Isaac Newton was a tiny man in real life. But he was a giant in the world of science.
Newton created the theory of gravity around 1665 or 1666. He came up with the idea that every physical object, whether it’s a person, an apple or a planet, exerts a force on other physical objects. A force is a push or pull in a certain direction. The bigger the body, the stronger the force. There are different types of forces, but this one is called gravitational.
Some say that Newton came up with his ideas about gravity after watching an apple fall. He wondered why the apple fell straight down. Why didn’t it fall sideways, or even up toward the sky?
Gravity does not just make apples fall from trees. It also holds us on the ground. Newton showed that gravity even makes the moon circle around Earth, and Earth around the sun, Martin Rees says. He was president of Britain’s Royal Society. The Royal Society is the United Kingdom’s national academy of science.
Newton Changes Science Forever
The theory of gravity was just one of Newton’s discoveries. He also loved calculus. This is a mathematical subject that studies rates. A rate is the measurement of how much something changes. Newton’s ideas in calculus are still used today.
Newton also studied optics, the science of light. He found out that white light is not just white. It is actually a mix of all the colors of the rainbow. Newton used his knowledge of light to make better telescopes.
Following his apple idea, Newton wrote three laws of motion. These laws changed all of science, and are still used by scientists today.
First Law of Motion: Inertia
An object that sits still will remain still unless a force is applied to it. An object that is moving will keep moving along a straight line unless an outside force is applied to it.
Second Law of Motion: Acceleration
An object will accelerate if force is applied to it.
Acceleration is the change of an object’s speed. The acceleration will happen in the same direction as the force.
This idea can also be written as force equals mass times acceleration, or F = ma.
Third Law of Motion: Action and Reaction
For every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction.
Lets finish the first chapter in the star wars series by picking up where we left off. Dooku is revealed to be Darth Tyranus and escapes, the Jedi now have a clone army and Anakin is married to Padme which is against the rules. The story picks up three years later with Jedi now leading troops against the separatists, the plot between II and III is best explored in the animated series titled “Star Wars: The Clone Wars”. We might take a short dive into the series later on but right now we’ll talk about the events in Star Wars III: The revenge of the Sith.
The movie begins with Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi and Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker boarding a flagship commanded by cyborg separatist commander general Griveous. They are sent on a mission to free the captured chancellor Palpatine by infiltrating Griveous’s ship. They come face to face with an old adversary, Count Dooku who is former Jedi Knight turned Sith Lord. In their last battle Dooku was victorious where he injured Obi-Wan and cut Anakin’s hand off, this time Anakin disarms Dooku and has him at his mercy. The chancellor persuades Anakin to behead Dooku which is against the Jedi code but Anakin kills Dooku anyway.
On returning to Coruscant Anakin meets with his secret wife, senator Padme Amidala who reveals to be pregnant with Anakin’s child. Although excited at first Anakin experiences visions of Padme dying in child birth. Palpatine appoints Anakin to the Jedi Council as his personal representative, the Council suspicious of the Jedi council approves Anakin’s appointment but denies him the rank of a Jedi Master. Anakin is instead asked to keep an eye on the chancellor which diminishes Anakin’s faith on the order. Palpatine reveals his knowledge about the dark side of the force and tries to tempt Anakin to the dark side. Anakin reports this to Jedi Master Mace Windu who confronts and subdues the chancellor, Anakin wishing to save Padme kill Windu and joins the Dark Side. Anakin is knighted by Darth Sidious as his apprentice Darth Vader.
General Griveous relocates the separatist leaders to Mustafar a volcanic planet and Obi-Wan is dispatched to deal with him. Unbeknownst to the Jedi order, the clone troopers had a chip that was programmed to accept a specialise order known as order 66. The chancellor heavily disfigured after his fight against Master Windu declares the Jedi as traitors to the galactic council and declares himself as the emperor. He enacts order 66 which turns the clones against the Jedi, heavily outnumbering the Jedi the clones succeed in decimating most of the order. Grand Master Yoda and Obi-Wan survive the onslaught and reach Coruscant where they discover Anakin’s turn to the dark side.
Obi-Wan forced to take action against his former apprentice who he once considered to be a brother seeks out Padme to learn about Anakin’s whereabouts. A distraught Padme travels to Mustafar to convice Anakin to come back to the light, Obi-Wan who snuck his way onto Padme’s ship comes face to face with Anakin trying to reason with him. Anakin blinded with rage accuses Padme and Obi-Wan of conspiring to kill him and proceeds to use the Force to choke Padme. Obi-Wan intercepts and duels his former apprentice to a stalemate having worked together for so long. Obi-Wan however gains the edge while fighting in a river of magma over makeshift platforms, Anakin still on a floating platform attacks Obi-Wan who stands on higher ground. Obi-Wan reluctantly severs Anakin’s limbs and leaves him to die.
