Information about bank . Its origin , history ,types and functions .

(Sample information about bank for project assignment .)

Introduction :-

Chamber’s Twentieth Century Dictionary defines a bank as an ” institution of keeping , lending and exchanging etc. of money .”

Banks play an important role in financial stability and the economy of a country.
It is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans.

The word has it’s origin from Old High Germanic origin banc, banke meaning “bench, counter”. Though some people trace its origin from the French word “Banque “.and the Italian word ‘Banca.

History of banking :-

The First stage of banking system :-

It was a merchant banker who first established the system of banking by trading commodities rather than money . Their trading activities required the remittances of money from one place to another ,for this they issued “ hundis “( letter of transfer ) to remit the funds . In India such merchant bankers were known as “Seths “
Although , before 1640 the practice of self saving and self keeping were found in the temple of Babylon .

The Second stage :-

The next to merchant bankers in the establishment of the banking system were goldsmiths . The goldsmith started charging something for taking care of money and bullion . He started issuing receipts as evidence for receiving valuables . He started lending gold and silver as there were no marks of the owner .
Goldsmith receipts became like cheques as a medium of exchange and a means of payment.

The Third stage :-

Next to the goldsmith were moneylenders to strengthen the growth of the banking system.The moneylenders became the bankers who started performing the two functions of modern banking ,that is accepting deposits and advancing loans .

The first bank called the ‘Bank of Venice ‘ was established in Venice , Italy I’m 1157 to finance the monarch in his wars .
But modern banking began with the English goldsmith’s after 1640 . The first bank in India was the ‘Bank of Hindustan ‘ started in 1770 by Alexander & Company; an English agency house in Calcutta .
But the first bank in the modern sense was established in the Bengal Presidency as the Bank of Bengal in 1806.

Definition :-

Many Economists have defined banks highlighting its various functions .

According to Crowther , ” The banker’s business is to take the debts of other people to offer his own in exchange ,and thereby create money “.

Kent defines a bank as ” an organ whose principal operations are concerned with the accommodation of the temporarily idle money of the general public for the purpose of advancing to others for expenditures “

Sayers define bank as ,” Ordinary banking business consists of changing cash for bank deposits and bank deposits for cash ; transferring bank deposits from one person or cooperation ( one ‘depositor ‘) to another ; giving bank deposits in exchange for bills of exchange , government bonds , the secured or unsecured promises of businessmen to repay etc. ” .

Cairn Cross stated bank as ,
“ Bank is a financial intermediary institution which deals in loans and advances”.

In words of P.A. Samuelson ,
“ Bank provides service to its clients and in turn receives perquisites in different forms. ”

Indian Company Law 1936 defines Bank as
“ a banking company which receives deposits through current account or
any other forms and allows withdrawal through cheques or promissory notes “.

Thus , a bank is an institution which accepts deposits from the public and in turn advances loans by creating credit . It is different from other financial institutions as other institutions do not create credit .

Types of Bank :-

Banks can be classified on the basis of :-
functions , consumer , structure , ownership and organisation .

The above flow chart shows various classification of banks .

Functions of bank :-

Bank as an institution of keeping , changing , lending and creating money , performs various functions all together .

Functions of bank are divided into two categories :-

1:Primary functions.

2:Secondary Functions

Primary Functions of Bank :-

Primary function of bank include major two functions :-

A:-. Accepting of deposits
B:- Advancing loans .

A:- Accepting deposits :-

This is the oldest function of a bank. While banking was developing into an institution bankers used to charge a commission for keeping the money in its custody .
Accepting of Deposit is considered to be the fundamental function of a bank . The bank accepts the deposit by the public , guaranteeing safety and interest .

Banks accept different types of deposits from the public . These deposits can be divided as the following :-

1: Saving Deposits :-

Saving deposit is a deposit on which the bank pays small interest to the depositors who are usually small savers . The process of opening the account for saving deposits can be said as a plain sailing process . It can be opened in a single name or in joint names. The depositors just need to maintain minimum balance . This type of deposit is suitable for small savers and wage earners .Such deposit encourages saving habits among the public. The rate of interest is low and there is no restriction on the number and amount of withdrawals.

