The electric light bulb has been known as the most important invention since man-made fire. The light bulb helped to establish social life after sunset, extended the workday well into the night, and allowed us to navigate and travel safely in the dark. Without the light bulb, there would be no nightlife.
The electric light, one of the everyday conveniences that most affects our lives, was not “invented” in the traditional sense in 1879 by Thomas Alva Edison, although he have created the first commercially practical incandescent light. He was neither the first nor the only person trying to invent an incandescent light bulb. However, Edison is often credited with the invention because his version was able to outstrip the earlier versions because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically.
EARLY LIGHT BULBS AND HISTORY:
In 1802, Humphry Davy invented the first electric light. He experimented with electricity and invented an electric battery. When he connected wires to his battery and a piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, producing light. His invention was known as the Electric Arc lamp. And while it produced light, it didn’t produce it for long and was much too bright for practical use.
Over the next seven decades, other inventors also created “light bulbs” but no designs emerged for commerical application. In 1840, British scientist Warren de la Rue enclosed a coiled platinum filament in a vacuum tube and passed an electric current through it. The design was based on the concept that the high melting point of platinum would allow it to operate at high temperatures and that the evacuated chamber would contain fewer gas molecules to react with the platinum, improving its longevity. Although an efficient design, the cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial production.
In 1850 an English physicist named Joseph Wilson Swan created a “light bulb” by enclosing carbonized paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb. And by 1860 he had a working prototype, but the lack of a good vacuum and an adequate supply of electricity resulted in a bulb whose lifetime was much too short to be considered an effective producer of light. However, in the 1870’s better vacuum pumps became available and Swan continued experiments on light bulbs. In 1878, Swan developed a longer lasting light bulb using a treated cotton thread that also removed the problem of early bulb blackening.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON AND HIS FIRST ‘LIGHT BULB’ :
Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847, in Milan. He was the seventh and last child born to Samuel Edison Jr. and Nancy Elliott Edison, and would be one of four to survive to adulthood. Thomas Edison received little formal education, and left school in 1859 to being working on the railroad .
In 1878, Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp and on October 14, 1878, Edison filed his first patent application for “Improvement In Electric Lights”. However, he continued to test several types of material for metal filaments to improve upon his original design and by Nov 4, 1879, he filed another U.S. patent for an electric lamp using “a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires.”
Edison focused on inventing a safe, inexpensive electric light to replace the gaslight–a challenge that scientists had been grappling with for the last 50 years. Edison set up the Edison Electric Light Company and began research and development. He made a breakthrough in October 1879 with a bulb that used a platinum filament, and in the summer of 1880 hit on carbonized bamboo as a viable alternative for the filament, which proved to be the key to a long-lasting and affordable light bulb. In 1881, he set up an electric light company in New york.
Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using “cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways,” it was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last over 1200 hours.
Original carbon-filament bulb from Thomas Edison
THE FIRST INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB :
Incandescent light bulb use electricity to heat a carbon or metal base filament inside a glass bulb until it becomes hot and emits a radiant glow. A vacuum keeps the filament from burning up too quickly and blackening the interior of the glass bulb. Many of the first incandescent light bulbs faced the same challenges – a poor vacuum design, inferior or expensive filaments, and bulb blackening. However, these early experiments were pivotal in the development of the first commercially viable incandescent light bulb.
Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing cost, and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the incandescent bulb became widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting.
From March 2021 till today the life is going through this lockdown stuff, got bored with this pandemic situation but what to do, donot have any way to get rid of this. Anyhow, there are some ways I found to pass these pandemic situation. ‘Contribute yourself to the social activities’, just glance your sight towards the social life of this world there you could found many things which are unreal. It is our responsibility to change these unreal things to real things so move on to the social activities.
A firm is said to be a monopoly if it is the only sole vendor of its item and its item doesn’t have any close substitutes, for instance, McDonald’s. The factors like government license, ownership of resources, copyright and patent, and high starting cost makes McDonald a solitary dealer of goods. Every one of these factors limit the passage of the other sellers onto this market. It also possesses some information that is not known to other sellers.
McDonald’s is a commonly used example of monopolistic competition. Monopolistic competition signifies the variety in the products available in the market. Though they have similar products they are yet different from each other in various aspects. McDonald’s have divided them products in different varieties and have many outlets and dine ins too. There are many other similar ones in the competition like KFC, Subway, Burger King etc. All of these are a similar kind of food chain and serve fast food itself yet their very basics are differently structured.
This makes the entity the single seller in the market controller as well as the price maker. They maximize their profit by deciding the price of the product that is to be sold and by determining the quantity of the equivalent. Also, McDonald’s charge different prices from different customers for the same product called ‘Price discrimination’ as this entity aims for profit maximization.
A very significant quality of McDonald’s is the fact that wherever they put up an outlet they always go with the native cuisine and have so many options. People love their menu because of their varieties without posing a close substitute from other entities. McDonald’s has made use of non-price competition for their growth too. Though they have similar products they are yet different from each other in various aspects.
This book shows the way of living. What to do when? What not to do? How to counter the hurdles in our life and succeed? And has stunningly explained the insights into life.
