Modern world has opened the doors for newer technologies. Every day, people bring new ideas to transform the way of thinking and doing things. Stories from all over the world from different fields influence many to pursue with their field of interest. There are several successful women in many fields in India also; they become true inspiration to all the young dreamers. Moreover, this pandemic have also taught us to be more skillful to achieve success and continuous growth in our lives.
One of the inspiring stories that have made young girls believe in their dreams is that of P.V. Sindhu. She started playing Badminton at the age of 8 and made her international debut when she was 17 yrs old. After tremendous hard work and with constant learning she became the World’s 6th Ranking Women in Single Badminton. This dedication and her constant efforts are real inspiration for the women out there who believe on themselves.
Image: Sports24
Likewise, Sharanya a 24 yr old young junior doctor who treated the victims of the Kozhikode Plan Crash. After working for 1 year at Kozhikode General Hospital,she quits to start preparing for her NEET exams. On one of the fateful night, when the hospital needed all hands on deck, she jumped into help without a second thought.
12 year old Haaziq from Pune came up with ingenious innovation- Ervis – which is a prototype ocean cleaner ship that can suck out plastic from the surface of the ocean. The picture of a young whale that died of intestinal blockage after consuming huge amount of plastic is what made this 12 year old to wage war against plastic. His novel idea received global attention and he got a chance to present this idea before audience through TED-X club.
India is one of the countries having most number of youths; the need is to give them a proper direction to think and to bring a change. Engagement of young people at local, national and global levels is impacting lives. The more they explore the more idea they collect. At this stage of confusion and uncertainty youths from different part of India are setting examples for others. No talent should be wasted, because they are capable of much more. But due to societal pressure and constant discouragements they often confused to choose their field of interests.
Image: Rightful Owner
The 22 year old a Haimanti founder of the NGO Junoon, is the inspiration for people who want to bring a change in the field of education especially for underprivileged children. Since May 2018, she has been on a mission to equip them with necessary skills along with education that will enable her to enroll them in a regular school under the Right to Education Act.
There are several more tales of young minds whose acts inspire us to work towards innovative methodologies. A young regular college student from Palakkad district, Shahinsa belongs to an agrarian family from the Panamanna village have deep passion for farming and finds the time to grow crops using modern technology in the fields.
Sriya Donepudi (15), a school going girl from Khajaguda started an initiative to recycle used flowers after social functions. She collected discarded flowers from various events and with the help of women from economically weaker sections they made soaps, paper-weights and other items from floral waste. According to The New Indian Express, this initiative made her bag The Diana Awards of 2020.
In the year 2017, Malhar and his friends collected the garbage thrown by visitors at Dadar Beach. Earlier, they started it as a weekend activity that gradually turned into a fully fledged cleanup movement engaging over 20,000 Mumbaikers. Collectively they have gathered 1000 tonnes of waste including plastics, stale food and religious offerings that had been cleared from the beach side. His efforts for this cleaning drive recognized globally when United Nations felicitated him on the International Volunteer Day.
Most of Indian startup and innovation landscape provide opportunity to young inventors to bloom. Their keen observations combined with deep sense of strategic ideas helps them in dealing with various problematic situations in the field of technology. These tales not only made us proud but also inspire us to build a new India with innovative thoughts.
Image : Shutterstock
Each of us is great in our own fashion. Even a tiny story of inspiration can influence thousands of youngsters to pursue their dream; each act can impact the world. Every one of us has that hidden power, the requirement is to have faith and continue our work with relentless efforts. These tiny tales of youths inspires many to pursue their dream . This pandemic is really tough and a challenging time for all the innovators but if you’re passionate enough to achieve your goal, you should continue with perseverance and patience.
Water is the basic needs of the individual for the Survival. Some of the things like oxygen, water, food are very essential for the individual to live. After the oxygen, water is very much important for the individual survival and for the whole environment as well. Water is used in the daily basis for many of the activities like drinking, cleaning, watering, and also for some of the electric purposes etc.
There are plenty of water in the seas but there is no use of them. Because, all the seawater are salty and not food for drinking purpose. They can be made for drinking by some of the beautification methods which takes lots of processes and also the time. Scarcity of the water is not only the India’s problem but also the global problem.
If the wasteage of water is continued in the same way, there will be a day where no water can be found for drinking purposes and for some of the utility purposes. Most of the people waste water without any need. Using water for the purposes are all good but Wasting the water without any reason is a bad habit that an individual must not develop. It is very easy to waste water rather than saving the drop.
The main sources of water are surface water, ground water and rain water.
Importance of water :
Water is very important to the human body. Every one of your cells,organs and tissues use water to help with temperature regulation, keeping hydrated and maintaining bodily functions. In addition, water acts as a lubricant and cushions your joints. Driniking water is great for your overall health. Because your body loses water through breathing, sweating, and digestion, it’s important to rehydrate by drinking fluids and eating foods that contain water.
Water delivers important nutrients to all of our cells,especially muscle cells, postponing muscle fatigue. Water helps weight loss. Water helps you feel full longer,without adding any additional calories.
Benefits of Drinking water :
* Increases Energy & Relieves Fatigue. Since your brain is mostly water, drinking it helps you think, focus and concentrate better and be more alert.
* promotes weight loss.
* Flushes out Toxins.
* Improves skin complexion
* Maintains Regularity.
Best source of water :
1. Watermelon – water content : 92%
2. Strawberries – water content : 91%
3.cantaloupe – water content : 90%
4.peaches – water content : 89%
5.oranges – water content : 88%
6. Skim Milk – water content : 91%
7. Cucumber – water content : 95%
8. Lettuce – water content : 96%
9. Broths and soups – water content : 92%
10. Zucchini – water content : 94%
11. Celery – water content : 95%
12. Plain yogurt – water content: 88%
13. Tomatoes – water content : 94%
14. Bell peppers – water content : 92%
15.cauliflower – water content : 92%
16. Cabbage – water content : 92%
17. Grape fruit – water content : 88%
18. Coconut water- water content : 95%
19. Cottage cheese – water content: 80%
Disadvantages of water :
It is said that too much consumption of water can lead to fluid overload in the body and imbalance in the body. Excess water can lead it lower sodium levels in the body, which may further lead to nause, vomthing, cramps, fatigue. This condition is known as hyponatremia.