2:Fixed Deposits:

Fixed deposits are mainly for savers who do not need money for stipulated periods from 6 months to longer periods ranging up to 10 years or more. Money is deposited for a fixed tenure . Bankers pay higher rates of interest on such deposits and the rate increases with the length of the time period of the fixed deposit But there is always a limit of the interest rate which can be paid .
There is no withdrawal money allowed during the maturity period . In case depositors withdraw before maturity, banks levy a penalty for premature withdrawal.

3:Current Deposits:

Businesses keep deposits in their current account . They can withdraw any amount standing to their credit in current deposit by cheques without notice . These deposits act as a short term loan to meet urgent needs. The bank does not pay interest on such accounts but charges a high-interest rate along with the charges for overdraft facility on a nominal sum for services rendered to its customers.

4:Recurring Deposits:

This type of deposit is mainly made by salaried paid persons or traders . Certain amount of money is deposited in the bank at a regular interval. Money can be withdrawn only after the expiry of a certain period. A higher rate of interest is paid on the deposit .

B:- Advancing Loans.

Another of the primary functions of a bank is to advance loans to its customers .A bank earns profit and carries on its business by lending a certain percentage of cash lying in deposits at a higher interest rate than it pays on such deposits.
Bank offers the following types of Loans and Advances:-

1: Cash Credits:

The bank advances loans to businessmen or individuals against certain specified securities .i.e against mortgage of certain property tangible assets or guarantees. It is a short term loan facility up to a specific limit . Cash credit can be given to any type of account holder as well as to those who do not have an account with a bank.
The amount of the loan is credited to the current account of the borrower . Interest is charged on the amount withdrawn . The borrower can withdraw cash through cheques according to his requirements.

2:.Call Loans :-

These are very short term loans advanced to bill brokers for not more than fifteen days . They are advanced against first class bills or securities . Such loans can be reduced at very short notice .

3: Bank Overdraft:

A bank often permits to draw cheques for a sum greater than the balance lying in his current account . This is done by providing the overdraft facility up to a specific amount . This facility is for current account holders. The interest for overdraft is paid only on the borrowed amount for the period .An overdraft facility is granted against collateral security.

4: Discounting the Bill of Exchange:

It is a type of short term loan, where the bank provides money to the creditor holding a bill of exchange by discounting the bill of exchange . The bank gets the payment on maturity of the bill from the drawee or acceptor of the bill .

Secondary Functions of Bank:-

Secondary functions of the bank have the same level of importance as the primary function. The secondary functions are also classified into two parts:

A:- Agency functions
B :- Utility Functions

A:- Agency Functions of Bank

The bank provides various Agency services to its customers . Banks are considered as agents for their customers .
Various Agency services of bank include :-

• Transfer of Funds that include mobilising of funds from one branch/place to another .

• Collection and Payment :-
of dividend, salary , pension , rents , electricity bills , bills of exchange , the money of the cheques through the clearing section of the customer’s.

• Bank also buys and sells the shares and debentures of the clients and debits or credits the account. This is known as portfolio management.

• Bank acts as an income tax consultant to its clients as well as acts as a trustee and executor of property and will of its customers.

(For some services the bank charges a normal fee while it renders others free of charge .)

B:- Utility Functions of Bank

• Besides other services banks also perform a number of other services .
It acts like the custodian of the valuables of its customers by providing them lockers where they can keep their jewellery and valuable documents .

• It issues various forms of credit instruments such as cheques , drafts , travellers cheques etc which facilitate transactions.

• Bank also acts as a referee to clients and issues letters of credit.

• It also deals in foreign exchanges ,social welfare programmes, project reports etc.

• Banks also publish journals which provide statistical information about the money market and business trends of the economy .

Function that differs a bank to other financial institutions.

Other than the primary and secondary functions the most important function of a bank which distinguishes it with other financial institutions is the Credit Creation .

Credit creation :-

Credit creation is one of the most important functions performed by commercial banks. It separates a bank from other financial institutions . In simple terms credit creation is the expansion of deposits. A bank expands the demand deposit into multiple cash reserves as demand deposits are the principal medium of exchange.

In words of Newly ” Credit Creation refers to the power of commercial bank to expand secondary deposits either through the process of making loans or through investment in securities ”

Note :- the function of banks can be used in the sense of a commercial bank functions .