After a duel between the chancellor and Yoda comes to a stalemate Yoda flees with senator Bail organa and regroups with Obi-Wan and a barely alive Padme on the planetoid Polis Massa. Padme gives birth to twins Luke and Leia before passing away, Yoda and Obi-Wan decide to separate the twins who have a string connection to the force. Leia is adopted by senator Bail to Alderran and Luke is adopted by his step uncle and aunt Owen and Beru Lars on Tatooine. The surving Jedi are sent into exile biding their time until it is right, Yoda exiles himself to Dagobah and Obi-Wan stays on Tatooine to protect Luke.
Palpatine however finds an almost dying Anakin and resurrects him with technology that places him in a menacing black suit. Palpatine lies to Anakin by telling him that he killed Padme in his anger hence cementing Anakin’s turn to the dark side. The tyrannical rule of the emperor and his apprentice Darth Vader begins. The interim period is somewhat seen in an animated series called Star Wars: Rebels and a couple of games.
We shall take up the next part soon so stay tuned. Until then may the Force be with you.
Agriculture is the backbone of our country.More than 50% of Indian’s population is dependent on agriculture.A few decade ago people people used to do farming using ancient tools, but now after the Green Revolution high yield varieties of food grains and vegetables have also been invented which has led to greater growth in agriculture in India. Government has constructed Dams and Canals on several rivers for irrigation purposes.
Our country India is the world’s largest producer of fresh fruits like Mango,Banana, Guava, Papaya etc.India also produces dry fruits, spices and vegetables.Food grains like rice and wheat are produced in ample amount.
Food is one of the basic necessities of human being.Hence, more and more people should focus on agriculture for their source of income.The food which we get to eat daily is the gift of hard work of the farmers.We as a society must respect the farmers and appreciate their hard work.If they stop working, we won’t get enough food.
Nun and missionary Mother Teresa, known in the Catholic church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta, devoted her life to caring for the sick and poor. Born in Macedonia to parents of Albanian-descent and having taught in India for 17 years, Mother Teresa experienced her “call within a call” in 1946. Her order established a hospice; centers for the blind, aged and disabled; and a leper colony.
In 1979, Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work. She died in September 1997 and was beatified in October 2003. In December 2015, Pope Francis recognized a second miracle attributed to Mother Teresa, clearing the way for her to be canonized on September 4, 2016.
Mother Teresa’s Family and Young Life
Mother Teresa was born on August 26, 1910, in Skopje, the current capital of the Republic of Macedonia. The following day, she was baptized as Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu.
Mother Teresa’s parents, Nikola and Dranafile Bojaxhiu, were of Albanian descent; her father was an entrepreneur who worked as a construction contractor and a trader of medicines and other goods. The Bojaxhius were a devoutly Catholic family, and Nikola was deeply involved in the local church as well as in city politics as a vocal proponent of Albanian independence.
In 1919, when Mother Teresa — then Agnes — was only eight years old, her father suddenly fell ill and died. While the cause of his death remains unknown, many have speculated that political enemies poisoned him.
In the aftermath of her father’s death, Agnes became extraordinarily close to her mother, a pious and compassionate woman who instilled in her daughter a deep commitment to charity. Although by no means wealthy, Drana Bojaxhiu extended an open invitation to the city’s destitute to dine with her family. “My child, never eat a single mouthful unless you are sharing it with others,” she counseled her daughter. When Agnes asked who the people eating with them were, her mother uniformly responded, “Some of them are our relations, but all of them are our people.”
Education and Nunhood
Agnes attended a convent-run primary school and then a state-run secondary school. As a girl, she sang in the local Sacred Heart choir and was often asked to sing solos. The congregation made an annual pilgrimage to the Church of the Black Madonna in Letnice, and it was on one such trip at the age of 12 that she first felt a calling to religious life. Six years later, in 1928, an 18-year-old Agnes Bojaxhiu decided to become a nun and set off for Ireland to join the Sisters of Loreto in Dublin. It was there that she took the name Sister Mary Teresa after Saint Thérèse of Lisieux.
A year later, Sister Mary Teresa traveled on to Darjeeling, India, for the novitiate period; in May 1931, she made her First Profession of Vows. Afterward, she was sent to Calcutta, where she was assigned to teach at Saint Mary’s High School for Girls, a school run by the Loreto Sisters and dedicated to teaching girls from the city’s poorest Bengali families. Sister Teresa learned to speak both Bengali and Hindi fluently as she taught geography and history and dedicated herself to alleviating the girls’ poverty through education.
