all of these skills takes time. If you need help, get support to walk you through the steps and guide you on your journey to living a happier life

How Social Media fits into Digital Marketing.

Social media is one of the most important platform for digital marketing as the presence on social media helps to reach out a number of audience which later turn into their customers.

Digital marketing uses the social media platform to promote their business ideas, products or services. It is the best way to engage traffic to their sites and attract large amount of audience. The main aim of digital marketing is to reach the target audience and social media helps it to reach millions of people around the world in just few minutes.

Benefits of Digital marketing on Social media.

Improved marketing strategies.

As social media allows people to connect with each other and it also allows the marketers to observe the user data and the day to day activities of the people or customers and get to learn their intrests and dislikes and then take further steps on a regular basis to plan their marketing strategies accordingly, this leads to an improved and stable marketing business.

Improvement and increase in sales.

As social media allows the customers to view your products and order online they take the opportunity and avail the offer or services as soon as possible. As the customers reach out to your products and make a purchase, you can get the credentials which are required to contact them later on for further more advertisements. Moreover if they tend to like the product, chances are that they could become your regular customer and the reviews they leave online and the people they meet and let them know about your business will also help in the publicity of your company.

Improved customer satisfaction.

The most important aspect of Social media in terms of digital marketing is that it helps the customers to keep their word, send their feedback and ask their questions or queries regarding the products or the brand. Social media allows you to quickly review their feedback and quickly resolve their queries, this way the customers have no doubts and this operation leads to satisfied customers and what do satisfied customers do? That’s right they are your lead and will help you in boosting your business.

Improved Brand awareness.

Having a strong brand name on social media is very important as majority of the customers before buying any of their desired products go through online websites and social media. A strong. Brand name could attract them to your product and make them your customer. You can take your brand on Facebook and Instagram for better results, as by publishing Facebook ads, it could lead to get you a lot of customers.

Improved SEO rankings.

As the audience from social media carry a lot of traffic to your website, it makes you stand out from your competition due to the social signals received by your website. As a result search engines are more likely to rank your site higher in terms of relevant search results.

Improved and increased web traffic.

As you promote quality and informative content on your social media profiles, it will give rise to the toll of followers and customers to your website and will eventually lead to a lot of sales.

As we know that social media is the latest addition to the digital marketing world as it promotes all kinds of messages and brands on top quality social media apps like Facebook, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Instagram, Twitter, Google+, Snapchat and Tumblr which obviously catches the eye of alot of audience and leads to the promotion of the brand.

The technique of social media is really simple, create the content and use the social media platform to promote it and gain audience and hence social media marketing has become a part of digital marketing.

The major advantage of social media is that it is completely free to use and promote your stuff without even spending a single penny unlike some of the digital marketing tools. You can make daily progress and updates without worrying about the money.

Conclusion

There is no scope for loss when you take your business on social media, there is only one way and that is the route to progress and success. If you have your business online but not on social media it is like owning a business and not letting anyone know about it.Last but not the least social media gives you the valueable opportunity to gain new insights into your customers,it leads you to the customers who believed your business did not exist.

Master plan of China- DISCLOSED!!!

The life after the pandemic situation will not be normal again as this pandemic situation is also not normal.

Knowingly or unknowingly the virus developed in China (according to news) created the biggest impact in the health and economic sector of the world. Nobody knows how much time will it take to come out completely from this pandemic situation. China with the most power in terms of technology and population might have a master plan to be executed in the name of Novel Corona virus by supplying the goods of medical department and further other essential commodities which might be needed by the people in the near future to the world and soon they will earn billions of dollar by supplying it to the world. So, again now world will depend more on China than before.