The best method to save water is to use in limited amounts. That is, to limit the water without wasting much water.
Afforestation is very useful to prevent and maintain the oxygen levels. Due to the deforestation, many of the trees are being cut and the oxygen supply has been reduced very drastically. Afforestation will help to maintain the oxygen levels in the atmosphere and helps the individual and the world to be healthy all the time. Oxygen is the minimum need for the individual to survive on the earth. If there is no oxygen, then which will cannot live or survive. When there is no o2, It is equally difficult for the animals to survive.
It also helps to maintain good forests. Deforestation, that is cutting of the trees makes the land abandoned and trees life less. When an individual takes a step forward to plant trees that is afforestation, good number of trees will be grown and the forests will be developed.
The most important thing for the animal’s survival is trees that give shelter and plants for the food. When the trees are being cut, some of the animals find no shelter and sometimes no food to eat. When afforestation takes place animals will find good shelter and also good food to eat.
Importance of Afforestation :
Afforestation helps to addess all the issues of soil erosion and barren land at the same time. Tress acts as wind barriers thereby weakening the speed of the wind and reducing its impact and ability to carry big soil particles.
The impacts of afforestation is occuring in many parts of world, can modify the nature and transformations of soil organic carbon and associated soil prevents, which in turn can affect plant diversity and ecosystem function. Afforestation also decreased soil bulk density and pH, and increased soil water content.
Types of Afforestation :
Afforestation materials are mainly divided into three categories: seed,seedling,and cutting. The choice of these three types of afforestation materials and methods is related to site conditions, tree species and age.
Various causes of Afforestation :
* Afforestation is highly fundamental in creating an alternative source pool of nature resource.
* Afforestation aids in tackling global warming and stabilizing global temperatures.
* protection of sensitive areas, biodiversity, and natural cycles.
* Afforestation can support wildlif.
* Afforestation creates employment and can provide a source of livelihood.
Advantages of Afforestation :
* A constant supply of forest products.
* prevents soil erosion.
* stabilizes the climate.
* Has the potential of reversing global warming and climate change.
* Better quality air.
* Improve watershed.
* preservation of wildlife.
* provision of employment and economic opportunities.
Disadvantages of Afforestation :
If not properly managed, afforestation can result in a reduction of local biodiversity, the modification of particular biomes, the intriduction of non – native and potentially invasive species, reduced stream flow and lost revenue from agricultural.
Obesity is described by the BMI (Body mass index). The obesity in the body is nothing but the high level of fat stored in the body. It is a very bad thing which in future leads to many health problems.
Many of the children are falling obese now a days. This is because of not having good food. Many of the children are highly addicted to the junk food. The junk food intake in the body increases the fat levels in the body.
A disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems. Obesity often results from takingin more calories than are burned by exercise and normal daily activities.
Symptoms:
Obesity occurs when a person’s body mass index is 25 or greater . The excessive body fat increses the risk of serious health problems.
What causes obesity?
Obesity is generally caused by eating too much and moving too little. If you consume high amounts of energy , particularly fat and sugars, but do not burn off the energy through exercise and physical activity, much of the surpluse energy will be stored by the body as fat.
8 Most common causes of obesity :
* physical inactivity.
* overeating.
* Genetics.
* A diet high in simple carbohydrates.
* A frequency of eating .
* Medications.
* psychological factors.
* Diseases such as hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and caushing’s syndrome are also contributors to obesity.
Let us now look at some methods to prevent obesity.
*Healthy and nutritious food :
It is very important to consume healthy and nutritious food every day. To gain a sufficient amount of nutrients and and to be healthy it is very important to consume nutritious food. Consuming nutritious food helps us to gain sufficient energy. Being healthy prevents us from Many deadly diseases.
*Exercise :
Exercising at least for 10 to 15 minutes a day help the individual to be physically fit and also mentally strong. Exercising every day is a very good habit which everyone need to make it and perfect habit to do. Exercising 10 to 15 minutes also relieves us from the stress and the tension we have had. So, it is better to spend at least 10 to 15 minutes even in our hectic schedule an exercise.
* yoga :
Yoga relives from the stress and tension we have had. Sparing at least 10 to 15 minutes time on yoga benefit is a lot. It relaxes the muscle and comes to mind. It helps to be physically fit and mentally strong. All the asanas and pranayama helps to Gain strength and to be physically fit.
*Meditation :
Meditating for certain minutes helps to calm the brain and soul. It helps and relieving the stress and the tension we have had. It helps us to focus on the things which we are willing to do. It also equally helps us to be mentally strong. It is such a good and a mandatory practice an individual must obtain and must follow without any delays.
* Monitor your weight regularly.
* Be consistent.
Who obese people?
BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in metres. A BMI of 25.0 – 29.9 is classified as overweight but not obese, while a BMI of 30.0 or over is classified as obese. A BMI of graeter than 35.0 is classified as severely obese.
Adult BMI calculator
BMI WEIGHT STATUS
Below 18.5 underweight
18.5 – 24.9 Normal
25.0- 29.9 overweight
30.0 and above obese
The negative effect of obesity :
Obesity is serious beacause it is associated with poorer mental health outcomes and reduced quality of life. Obesity is also associated with the leading causes of death in the united states and worldwide, including ,diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer.
Banks play an important role in financial stability and the economy of a country. It is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans.
Credit creation is one of the most important functions performed by commercial banks. It separates a bank from other financial institutions . In simple terms credit creation is the expansion of deposits. A bank expands the demand deposit into multiple cash reserves as demand deposits are the principal medium of exchange.
In words of Newly ” Credit Creation refers to the power of commercial bank to expand secondary deposits either through the process of making loans or through investment in securities “
Credit Creation is a situation in which banks give more loans to consumers and businesses with the result that the amount of money in circulation increases . In other words , it refers to the unique power of banks to multiply loans and advances and hence create credit on the basis of the primary deposit of the account holder .
According to G.N Halm , “The creation of derivative deposits is identical with what is commonly called the Creation of Credit .” __________________________________________ Arguments Regarding Credit Creation .
