What is Child labor?

The term child labor is used when a child is involved into doing a work which is mentally, physically , socially or morally harmful and dangerous to a child and also deprives them of a better childhood and schooling opportunities forcing them to leave the opportunities they have and mature earlier than they should.

The Child Labor Act 1986:

Government has enacted the Child Labor (Prohibition & Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 which came into force. The Amendment Act completely prohibits the employment of children below 14 years. The amendment also prohibits the employment of adolescents in the age group of 14 to 18 years in hazardous occupations and processes and regulates their working conditions where they are not prohibited. The amendment also provides stricter punishment for employers for violation of the Act and making the offence of employing any child or adolescent in contravention of the Act by an employer as cognizable.

The main objective of this act was to ensure, no involvement of children who have not completed the age of 14 in certain occupations.

The Act also prohibits employment of child in about 13 occupations and 51 processes. The constitution of India in the article 24 under right against exploitation also mentions for prohibition for employment of children in factories and other unorganized sector.

A lot of efforts were put in by PN Bhagwati and V.R. Krishna Iyer to get this litigation into running and in action.

The Path-breaking and Landmark Case of MC Mehta V. State of Tamil Nadu:

The case started with a PIL which was filed by Mr. MC Mehta, alleging that many children were being employed in several hazardous industries more particularly in the firecracker and matchstick industry in Sivkasi in Tamil Nadu.

What held in the court:

A committee was appointed by the Supreme Court of India to visit the site and to prepare a report keeping all the different aspects in concern.

The committee after the submission of the report on November 11,1991 , gave suggestions that the state of Tamil Nadu should be directed that no child should be employed in hazardous and damaging industries of any kind. They also suggested another premise for them to not work more than 6 hours. Proper transport and education facilities should be provided in or around the factory.

It was also recommended to start a national commission on children’s welfare to prepare a scheme for the abolition of child labour.

The case is a landmark case and is so important because it introduces a lot of reforms and amendments in the child labor act 1986 and the case threw light on Child labor as a major issue.

Some of the provisions after the MC Mehta Case are:

The provisions introduced as an after effect of the case were:

Article 24 – Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. – No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. 39€. That the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.

Article 39(f) -Children should be given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner, in conditions of freedom and dignity and childhood should be protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

Article 41 – Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.- The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want.

Article 45 – Provision for free and compulsory education for children.- The State shall endeavor to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years.

And many other more reforms.

 Reference: lawtimejournal ( for the prvisions)

A positive attitude is not just about
sporting that smile on your face every time, it is more than that. It is about
maintaining that optimistic mindset and attitude even when things are in utter
chaos. It is often said that what good or bad diet does to your body, positive
and negative thoughts do the same to your mind! Feed your mind with positive
thoughts and you will see amazing changes around you. A good attitude or
positive attitude is the outward explanation of a mind that dwells primarily on
positive matters. It is a mind-set tipped in favor of creative activity rather
than boredom, joy over sadness, hope over futility. A positive attitude is that
state of mind which can be maintained only through conscious effort. When
something jars one’s mental focus into a negative direction, those who are
positive know that in order to bounce back adjustments must be made.
Positive
thinking is reinforced by thoughts such as optimism, hope, and belief that hard
work is never wasted. A positive mind anticipates happiness, health , joy, and
a successful outcome of every situation and action and works wonders like
magic.

How to Apply Positive Thinking?