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We as a responsible citizen of India, need to stop the master plan of China as in the near future it will harm us very very badly. Let us understand by an example, India is surrounded by countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri lanka, Nepal this all countries have taken huge amount of money from China like wise Pakistan took huge money from China to develop a road passing from the mountain, so now Pakistan is in debt to pay the money and in return China can do anything to gain the money back. Pakistan took more money from China than from IMF, and has to pay around 19 billion US$, which will be extremely hard for Pakistan. In the same way Sri lanka owes 1.4 billion US$ which is left over from from 99 years and now China will ask for payback or will capture the Sri lanka. Bangladesh debt for 64.9 billion US$. India is also in debt of paying to China, but China will not capture India first it will first capture our surrounding countries and than head towards India. So, we need to become very attentive towards each step of China and understand their activity, we also need to stop buying Chinese goods to save our country and instead go for Made In India goods. JAY HIND…

made-in-india-vector-16416448

How Tea drinking has evolved around the world

When you get up early in the morning and start your day the first thing you aspire for is tea. Tea is refreshing, energetic drink that sets up your day. we get to know about the popularity of tea from the fact that it is 2nd most consumed drink after water all around the globe. Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over tea powder prepared by crushing leaves of the Camellia sinensis , an evergreen shrub (bush) usually found in East Asia . Tea is very ancient drink as its origin dates back to around 3rd century AD which is mentioned in medical records of Hua Tuo in the regions of today’s worlds North Burma and southwestern China.

Tea: history and origin

Tea has been in use as energetic and recreational drink since ancient time. During 18th-19th century tea had become very popular among Britishers who were using it as recreational drink. They were so much addicted to tea that they had started trading Opium drug derived from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum grown in mostly Northeast part of India for the miraculous plant leaves Camellia sinensis from plantations of China. Later the Chinese liberals started fights against this conspiracy of western countries against Asian countries especially against East Asia. This led to famous Opium wars between two countries.

Tea and Health

Tea has many positive effects on health.If you are up to lose your weight then tea can be your best partner.Many researchers have stated that consumption of Tea helps in reducing risk of heart attacks as it lowers cholesterol level,it also helps in maintaining blood pressure.Green tea drinking is very effective to reduce risk against cancer and also it improves brain functioning.

Though it has many good health effects but its over consumption can lead to caffeine overload leading to dizziness,nervousness and disturb in sleep. It can also cause muscle pain , heartburn etc. It is recommended that daily intake of caffeine should not exceed 40 milligrams.

Tea: beverage of the world

Tea has gained popularity in almost over 100 countries where people enjoy this drink in various forms. A balanced consumption of tea is like boon to us.Tea has evolved over the centuries from native to only China and east Asia in 3rd century AD to almost in every household of the world in this 21st century.

Shampoos: Adding Grime & Subtracting Shine

We all crave for luscious, silky, thick, shiny and long hair, shampoo ads can blind us with the attractive videos and the visuals it has to offer, especially with a famous celebrity. We blindly trust the attractive and amusing shampoo ads which make us believe in drastic changes in the hair quality after we use that respective shampoo. It never really meets our demands. One is unknowingly damaging their hair by using such products.

Most of the shampoos which you get over the counter in stores are not SLS free, contain silicon and also are plastic based, which means the effects are temporary, most of us must have tried all the new brands available in the market to see a major improvement in our hair quality. But I wonder if anyone of us were really satisfied with the product.

Even though the products claim to have argon oil, grape seed oil and other essential oils which can solve our hair woes but the dangerous chemicals like cyclomethicone, copolymers, SLS or even methylchloroisothiazolinone are present in huge amounts in-comparison to the natural, organic and biodegradable components hence making no difference to the product and its users.

Shampoos which contain waxes, SLS and silicone etc. apparently lead to product build up on your hair, which is adding unwanted synthetic layers on your hair and eventually causing damage. Same goes for dry shampoos, hair gels, hair mousse and hair serums which state that it will replenish your hair and repair the damage but that’s not true after all. When one gets split ends or damaged hair there is no solution as such to clearing that damage by using products which state that it will “repair the damaged hair”. There is only one solution when it comes to the eradication of damaged hair that is to cut those hair off.