There have been two views on the Credit Creation by bank by two economists Hartley Withers Walter Leaf .
According to Withers , banks can create credit by opening a deposit , every time they advance a loan . This is because every time a loan is sanctioned , payment is made through cheques . As long as a loan is due , a deposit of the amount remains outstanding in the books of the bank . This every loan creates a deposit .
Walter Leaf did not agree with this view . According to them, banks cannot create money out of thin air . They can lend only what they have in cash . Therefore , they cannot and do not create money .
The given argument was related to single bank and hence ,as pointed out by Prof Samuelson , “The banking system as a whole can do what each small bank cannot do : it can expand its loan and investments many times the new reserves of cash created for it , even though each small bank is lending out only a fraction of its deposits .”
Thus , banks are able to create credit or deposits by keeping a small cash in reserves and lending the remaining amount .
Basis of Credit Creation
Demand deposits are an important constituent of money supply and the expansion of demand deposits means the expansion of money supply . The entire structure of banking is based on credit . Credit basically means getting the purchasing power now and providing to pay at some time in the future .
Bank deposits form the basis of credit creation.
Bank deposits can be divided into two types :-
• Primary Deposits :- A bank accepts cash from the customer and opens a deposit in his name . This is a primary deposit . These deposits simply convert currency money into deposit money . These deposits form the basis for the creation of credit. These deposit creates a loan .
• Secondary or Derivative Deposit :- A bank grants loans and advances instead of giving cash to the borrower , opens a deposit account in his name . This is the secondary or derivative deposit . Every loan creates a deposit . The creation of a derivative deposit means the creation of credit .
Banks can expand their demand deposits as a multiple of their cash reserves because demand deposits serve as the principal medium of exchange .
Aspects of Credit Creation
The two important aspects of credit creation are :-
Liquidity :- The bank must pay cash to its depositor when they exercise their right to demand cash against their deposit .
Profitability :- Banks are profit – driven enterprises . Therefore a bank must grant loans in a manner which earns higher interest than what it pays on its deposit .
Assumptions :-
The bank’s credit creation is based on the assumption that during any time interval only a fraction of its customers genuinely need cash . The bank also assumes that all its customers would not turn up demanding cash against their deposit at the same time .
Concepts of Credit Creation.
• Bank deposit :- Bank deposits are the basis of credit creation . Bank deposits constituent of primary deposit and secondary deposit .
• Bank as a Business institution :- Bank is a business institution which tries to maximize profit through loans and advances from deposits.
• Borrowing rate :- The rate at which commercial banks accept deposits is known as the borrowing rate.
• Lending rate :– The rate at which the commercial banks lend money to the customers is known as the lending rate.
• Spread :- The difference between the lending rate and the borrowing rate is known as the spread.
Spread = Lending rate – Borrowing rate.
• Concept of Cash Reserve Ratio :- It is legally compulsory for the bank to keep a certain minimum fraction of the deposit as a reserve. This is known as Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) or Legal Reserve Ratio (LRR).
Banks only keep a fraction of deposits as cash reserves because all depositors do not approach the bank for withdrawal of money at the same time. There is a constant flow of new deposits into the banks.
• Excess Reserves :- The reserves over and above the cash reserves are the excess Reserves used for loans and credit creation .
• Concept of Credit Multiplier :- The credit multiplier or deposit multiplier measures the amount of money that the banks are able to create in the form of deposits with every unit of money that it keeps as a reserve.
It is calculate as,
Money Multiplier (MM or K) = 1/ CRR times
Given a certain amount of cash , a bank can create credit multiple times . In the process of multiple credit creation , the total amount of derivation deposits that a bank creates is a multiple of initial cash .
Cash Deposit = ∆ D Cash Reserve Ratio = r Total deposit = ∆ M
Derivation :-
∆ M = ∆ D + (1- r) ∆ D + ( 1- r ) ² ∆ D +( 1- r )³ ∆D +……….( 1-r ) ^ n-1 ∆ D . – (i)
By multiplying both side by (1-r) in equation (i)
( 1- r) ∆M = (1-r ) ∆ D +(1-r)² ∆D + (1-r)³ ∆D ………..(1-r)^ n ∆ D. -( ii )
Subtracting equation i and ii we get ,
( 1-r) ∆ M – ∆M = – ∆ D + ( 1- r) ^n ∆ D.
∆ M ( 1-r-1 ) = – ∆ D [ 1- ( 1-r) ^n ]
If n = ~ Then , (1-r) ^n =0
So ,
r ∆M = ∆ D ( 1-0 ) r∆ M = ∆ D
∆ M = 1/r × ∆ D .
Hence ,proved ,
Total deposit = Cash deposit × Credit Multiplier Coefficient.
Process of Credit Creation
There are two ways of analyzing the credit creation process:
• Single bank Credit creation system.
• Multiple bank Credit creation system.
Single Bank Credit Creation:-.
In this system, one bank operates all the cash deposits and cheques.
Explanation with hypothetical example :-.
Assumption :-
Bank receives a cash deposit from person A , of Rs. 1000.
The bank requires a CRR of 20 percent.
The remaining money is lent to another person B , C , D …and so on.
Explanation :-
Person A deposits 1,000 rupees with the bank, then the bank keeps only 200 rupees in the cash reserve and lends the remaining 800 to another person B.
They open a credit account in the borrower’s name for the same.
Similarly, the bank keeps 20 percent of Rs. 800 (i.e. Rs. 160) and advances the remaining Rs. 640 to person C.
Further, the bank keeps 20 percent of Rs. 640 (i.e. Rs. 128) and advances the remaining Rs. 512 to person D.
This process continues until the initial primary deposit of Rs. 1,000 and the initial additional reserves of Rs. 800 lead to additional or derivative deposits of Rs. 4,000 (800+640+512+….).
Adding the initial deposits, we get total deposits of Rs. 5,000.
In this case, the credit multiplier is 5 (reciprocal of the CRR) and the credit creation is five times the initial excess reserves of Rs. 800.
Multiple Credit Creation by the Banking System
In multiple credit creation by a bank , deposit of one bank is the gain of deposit for some other bank. This transfer of cash within the banking system creates primary deposits and increases the possibility for further creation of derivative deposits
Multiple banking system includes the following assumptions :-
• There are. many banks , say A,B, C ,.etc.