Shayara Bano is a name of a muslim girl who fought a long legal battle against triple talaq(third time divorce), has joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). A Constitution Bench has declared that the practice of instantaneous Triple Talaq is unconstitutional. On 22nd August 2017, the 5 Judge Bench of the Supreme Court pronounced its decision in the Triple Talaq Case, declaring that the practise was unconstitutional. Shayara Bano case popularly known by , the “TRIPLE TALAQ CASE ” .Shayara Bano, a 35-year-old woman from Uttarakhand She was married to Rizwan Ahmed in 2002. She suffered a lots of problem in her marriage . Her is not working . She was visiting her parents in october 2015 with her five children. her husband sent a letter a divorce letter , the word talak was written thrice time in it (talak – i-biddat).Talaq-e- bidat is a practise which gives a man the right to divorce his wife by uttering ‘talaq’ three times in one sitting without his wife’s consent. Nikah Halala is a practise where a divorced woman who wants to remarry her husband would have to marry and obtain a divorce, from a second husband before she can go back to her first husband. And polygamy is a practice which allows Muslim men to have more than one wife.On 16th February 2017, the Court asked Shayara Bano, the Union of India, various women’ rights bodies, and the All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) to give written submissions on the issue of talaq-e- bidat, nikah-halala and polygamy. The Union of India and the women rights organizations like Bebaak Collective and Bhartiya Muslim Mahila Andolan (BMMA) supported Ms Bano’s plea that these practices are unconstitutional. She claimed that they violated several fundamental rights under the constitution of india namely Article 14 (Equality before law) , Article 15 (Prohibition of discrimination including on the ground og gender). Article 21 (Right to life )and Article 25 (Freedom of religion ). There are two issues in this case are :-
The validity of triple talaq.
Whether triple talaq is an essential religious pratice? The judges are from different communities are chief justice JS KHEHAR (a Sikh), KURIAN JOSEPH (a Christian) , R.F NARIMAN (a Parsi),U. U LALIT (a Hindu ) , and ABDUL NAZEER (a Muslim ). On 22 of August 2017, the five judges bench of the supreme court pronounced is its decision in the triple talaq case, declaring that the practice was unconstitutional by a 3:2 majority. After 6 days of arguments from both side, it reserved the case for judgement.The court directed the Parliament to take legislative measures against the practice of triple talaq.Justice Rohinton Nariman and Uday Lalit held that talaq e biddat is regulated by the Muslim personal law (shariat) application 8, 1937. They held the practice is unconstitutional because it is manifestly arbitrary in nature. Justice Kurian Joseph on the other hand, in his concurring opinion, noted that triple talaq is against the Quran, and thus lack legal sanction. He wrote, “what is held to be bad in the holy Quran cannot be good in Shariat and, what is bad in theology is bad in law as well”.
On 22nd August 2017 Indian Supreme Court beamed instant triple talaq or talaq e biddat unconstitutional. On 30th July 2019, Parliament of India declared the practice of triple talaq as illegal, unconstitutional and made it punishable act from 1st August 2019 which is deemed to be in effect from 19th September 2018.
Rainy season is coming up .Everyone is happy about the chill climate but this beautiful season has negative sides too (Lightning ). Now, the effect of lightning is said to be increased than the previous years.so many people died due to lightning .News papers is flooded with the lightning strikes attacks on people. That’s the reason I choose this topic to aware the people .Hope it will help the people who is in need.
HOW TO SAVE YOURSELF FROM LIGHTNING IN OPEN AREA:
If you are caught outside with no safe shelter nearby, the following actions may reduce your risk:
Immediately get off elevated areas such as hills, mountain ridges, or peaks.
Never lie flat on the ground. Crouch down in a ball-like position with your head tucked and hands over your ears so that you are down low with minimal contact with the ground.
Never shelter under an isolated tree.
Never use a cliff or rocky overhang for shelter.
Immediately get out of and away from ponds, lakes, and other bodies of water.
Stay away from objects that conduct electricity (such as barbed wire fences, power lines, or windmills).
Stay away from concrete floors or walls. Lightning can travel through any metal wires or bars in concrete walls or flooring.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR INDOOR PEOPLE:
Being indoors does not automatically protect you from lightning. In fact, about one-third of lightning-strike injuries occur indoors.
Here are some tips to keep safe and reduce your risk of being struck by lightning while indoors.
Avoid contact with water during a thunderstorm. Do not bathe, shower, wash dishes, or have any other contact with water during a thunderstorm. Lightning can travel through plumbing.
Avoid using electronic equipment of all types. Lightning can travel through electrical systems and radio and television reception systems.
Avoid using corded phones. Corded phones are not safe to use during a thunderstorm. However, cordless or cellular phones are safe to use during a storm.
Avoid concrete floors and walls. Do not lie on concrete floors during a thunderstorm. Also, avoid leaning on concrete walls. Lightning can travel through any metal wires or bars in concrete walls or flooring.
According to Arthur Samuel (1959), Machine Learning is a field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed.
Tom Mitchell (1998) Well-posed Learning Problem: A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to some task T and some performance measure P, if its performance on T, as measured by P, improves with experience E.
Machine learning algorithms
Supervised learning
Unsupervised learning
Reinforcement learning
Supervised learning
It is machine learning task of at function that maps an input to on output based on example input-output pair. Basically Supervised learning is learning in which We teach or train the machine using data which is well labelled that means Some data is already tagged with correct answer. We pass data, train it and predict output.