Mark Manson, the writer, is a star blogger with more than 2 million readers. In this book, the writer initially discusses on ‘experiences’. We always desire to have positive experiences in our life. But the writer believes that the desire for a more positive experience is itself a negative experience. And paradoxically, the acceptance of one’s negative experience is itself a positive experience. This might sound tricky, but on reading the book it would become clearer. Explaining in simple words, the more you desperately want to be rich, the more poor and unworthy you feel, regardless of how much money you actually have. The more you desperately want a good figure, the uglier you come to see yourself regardless of your actual appearance. So, strive hard for a better future but do not always be very anxious and unsatisfied.
Further, the writer quotes, “Choose your battles”. In life, there so many things we can give a f*ck about. So we need to figure out which ones really matter. Next, the writer addresses the problem of ‘problems’. Evidently, each one of us has problems in our life. And very many of us get disappointed due to these. Disappointment, according to the writer, arises due to two things. 1) Denial- The writer adds, “Some people deny that their problems exist in the first place. And because they deny reality, they constantly delude or distract themselves from reality. This may make them feel good in the short term, but it leads to a life of insecurity, neuroticism, and emotional repression. Second is victim mentality – Some choose to believe that there is nothing they can do to solve their problems, even when they, in fact, could. Victims seek to blame others for their problems or blame outside circumstances. This may make them feel better in the short term, but it leads to a life of anger, helplessness, and despair. While the writer tells us to excel at whatever we do, paradoxically, also says, “Don not be special, do not be unique.” In simple words, he tries to say that the narrower and rarer the identity you choose for yourself, the more everything will seem to threaten you. I would suggest you to read the book in order to get insights into this sublime thought of the writer.
Further, the writer seems to have been motivating his readers where he exuberantly quotes, “Do not sit there, do something.” Instead of sitting and thinking about the problems you have, try to solve them. Initially, if you might not understand what exactly you are going to do, the simple act of working on it will eventually cause the right ideas to show up in your head.
The writer says that ‘suffering pain’ is inevitable, in one’s life. Eg. One might have the problem of obesity but might aspire to have a good physique. In order to solve this problem, one has to start working out, go to the gym, etc. So, while getting away with the mental pain of not having a good physique, you introduce yourself to the pain of going to the gym, abandoning junk food, etc. Hence suffering pain is inevitable. The writer is of the opinion that learn to sustain the pain you’ve chosen. When you choose a new value, you are choosing to introduce a new form of pain into your life. Relish it. Welcome it with your open arms. Lastly, the writer expresses his spellbinding views on relationships. He states that while serving relation one should not solve others’ problems to please them. Solve your own problems and let others solve theirs. This sounds difficult to understand, weird as well! But the writer has explained this in detail with significant and exceptional examples.
Thus, I would awfully suggest you to read this book and enlighten yourself.
July 5th,every year is considered the National Bikini Day in India. It is considered so because of the invention of the smallest swim suit by “Louis Réard“, a french automobile engineer and clothing designer. Louis Réard took over his mother’s Lingerie business in 1940 and became a clothing designer.
The idea of Bikini
The idea of a bikini struck Louis Réard’s mind when he noticed women rolling up the edges of their swimsuit to get a better tan. He decided to create a swim suit with their midriff exposed.In 1946, he went on to produce a swim suit of his own and called it a “string bikini” consisting of four triangles.
Marketing strategies
The marketing strategies of bikini’s has been the same with little innovation. Ever since Bikini was introduced in the market, the advertising tactic has been the same, i.e the bikini is put on by a supermodel with a super figure to attract customers. The advertisements create a sense of “want it” in women when they look at the picture of the model wearing a bikini.
Bikini advertisements and their effects
Many women have and still feel insecure about their body and shape when in the beach wearing a bikini. The advertisements have created the impression of a so called “perfect body”, which many women desire to have. The idea of “perfect body” has created a sense of hate in women against their own bodies. Many women get attracted seeing the advertisements, but get disappointed when looking at the mirror whilst wearing the same bikini in the advertisement. There is a need to spread awareness about body positivity in the society, this will definitely lacerate the idea of a “perfect body” and incorporate women with confidence on their own bodies.
Reforms in the advertisement industry
There have been noticible reforms in advertisement strategies in recent times, many brands now choose to showcase their bikini’s by putting them not on supermodels with super figure’s but with models who have a body of an average women. This way, many women can relate to the advertisement and show intrest in buying the product. This startegy has worked out good so far for companies like ; H and M,victorias secret many other.
Types of Bikini
With the changing times, many types of bikini’s were created and some of them are listed below;
Bandeaukini/Strapless bikini
Multi-String bikini
String bikini.
Microkini.
Tankini.
High Neck bikini.
Trikini.
Sling bikini
Flounce bikini
high waisted bikini
Fringe bikini
Your bikini, your body and your happiness
There are hundred different ways to show off your bikini, but it will look good only if you feel good. Being positive about your body is the biggest flex. It is said that “you cant buy happiness but you can buy a bikini, and thats pretty close” and it is said absolutely right, your body shape should not be an obstacle in midst of experiencing the joy of wearing a bikini and enjoying the sunset at a beach. Body positivity activists like Morgan Bartley and Sarah Sapora have brought back the renouncing confidence in women and showed that the “perfect body” is a mere speculation.
Bonjour! Today’s article deals with Mr. Paper who wishes to address the writers! A fictional concept of Mr. Paper is covered who shares his grievances with you all!
Hello writers! I know you must have smartly deciphered till now that I am a piece of paper speaking to you. Through this article, I wish to convey my emotions. So, let me begin.