Use positive words while talking

Make use of words that evoke strength and
success

Redirect your thoughts

Remove all the feelings that are not
positive and focus on positive thoughts

Practice positive affirmations

Start thinking that you will succeed in
meeting the objectives

Forgive yourself and allow yourself to
move on

Analyse what went wrong to avoid future
mistakes and look forward to more positive

Working at your visualisation or
imagination to build more positivity and motivation

Think of failure as an opportunity

Practice gratitude to reduce stress,
improve self-esteem, and foster resilience during difficult times

Practice self-talk and be mindful of the
voice in your head and respond with positive messages

What Negative Thoughts Do to Your Brain

Let’s say that you’re walking through the
forest and suddenly a tiger steps onto the path ahead of you. When this
happens, your brain registers a negative emotion — in this case, fear. Researchers
have long known that negative emotions program your brain to do a specific
action. When that tiger crosses your path, for example, you run. The rest of
the world doesn’t matter. You are focused entirely on the tiger, the fear it
creates, and how you can get away from it. In
other words, negative emotions narrow your mind and focus your thoughts. At
that same moment, you might have the option to climb a tree, pick up a leaf, or
grab a stick — but your brain ignores all of those options because they seem
irrelevant when a tiger is standing in front of you.

What Positive Thoughts Do to Your Brain

In other words, when you are experiencing
positive emotions like joy, contentment, and love, you will see more
possibilities in your life. These findings were among the first that proved
that positive emotions broaden your sense of possibility and open your mind up
to more options.

Ahh!! Books I just love to read them whether it be based on any genres I just love them. Are you one from these types of people’s, if yes then you have landed on the right article. Here, we are going to talk about books, books and just book mainly based on different genres.

– Fantasy

• The Arabian nights
• Five children and It
• A game of thrones
• The way of kings
• A wizard of Earth sea
• The lies of Locke lamora
• The night circus
• Vampire academy
• The lost hero
• Throne of glass

– Science fiction

• The blazing world
• The stars my destination
• Solaris
• The moon is a harsh mistress
• Frankenstein
• Dune
• Ice
• Foundation
• A scanner darkly
• Hyperion

– Horror

• House of leaves
• Lord of the flies
• Rosemary’s baby
• Blindness
• The haunting of hill house
• Carrion comfort
• Dead beautiful
• We need to talk about Kevin
• Ring
• Night flim

– Mystery

• Gone girl
• In cold blood
• And then there were none
• Woman in white
• The big sleep
• Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy
• The postman always rings twice
• The girl with the dragon
• Anatomy of a murder
• The Da Vinci code

– Romance

• It ends with us
• Pride and prejudice
• Vision in white
• Gone with the wind
• Call me by your name
• A long petal of the sea
• Beautiful disaster
• The hating game
• The proposal
• The notebook

– Thriller

• Fragile
• Sixteen horses
• The hiding place
• Black 13
• Red wolves
• People like her
• The imposter
• Magma
• A gambling man
• Saint X

– Drama

• The girl who know too much
• Jane Eyre
• Therese Raquin
• The red and the black
• The vampire lestat
• Before we were
• Les miserables
• Absalom, Absalom!
• Anna Karenina
• Hamlet

Rural Women are re a resourceful economic agent, who work day and night for the family and their growth in every form economic as well as emotional level. They do businesses; they work in farms; they contribute in family businesses. There are rural women who work for others but are also self employed.

They have a very unequal access to the resources and also go through a lot of discrimination. They also have to suffer through gender norms which needs to be addressed. They also have to work at home unpaid for the huge amount of work for their family.

Some general facts about Rural women in daily discrimination:

• Most rural women workers are unpaid family workers or self employed and exposed to precarious jobs and low pay.
• Rural women are paid on an average 25% less than men. They are considered to be less efficient because of low physical strength and sometimes are not even paid for the same work done by men.
• Rural women also work for longer hours than men. They are expected to look after family and children needs along with work. The society thinks of the woman’s real job to be looking after the family needs and being independent for a woman in these cases is generally considered secondary.
• Most of the rural women are unpaid family workers and their work is generally just considered as a contribution to the family rather than actual work which requires a pay.
• Many times a woman’s entrepreneurship is not accepted by the society and they are not supposed to dedicate all their time into some growth or business.
• Women in rural areas also get less or sometimes no access to education. Sometimes they are just told to leave it halfway because their fate is already decided and hence studying will only increase the burden on the family.