Example 1 – House price prediction : In this data set can be given a which contain locality, size of house, age, no. of rooms, price at which it sell. In this are example locality, size of house are independent variables from which we can we predict house price. In this we can take prices of other houses to train our data. We take real prices map them and can predict price.
Example 2 – If we have different kinds of Fruits. To train the machine with all different Fruits one by one like shape of fruit, colour. Since machine has already learned from previous data this time it will classify fruit with its colour and shape and give output.
supervised learning allows collecting data and produce data output from previous experience.
It helps to solve various types of real world computation problems.
Unsupervised learning:
It is the training of machine using information that is neither classified nor labeled and allowing the algorithm to act on that without guidance. In this past data is pointless and we need to club similar data together. There is no way to measure similarity before we run the program. It is less accurate.
Example 1 – Google news : In google news, clustering where they use to club similar types of news together. They find some keywords, club similar news and show it on feed.
Example 2 – Feature selection : Assume that we want to predict how capable an applicant is of repaying a loan from the perspective of a bank now, we need to help the bank set up machine learning system so that each loan given to applicant who can repay the loan. So by gathering the Information about applicants average monthly income, debt credit & history we can predict this
Reinforcement learning
It means to establish & encourage a pattern of behavior. It is area of machine learning concerned with how software agent ought to take actions in an environment in order to maximize the notion of cumulative reward.
Example 1 – Chess game : In chess game there are different types of pieces which can move differently. The next move will depend om opponent move or your previous. It is trial and error and decision is dependent.
Example 2 – Web system configuration : there are so many parameters in web system and the process of tuning the parameters requires a skilled operator. This can be automated by using reinforcement machine learning technique to learn from different trial & error phases.
By the early 7th century, synchronising with the Harsha’s region in the north,the fat south had come under the control of the pallava kings of Kanchipuram.Pallava sovereignty included the domains of the Cholas and the Pandyas.The latter were then emerging as ruling dynasties in their respective river valley regions.Much of the central and eastern Deccan was under the Chalukyas of Badami(Batali),who were then pushed away by the Rashtrakutas.The Medieval period in India was marked by thee mergence of regional centres of power.There was no single imperial power like Mauryas or Guptas who exercised control over the greater part of India in this period.
The pallavas
The pallava kings ruled around the prosperous agraian settlement and important trade centre of India.Kanchipuram was well known to Chinese and Roman merchants.From the flourishing trade centre of Kanchipuram,the later pallavas extended their sovereignty over all the Tamil-speaking regions during the 7th and 8th centuries.The central part of their kingdom, however,was Thondaimandalam,a large political region comprising northern parts of Tamil Nadu and the adjoining Andhra districts.
Pallava Genealogy (prominent kings)
There were early pallava rulers who were feudatories of Satavahanas.Simhavishnu,son of Simhavarman I I (around 550AD(CE),created a strong pallava kingdom after destroying the Kalabhras.He defeated many kings in the south including the Cholas and the pandyas.His able son was Mahendravarman I .He was succeeded by his son Narasimha Arman I .The other prominent pallva rulers were Narasimha Arman I I or Rajasimha and Nandivarman II. The last pallava ruler was Aparajita. Mahendravarman (c.600-630AD(CE)) contributed to the greatness of the pallava kingdom.Mahendravarman I was a follower of Jainism in the early part of his rule.He embraced saivism by the Saivite saint Appar (Tirunavukkarasar).He was a great parton of art and architecture.He is known for introducing a new style to Dravidian architecture ,which is referred to as ‘Mahendra style’ . Mahendravarman also wrote plays, including (c.620) Mattavilasaprahasana.(The Delight of the Drunkards )in sanskrit,which denigrates Buddhism. Mahendravarman’s reign involved constant battles with the Western Chalukya kingdom of Badami under PulakesinI I . Pulakesin seems to have defeated Mahendravarman in one of the battles and taken over a large part of his territory in the north.His son Narasimavarma I avenged the defeat by capturing Batali,the capital of Chalukyas.He set Vatapi on fire, killing Pulakesin in the process. Narasimavarma II(c.695-722),also known as Rajasimha,was a great military strategist.He exchanged ambassadors with China.His reign was comparatively free from any political disturbance.Therefore,he could concentrate on temple-building activities.During his reign,the famous kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram was built.
Pallava’s contribution to Architecture
Pallava period is known for architectural splendour.The shore Temple and various other temples carved from granite monoliths and the Varaha cave(7th century) at Mamallapuram,are illustrious examples of pallava architecture.In 1984 , Mamallapuram was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites.Pallava architecture can be classified as
Rock-cut temples – Mahendravarman style
Monolithic Rathas and sculptural Mandapas – Mamallan style
Structural Temples – Rajasimha style and Nandivarman style
Mahendra style
The best example of Mahendravarma style monuments are cave temples at Mamdagapattu,Mahendravadi,Mamandur,Dalavanur, Tiruchirapalli,Callam,Tirukazhukkundram and Siyamangalam.