INTERNET VS THE WALL STREET : Gamestop explained

Why was the stock market roaring in the early 2021? How did the American video game retailer company’s shares whipsaw from $17.5 USD to $347.51 USD in a matter of weeks. How did a bunch of investors pack in loads of cash while one prominent hedge fund got a loss of more than a 100 Billion USD? How did ‘Big Short’ investor Michael Burry make a 1,500% gain on GameStop during its Reddit-fueled rally.

Find out the answer in this article. Let’s understand a few terms before we get down and dirty!

A hedge fund is an alternative investment that is designed to protect investment portfolios from market uncertainty, while generating positive returns in both up and down markets

Short-selling: The reverse of the generic buy low, sell high – sell high, buy low. For example, if the gold price for the day is Rs.50000 per 10 gm and you believe the price is going to drop in a couple of months. You borrow the stocks, sell it and buy it back later when it is Rs.45000/ 10 gm, thereby making a profit of Rs.5000.

Negative float position- in simple terms, negative float implies that withdrawals are exceeding deposits in an account. Short sellers borrow more stocks than there were shares available to trade in the market.

GameStop, an American video game and gaming merchandise retailer announced the closure of many stores and shares that could be bought for as low as $3.25 USD on Jan 12, 2021. Opportunistic hedge funds thus began short-selling GameStop. The good people of r/WallStreetBets—an irreverent subreddit for stock market noticed that the Melvin hedge fund and other firms had taken so many short positions that there was a negative float position created. Invigorated, a huge number of them plotted to buy the stocks, but not sell them so that the hedge funds don’t get to buy them and return the shares, thereby incurring losses. This was a massive supply-demand gap case. This made the share prices skyrocket from $17.5 USD to $34.7 USD to $50 USD to $150.3 USD to $347.51 USD. Melvin’s has closed its position now but at a huge loss.

Michael Burry, the founder of the hedge fund Scion Capital, which closed in 2008, invested 16.46 Million USD on GameStop, earning back 260.6 Million USD, giving him a margin of 1500% profit.

Hedge funds short-sell shares and create a pressure on it so that its price keeps falling down for their own profit which drives losses for many retail investors. Melvin’s hedge fund had also short sold Tesla’s shares a long time ago which made the prices fall for a bit. Tweets from Elon Musk and Venture Capitalist Chamath Palihapitiya (Former senior executive at FB, CEO of Social Capital) encouraged the crowd furthermore to take manipulation of the stock market out of the hands of hedge funds and into the hands of “the people.”

That’s how the power finally went from the rich to the common!

Is it the end or the begining of new era.

“Everything that has a beginning has an ending. Make your peace with that and all will be well.” ~
Jack Kornfield

Life is not always meant to fill with bliss and happiness . It also has its demon and darkness . And we are unable to understand the consequences that can be happen in future .

This is what we are facing now and it’s popularity is all over the world . Well well .. we all met the celebrity i.e., known as “ CORONA VIRUSE ”

Yes yes I know how much amazed we all were when we get to know about it . The excitement leads to the death of 1/4 of a population . Let’s move on from the gossip girls .

“But you are involved in the world, and your actions have consequences for other people, and if you don’t recognize that, then that’s the supreme kind of cruelty. Everyone shares someone else’s fate to some extent.” ~
Malcolm Bradbury

Like a gentle men he is . Malcolm has distracted us from the main theory that is “ Every action has equal and opposite reaction ”

From the past decades , census has been directly pointing out the deterioration in Nature . It leads to the extinction of wild life . More than one million of species had been reportedly facing problem and extinct .

So what do you think . Is it a revenge that nature is taking in the form of corona virus ?

Is it a lesson to the human kind for playing with the nature ?

Well in both questions we get one thing clearly that is human kind has to pay .

Based on the report by WHO more than 3.3 million people died due to COVID19 in January . Their are “excess death” of people which caused mass havoc in the mind of the people all over the world .

So where were we virus , death , human kind , extinction . Ohh yeah now I remember we were talking about the hate of nature for human beings . Ops , sorry . Don’t mind sometimes I just flow with sentiments .

Well , yeah we were talking about the devastation in the human world by nature .