• First Bank has a cash deposit of Rs. 1000.
• The bank requires a CRR of 20 percent.
• The remaining money is lent to another bank B , C , D …and so on.
The initial deposit of Rs. 1,000 with bank A leads to a creation of total deposits of Rs. 5,000.
Limitations :-
Commercial banks have limited power in the creation of credit . The following are the limitations on the power of commercial banks to create credit.
•The credit creation power of banks depends upon the amount of cash they possess .
• An important factor that limits the power of banks to create credit is the availability of adequate securities .
• The banking habits of the people also govern the power of credit creation on the part of banks .
• The minimum legal reserve ratio of cash deposits fixed by the central bank is an important factor which determines the power of banks to create credit.
• The process of Credit Creation is based on the assumption that banks stick to the required reserve ratio by the Central Bank .
• If there are leakages in the credit creation steam of the Banking system , credit expansion will not reach the required level.
• The power of credit creation is further limited by the behaviour of the other banks .
Yoga is also equally important to be mentally calm. Practicing 15 minutes of yoga is so beneficial. All the asanas helps to get stronger muscles with the fitter body and good lifestyle with mental calmness. Yoga relives from the stress and tension we have had. Sparing at least 10 to 15 minutes time on yoga benefit is a lot. It relaxes the muscle and calms the mind. It helps to be physically fit and mentally strong. All the asanas and pranayama helps to Gain strength and to be physically fit.
It helps to be fitter and healthier. It helps to have a healthy lifestyle. Exercise helps to have healthy muscles and it also helps in weight loss who is suffering from obesity and excessive weight. Exercise is the healthy habit that must be added in the healthy lifestyle and must be practiced without any delay.
Exercising, meditation, yoga etc. are great things to regain the strength and to be fitter and also happy.
Types of yoga :
Bhakti yoga :
Bhakti yoga, also called Bhakti marga, is a spiritual path or spiritual practice within Hinduism focused on loving devotion towards any personal deity. It is one of the three paths in Hinduism which lead to moksha, the other paths being jnana yoga and karma yoga.The tradition has ancient roots.
The purpose of bhakti yoga is the practitioners of Bhakti yoga ,known as bhaktas, or loving devotees, express their religious devotion through prayer, ritual, and chanting. Their purpose is to develop feelings of unconditional love and devotion
Karma yoga :
Karma yoga, also called karma marga, is one of the three spiritual paths in Hinduism, one based on the “yoga of action”, the others being jnana yoga and Bakti yoga.
Patanjali Ashtanga yoga :
The eight limbs of of yoga is patanjali’s classification of classical yoga, as set out in his yoga sutras. He defined the eight limbs as yamas (abstinences), niyama ( observances), asana ( postures), pranayama (breathing) , pratyahara ( withdrawal), dharana ( concentration), dhyana (meditation), and samadhi( absorption).
The eight limbs form a sequence from the outer to the inner. Postures, important, in modern yoga as exercise, form one limb of patanjalis scheme; he states only that they must be steady and comfortable.
Jnana yoga :
Jnana yoga , also known as jnana marga, is one of the three spiritual paths in Hinduism, which emphasizes the ” path of knowledge”, also known as the ” path of self- realization”. It is one of the three classical paths for moksha. The other two are karma yoga and bhakti yoga.
Swara yoga :
Swara yoga is an ancinet tantric science which involves the systematic study of the breath flow thriugh the nostrils irrelation to the prevalling phases of the moon,time of day and direction. Mainly practiced through the connection of breath and movement, swara yoga creates levels of harmoney that are difficult to reach with other yoga styles. Our main tool is the movement and flow of body through the postures, guided by the breath.
Raja yoga :
In sanskrit, Raja yoga was both the goal of yoga and a method to attain it. The term also became a modern name for the practice of yoga in the 19th century when swami vivekananda gave his interpretation of the yoga sutras of patanjali in his book raja yoga
Kriya yoga :
Kriya yoga is a simple, psycho – physiological method by which the human blood is decarbonized and recharged with oxygen. The atmos of this extra oxygen are transmuted into life current to rejuvenate the brain and spinal centers.
Advanatges of yoga :
* yoga improves strength, balance and flexibility.
Water takes an indispensable role in our daily being like it is an integral part for our living and prominent for every human body and also for several other purposes. It is a universal need but is it available universally to all through out the world with parity. Despite its importance for life, fresh water is an extremely rare resource on earth. The available surface fresh water is not equally distributed throughout the world and not easily accessible to humans. 69% of earths fresh water is locked in the form of ice in glaciers and 30% is under the surface as ground water. And nearly just 1% is readily available for human use. So one of the significant ways that we can implement to get rid of the water crisis is nationalizing the water resources to make that 1% of fresh water available on earth to be accessed by everyone and attainable in all places without any bias. Nationalizing water sources mean the control over handling all water resources like dams, rivers, lakes, pipes etc. by the nation or state. Proponents of the project claim the answer to India’s water problem is to conserve the abundant monsoon water bounty, store it in reservoirs, and deliver the water using rivers interlinking project to areas and over times when water becomes scarce.
Merits
This will aid the nation to a great extent and also help in the eradication of floods and droughts – which are the two extremes. Floods happen when there is an overflow of water that submerges the lands. Conversely droughts happen when there is lack of water resources and It takes decades to develop fully and very difficult to predict. This portrays the devastation state of how the water resources are erratic and unevenly distributed over the world and causes calamities. It would be pertinent to mention about the Tamil Nadu and Karnataka issue over the water resources since many years. The sharing of waters of the Kaveri river has been the source of a serious conflict and has been the bone of content between the two states. And the curtains were brought down only after years. These conflicts over water resources are common through out the world. For instance Ethiopia and Egypt have fought long over Nile water resources . The Nile is an important waterway that supplies 85% of Egypt however the Nile’s water originates in Ethiopia and they plan to dam part of the river in order to generate electricity , Egypt will be adversely impacted. Even in the United States where freshwater resources are relatively abundant different populations fight over the use of fresh water.