Cave Temple Mamdagapattu
Mamalla style
The five Rathas,popularly called Panchapandavar rathas, signify five different style of temple architecture.Each ratha has been carved out of a single rock.So they are called monolithic.The popular Mandapas(pillars pavilions)they built are Mahishasuramardhini mandapam,Thirumoorthi mandapam and Varaha mandapam.
Panchapandavar Rathas
The most important among the Mamalla style of architecture is the open art gallery.Several miniature sculptures such as the figure of lice-picking monkey, elephants of huge size and the figure of the ascetic cat have been sculpted beautifully on the wall of a huge rock.The fall of the River Ganga from the head of Lord siva and the Arjuna’s penance are notable among them.The Great penance panel is considered to be the world’s largest open-air bas relief.
Rajasimha style
Narasimavarma II,also known as Rajasimha,constructed structural temples using stone blocks.The best example for the structural temple is kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.This temple was built by using sand stones.Kailasanatha temple is called Rajasimheswaram.
Kanchi Kailasanatha Temple
Nandivarma style
The last stage of the pallava architecture is also represented by structural temples built by the later pallavas.The best example is Vaikunda perumal temple at Kanchipuram.
Kanchi Vaikunda perumal Temple
Society and culture
The Pallava supported Jainism, Buddhism and the Vedic faith.They were great patrons of music, painting and literature.Some of the Pallava kings patronised the Azhwars and Nayanmars.These exponents of Bhakti Cult Preached a new form of Vaishnavism and Saivism.Among the Saivites were Appar and Manikkavasakar.Among the Vaishnatives were Nammazhvar and Andal.The Bhakti movement aimed at preaching a popular faith,in which prayers in Tamil were preferred to those in sanskrit.Women were encouraged to participate in the religious congregations.The Tamil devotional cult was competitive with Buddhism and Jainism.Therefore the latter suffered a gradual decline in most parts of Tamil Country.
Pallava Art
The Pallava kings had also patronised fine arts.The music inscriptions in Kudumianmalai and Thirumayam temples show pallava’s interest in Music.The famous musician Rudracharya lived during Mahendravarma I .The sculptures of this period depict many images in dancing postures.
“The unthinkable is that we’re distorting this atmospheric balance. We’re shifting the chemical balance so that we have more poisons in the atmosphere – ozones and acid rain on ground level – while we’re also changing the thermal climate of the earth through the greenhouse effect and – get this – simultaneously causing destruction of our primary filter of ultraviolet light. It’s incredible. Talk about the national-debt crisis – we’re piling up debts in the atmosphere, and the piper will want to be paid.”
~ Michael Oppenheimer
Introduction
Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.
Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain.
It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure.
Effects of Acid Rain
The ecological effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in aquatic environments, such as streams, lakes, and marshes where it can be harmful to fish and other wildlife. As it flows through the soil, acidic rain water can leach aluminum from soil clay particles and then flow into streams and lakes.
Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters, and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms, causing paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human health.
Acid rain also causes the corrosion of water pipes. Which further results in leaching of heavy metals such as iron, lead and copper into drinking water.
Prevention
1. The only precaution that we can take against acid rain is having a check at the emission of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. 2. We have so far seen the details of acid rain and its harmful effect on animals, plants and the monuments. 3. Being responsible citizens, one should be aware of the harmful effects they cause and of the industries which give out nitrogen and sulphur compound wastes unethically. 4.A great way to reduce acid rain is to produce energy without using fossil fuels. Instead, people can use renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Renewable energy sources help reduce acid rain because they produce much less pollution.
Acid Rain in India
Analysis of rainwater samples from Nagpur, Mohanbari (in Assam), Allahabad, Visakhapatnam and Kodaikanal in the decade 2001-2012 showed a pH level varying from 4.77 to 5.32, indicating that these places have actually been receiving ‘acid rain’. Rainwater with pH below 5.65 is considered acidic.
As energy requirements in India will grow rapidly in tune with the economy, coal dependence is expected to increase threefold over the current level of consumption, making the clouds of acid rain heavier over many highly sensitive areas in the country – the northeast, parts of Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal ,etc ,.
The rains in the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal have become acidic. Studies show the importance to regularly monitor more places for acid rains. But the mechanism to study acid rains is at present inadequate in India. imd stations are not located in the most polluted areas in the country.
It’s a weekend and you’re wondering how you should spend your time. Maybe go out with friends , or maybe just stay in and read something, or maybe just be locked up in a prison cell. What’s wrong? The last one sounds odd ? Is it not how many people are spending their weekends or maybe everyday of their lives ?
Stan Swamy , 84 year old Jesuit priest, Tribal rights activist based in Jharkhand ,suffering from Parkinson’s disease , died a few days back after being on ventilator for 2 days. He had been lodged in Tihar jail since a year under the stringent charges of UAPA [ Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act ]. Since he was suffering from Parkinson’s disease , it became difficult for him to carry on his normal day to day activities. It took NIA 50 days to render his request for a sipper and a straw. Yes 50 days. For a straw and a sipper.