“I Really Appreciate Each And Every Writer.”
I may not be able to say this to you, but yes, every writer is precious to me. The hard work and special efforts that you put in in order to make your book a success aren’t unnoticed because I am the one who actually notices! 😉
“Let Alone Writers, I Love It When Any Person Whatsoever Chooses To Scribble Almost Anything On Me.”
Yes! Anyone who writes is someone who preserves my rights 😉 When you write, you provide me my most important right which is to never be a blank sheet! Thank you for taking some efforts to inscribe something on me because that keeps me alive.
“I Hate It When Writers Waste Paper By Throwing Most Of The Half Empty Sheets In The Trash.”
Some writers tend to create their rooms a mess by writing a short paragraph which maybe later doesn’t seem appropriate to them, which makes them curl the paper into a ball and then bury it into the trash. Please stop killing us!
“How I Wish Writers Would Make More Use Of Paper Than Their Laptops!”
Writers today, in this digital era, no longer make use of paper which makes me feel overwhelmingly sad because I feel ignored and left out. Please spend some time with me as well!
“Please Don’t Resort To Dog Earring When Reading Books!”
This is a gentle request to all the readers as well as writers to not practice dog earring because that stretches my body, leaving me in pain. Please use bookmarks for the same!
“Please Don’t Tear A Page Unnecessarily.”
This is my earnest request to all of the humans out there to not tear or lacerate us without any reason. By doing this, you plot our demise unintentionally which is not something you want to do, right?
“Please Don’t Curse Us When You Are Unable To Come Up With Content.”
Some writers tend to curse the page for not receiving relevant ideas. I totally understand that writing can be a stressful task at times but then blaming a blank sheet of paper isn’t fair, right? So, please don’t curse and manhandle us because we didn’t hurt you a pinch!
Lastly, I would like to wish each and every writer by giving them my best regards. We await the time when you would get a sheet out and begin engraving something on us. We may seem inanimate to you, but we aren’t. We can feel the essence of your hard work as you prepare your manuscript and try getting it published. We value and respect you! Writing is a fun task and requires some love while we (papers) love you back! So, wait no more! Publish your book and make the utmost use of us (papers).
In every business it is important to have an efficient marketing plan or strategy to promote their product, to engage more customers or to understand consumer behaviour, to upgrade their pricing strategy. For this in 1960s, an academic and marketer E. Jerome McCarthy proposed the idea of ‘marketing mix’.
Marketing mix is basically a mixture of 4Ps to enhance business model with Price, Product, Place and Promotion. These 4Ps can be used as marketing tools by any business for achieving their market goals and targets.
Components of Marketing Mix
Product
Product means anything which is for sale any physical product or any service rendered to customer. Product should the meet expectations and demand of customers in the market.Some of the marketing decision which every seller should think of such as branding, packaging, product range, product design, packaging and labelling, guarantees and warranties.
2. Place
In marketing mix, place refers that where seller choose to sell his product whether it is warehouse, street market, online platforms, supermarkets, etc. It depends upon the nature of the product i.e. if product is perishable, shops are preferable to sell that product and if product is non-perishable both shops and online platforms are suitable.Marketing decisions related to place includes: market coverage, inventory, transportation, location, distributors, warehousing and franchising.
3. Price
Price is the main aspect for the business and customer. Each and every customer gets affected from price of the product which consumer is selling. Price reflects the cost or value of the product. Seller should set the price as per the demand of customer and the actual cost of the product. Accurate price can change the customer’s preference form one product to another. Other important aspect of pricing is what price has been set by your competitors? This can help any business in setting their pricing strategy. Pricing strategy can make profits for the business or can cause loss to the business if it is not accurate.Price market decisions includes: payment method (card or cash), credit payment, pricing strategy, allowances for distributors and discounts for customers.
4. Promotion
Promotion means to tell or convey about the product to customers through advertising, marketing and sales promotion. It can be through offline mode such as T.V. magazines, newspapers, radio etc. and online mode like websites, ads on social media, etc. It depends upon the seller of the product which way or method he chooses to communicate about his product to customers and according to response from his customers, he should continue with that particular promotion method.Marketing decisions for promotion involves: advertising, sales promotion, public relation, direct marketing, what and how to communicate to customers.
In 1980s Booms and Bitner proposed a model of marketing mix which consist of 7Ps, generally he added 3 more Ps to marketing mix i.e. Process, People and Physical Evidence which is beneficial for Service Marketing.
5. Process
Process describes the chain of delivering the goods or services to the customer. Process examination involves the evaluation of each and every step like procedure of distribution, payment system and relationships with customer. Evaluating, modifying and improving different steps of process will help business to maintain their efforts and to check that methods are new and as per recent trend. Process related marketing decisions involves: blueprint service, process design, checking system failures, monitoring service performance, allocation of resources required.
6. People
In marketing mix, ‘people’ refer to those who all are involved in the process of delivering of goods; managing the process; handle customer relationship, etc. Employees, staff, workers or labour all are included in ‘people’, basically all those who are a part of business. For any business it is necessary to employ right people to manage all the business related process. Marketing decisions related to people includes: staff recruitment and training, attending customers, handling complaints and failures, handling social interactions.
7. Physical Evidence
Physical evidence means evidence of the product which has been purchased by the customer. It can be receipt, brochures, tracking information, invoices, etc. It is beneficial for both customer and seller to have a record or any document of transaction. It also relates to validation of the product, authenticity of the product check by the customer through their websites, logo etc. Here, marketing decisions includes: interior design like furniture and scheme, facilities like equipment access, brochures, stationery, surrounding conditions, and signage.