I am not a socialist or a misanthrope . I loved nature as much as you do . But what we didn’t understand is that how much we hurt our environment . And when we come to the realisation .

It’s being like OJO run his lovely Siren on MOJO . What , who is Siren . Siren is OJO’s favourite truck . Yeah I know I am very funny .

Reality hits us with the truck in the form of COVID .

I really do talk about COVID in this editorial rather than I used in my daily life .

We need to recreate our life in the form that It will not harm the nature . I know it’s a tough time to speak about this but until we will not stop ourselves for our wrong doing . It will come back to us and hit it with the force that no human kind can protect themselves from the destruction.

Embrace a new perspective.

Let move together to the new world where we can live with nature

This given editorial is written under one’s perspective. I am not judging anyone’s decision . You have youern own perspective and i am standing with that .

THE EVOLUTION OF ALTERNATIVE ROCK

“Alternative” refers to the genre’s distinction from mainstream or commercial rock or pop music. The term’s original meaning was referring to A generation of musicians unified by their collective debt to the music style.
Alternative rock, pop music style dominated and changed rock between 1991 and 1996. It made it into the mainstream when “smells like teen spirit”- the first major label single from Nirvana, which was based in Seattle, Washington became a national hit. Their album nevermind was swelling 400,000 copies a week by Christmas in 1991. Other than nirvana, the music was enticed by alternative rock’s commercial possibilities and major labels had already signed Red Hot Chilli Peppers, Jane’s addiction and Dinosaur Jr.
in early 1991, R.E.M went mainstream worldwide with “out of time” while becoming a blueprint for many alternative bands. But before it all went mainstream, alternative rock 1st made its mark when the Dead kennedys formed the “independent record label alternative tentacles” in 1979. By 1984, several other bands had done the same and had mined into a variety of rock. Between the time period from the 1980s to the 1990s, various bands such as My bloody Valentine, slow dive, happy mondays and acid house made their respective marks in the world of alternative rock.
But, after the breakthrough success of Nirvana which led to the popularisation of alternative rock in the 1990s, there was a “new openness to alternative rock”. All the record labels, who were confused by this genres success, scrambled to sign bands and were eager to capitalise it. The New York Times in 1993 stated that “ alternative rock does not seem so alternative anymore. Every major label has a handful of guitar-driven bands on shapeless shirts and threadbare jeans, who conceal catchy tunes with noise”

Despite in the change of style, alternative rock still managed to be mainstream.
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, several alternative rock bands emerged, including the strokes, Franz Ferdinand and the Rapture. Preceded by the success of bands such as the Strokes and the white stripes earlier in the decade, an influx of new alternative rock bands, including several post punk artists found commercial success in this time. Arctic monkeys Wore a prominent act to owe their initial commercial success to the use of internet social networking, with 2 UK number one singles and whatever people say I am, that’s what I am not (2006) which became the fastest selling debut album in British chart history.
Hence, alternative music has held a place in modern culture and as culture and society evolved, so did this highly influential gamer.
While alternative music has faded into the musical background, it’s importance in the world of entertainment, and the development of western culture, stands the test of time.

My volunteering journey.

When i was younger i always had an urge to help everyone and nothing has changed since then except for the fact that i wasn’t able to help a lot of people back then but now i have got an opportunity because of yuva to fulfill my wish. I believe kindness is the only way to deal with everything and that’s what makes my world beautiful.

I wanted to persue psychology: wanted to become a counselor. But my parents we not convinced that I’ll have a great career doing what i wanted to do. I was good at maths and computer, so i persued for a B.tech degree in computer science.
When covid first started triggering, just like everyone else even i was convinced that this won’t last long. Also during the first wave we had adequate infrastructure so the situation was a lot better than it is right now. But now when i see people crying for the basic amenities,it breaks my heart and makes we wanna help them as much as i can.

I am in the verification department in my team becausee of which i haven’t had any encounter with any of the patient but there was one time when someone from my city contacted me for some urgent requirement and i was able to do the needful with the help of my team and i felt overwhelmed that i could save someone’s life.

When you put your 100% effort to do something and you get the expected result that obviously makes you feel joyful. I feel the same way when i receive gratitude from the families i have tried to help.