Stan Swamy , had worked for Adivasi community and their land and labour rights for decades. He had also questioned the non implementation of 5th schedule of constitution which had led to setting up of Tribes Advisory Coucil with members solely of adivasi communities. He had also raised his voice against indiscriminate arrests of thousands of young adivasis and labelling them as “Naxals”.
Stan Swamy was arrested last year in relation to the Bhima Koregaon case along with many other activists.A brief context to the case – on January 1, 2018 , thousands of Dalits had gathered in Pune to commemorate 200 years of the Battle of Bhima Koregaon — which was won by the British Army (comprising many Dalit soldiers) against Peshwas in 1818.The quiet gathering soon turned violent with many activists being blamed for having instigated and having Maoist links with CPI( M ).
After contracting the corona virus, which further added to his derailing health , he was admitted in the hospital but lost the battle of life before even trying to win the battle of justice.
Human Rights lately sound like a hoax. Despite the fact , that India hasRights of Persons with Disabilities Act ,2016 which protects disabled convicts of torture and discriminatory behaviour in prisons , Stan Swamy was not provided the very basic facilities . India is also signatory to UNCRPD – UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which imposes positive obligation on authorities,including prison staff to ensure that the disabled prisoners are treated equally.
Sudha Bhardwaj, prominent activist , lawyer from Chhattisgarh , also is logded in jail since 2018 in relation to the Bhima Koregaon case and has been refused bail multiple times.
Umar Khalid , activist and former JNU student is also locked up in jail in relation with Delhi riots case under stringent UAPA .
Recently , Pinjra Tod activists, Natasha Narawal and Devangana Kalita were finally released on bail after spending a year in jail. What is most worrisome regarding these cases and many others , is that people have been deprived of their basic fundamental rights. Supreme Court in many of its past judgments has reiterated the right of the accuse of BEING HEARD. Every accused in considered innocent unless proven guilty. And for that purpose BAIL is a very integral part of the process. Bail is the norm , Jail is exception.
How beautiful the sky is , how melodious is the chirping of the birds, how fun it is to catch up with friends at that chai ki dukaan , and how peaceful freedom is. Sadly for some, it’s just a dream.
Artificial Intelligence is the intelligence exhibited by machines based on the premise that intelligence is not ‘real’ or human’. It mimics cognitive functions exhibited by humans such as learning and problem-solving.
Artificial intelligence based on Natural intelligence
What is the scope of AI?
Jobs related to AI will increase exponentially in the coming days. It helps to find smart solutions to the problems in various fields in medicine, agriculture, education, security, and so on.
Three stages of Artificial Intelligence. We are near to the second stage.
Applications of AI
Machine Learning includes Deep Learning- Neural network
Vision includes Image & pattern recognition- Facial recognition
Hearing includes Voice and speech recognition
Natural Language Processing(NLP) includes Natural Language Understanding(NLU)- Natural Language Generation(NLG)
Robotics
Expert Systems
We are currently using the following AI-based applications:
Image recognition: Recognizes objects, places, people, and actions in an image.
Speech recognition: Allows humans to use their voices to communicate with the software.
Language translation: Translates a word or sentence from one language to another. Ensure that the translated word is culturally and linguistically correct.
Product analysis: Enables companies to leverage data to reveal user engagement with products or services and tracks the activities, likes, and dislikes of the user.
A/B testing: Determines the version of a webpage and compares two versions and delivers better performance.
Sentiment analysis: Analyze a piece of text to determine the writer’s attitude. It can be categorized as positive, negative, or neutral.
Let’s see few examples of Artificial Intelligence
SIRI: Siri is a popular personal assistant offered by Apple which uses Machine Learning and Voice recognition.
COGITO: It improves the intelligence of customer services by analyzing the human voice emotion and provides real-time guidance.
NETFLIX: Uses predictive technology and provides the user with movie recommendations based on the user’s likes.
Use of Artificial Intelligence in society
“AI is a huge benefit to the society as it enhances the efficiency and throughput while creating new opportunities for revenue generation, cost savings, and job creation.”
-Anand Sampat(Datmo)
‘Robots and AI will destroy jobs’ is nothing but fiction and not fact. But instead, AI creates job opportunities in the market.
“The unparallel combination of human and machine will become the new normal in the workforce of the future”
– Matthew Lieberman
The presence of Artificial intelligence enhances our lifestyles and creates efficient businesses.
“Machine allows humans to do the most interpersonal and creative aspects of work”
-Chalmers Brown(Due company)
AI platforms will provide real-time insights combined with the explosion of computer power.
“Smart homes will reduce energy usage and provide better security for humans. Marketing will be more targeted and health care will become more effective with smart devices”.