It becomes apparent that when a river originates in a particular area, the other regions need to be dependent of them and conflict between states arise and it becomes very challenging. So linking of rivers would certainly make us get out of such situations and could curtail civil wars. Some fertile lands are turning out into barren lands due to the lack of water facility in many regions. Because of the unequal distribution of water human population are some times deprived of safe drinking water and pushed to a state of consuming contaminated water which carry risks of infectious diseases. Lack of access to clean drinking water leads to more than 3 million death every year. So the linking of the rivers will work for the betterment of situation and can assure safe drinking water to all. Despite drinking, the fresh water is also an important need in economic activities such as agriculture, and other cultivation. There are states in India where water is very scarce and also with adequate/ plentiful water resources. So when the linking of rivers happen everyone would be equally distributed with water.
Demerits
The allocation of water may be a problem. Every region has its own demand and needs of more and more water supply. It will be challenging for the center to divert water resources from one state towards the other. In some regions there will be accidental flow of industrial wastes into the river, if the rivers are linked, the polluted water will spread all over the country. It requires lakhs of acres of lands to build dams and connect the rivers, the construction may get complicated and years to get completed. Leakage of pipeline is another issue that goes unchecked in many places. To nationalize water resources every state has to agree for the proposal. As it is a large scale project, well planed architecture is needed to connect all the rivers. It should consist experts in the technology of water resource management and have authority over the water resources of the entire nation. When the control over resources goes under the central authorities , the states would become vulnerable to lose their power. Just by nationalizing the water resources the crisis of water deficiency could not be solved. People need to become aware of the deficiency and prevent wastage of water and save water efficiently. The governments as well can frame water conservation methods and allocate funds to implement them respectively.
On World Population Day, Uttar Pradesh government announced a new population policy for 2021-2030 on Sunday. The new policy gives incentives to those who help in population control.
Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath wishes for a community-centric approach to be adopted for population control in uttarpradesh. So that better facilities can be made available to citizens and the state can be developed properly.
“Poverty and illiteracy are major factors for population expansion. There is also a lack of awareness about population in certain communities and we therefore need community-centric awareness efforts,” yogi Adityanath said in a statement.
Uttar Pradesh’s total fertility rate is 2.7 percent currently, it ideally should be less than 2.1 percent. Most states have achieved the ideal total fertility rate, except Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
With this policy, the government has come up with different strategies to work towards a convergence of existing schemes for population control and improvement in health of citizens.
New population policy is to reduce the newborns’ and maternal mortality rate.Care of the elderly, and better management of education, health, and nutrition of adolescents between 11 to 19 years has also been ensured in the policy, according to the state government.
The Uttar Pradesh government will give promotions, increments, concessions in housing schemes and others perks to employees who adhere to population control norms, and have two or less children. If people won’t obey this policy then they will not get any benefits from government, like jobs,ration,etc.
Technical skills are the abilities and knowledge needed to perform specific tasks. They are practical, and often relate to mechanical, information technology, mathematical, or scientific tasks. Some examples include knowledge of programming languages, design programs, mechanical equipment, or tools.
Some of the very famous tech. Skills:
1. Project Management. Being able to effectively coordinate resources, people and budgets as a project manager is one of the best technical skills that you can have. 2. Analysis of Big Data and Business 3.Intelligence. 4. Information Security. 5. Designer. 6. Marketing Assistant. 7. Writer. And many more…
Create a dedicated Technical Skills section for the resume.
If they’re heavily emphasized in the job description, then your Technical Skills section should be at the top of your resume, just below your introduction, and above your professional experience. A bulleted list will make it easy to read.
These are some of the basic tech. Skills:
* Word Processing Skills. * Spreadsheets Skills. * Database Skills. * Electronic Presentation Skills. * Web Navigation Skills. * Web Site Design Skills. * E-Mail Management Skills. * Digital Cameras
How can you improve your technical skills? So, here are the steps to improves ones technical skill.
1. Enroll in Technical Classes or Workshops. 2. Get Technical Books. 3. Volunteer for Technical Projects. 4. Subscribe to Technical Sites and Magazines. 5. Develop Knowledge of a Second Language. 6. Practice What You Learned.
Uttar Pradesh or UP is one of the largest states in India, and with a population of more than 22 crores(220 million), it would probably be the 5th most populous country in the world if independent following only China, India, US and the UK. This means that UP should have the resources to support such large population fiscally, in terms of proper remuneration and security. Research proves otherwise. And so, on the occasion of the World Population Day, Uttar Pradesh announced the two children policy in a bid to control the population of the state which has had a fertility rate more than the ideal 2.1 for decades now.
UP is the most populous Indian State with 22 crore or 220 million people
India has 1.33 billion people
However, there is a question that stands above all the policies that are to be enacted by the governments – is population really the main problem? And will controlling population be the answer to all the woes?
India is a partial welfare economy. That in turn means it is partially just a big corporate state speaking in terms of economics. The poor and the ones with quotas are provided with free fuel, almost free food and a remuneration even without jobs. This is a positive aspect to a country where the Moody’s announced in 2021 that the inflation rate has become alarmingly high and the government defending its every decision citing a lack of revenue. A lesser population would perhaps mean lesser poor, lesser taxes or probably a complete welfare state run by a capitalist model like those in Scandinavia. This dream might take more than a century to be realised, hence the word – perhaps. A lesser population might also mean a more even distribution of resources – as the incumbent Chief Minister of UP announced in his speech. A similar rhetoric was used by the World Trade Organisation for countries in Asia and Africa where the fertility rates have been traditionally high in an already large population. This rhetoric has also been used by the early Communist China and the Indian government since the 1970s in the name of family planning. Knowing these rhetorics might actually be helpful in understanding the way in which population is and is not a solution to the problems the world faces.
China was the most populous country when the Communist Party announced its victory in a long drawn Civil War. And it soon announced the Great Leap Forward Program followed by steps to open up the economy. And considering population to be the chief factor behind poverty, China announce the now infamous one child policy. The important thing is China is a strong economy in the present day and has reduced poverty to minimal levels and all this was done not because there was any absolute reduction in population (China saw a steady population growth rate in absolute numbers thanks to the pre-existing population being very large and will stay the most populous country at least till 2025), but because of a judicious use of the same. China introduced labour intensive industries in the country, drawing international investment and generating employment for virtually everyone there. The demographic effect of the one child policy has become apparent only in the recent years where China feared that the fertility rate less than 2 might lead to an ageing of the nation – a point where more people would be older than the then working population, prompting it to revise one child policy to a two children policy.