THE COVID-19 UPDATE;

Humans have been battling viruses since decades ago, even before the times when people barely had information of the fact that they are going through some kinds of virus / flu epidemic and from where did it originate, what possible medications could cure them and what probable preventions could save them. However, Even with advancing technologies which got us all the access to every bit of information of what’s happening around the globe nobody had been able to stop the spread of these viruses.

CORONAVIRUS, one of the most relentlessly hit virus in the history of mankind outshined every kind of pandemic there could have existed. It Originated initially from Wuhan, China in 2019 and got widely spread all over the world by March 2020. Since then till now the whole World had been through tremendous circumstances. After almost 1.5 years of struggle everything is gradually getting back to normal. While some countries/ places have declared themselves COVID-19 free Some are still struggling in coping up with it and one of these countries is INDIA.

Initially India was the first country to handle the first wave of Coronavirus in an uttermost precautious manner and thus the disease didn’t affect much in the first few months. Anyway later when people started thinking the situation is safe is when it started getting bad. Thereby, India started facing a rapid hike in cases each day. Millions were affected and thousands were dead. Lack of proper medication, oxygen cylinders, also beds in hosiptals, etc worsened the situations continuously and country had to face a major set back. It affected the country in every possible way be it socially, economically or politically. But along with time and after contrivance of vaccines everything has started getting under control execpt in very few states. According to a reliable source, India has recorded 51,667 new coronavirus cases and 1,329 deaths in the last 24 hours ending 9 am on Friday. With this the country’s total caseload has risen to over 3,01,34,445, while the death toll nears the 4-lakh mark. Meanwhile, the active caseload has dropped to 6.12 lakh.

THE PANDEMIC ISN’T OVER YET!

As more and more population is now getting vaccinated, it’s a safer situation outside but we all need to clear up our minds that the disease hasn’t been completely finished. The evolution of the Triple mutant of virus named as ‘DELTA PLUS’ .There is no exact indication yet of the severity of the disease due to the new variant. Around 48 cases of Delta plus classified as a Variant of concern had been detected across 10 states and one UT. NCDC Director Dr. S K Singh said Maharashtra has 20 cases followed by 9 in Tamil Nadu, 7 in Madhya Pradesh, 2 in Punjab and Gujarat, 3 in Kerala while Andhra pradesh, Rajasthan, Orisa, karnataka and Jammu has reported one case each. “There are speculations that this mutant is more contagious and it is 35-60 per cent more infectious compared to alpha variant. It could be potentially contagious,” Karmakar, Department of Biochemistry- AIIMS said. Among the 20 cases of the ‘Delta plus’ variant reported in Maharashtra the highest nine cases were reported in Ratnagiri, followed by seven in Jalgaon, two in Mumbai, and one case each in Palghar, Thane and Sindhudurg districts along with the hike in regular Covid cases today.

THE THIRD WAVE IS YET TO ARRIVE!

It is been reported by the officials that the third wave of COVID-19 is inevitable and would hit the country by September month that is., in the next 6 to 8 weeks. Thus AIIMS, Delhi has highly recommended states to be alerted and also that taking preventive measures is not only the responsibility of the government but also of every citizen of the country. Everyone should get acknowledged with the measures to be taken to protect the country from going back to the phase as of 2020. It is mandatory that everyone still curbs themselves from going to crowdy places and travelling currently and try to stay more at home, complete their vaccination procceses as soon as possible. Also it is adviced that using some home remedies like drinking warm water, Exercising or doing yoga to stay fit and having healthy eating habits which helps in building up immunity in our bodies should be considered acting upon.

What if I get corona virus?

If you get it, nobody else should get it from you. This line is the only solution I think. This commitment you should take for yourself, for sake of humanity. In case you get it, it should not hop to one other person. This responsibility we must take.Focus on good food, sleeping habits and working out and if something is out of your control try and shift your attention, there is nothing you can do. Strengthening the immune system is the best action you can take.

The older you are, the more likely you are to get very sick if you get COVID-19. People of any age with certain medical conditions are also at a higher risk for more severe illness. If you have any of these underlying conditions or other serious medical conditions, including a weakened immune system, call your doctor right away if you develop symptoms of COVID-19. Keep track of your symptoms.