Condition of women in Indian rural society specifically:

Employment Creation and how to do it for rural women: Employment creation mean coming up with new industries and ideas which can and will provide employment to a lot of people which will give them stable income and a stable life. Creation of more sector which require the skills of rural women and can help them excel can prove to be a big boon in the society.

Creating employment: Creating employment can be

• Rural work programmes should be encouraged and women training should be encouraged. Rajasthan had one of the highest no. Of women businesses from home. For example: Lijjat Papad. They should be provided with exposure for their promotion and the brands should be encouraged more than the imported brands.
• And increase in women friendliness and a change of attitude towards working women.
• Providing capital for the women to kick start their business ideas and then paying it with small installments.
• Social protection should be improved that is, creating more awareness about women sanitary pads and other basic needs and creating trusted rural brands for all the basic needs so that they don’t feel on being introduced to something foreign but they should learn using the things made by them only. Giving them more trust on the brand and creating awareness among them about them the better living standards in low costs.
• It is never too late to start new. Their access to technological reforms should be increased. They should start learning more about internet and technology through different organizations whose main job is to educate them. These small jobs will also create employment opportunities.

Since the decline of communalism, Globalization has become one of the most controversial and debating issues among people around the World. Globalization has a different definition to different people, and whether it has a positive impact today or was better for yesterday is still questionable. Although a part of the population questions its existence, it has significantly impacted both developed and developing countries’ economies. Globalization cannot simply be related to being political as it has had significant effects on cultural, ideological, and social aspects of people around the World.

To understand the impact of Globalization, it is important to know what it is. One of the popular political scientist, James Rosenau, described the term as a currently popular label and accounted for people’s norms, goods, ideas, services, activities, and currencies that are localized and practiced in a confined area. As per World Health Organization, Globalization is defined as the interdependence and interconnection of people in a local place with the people around the World. The two main elements that need to work here is the ease of flow of goods, services, and activities of people from one place to another and the incorporation and change in policies that allow the easy flow of exchange around the areas.

Globalization is a complex procedure that includes the trends and tendencies of the economic, cultural, and social spheres of the people and places around the World. The process is huge and not easily predictable but organized as well. The liberation of investment and trade, Social networks worldwide, technological innovation, and entrepreneurship are the four major factors of Globalization.

Many political scientists believe that the two major forces that make Globalization effective are technological innovation and entrepreneurship. However, it is impossible to prove that the process works without the intervention of other factors. With the adoption and evolution of market-related laws and policies in local and international fields, the governments have played a significant role by allowing economic integration of special activities and giving major independence to welcome the outside World. Globalization’s financial aspect is the major force that acts as a driving agent for both the political and social parts. Due to the colonization by Europe in various countries, some of the practices and cultural lifestyle is adopted by the people deep inside the African villages.

Globalization has made way for the countries to develop rapidly. However, the development is not even because some countries are growing quickly in comparison to others. The interconnection between the countries helped decrease poverty, but it does not equally support global community members. The developing countries lie in a depriving position while the developed countries enjoy all the interconnection benefits. However, when we take a close look at the impact of Globalization worldwide, we can conclude that it has both positive and negative effects on both developed and developing countries.

Globalization has proven to make a positive impact on the quality of life of people in developing countries. Funding from foreign countries and industrialized nations are helping many developing countries to decrease poverty. These funds are spent on improving the social, health, transport structure, and education of developing countries, helping them with a standard of living.

Today, the developing countries can openly communicate and trade through transport, labor, technology, management, and other benefits from other industrialized countries.

The impact of Globalization around the World

Globalization has its backdrops that dually affect both the developed and developing countries. However, considering the positive side to be heavier, people still believe it to be beneficial and aim for a better standard of living for all the poor people around the Globe.

The concept of a smart city aims to investigate the implications of smart solutions for sustainable development and smart solutions in the city. These solutions mainly concentrate on the core area of the city’s administration, education, health, transportation etc.