Meteors, Meteor showers, Meteoroids and Meteorites, sounds very confusing right? They all sound similar but have different meanings. A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. Most are pieces of other, larger bodies that have been broken or blasted off. Some come from comets, others from asteroids, and some even come from the Moon and other planets.When meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere, or that of another planet at high speed and burn up, they’re called meteors. This is also when we refer to them as “shooting stars.” Sometimes meteors can even appear brighter than Venus — that’s when we call them “fireballs.” When a meteoroid survives its trip through the atmosphere and hits the ground, it’s called a meteorite. I hope you are clear with the difference now. To know further about them, and the type of meteor showers, read ahead.
Meteoroid
In 1961, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined a meteoroid as “a solid object moving in interplanetary space, of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid and considerably larger than an atom”. Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids, and range in size from small grains to one-meter-wide objects.Objects smaller than this are classified as micrometeoroids or space dust. Most are fragments from comets or asteroids, whereas others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars.
Almost all meteoroids contain extraterrestrial nickel and iron. They have three main classifications: iron, stone, and stony-iron. Some stone meteoroids contain grain-like inclusions known as chondrules and are called chondrites. Stony meteoroids without these features are called “achondrites”, which are typically formed from extraterrestrial igneous activity; they contain little or no extraterrestrial iron.
Meteor
A meteor, known colloquially as a shooting star or falling star, is the visible passage of a glowing meteoroid, micrometeoroid, comet or asteroid through Earth’s atmosphere, after being heated to incandescence by collisions with air molecules in the upper atmosphere, creating a streak of light via its rapid motion and sometimes also by shedding glowing material in its wake. Although a meteor may seem to be a few thousand feet from the Earth, meteors typically occur in the mesosphere at altitudes from 76 to 100 km (250,000 to 330,000 ft). Millions of meteors occur in Earth’s atmosphere daily. Most meteoroids that cause meteors are about the size of a grain of sand.
A fireball is a brighter-than-usual meteor that also becomes visible when about 100 km from sea level. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defines a fireball as “a meteor brighter than any of the planets” (apparent magnitude −4 or greater).
Meteor Shower
A series of many meteors appearing seconds or minutes apart and appearing to originate from the same fixed point in the sky is called a meteor shower. A meteor shower is the result of an interaction between a planet, such as Earth, and streams of debris from a comet or other source. The passage of Earth through cosmic debris from comets and other sources is a recurring event in many cases.
Meteor showers throughout the year: January: Quadrantids April: Lyrids May: Eta Aquarids June: Arietids and Bootids July: Southern Delta Aquarids August: Perseids October: Orionids November: Leonids December: Geminids Each of these, except the Geminids, is caused by Earth moving through a stream of comet debris. The Geminids come from a stream of debris from the Asteroid 3200 Phaethon, which is probably a dead comet.
Meteorite
A meteorite is a portion of a meteoroid or asteroid that survives its passage through the atmosphere and hits the ground without being destroyed. Meteorites are sometimes, but not always, found in association with hypervelocity impact craters; during energetic collisions, the entire impactor may be vaporized, leaving no meteorites. Geologists use the term, “bolide”, in a different sense from astronomers to indicate a very large impactor. Meteorites can be very useful in studying the history of the Solar System to other planets.
“What about the world of a schizophrenic? Maybe it’s as real as our world. Maybe we cannot say that we are in touch with reality and he is not, but should instead say, His reality is so different from ours that he can’t explain his to us, and we can’t explain ours to him. The problem, then, is that if subjective worlds are experienced too differently, there occurs a breakdown in communication … and there is the real illness.”
When, Philip K. Dick questioned about the reality we live , didn’t it remind you of Francesca Zappia the author of Made You Up quoting ,
“Sometimes I think people take reality for granted.”
And then there are people who have no luxury to take reality for granted because their reality may not really be real . It may be hallucinations or delusions or just random voices in the head or all of them together which is notably entitled as Schizophrenia .
Schizophrenia is a long-term mental disorder . Schizophrenia has its origin from Greek word :- skhizein ‘to split’ + phrēn ‘mind’. Due to its origin ,Schizophrenia is among the most misunderstood of mental health disorders. The etymology of the word schizophrenia has led many to confuse it with multiple personality disorder ( Dissociative Identity Disorder).
The term “schizophrenia” was first used in 1911 by a Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler. He used this term to emphasize the mental confusion and random thinking characteristic of people with a disorder . But people confused the actual meaning with split or multiple personality confusion which has become an ingrained myth regarding schizophrenia that continues to this day.
So what is really Schizophrenia ?
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder . People with schizophrenia may be said to have lost touch with reality leading to unsound perceptions and actions , fantasies and delusions .
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects how a person acts, thinks, and feels. It can keep one from seeing the world in a normal way , making their own reality different from us . People with schizophrenia have difficulty in distinguishing reality from fantasies .
Schizophrenia affects men and women equally. Schizophrenia can occur at any age , the most common age to be diagnosed with schizophrenia is late teen to early 20s for men and late 20s to early 30s for women .
Some people with schizophrenia are dishevelled and disorganized n That doesn’t mean a person with schizophrenia can’t live a normal life .