Not only this, but plastic based shampoos contain resins which are extracted from petrol(by products) and hence can cause hair product build up and with more product build up in the hair one is more exposed to a dandruff build up as well. The same goes for conditioners, they are loaded with silicone and waxes which gives us a temporary shine and makes your hair smooth and soft only for some time. Shampoos only act as cleansers and some of them are so harsh that if used without a conditioner they can make your hair super dry and frizzy.

They also contain colors and preservatives and synthetic essences which can become host to numerous allergies, and also thickening agents that actually damage the hair strands and it will strip the natural oils that our scalps create and can make the hair crisp and give it a parched appearance.

These shampoos not only are doing unwanted damage to our hair but are damaging the environment and polluting the ecosystem especially marine life and the sea creatures, one of the reasons behind coral bleaching is because of the chemicals found in hair care and skin care which are dumped in sea water, even the waste from factories producing silicon and plastic based shampoos causes a lot of damage to the sea life.

We all know that we don’t have many options to choose from when it comes to organic shampoos but one definitely must try and get their hands on an organic shampoo and see the difference it can make. Many brands like khadi, soul tree and Organic Harvest etc. offer some of the best organic and hair friendly products without damaging the environment. These brands are easily available on online e-commerce websites like Amazon or Nykaa which caters to a wide array of consumers.

Abdhi Upadhyay

Big Surprising News: Planet Nine does exist in our Solar System …///

Two recent studies have shown that the existence of a mysterious, hypothetical Planet Nine could explain why the planets in our Solar System don’t fully line up with the Sun. Researchers have been speculating about a ninth planet since January this year, and these latest studies add more weight to the hypothesis that, at some point in time at least, there was an extra planet orbiting our Sun.

In fact, if Planet Nine does exist (or did), it would help to explain something that scientists have puzzled over for decades – why the Solar System is tilted.

Credit : Third Party Reference

What does that mean? 

Well, basically, all of the prime 8 planets that orbit our Sun do so on the same plane, making the Solar System look like a disc. The problem is that the Sun spins at a different angle, with its axis roughly 6 degrees off from the rest of the planets.

In the past, researchers have attempted to explain this slant by blaming the temporal tug of passing star or interactions between the Sun’s magnetic field and the disc of the dust that formed an our planets. But none of these hypotheses have fully accounted for the misalignment.

“Using an analytic model for secular interactions between Planet Nine and the remaining giant planets, here we show that a planet with similar parameters can naturally generate the observed obliquity as well as the specific pole position of the sun’s spin axis, from a nearly aligned initial state,” the team states.

“Thus, Planet Nine offers a testable explanation for the otherwise mysterious spin-orbit misalignment of the solar system.”

Credit: Third Party Reference

In the French study, conducted by astronomers at the Côte d’Azur Observatory in Nice, the team suggests that Planet Nine’s tilt is likely to blame for this misalignment, rather than its mass.

According to the researchers, while mass is often used to explain why objects in space influence one another – and that’s what the Caltech team looked into – in this case, it would mean that Jupiter – the juggernaut of our Solar System – could have caused the tilt, which it didn’t.

Instead, their models showed that Planet Nine’s tilt could have skewed everything else – coming to the same conclusion as the Caltech researchers. Combined, the results of both the studies add a significant amount of evidence that Planet Nine exists, though not enough to actually prove it.

Instead, the studies seem to say that something influenced the early Solar System and made the mysterious 6-degree tilt – and Planet Nine fits the profile.

Credit: Third Party Reference

While Planet Nine will stay hypothetical until researchers manage to actually find it in the night sky, it’s not stopping researchers from piling up evidence of its existence. For example, revert in April, a team started devising a way to spot the planet using black-body radiation, which basically scans the sky for hotspots that could be planets cooling down.

These latest results haven’t been peer-reviewed as yet, so we need to take them with a grain of salt for now. While the debate over Planet Nine will likely continue well into the future, it’s exciting to see that it fits into models explaining why our Solar System is the way it is.

Reference- divyanshspacetech.wordpress.com