China renounced its One-Child Policy fearing an over aged population
India introduced the Two-Children policy back in the 1970s. The allegedly forced vasectomies during the Emergency months of the Indira Gandhi regime quite clearly reflect the apprehensions the stakeholders had regarding India’s future; the stakeholders being the government that needed funds and the World Bank and WTO that felt Indian population growth was alarming. India still maintains its family planning policy although in a relatively non-forced manner where the government uses mass media to convey this idea of ‘hum do humare do'(We two and our two) to the public. And while Indian population in the urban areas has quite neatly adopted to the idea, rural trends are not so appreciative of the same. India is projected to have more than 1.4 billion humans by 2030, about 15-18% of all humanity, the most populous nation on the planet. Indian government has failed to objectify its labour capital of its people – the government policies directed more towards social support than social upliftment. The generation of jobs was slow and inadequate and so was the generation of skilled labour per capita.
Most European countries, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong represent situations similar to India – large populations, high fertility rates in the middle and late 20th centuries and lack of land and resources. But their approach was to generate employment and skills while simultaneously reducing fertility rates which went down anyway as more people were educated, urban centers developed and prices of common commodities rose.
Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated territories on the planet.
So, is state intervened birth control useful? In a nation as large as India, it might be, because a large population is still rural and poor and sustains on agricultural output alone or is an urban poor household that is keen on increasing the total labour it can provide to increase its income. However, one might quite clearly conclude understanding all previous scenarios explained that a large part of this intervened birth control is a propaganda or most probably a misjudgment of decades of flawed social and economic policies at the end of the Central and State governments.
To conclude, birth control policies are right considering the fact that a lesser population might mean lesser woes from both the government and the people, however, blaming population as the means and end to the prevalent problems by the state is just running away from accountability.
Happy World Population Day and we all can but await the results this new policy shall usher in the country.
Business risk is defined as the possibility of occurrence of any unfavorable event that has the potential to minimize gains and maximize loss of a business. In simple words, business risks are those factors that increase the chances of losses in a business and reduce opportunities of profit.
Characteristics of Business Risk
1. Business risk arises due to uncertainties. Uncertainty is when it is not known what is going to happen in future. Examples of uncertainties that affect a business are change in government policy, change in demand, change in technology, etc.
2. Risk is an essential part of the business. Risk involved plays a crucial role in business operations. The risk involved in can be reduced to some extent but it cannot be completely eliminated.
3. Every business has risk which varies in severity based on the type of business. For example a large Corporation or business will carry more risk as compared to small scale businesses.
4. Businesses take risk with the motive or expectation of earning profit because it is considered more the risk higher is the amount of profits from operations.
Causes of Business Risk
1. Natural Causes:- Natural causes are the causes those which arise due to interference of nature. Humans and businesses do not have a control over the natural causes. These include natural calamities like earthquake, tsunami, tornado, famine, floods and drought, etc. Humans and businesses do not have a control over the natural causes
2. Human Causes:- The human causes of business risk arise due to the loss of business that arises from changes in customer preferences, employee mindset, agitation by workers, negligence by employees, strikes and lockouts.
3. Economic Causes:- Economic causes of business risk arise from changes in the different economic factors such as increasing competition, changing market conditions, increase in price of raw materials, production cost.
Since its founding in 1949, Public Administration and Development (PAD) has been reviewing and assessing the practice of public administration at the local, regional, national and international levels where it is directed to managing development processes in low and medium income countries.
The role of public administration in bringing about development?
On the role of public administration, it will address such areas as sustained economic growth, the promotion of social development, facilitating infrastructure development and protecting the environment, promoting public- private partnerships, managing development programmes and maintaining a legal framework for
ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN DEVELOPMENT TO BE CONSIDERED AT RESUMED GENERAL ASSEMBLY SESSION 15-19 APRIL
19960412 Background Release The crucial role of public administration in development, particularly in developing countries and economies in transition, will be the subject of a one-week resumed session of the General Assembly, beginning on Monday, 15 April. The resumed session represents the first time the Assembly will meet specifically to consider that issue.
The aim of the resumed session of the General Assembly is to explore themes contained in two distinct categories: the role of public administration, and capacity-building for effective administration. Thirteen specific topics were identified within those categories.
On the role of public administration, it will address such areas as sustained economic growth, the promotion of social development, facilitating infrastructure development and protecting the environment, promoting public- private partnerships, managing development programmes and maintaining a legal framework for development.
With respect to capacity-building, the Assembly will discuss improving civil service systems, organizational strengthening, the enhancement of policy-development capacity, strengthening financial management for development, human resource development for the public sector and the development of administrative capacities for post-conflict and crisis conditions.
In deciding to hold the resumed session, the Assembly recognized the important role that governments and public administrations can play in promoting sustained economic growth and sustainable development (resolution 49/136). It also recognized the need for strengthened public administrative and financial management capacities in order to ensure a civil service that is responsive to the needs of the people.
As a stimulant to its discussion, the Assembly will have before it a report of the Secretary-General containing a series of recommendations on strengthening the role of the United Nations in public administration and development, including recommendations for national governments (document A/50/847-E/1996/7).
Recommendations in Secretary-General’s Report
The report of the Secretary-General contains recommendations on the role of policy-making for public administration and development, the focus of the United Nations programme on that subject, the coordination of relevant activities within the United Nations system and support of donors. It also includes recommendations for national governments and United Nations responses.
On the role of policy-making, the Secretary-General recommends that the issue of public administration and development be included as a regular item on the agenda of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and that the Group of Experts on Public Administration and Finance be redesignated the Committee on Public Administration and Development, which would report to the Council. Likewise, the United Nations programme in public administration and finance should be renamed the United Nations programme in public administration and development.