“I have schizophrenia. I am not schizophrenic. I am not my mental ill. My illness is a part of me.”
– Jonathan Harnisch, (Novelist, artist, filmmaker )
There are people who have actually lived with schizophrenia and have managed to lead highly productive and satisfying lives.
People like :-
John Nash Jr. , one of the world’s most brilliant mathematicians. The Nobel Prize winner Economics suffered from paranoia, delusions, and other symptoms of schizophrenia.
Eduard Einstein ,
The youngest child of Albert Einstein was studying medicine when he was diagnosed with schizophrenia at age 20.
Vincent van Gogh, the Dutch post-impressionist painter who posthumously became one of the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art, suffered from several common symptom of schizophrenia like Hallucinations, including hearing voices .
Contrary to other people’s opinion , people with schizophrenia have no split or multiple personalities and most pose no danger to others . It is possible to live well with schizophrenia.
Symptoms :-
People diagnosed with schizophrenia are characterized by episodes in which the person is unable to distinguish between real and unreal experiences.
The symptoms fall in three categories :-
1: Positive symptoms: these symptoms are those that are abnormally present . They can be mild or severe depending on its nature. They include
• Hallucinations ( hearing different multiple voices which may be critical and threatening , hallucinations can affect all the senses like for instance, for example, a person may also see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not really there.)
•Delusions ( experiencing delusions may believe that something is true when there is no strong evidence for it to be unrealistic , paranoid , confused thoughts , false beliefs )
• Thought disorder ( dysfunctional thoughts making it difficult to put cohesive thoughts together or make sense of speech )
2: Negative symptoms: These symptoms are those that are abnormally absent in most of the patients . These symptoms disrupt a person’s normal ability .
These includes :-
• A loss or a decrease in the ability to initiate plans • Finding no pleasure in living . • Disorganized symptoms. • lack of facial expression • lack of emotional expression • lack of motivation • difficulty concentrating • Neglecting everyday activities, including self-care. • Withdrawal from social life ( possibly through fear that somebody is going to harm them.)
3: Cognition symptoms :-. These symptoms are another area of functioning that is affected in schizophrenia leading to problems with attention, concentration and memory, and to declining educational performance. Patients with cognitive symptoms find it hard to lead a normal life .
These includes :-
• Anosognosia ( a lack of ability to perceive the realities of one’s own condition. It’s a person’s inability to accept that they have a condition that matches up with their symptoms or a formal diagnosis)
• Trouble in paying attention or focusing .
• Problem with working memory ( difficulty understanding and using information.)
Severe psychotic symptoms often decreases as the person becomes older Like any illness, the severity, duration and frequency of symptoms vary from person not person however, in persons with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition, but treatment can help manage the symptoms.
Types of schizophrenia
There are several types of schizophrenia.
Paranoid schizophrenia :-
This is the most common type of schizophrenia. Symptoms include hallucinations and/or delusions, but your speech and emotions may not be affected.
Hebephrenic schizophrenia :-
Also known as ‘disorganised schizophrenia’, Symptoms include disorganised behaviours and thoughts, alongside short-lasting delusions and hallucinations.
Catatonic schizophrenia :-
This is the rarest schizophrenia diagnosis, characterised by unusual, limited and sudden movements. The patient may often switch between being very active or very still. They may not talk much, and you may mimic others’ speech and movement.
Undifferentiated schizophrenia :-
This type of schizophrenia may have some signs of paranoid, hebephrenic or catatonic schizophrenia, but it doesn’t obviously fit into one of these types alone.
Residual schizophrenia :-
You may be diagnosed with residual schizophrenia if you have a history of psychosis, but only experience the negative symptoms (such as slow movement, poor memory, lack of concentration and poor hygiene).
Simple schizophrenia :-
This includes both positive and negative symptoms . Symptoms such as slow movement, poor memory, lack of concentration and poor hygiene are most prominent early and worsen, while positive symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganised thinking are rarely experienced.
Cenesthopathic schizophrenia :-
People with cenesthopathic schizophrenia experience unusual bodily sensations.
Treatment :-
“ There’s a tremendous need to implode the myths of mental illness, to put a face on it, to show people that a diagnosis does not have to lead to a painful and oblique life… We who struggle with these disorders can lead full, happy, productive lives, if we have the right resources.” – Elyn R. Saks
As the cause of schizophrenia is unknown there is no cure . So a doctor’s treatment includes medications that can ease symptoms and prevent them from coming back.
Such treatments include :-
Antipsychotics:
These medications tame Psychosis ( delusions , hallucinations , etc.) The medications doctors prescribe most often for schizophrenia are called antipsychotics. This medication is taken as pills or liquid form . Some antipsychotics included injections given once or twice a month . These drugs work on chemicals in the brain such as dopamine and serotonin.
Schizophrenia patients are most likely to have to take schizophrenia medication their entire life .
Psychosocial Treatment :-
The term psychosocial refers to an individual’s psychological development in and interaction with their social environment. Psychosocial treatments (interventions) include structured counseling, motivational enhancement, case management, care-coordination, psychotherapy and relapse prevention.
Coordinate Speciality care :-
“There are a number of things that family and friends can do to help a person with schizophrenia. One of the simplest and most effective is to create a positive environment around the person.” – Milt Greek (Mental health advocate and author of Schizophrenia: A Blueprint for Recovery)
Creating a positive environment and showing support can make schizophrenia patients believe in the reality we live in rather than the reality they think is real .