If you have all the symptoms of virus but haven’t been tested, you should assume you have it and still take precaution.

Stay home except to get medical care. Avoid all public areas.

Separate yourself at home in a specific room away from other people
Avoid sharing household items
Wear a mask when you have to be in the same room with other people. You don’t need to wear the mask if you are alone. If you can’t put on a mask (because of trouble breathing, for example), cover your coughs and sneezes in some other way. Try to stay at least 6 feet away from other people. This will help protect the people around you.
Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

Clean and disinfect all frequently touched surfaces daily.

If you have symptoms, you should get tested for COVID-19, even if you are fully vaccinated.

Tell anyone you had close contact with that you are sick so that these people know to quarantine and stay alert for symptoms. By letting your close contacts know they may have been exposed to COVID-19, you are helping to protect everyone.

Being ill with COVID-19 might be especially hard because it is a new disease and there is a lot of news coverage. Take breaks from watching, reading, or listening to news stories, including social media.

HOW I SPENT TIME IN SUMMER VACATION:

Summertime is the most awaited time of any student’s life. It gives them a break from the scorching sun and blazing heat. The summer months are quite hot, however, students love them because they bring a sense of calmness due to the vacations. It frees them from the monotonous and dull routine of school and studies.Most importantly, summer vacations give us a chance to explore new things. We can adopt new hobbies like painting, dancing, singing and more during this time.

Furthermore, it gives us a chance to visit our grandparents or to someplace abroad. Summer vacations bring all types of fun, however, these particular summer vacations were the most memorable for me. My parents made me join a summer camp which was too much fun and then we visited our grandparents’ place.Summer Camp:As the first day of my summer vacations started, I started getting bored easily. Mostly so because all my friends had gone to someplace or the other. My parents noticed this and decided to send me to a summer camp.

Our school itself was organizing one in which my parents got me enrolled.At first, I thought it would be of no use and would be equally boring. However, to my surprise, I was wrong. The summer camp was one of the best experiences of my life. I got the chance to indulge in so many activities and in fact, it was the first time where I discovered my talent for painting.We got up early in the morning at 7 o’clock, despite no school. We had trainers who would teach us different things each day.

On the first day, I got to learn karate, which was very amusing and helpful. Further, I learned how to play sports like basketball, table tennis, and volleyball.Finally, came my most awaited part. We were taught painting and unique tips to master this art. I learned it quickly and started enjoying painting. My passion for painting began from this summer camp, and I will forever be indebted to it.

My Grandparents’ Place:

After my summer camp ended, my whole family decided to visit my grandparent’s village. It is situated away from the city and is full of lush and greenery. I love spending time with my grandparents so I was very excited to visit their village.We stayed there for over two weeks, and that throughout that time, I was at my best behavior. I used to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning to take a stroll with my grandfather.

Then all the family members would get together to have breakfast full of healthy things and fresh fruits from the farm nearby.In the evening, we would sit by our grandmother’s bed and listen to stories. Then, my siblings and I used to go to the terrace and play games. We would also gaze at their stars all night, as we did not get that in the city.In short, this is how I spent my summer vacation. It was definitely one of the best times of my lives. I got to learn new things and spend valuable time with my grandparents. I feel blessed to have a loving family with whom I can enjoy my summer vacation.

Why are summer vacations important?

Summer vacations are the most important and awaited time of a student’s life. It gives them a break from their monotonous routine. Furthermore, summer vacations protect students from the scorching heat and give them a chance to visit hilly stations.

How can one utilize their summer vacation?

There a lot of ways to utilize a summer vacation. It can be done through indulging in many activities. One can join summer camps which teach new skills to students. One can also pay a visit to their grandparents or to some chilly place or abroad to enjoy it to the fullest.

INFLUENCE OF CINEMA ON SOCIETY

Cinema has been a part of our society right from the ages and we don’t have to explain it now as we are spending most of our free time watching movies in this quarantine. Cinema is said to influence the lives of people in many ways. It helps people to break themselves from the olden thoughts and culture. Movies are said to provide good pleasure and rejuvenate us. Even though it has many benefits, it also leaves a negative influence on people, especially on youth.