The United Nations programme in public administration and development should enhance its role as the central depository for materials, reports and non-print media on public administration and development worldwide, the report recommends. Using the latest technology, it should become the clearing-house for all materials on the subject, to serve as a catalyst for a network of international, regional and national institutions and organizations involved in those issues. The programme’s focus should be on action-oriented, practical research on effective systems and procedures in public adminstration.
Tied to its research and clearing-house functions is the assistance the United Nations can provide to individual governments, at their request, in helping them improve their governmental machinery and public management systems for development. To that end, the United Nations programme should be strengthened in the areas of advisory services, needs assessment, diagnostics and substantive support to projects. It is recommended that the United Nations assist governments, when requested, in translating the recommendations of global conferences into detailed programmes for implementation.
The report recommends that the United Nations programme assist in all the phases of the restoration of public administration institutions in countries recovering from conflict and crises, and that it actively assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition.
On coordination of public administration and development activities within the United Nations system, the Secretary-General recommends that a consultative group on the matter will meet once a year, under the auspices of the Department for Development Support and Management Services. It will focus on closer collaboration in the planning and implementation of global
– 3 – Press Release GA/9056 12 April 1996
programmes of information exchange, research, preparation of guidelines, and organizations of seminars and workshops. It will also provide a forum for mobilizing international assistance.
With regard to donor issues, the report recommends that the donor community recognize the significance of public administration in development and provide adequate resources to improve such structures in developing countries and those with economies in transition. Particular consideration should be given to the loan of expertise to carry out practical research and advisory missions. To that end, the Secretary-General recommends the establishment of a trust fund for United Nations activities in public administration and development.
The Secretary-General highlights a number of recommendations for governments made by the Group of Experts on Public Administration and Finance, which held its twelfth meeting from 31 July to 11 August 1995. Following each recommendation is a projected United Nations response (document A/50/525- E/1995/122, annex).
The Group states that national governments should strengthen the policy, advisory and administrative capacity in critical areas, while the United Nations programme can organize professional exchanges, arrange professional training programmes and prepare case studies on policy matters for dissemination.
According to the Group, in the process of restructuring public administration, government institutions should be encouraged to develop strategic plans and monitor their performance, while the United Nations would continue to undertake comparative studies on restructuring and disseminate them on a regular basis.
Leaders should invest in people, upgrading the capacity of national training institutions to develop a core group of professional trainers, the report states. The United Nations would seek to create and sustain momentum for a global exchange of information on human resource development.
Governments are asked to establish clear goals, encourage operational flexibility, measure results impartially and develop appropriate incentives, while the United Nations would continue offering advisory services in areas including the management of change, performance management and measurement, and information technology.
Public administration services should be provided to reflect ever- changing needs of the citizens they serve, the Group states. The United Nations can assist in developing state-of-the-art technological communication networks.
– 4 – Press Release GA/9056 12 April 1996
Furthermore, governments should encourage financial management at the grass-roots level, the Group states. For its part, the United Nations would assist governments in creating and strengthening national capacities in fiscal policy analysis and economic management, and in promoting a proper environment for capital flows for investment, private sector development, transparency and accountability.
According to the Group, governments should seek objective evaluations of their privatization programmes to establish the appropriate place and timing of privatization in structural adjustment programmes; they should also pay greater attention to performance improvement in parastatals. For its part, the United Nations shall, at the request of the government, arrange for such evaluations, assisting governments in defining the role and scope of their public, private and combined sectors.
While governments should provide an encouraging environment for small and medium-sized enterprises, the report states, the United Nations would assist countries by operating an information clearing-house, developing case studies of successes and failures and providing technical support.
National governments should assume the responsibility for establishing environmental standards for all infrastructure policies, the Group states. The United Nations would assist governments in administrative capacity- building and infrastructure management. Codification of laws must be undertaken to facilitate access to legal guarantees, with the United Nations assisting governments to organize a legal framework of public administration and strengthen judicial supervision of public administration.
For countries recovering from crisis and conflict, the development of both immediate and transitional or long-term strategies is recommended. The United Nations would provide special assistance to countries in post-conflict situations and to collapsed States, to help restore effective public administration.
Governments should promote the use of aid as a stimulant for development and economic growth in civil society, the Group states. The United Nations would provide technical assistance to strengthen institutional machinery capable of evaluating the consistency between development project outcomes and such macro-objectives as growth, employment and income distribution.
Related Meetings, Activities
A number of activities are also being carried out in connection with the resumed session. Among these, Cabinet ministers and other high-ranking officials from each of the major regions will hold an executive session to discuss their experiences in restructuring governments. An International Technical Forum was held on 11 and 12 April at Headquarters, the site of a
– 5 – Press Release GA/9056 12 April 1996
related Internet Exposition until 19 April. (For more information, see Note to Correspondents No. 5329, of 10 April.)
In the lead-up to the resumed session, regional meetings were held in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Central and Eastern Europe. The impetus for the session arose from the June 1994 Tangier Declaration of the Pan-African Conference of Ministers of the Civil Service, which called for the convening of a global conference on public administration and development.
India is all ready to have its 2nd longest express way called the Ganga express way. The expressway will be constructed in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The construction will be undertaken by Uttar Pradesh Expressway Industrial Development Authority (UPEIDA) and will start the construction process in September this year. Meanwhile, the authorities will be releasing tenders for the same and the land acquisition for the project is almost complete. The proposed length of expressway is 594 km. it is expected to be a 6-lane highway which can extend up to 8 lanes, the expressway will cost around 36000 crores. The expressway is a massive project and will not only save time but, connect eastern and western Uttar Pradesh. It will consist of many major bridges, flyovers, overbridge and the starting will be from Meerut district and will end at Prayagraj. The districts that will be connected are- Meerut, Hapur, Bulandshehar, Prayag Raj, Rai Bareli in total 500+ villages will be connected. An exclusive feature of Ganga expressway is an airstrip that will be constructed on the highway, this can help in emergency landing of fighter planes. Additionally, the expressway will have a service road and maximum speed limit will be allowed, it aims to improve the connectivity of major districts and connect remote villages in the state. The total time taken to travel will be cut down extensively ultimately benefiting the common man. Road connectivity is an important element of development be it any country, roads can facilitate easy communication, trade, travel and most importantly enables introduction of new services
11 July is observed as world population day every year. It’s main focus is on the various problems arising due to surging population. Growing population is a major concern for developing countries and india is also having the same concerns. With population around 1.39 billion approximately India is inching towards overtaking china as most populous country.