Coordinate Speciality care includes model integrated medications and psychotherapist , family support , education and employment support etc.
Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) project. The goal of RAISE was, and is, to help decrease the likelihood of future episodes of psychosis, reduce long-term disability, and help people to get their lives back on track so they can pursue their goals.
Schizophrenia can make it hard to stick to a medication plan. One needs a strong support system to continue the medication.
Medication for schizophrenia can improve symptoms and sometimes help keep them from coming back.
Therapy can help people living with schizophrenia learn to recognize signs of an episode and explore strategies to manage symptoms and the distress they cause.
One must support in positive, supportive ways without making the patient feel criticized or helpless.
Schizophrenia is NOT A Character Flaw
Just like any other mental disorder schizophrenia is not a choice nor it is a character flaw , it’s a disease which needs to be treated .
People with schizophrenia have no luxury of taking reality for granted . But that doesn’t stop them from living in a reality which is different from ours . Their multiple voices doesn’t make them psycho or split personalities , those voices are voices of the subconscious that’s much more superficial than others .
“I thought of the voices as… something a little different from aliens. I thought of them more like angels … It’s really my subconscious talking, it was really that… I know that now.” – John Forbes Nash, Jr. (Nobel Prize winning mathematician )
The stigmatisation that often accompanies mental illness can be cruelest .
This stigma unfairly causes people to feel ashamed for something that is out of their control and prevents many from seeking the help they need.
This stigmatization is due to the misconceptions or myth that mental illnesses are usually the cause of laziness or personal behaviour , a weakness that can be controlled on its own .
In reality a mental illness is not a character flaw. It is an illness that has nothing to do with being weak or lacking willpower.
Seeking appropriate help is a sign of strength, not weakness. Mental illness should not be treated as a problem rather it should be accepted as part of self that needs little more care and self love .
Since there’s no cure of schizophrenia ,it seems a lot more scary .
But as Elyn R. Saks said ,
” My good fortune is not that I’ve recovered from mental illness. I have not, nor will I ever. My good fortune lies in having found my life.”
A person with schizophrenia is not schizophrenic. He is not his mental illness rather it is a part of him . They are not different than us they just think differently .
Mental illness is not contagious . Hence being kind towards people diagnosis from any kind mental illness can’t hurt us . Support and spread awareness . Make them feel their worth which is much more than their illness .
The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered one of the most jobs crisis. The impact of this real danger that the crisis will increase poverty and widening inequalities. Countries now need to do everything they can to stop this job crisis from Turing into social crisis. A numerous people have lost their jobs especially women. The unemployment rate in the National Capital increased bu 17% with about 83%. Women respondents choosing to permanently opt stop workforce.
As per the centre of monitoring Indian Economy between mid 2016-2020 the female labour participation rate that is the percentage of women working out will fall from 16.4% to about 11% as per now it has been estimated that this numerical might be pushed down to 9%. The date stated that only about 10.7% of total workforce in 2019-2020 was in favour if women and about 13.9% of jobs losers will be a witness in India. The overall unemployment rate for Aug 2020 was 8.35% and will drop to less than 7% in the following months and it shall rather increase to 9.06%. The unemployment rate would be an underestimate as the denominator is not stable. India’s unemployment rate of 24% dispite the 77% literacy rate through the figure are discouraging the creativity and various fields the year brought to be forefront cannot be ignored more younger workers freshers and women but jobs with individuals moving into increasingly serve self employment in agriculture, construction and small scale trade.
Overall 54.3% workforce were affected by covid lockdown. Approximately 30% lost jobs and were then able to return to employment ,at least in terms of employment status if not tupe of work or income experience differ by age, gender, industry of employment. Around 59% of workers aged 15-24 years lost jobs or employment either during the lockdown when we compare to 40% and 35% of 25-34 years and 55-44 years respectively are affected less in numbers, having lost employment older workers were 4 times more likely to job the work. The freshers with less and no experience are in general cheaper to get hired or placed in an organization.
Consequently about 9 out of 10 older workers back place in the workforce but when compared with no experience or freshers about 5 out of 10 younger workers were in workplace. The pandemic led digital shift created a massive demand gir skilled professionals in domains like business analytics, data science, machine learning, cyber security, e-commerce, ed-tech and logistics hiring fresh and top rated tech talents for roles in emerging technologies as the demand for these programs in emerging tech.
we believe taht the top skills that will continue to be in demand next upcoming years.
In kannur, kerala afra and his brother muhammed who are being treated for a rare disease, they receive a huge amount for their son’s treatment. Muhammed is a 1year old boy afra was disappointed about the treatment of his brother because for this treatment need 18 crore. Helped raise funds on social media.if one year old boy from kannur wants to come back to life,he can only get the most expensive medicine in the world.
18 crore medicine? What is the medicine for spinal muscular atrophy…
afra has the same situation. Afra,who has been confined to wheelchair for fourteen years. Experts say giving muhammed a dose of solzhensma before the age of two would cure the disease.the family explains that they do not even has 18 crore together..
Few minutes ago in their bank account 18 cr credited with help of all kindness.their family thanking to the all over the world who pray and help for them.