The idea of a smart city has been introduced to highlight the importance of Information and Communication Technologies ( ICT’s) in the past 20 years for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of industrialization. In literal terms, the smart city is used to specify a city’s ability to cater to the needs of citizens. Development of city and quality of life are profoundly influenced by the core systems of a city: transport, education, and government services; public safety and health. Research has focused on these four areas, which identity having high priority.

The literature review highlights that various criteria referring to improve life in a city are mentioned in connection to the terms of a smart city. The most important area for starting to transform a city into a smart one in the system of communication; thus, this area prioritizes the use of modern transport technologies. Smart transformation system works as a highway between the development of city and modern technologies.

The term smart city is also used in the literature regarding the education of its citizen. Therefore, a smart city has smart inhabitants in terms of its educational criterion. The intelligent system represents the future processes of education. This system will affect how the information is received, used, understand, and learned by users. In other, the literature the term smart city is also referred to the relation between the city’s governance or public administration and its citizen.  Good governance is a communication for the citizens, e.g. “ e-governance” or “ e- democracy”.

The health system is like a good solution for a smart city snd this implies to use modern technologies to better the results. The smart health system ensures timely diagnosis thus improving the life of the patients. The concept of the ubiquitous city has been developed into huge international research. It is also known a U-city . a model of a smart city is based on the usage of computer systems to exchange data such as cloud computing, open data etc.

The term smart city has attracted a lot of attention in these recent years. Since the end of the last century, many cities have initiated smart city planning. The first step for the establishment of the smart city is based on the physical telecommunication network infrastructure. The second layer constitutes applications that improve operation in the city like traffic control, etc., the third is based on connectivity and unity of all.

There are a lot of advantages to this new system: energy and other natural resources are spent more efficiently, and the tasks of synchronization are much easier to accomplish. We are now able to identify a lot of smart city in different levels of development, and this concept can be used to define urbanization based on modern technologies.

Sports is such an activity that it can be taken up by anyone; at any age and any point in life. Adults, children and elders – everyone alike can take part in sports. Many regard sports as a mere co-curricular or extra-curricular activity in schools. However, in reality, sports play an equally important role as does education in a person’s life. To achieve overall and all-round development in life, one should be well-versed in both sports and culture. While training sharpens the mind, sports sharpens the body and fitness. Thus, both are essential.

There are numerous advantages of involving oneself in sports. First and foremost, as known by all and very definitively, competitions increase the physical fitness of an individual. Additionally, sports also contribute to building stable mental well-being of a person. Various researchers show that people who are in the daily practice of sports in any form record better mental as well as physical health. Moreover, sports also eliminates the risk of a person catching diseases or facing any bodily interruptions. Competitions increase immunity and increase people’s stamina.

Sports also influence the life expectancy of people, increasing the potential years to live of an average human individual. All of us are associated with games somehow or the other in our lives. While at schools and as kids, we were exposed to sports in various forms. However, since many institutions do not make it obligatory to pursue sports in higher academics, some of us are dissociated from its practice. However, a lot of people take up games further, on their own accord. Some people even decide on pursuing a career in the field.

A lot of people take up a lot of different kinds of sporting activities. There are many outdoor sports; these include cricket, badminton, football, hockey, volleyball etc. Indoor sports such as various board games, table tennis, chess etc. are also popular. One can choose from a large variety. While outdoor sports contribute heavily in building the physical aspect of one’s being, indoor games have a more psychological impact. However, none of the activities can be categorised in a hard and fast way. Every sporting activity contributes to the well- being of a person, both physically and mentally.

Sports also builds several characteristics and personality traits in a person. Sports instils a sense of confidence and enthusiasm in an individual’s attitude. People who are involved in regular sports practices show qualities of leadership, team-work and excellence in their personalities and behaviour. Sports makes one competitive, however in a healthy manner. It also helps us to deal with failure and enables us to work hard in achieving our respective goals.

These are all just a few good qualities that sports brings us into our lives. There are many other attributes that games have. Hence, we should all engage actively and more frequently in sports and other physical activities. It instils discipline in us, makes us active, energetic and increases our mental, emotional and physical state.