– Naresh Soni
Start-ups using Artificial Intelligence
NEST: Alphabet Nest uses AI to learn a home owner’s habit resulting in a reduction of energy consumption. It adjusts the house temperature according to the weather hence energy consumption can be controlled.
COMFY: Comfy offers services for reducing energy consumption in office buildings.
PG&E: Pacific gas and electric company(PG&E) connected 200,000 solar customers, accounting for one in every four houses with solar rooftops.
AI benefits multiple Industries and society will be benefitted from the use of facial recognition, digital content analysis, accuracy in identifying patterns.
“AI risks are real if we don’t understand the quality of the incoming data and set AI rules which are making granular trade-off decisions at increasing computing speeds”
-Mark Butler
Facial recognition: Facial recognition is a biometric technology used to identify human faces and can be used for security purposes.
Example: Snapchat
Snapchat differentiates between images of objects, pets, sports, and food. It suggests relevant borders and stickers. Identifies your location and suggests location-based filters.
Snapchat filters use Machine Learning and image classification techniques called Convolution Neural Networks(CNN).
Biotechnology branch of biology deals with the the techniques of using living organism or enzymes to produce useful product for human welfare.
European federation of biotechnology (EFB) has has given a defination of biotechnology from both traditional and modern molecular biotechnology point of view. The definition given by EFB is as follows :
“The integration of natural science and organisms,cells,parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services”
Engineer Karl Ereky first coined the term ‘biotechnology‘ in 1919, meaning the production of products from raw materials with the aid of living organisms
Humans have used biotechnology since the dawn of civilization. Egyptians used yeasts to bake leavened bread, the Chinese developed fermentation techniques for brewing and cheese making, and the Aztecs used Spirulina algae to make cakes. Today, when most people think of biotechnology, they probably think of recombinant DNA. Although much of modern biotechnology does deal with manipulating DNA, classical biotechnology began long before we even knew about genes or chromosomes. What began as recipes for production of food now includes technology to enhance everything from farming to pharmaceuticals.
principles of biotechnology.
Traditional biotechnology
Traditional biotechnology refers to ancient ways of using living organisms to make new products or modify existing ones. An example of traditional biotechnology is what human beings have been doing for centuries: cloning plants. Each time a little branch is cut off from a plant and placed in soil to grow a new plant, cloning occurs. Over the past 30 years, biologists have increasingly applied the methods of physics, chemistry and mathematics in order to gain precise knowledge.
Modern biotechnology
Modern biotechnology we are not only doing the physical manipulation at the visual level but also at the molecular level. In modern molecular biotechnology, we select the desired characteristic at the molecular level and add it to the organism’s genetic makeup. Whereas traditional biotechnology exploits the potential of processes performed by living organisms, such as fermentation, modern biotechnology manipulates the genes of organisms and inserts them into other organisms to acquire the desired trait.
However, both traditional and modern biotechnology share the same foundation: the use of living organisms to enhance crops, fuels, medical treatments and other tools to help humans.
Among many, the two core techniques that enabled birth of modern biotechnology are:
1. Genetic engineering : Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA),to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype (physical character) of the host organisms.
2.Chemical engineering : Maintance of sterile microbial contamination free ambience in chemical engineering processes to enable growth of only the desired microbe/ eukaryotic cell in large quantities for the manufacturing of biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, etc.
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1972 isolated the first recombinant DNA and the antibiotic resistance gene by cutting out a piece of DNA from a plasmid( autonomously replicating circular extra- chromosomal DNA) which was responsible for conferring antibiotic resistance.
The cutting of DNA at specific locations became possible with the discovery of the so- called ‘molecularscissors’ – Restriction enzymes
Biotechnology is the emerging field nowadays and in coming future it will be the important part For the development of the country. By manipulating genes we can produce more and more useful products for the human welfare.
Based on performance, size,cost and capacity, the digital computers are classified into four different types: 🔅Super computers 🔅Mainframe computers 🔅Mini computers 🔅Macro computers
Super Computers:
🌟The mightiest computers but at the same time, the most expensive ones are known as Super computers. 🌟Super computers process billions of instructions per second. 🌟In other words, Super computers are the computers normally used to solve intensive numerical computers. 🌟Examples of such applications are stock analysis, special effects for movies, weather forecasting and even sophisticated artworks.
Mainframe Computers:
🌟Mainframe computers are capable of processing data at very high speeds- hundreds of million instructions per second. 🌟They are large in size. 🌟These systems are also expensive. 🌟They are used to process large amount of data quickly. 🌟Some of the obvious customers are banks, airlines and railway reservation system, aerospace companies doing complex aircraft design, etc.
Mini Computers:
🌟The Mini computers were developed with objective of bringing out low cost computers. 🌟Ther are lower to Mainframe computers, in term of speed and storage capacity. 🌟Some of the hardware available in Mainframe were not included in the Mini computer handled by hardware in Mainframe computers were done by software in Mini computers.