In this world we can confirmed one thing humanity exist from world……
Today that is ,on 5th July 2021 , Arunachal Pradesh is celebrating three day festival called Dree. It is said to be most auspicious festival of Apatani tribe ( of the tribe that resided in Arunachal Pradesh). Dree is celebrated in order to bring a bountiful harvest season, hence Apatani offers prayers to four Gods they follow — Tamu, Harmiang, Metti and Danyi. This three day long festival is joyously celebrated with traditional clothes worn by women and children.
The reason behind the celebration of Dree is just as sacred as the festival itself. It is believed that two person i.e. Aane Donw and Abba Lwba when first set for the journey of cultivation they had to face many challenges and hurdles. Not only they had difficulty in finding the right seed, they also had to fight a Demon called Pyokun Pembo Pyoyi Tadu . This demon was eliminated with great efforts but their struggle was far from over. From the stomach of demon emerged swarms of insects and pest and rice birds. They attacked the crops in the field which led to poor harvest and subsequent hunger and famine. It was in order to alleviate the impending hunger and famine that a series of rituals were observed in the month of Dree
Thus this festival is celebrated to have good harvest. It is celebrated with such enthusiasm and exuberance that whoever visits Ziro ( place in Lower Subansiri district , where most Apatani Tribe resides) at this time could feel the radiance of happiness and joy. Throughout this festival games and sports are actively partaken that make the festival more interesting and entertaining.
Among that HURRICANE ELSA, takes the fifth place on the list of names. Of the previous four storms, only Tropical Storm Claudette caused severe damage to the environment and also killed at least 14 people in Alabama, US. Particularly, this season would create more impact than usual as per NOAA.
HURRICANE ELSA: Talking about ELSA, was first monitored by NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER (NHC) on 29th June and on the next day is was defined as potential tropical cyclone. It was an active tropical cyclone affecting parts of Caribbean and Southeastern United States. Initially it was defined low-level circulation, then cyclone was upgraded into a tropical depression by 03:00 UTC on July 1.By 09:00 UTC the depression intensified to tropical storm after which NHC assigned its name ELSA . It also surpassed the record held by TROPICAL STROM EDOUARD that occurred previous year. It also became a tropical storm further east in the Main Development Region (MDR) than any other tropical cyclone so early in the calendar year on record, leaving behind only the 1933 TRINIDAD HURRICANE. It strengthened overnight and accelerated westward and at 10:45 UTC on July 2 and based on surface observation from BARBADOS , the NHC upgraded ELSA to a CATEGORY 1 HURRICANE. Around this time ELSA was moving at a speed of 49 km/h and also recorded the fastest moving tropical cyclone under rapid intensification and was also found to be the first storm to undergo rapid intensification in that part of the Atlantic that early in the calendar since another storm in year 1908. By 15:00 UTC on July 3, ELSA weakened back into a tropical storm, because of the northeasterly wind shear, which was partially due to the storm’s rapid forward motion which was more or less 48 km/h. By the next day ELSA’S forward motion significantly slowed down to 22 km/h as the storm’s center relocated to the east under the region with the strongest convection, while passing just north of Jamaica. Then on July 5, Elsa underwent strong burst overnight and began strengthening again.
IMPACTS:
UNITED STATES: On 2nd June, Florida governor Ron DeSantis declared “state of emergency” for 15 country within the state. He futher expressed that the high winds from ELSA could cause several structural damage and also arranged rescue teams.
BARBADOS: Sustained winds of 119 km/h were recorded on Barbados. It damaged the southern part of the island with power cut, along with downed trees, floods and roof tops being ripped off, Barbados Minister Abrahams reported. Initially there were no injuries or deaths but later more than 1,100 homes including 62 homes were completely damaged. The entirety of the island lost electricity with 24 electricity poles being knocked down and trees being uprooted as Elsa passed to the south. All flights from Grantley Adams International Airport the were suspended on July 3, due to structural damage and power outrages.
SAINT LUCIA AND SAINT VINCENT: In Saint Lucia, power outrages occurred as tress and branches fell off on the power lines. About 90 percent loss electricity at some or the other point. In Saint Vincent, many houses were damaged and still they are in the verge of recovering. They loss access to electricity and clean water. They have loss huge revenue on agriculture and livestock.
Apart from these there were several places that’s been affected. In the capital city of Grenada, St. George’s, severe flooding left a road submerged. In the Dominican Republic, strong winds led to toppled walls in houses. In Venezuela, heavy rainfall from Elsa caused flooding in Caracas.
COLOMBIA: Colombia was hit by heavy rainfall and waves of up to three meters on the Caribbean coast. This was about to happen before the storm headed to the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
As of now the tropical storm Elsa neared downfall along CUBA’S BAY OF PIGS on the south central coast by 5th, monday morning bringing winds and heavy rains. Elsa was set to make landfall in the vicinity of the BAY OF PIGS around mid day and exit CUBA overnight.
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells.
Cancers are named according to the tissues from which they arise
1)Sarcoma-Malignancy in structural tissues
2)Carcinoma-Epithelial Cancers
3)Lymphoma-Lymphatic tissues
4) Leukemia-White blood cells
Causes for cancer
Majority of the cancers are caused by living habits and some environmental factors
⭐ Tobacco:Nearly 35% of all cancer deaths are due to usage of tobacco in some form.Atleast 90% of lung cancer deaths are due to smoking.Smoking can also affect gastro-intestinal tract,pancreas,genito-urinary tract and upper respiratory passage.Snuff and chewing tobacco can affect mouth and respiratory tracts.Smoke inhaled by non-smokers can also cause lung cancer and blood cancer.