ADVANTAGES OF CINEMA

Cinema has a lot of advantages if we try to focus on the positive side. It is the reflection of society. It portrays the facts that common people are not aware of. Cinema has always been a platform to showcase the hidden vulnerabilities right from abuses to murders. We have many movies portraying the different aspects of society. The films related to society are taken with the motive to reach these messages to the public. We have movies depicting the difficulties faced by women to get their rights and recognition in society. These encourage every woman to stand and fight for themselves. Similarly, we have movies like Dangal which depicts the hard work, never give give-up attitude, and the father’s support for his daughters. Movies like Dear Comrade and Jersey showcase the difficulties to get selected for a sports team despite our talent and passion. They reveal the beast-side of the higher officials who take advantage of the helplessness of the talented people. All these have always been motivating for everyone and guides them to take each step carefully. It also characterizes the truth behind politics and social media. Moreover, it convinces people to accept different artforms and cultures. It depicts family values and relationships. The artists who act in films create an excellent impact on people’s thoughts. People get convinced easily about something they don’t agree with if actors keep them as a request to their fans. For example, we have many in our society who are not ready to get vaccinated. But they change their mind and become ready to get their jab if their favorite actor or actress does that and ask their fans to do the same. That shows how fans are influenced by their fav artists’ words and we have many more to cite as an example. Thus, it makes people learn and be aware of the things that are covered up in our society.

DISADVANTAGES OF CINEMA

Although there are many advantages, we have disadvantages too. Movies influence people badly at times and get addicted to them. They get deviated from their life and desperately wait for the first look, teaser, trailer, or movie release. They also became mad in the name of fans bathing the cutouts and posters with milk. Cinema showcases violence and vulgarity in action and other sequences. These influence kids in a very bad way that they start using unparliamentary language. Most of the time, romantic and other genres are just fantasy showing things that are quite impossible in actual life. On seeing these, people tend to believe that the same happens in reality. This increases their expectations and later everything will go in vain. For example, we have movies expressing college life as a carefree and most enjoyable life. But we get to know the fact only we step into our college life and get disappointed as we expected it to be the same as shown in the films. The sexual content shown in the cinema arouses the young to engage in eve-teasing and several cases of abuse that happen in our society.

On the whole, Cinema has its good and bad influence on people as well as society. So, it is our responsibility to take the good things and leave the bad things behind. Everyone can leave a happy and regret-free life if we always try to follow “Too much of anything is good for nothing”.