🌟Hence the performance of Mini computers is less than that of the Mainframe. 🌟However, the Mini computer market has diminished somewhat as buyers have moved towards less expensive but increasingly powerful personal computers.
Micro computers:
🌟The invention of microprocessor (single chip CPU)gave birth to the micro computers. 🌟They are several times cheaper than mini computers. 🌟The micro computers are further classified into, 🔅workstation 🔅personal computers 🔅 laptop computers 🔅smaller computers
🌟Although the equipment may vary from the simplest computer to the most powerful, the major functional units of the computer system remain tha same : 🔅input 🔅processing 🔅storage 🔅output
Workstations:
🌟Workstations are also desktop machines mainly used for intensive graphical applications. 🌟They have more processor speed than that of personal computers. 🌟Workstations use sophisticated display screens featuring high – resolution colour graphics. 🌟Workstations are used for executing numeric and graphic intensive applications such as Computer Aided Design (CAD), simulation of complex systems and visualizing the results of simulation.
Personal Computers:
🌟Today the personal computers are the most popular computers systems simply called PCs. 🌟These desktop computers are also known as home computers. 🌟They are usually easier to use an more affordable than Workstations. 🌟They are self-contained desktop computers intended for an individual user. 🌟Most often used for word processing and small database applications.
Laptop Computers:
🌟Laptop computers are portable compilation fit in a briefcase. 🌟Laptop computers, also called notebook computers, are wonderfully portable and functional, and popular with travelers who need a computer that can go with them.
Getting Smaller Still:
🌟Pen-based computers use a pen like stylus and accept handwritten input directly on a screen. 🌟Pen-based computer are also called Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). 🌟Special engineering and hardware design techniques are adopted to mske the portable smaller and light weight computers.
Every country in the world have some other the problems, like that India also have some problems. In this blog, we are going to discuss, some major problems in India like the , educationsystem, unemployment, poverty, basic sanitation, and pollution.
EDUCATION SYSTEM
Every education system will have both theoretical and practical knowledge. Both theoretical and practical knowledge are important. In India’s education system consist of 90 percent theoretical knowledge and 10 percent practical knowledge. Every student needs practical and skilled knowledge, because they are the one who help student to live in the real world. Every sector whether it is agriculture or IT needs skilled workers not theoretical workers. Students in India often study to score marks not knowledge.
UNEMPLOYMENT
According to a survey, 6.9 percent of people in India are unemployed. Nowadays, unemployment become common among youngsters. Unemployment is the state at which person who is able to work but fails to get one. Why there is unemployment in India? The unemployment rate is high in India because there are more job seekers than the job requirement. Due to covid-19 pandemic many people lost there jobs because of the national wide lock down and shut down of some companies. There is high competition for every job in India because of the high population. India stands at 86th position in unemployment in the world. The government of India must take the necessary steps to eradicate unemployment. This is very serious problem in the society.
POVERTY
Poverty is another major problem for a country. As of now, 13.7 percent of people in India live below the poverty line. People who earn less than 1060 rupees in rural and 1286 rupees per month in urban comes under the poverty line. 80 percent of the poor people live in villages only. 43 percent of the people belongs to Scheduled Caste(SC) and Scheduled Tribes(ST). The maximum people living below the poverty line are found in Bihar, Madhya pradesh, Uttar pradesh and rajasthan only. People under the poverty line declined from 37 percent in to 13.7 percent in 2021. Experts suggest that it will decline by 5 percent in 2025.
POLLUTION
Pollution is the serious problem for all countries in the world. As of now, India stands 5th position in world’s most polluted countries. Delhi is the most polluted city in India, Breathing air in Dehli is like breathing 35 cigarettes at a time. There are many types of pollution such as water pollution, air pollution, land pollution and noise pollution. sewage water is main reason for water pollution in India. Ganga and yamuna are the most polluted rivers in India. Vehicle horns and construction sounds are main reason for noise pollution. Government needs to take care of these following problems.
BASIC SANITATION
Sanitation is another big problem in India. According to a survey, more than 700 million people don’t have the access to toilets at there home. In slums people don’t have a toilet at all. Many rural schools don’t have toilet facilities because of that parents don’t send there daughter to school. We should be thankful government because under the Swach Bharat Abhiyan government built 12 million toilets for the people.
Education is a constitutional right of every citizen that prepares an individual to play their role as a sophisticated member of society. The importance of education can be implied by habituating the lack of its existence. The Importance Of Education and its significance can be understood through the life of an ignorant and illiterate person , who has never had the chance to visit the school and is experiencing the bane of illiteracy could value the answer to the question -Why is Education an essential factor in our life? He/she knows the prominence and importance of education and its changes in individuals life. Education is a powerful weapon that aids an individual to face the adversities of life and overcome societal stigmas such as poverty , fear, status ,to achieve success. Education is the hope of development and success for third – world countries and the worlds dominion countries . Mandatory education builds the scope of better growth and development.
Eduindex 
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