⭐ Exposure to ionising radiations such as x-rays,gamma rays,uv Ray’s can produce cancer.These radiations rupture DNA strands, causing mutations.Solar radiations can cause skin cancers.
⭐Physical irritants,such as continues abrasion of the linings of the intestinal tract by some types of food can also lead to cancer.Dietary substances such as fast,high calorie intake of animal proteins,salted or smoked food can cause cancer in breast,colon, stomach and oesonophages.
⭐ Certain drugs if taken without medical advice can cause cancer.
⭐Viruses and parasite organisms like schistosoma,liverfluke can also affect.
Cancer and death
A severe onset of cancer ends in the death of a person.It is because of the unique characteristics of the cancer cells.The growth of normal cells is controlled by certain factors.However the cancer cells do not require the growth factors.Hence these cells do not respect usual cellular growth limits.Normal cells have a nature of remaining together in tissues.But the cancer cells are less adhesive to each other.Hence they wander through the tissues and enter the blood.They can be transported to all parts of the body and cause new cancer growths.
The cancer cells rapidly multiply.Some cancers also produce angiogenic factors that cause many new blood vessels to grow into the cancer.Thus these cells will drain all the nutrients and normal cells get deprived of food.Ultimately the normal cells and tissues suffer nutritive death.
Management of cancer
⭐ The treatment or management of cancer depends on an accurate diagnosis.Diagnosis is made through microscopic observations,study of markers on the surface of cells,cytochemical methods, cytogenetics and various scanning and X-ray diagnostic methods.
⭐ After diagnosis, treatment of cancer involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonal treatments.
⭐ Surgery is used for initial diagnosis of cancer as well. Sometimes a solid lump or tumor is removed surgically and tissues are examined under the microscope for cancer. This is both a diagnostic and therapeutic use of surgery. Most people with cancer will have some type of surgery. If the cancer has not spread to other organs and tissues, surgery usually helps increase chances of survival to a great extent.
⭐ Chemotherapy:This treatment uses powerful drugs that destroy the cancer cells. Chemotherapy is delivered orally (pills) or through an intravenous (IV) line.
⭐ Radiotherapy:Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Learn about the types of radiation, why side effects happen, which ones you might have, and more.
⭐ Targeted therapy:Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets the changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide, and spread. Learn how targeted therapy works against cancer and about common side effects that may occur.
Inspite of all advances in diagnostic and treatment,the death rate due to cancer is greater, Primary prevention of cancer will be a greater alternative to diagnosis and treatment.Consumption of fibrous food and avoidance of fatty food will avoid tumours related to alimentary canal.
Thus it is apparent that fight against cancer will be successful with early detection and appropriate education for avoidance.
Organic manure usage in agriculture is becoming more and more famous day by day. Organic manure, as the name suggests are the natural nutrients from sources like Human and animal excreta, decomposing vegetable wastes and leftovers of agricultural practices. Plants extract the nutrients from the soil for their growth and organic manure helps in restoring that nutrients by undergoing decomposition easily and getting mixed with the soil perfectly. By restoring the nutrients, manure increases the fertility of the soil. Regular usage of organic manure maintains the level of soil organic matter.
sources of organic manure
Cattle wastes like cow dung and urine, slurry from biogas plant, Human wastes like sewage, sludge can be used in organic manure preparation.
Dry leaves, stubble, sugarcane trash, crop residue and some other agricultural wastes can be used.
oil cakes, vegetable processing wastes wheat straw and bran are agriculture industry byproducts and these are also sources of organic manure.
Slaughterhouse wastes like blood and bone meal are also can be the sources.
methods of preparing manure at your home
POT COMPOSTING CAN BE DONE: Pot composting can be done using wastes from kitchen. Take a container and add some pebbles and soil at the bottom. Take dry wastes like paper and dry leaves and add them. Collect all the wet wastes from kitchen. They may include food leftovers, fruit peels etc. Put them in the container after the dry waste. You can make 3-4 layers like this. Sprinkle water to keep them moist. Keep this arrangement away from rain. Keep on mixing the layer everyday. And keep it moist. After 30-45 days compost will be ready.
THE VERMICOMPOSTIING: Verm compost is the droppings of the earthworm after they consume the organic waste. Take container or you can make a separate large concrete tubs if you want to produce in large quantity. Put first layer of soil and pebble. On that add the organic wastes that are collected. Put handful of worms in the tub. Water is sprayed to them on daily basis to keep everything moist. Earthworms will produce the droppings which can be used as the manure.
USING BOKASHI METHOD: In this method, collect some kitchen waste in an airtight drum and add some Bokashi powder. Bokashi powder is inoculated with microbes which help in decomposition, made of bran based material. After 15 days fungus growth will be seen indicating fermentation has happened. Put this fermented waste in a trench and wait for 3 weeks. Black compost which can be used as manure will be ready.
benifits of using organic manure
Organic manure provides all the nutrients to the soil and maintains its fertility. They also improve soils physical properties like texture and structure and also improve aeration. organic manure increases the water holding capacity of the soil and helps in retaining rain water. Soil pH is also maintained. Organic manure usage increases the microbe population in the soil resulting in increased biological activity. Carbon nitrogen ratio will be well maintained.
Usage of organic manure is economically beneficial also. The production can be extended as a small scale business and it requires less investment. Hence it will be a very profitable business.
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