China had adopted one child policy to control it’s growing population but due to demographical reasons it ended this policy in 2015. Aging population was the reason presented,but decline in fertility rate was another reason. China’s communist government is very strict in implementing it’s policies and citizens also abide by the rules.
India’s five year plans gave emphasis to population control. Ministry of health and family welfare covers the population control policy. Main strategy is to persuade people to accept the small family norm by way of various advertisment and educational efforts.
A scene from web series ‘panchayat’ depicting slogan
In 2019, ‘Population Control Bill’ was introduced into Rajya sabha and was signed by 125 MP’s. This bill was about imposing penalties for couples not adhering to the two-child policy.
A Postage stamp issued by the Indian government
Later, in 2020 ‘Constitution Amendment Bill’ was introduced into Lok sabha. It’s main objective was to amend the Article 47A of the Constitution of India. This amendment was to introduce a two-child policy per couple and provide incentives like tax, educational benefits etc.
Two-child policy in Indian states
States of Assam and Uttar Pradesh have initiated to bring in two-child policies, this will limit government benefits to people with only two children. people with more than two children are barred from contesting elections in Gujarat, Rajasthan,Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
Few more States are eyeing to bring these type of policies in upcoming future for betterment of the citizens. Government and few NGO’s are working towards educating people about these policies. Task ahead is tough,but not impossible.
11th July is celebrated as THE WORLD POPULATION DAY every year. This day is devoted to focusing on the relevance of population issues. World Population Day was rooted by the Governing Council of the United National Development Programme in 1989, as an outgrowth of the interest generated by the Day of Five Billion, which was observed on 11 July 1987.
The theme for 2021 is rights and choices.
1) Population in India
image source: Google | image by: Statista
2) Understanding our population
The total number of children a woman bears is inversely proportional to the following:
Literacy
Per capita income
Development
It’s been proved that as the above-mentioned factors rise, the total fertility decreases.
The total number of children a woman bears is directly proportional to the following:
Infant mortality rate
Poverty
Illiteracy
Unemployment
It’s been proved that as the above-mentioned factors rise, the total fertility rises too.
Our population is growing but at a decreasing rate. It is not an explosion. The total fertility rate, i.e. the average number of children a woman beers, has significantly decreased from 5 to 2.2-2.3 in the last 50 years. The replacement fertility rate, i.e. the number of children a woman needs to have so that the population replaces itself from one generation to another generation is 2.1. Approximately 20 states and UTs in India are very close to it.
3)Why is overpopulation a concern
Resources
Well, the rate of growth in the number of human beings is greater than the growth of resources. This means the more the population grows, the difficult it gets to sustain everyone.
Environmental destruction
As the number of people grows, more resources and places to live are required to destroy natural habitat. This leads to the loss of animal habitat and they’re seen wandering around in human civilization.
Unemployment
An increase in the number of people, increases the demand for jobs to sustain oneself and we as a nation have failed to provide jobs.
Poverty
A direct relation between poverty and population has been proved by researchers. This means as poverty rises, so does population and vice versa. Along with these, overpopulation brings:
Social religious conflicts
Climate change
Outbreak of diseases
Social unrest
Political instability
4) Benefits of having a bigger population
A high population is an asset, which can be utilized gracefully. We can have an ample number of professionals in all the fields and can even outsource our services. There is more production of goods.
4-2-1 problem, i.e 1 child looking up to 4 grandparents and 2 parents, is avoided.
We’ll have a balance between the ones earning and the ones depending on pensions because if the number of children born is dropped suddenly, the ones depending on pensions will far outgrow the ones earning and that would be very hard to sustain.
5) How not to tackle population
Population Regulation Bill or a 2 child policy
Implementing such a policy is punishing someone for having kids in the form of banning them from elected offices, eliminating them from government schemes and subsidies, government jobs, and even snatching their food by excluding them from PDS. What do you think are the probable effects of these?
A population reduction? NAH. This coercion will lead to even more poverty in the nation which is in the first place one of the root causes of a high population. Furthermore, this may lead to a poor sex ratio as in the case of China which saw sex-selective abortions, foeticides, and even bride price practice which is in simple words buying a bride and might even lead to people bringing girls from poor nations to marry them.
Forced sterilization
Sanjay Gandhi and Indira Gandhi led one of the Forced sterilization drives, which is never the answer. Because it violates the choice of the couple, and the right to reproduce which is a basic human right. Even if it doesn’t violate a right, it is unethical to the very roots. Approximately 10 million men were sterilized during that drive and it had no substantial effect on the population growth but had various side effects like deaths and the spread of diseases.
Blaming Muslims
How many times have you heard the statement that Muslims give birth to more children so that one day they can outnumber the Hindu population, or even politicians asking their Hindu following to have more and more children to just come in way of Muslims outnumbering them? Well India’s last census, conducted in 2011, revealed that Hindus make up 79.8% of the population, while Muslims make up 14.2%. and Muslims have more children because of their developmental and literacy levels. Because in states with a higher development, the total fertility rate of Muslims is less too, and the fall in the total fertility rate of Muslims is less than the fall in the total fertility rate of Hindus. All politicians are doing is find a shortcut to avoid tackling the matter with sincerity and propose these stupid ideas.
Forced population control measures are a problem, the solution lies in the development.
6) How to tackle population?
Understanding and choosing better leaders for ourselves, voting for the ones who focus on development rather than playing a blame game.
Mass education about family planning and contraceptive techniques.
Creating job opportunities, improving healthcare facilities and focusing on education would tackle a lot of other significant issues along with overpopulation.
Improving access to contraceptives
Increasing investment in family planning projects
7) Takeaway
The need of the hour is to plan instead of punishing, utilizing the asset it’s blessed with instead of declaring it a disaster and blaming everything on it and stabilization of population instead of trying to control it. And lastly, having a government that owns up to its responsibilities.
Eduindex News 
You must be logged in to post a comment.