How to be a good friend

Being a good friend isn’t always easy, but taking the time to nurture a lasting friendship is worth every ounce of effort. Good friendships provide strength, happiness, and meaning in ways that social media or striving for popularity cannot. All true friendships are built on mutual trust and support, so whether you’re looking to make new, quality friendships or improve your existing ones, there are things you can do to be a good friend to others.
Some of the reason why we aren’t collectively so good at friendship is that we don’t have a clear idea of what a really good friend might be like. Holding a good friend isn’t always easy, but taking the time to nurture a constant friendship is worth every ounce of effort. some times Don’t wait for people to be friendly.
Show them how Good friendships provide strength, happiness, and meaning in ways that social media or striving for popularity cannot. Sometimes our actions and the words that escape our mouths stop going through a filter. All true friendships are built on mutual trust and support, so whether you’re looking to make new, quality friendships or improve your existing ones, there are things you can do to be a good friend to others.
1.We need meaningful relationships with other people. Not everyone should be a close friend, but it is integral to our happiness that we show people who we really are, allow ourselves to get to know them in return, and then give each other small or big tasks. Remind through what we care about.
2.Be honest. Keep your promises and do what you are saying. be reliable. Nobody wants to befriend someone who lies. And lies are always a way of coming to light. Also, friends will tell each other the truth, no matter how difficult it is.
3.Be reliable. Being trustworthy is one of the most important aspects of being a good friend. Your friend will need you to support, especially during difficult times. No one wants to befriend someone who is not really interested in them. It is difficult to trust a person who does not behave in a consistent and reliable manner.
4.Apologize when you have made a mistake. If you want your friends to believe in you, you cannot act as if you are innocent. If you know you made a mistake, own it instead of denying it.
5.Keep their secrets. Prove yourself a reliable person who will protect your secrets with your life. A good way to prove you are trustworthy is to share some of your secrets with your friends.
6.Encourage your friend. Everyone needs encouragement. Find specific ways to encourage your friend. Even in the depths of their struggles, show them what makes you look special about them and are willing to take them when they are depressed or feel that life is pressuring them from all sides.
7.Always put in your best efforts. When they ask for your opinion or help with something that has meaning. This means that they understand the value you think. If someone writes an essay that helps you proofread or revise it, go the extra mile. Bust out a red pen and start marking it as crazy. Show them that you are investing the way you are. This means that when it comes to your friends, half-baked things never happen.
8.Stay in touch. Life moves forward and everyone has their own thing. Sure, it may be easier for you to pick up from where you left off, but it is easier to lose contact altogether. It tries to maintain a good friendship, especially when the physical distance is too much. It is a relationship that takes both sides to work.
9.Learn to forgive. If you want your friendship to last, you should be able to forgive your friend and move on. If you keep a complaint and let your bitterness and resentment grow, you will not be able to move forward. Accept that no man is perfect and if your friend sincerely apologizes and if they have not done anything terrible, you should pursue it
10.Accept your friend who they are. To make your friendship a success, you should not try to change your friend or your friend to see the world from your perspective. Celebrate what makes your friend (and you) unique! If you are conservative and your friend is liberal, then accept instead of trying to argue about it all the time.
11.Be happy for them. We all get caught up in our lives and forget to appreciate it. Sure, we know we care, but if you don’t show it, it’s hard for the other person to know you. It is easy to tell when someone is dishonest. “Wow, I’m so happy for you,” with a non-carious face, not very confident. Invest in your successes and show in your facial expressions that you are really happy.
■A good friend likes us in ways we simply cannot like ourselves. Generally, we are alive to our own shortcomings. It is more obvious from our point of view than what is disappointing or attractive to us. Disappointing or attractive because we need a friend. We are responsible for being very friendly to ourselves, we think that being a true friend is
■Should be with whom we spend a lot of time, but in fact, the ideal other becomes a part of us, we see them internally as they smile the way they pause or enthusiastically they make our brain Continue even when we are not in touch for a while or when they are far away a good friend is always with us.

Delhi: heritage park to be walled city’s new charm.

North Delhi Municipal Corporation has given another reason to tourists to visit the Walled City in near future by intensifying work on a heritage park located next to the Parade Ground parking lot.

The 1.75 acre plot, which will be divided into two parts, faces two historical monuments.

The site is currently being levelled and the project is expected to be completed by December.

The park will have a 400m boundary wall constructed with RCC pillars and bricks. The finishing will be done with Mihrab made of red stone, decorative stone jalis etc.

While visiting Jama Masjid and Red Fort, visitors can come and relax there. Apart from developing the lawn, there will be planting saplings of indigenous trees, like amaltas, peepal and banyan. To make the place look elegant at night, the Corporation has planned to install artistic lampposts in the corridors. For giving easy access, pavements will be constructed around the park.

Iron man of india

The word “Iron” signifies unity and strength. In 1947, the partition of British India into two independent dominions: India and Pakistan took place. In India, there were many small princely states, and the princes of these states decided to separate from India and form their own separate countries. It was a problem for the Indian government as there was a real chance of India getting divided into further small countries. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel assessed this situation and stepped in. He and his team did a lot of hard work to make the princes of the states sign the merger agreement to merge their states into the Indian territory. For all these efforts, he got the title of the “Iron Man of India” as he kept Indian states united in such a difficult time.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel, born on 31 October 1875, popularly known as Sardar Patel, was an Indian statesman. He served as the First Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was an Indian barrister and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress who played a leading role in the country’s struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation. He was one of the conservative members of the Indian National Congress. He acted as Home Minister during the political integration of India and the India-Pakistan war of 1947.

As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organized relief efforts for refugees fleeing to Punjab and Delhi from Pakistan and worked to restore peace. He led the task of forging a united India, successfully integrating into the newly independent nation those British colonial provinces that formed the Dominion of India. Besides those provinces that had been under direct British rule, approximately 565 self-governing princely states had been released from British rule by the Indian Independence Act of 1947. Patel persuaded almost every princely state to accede to India. His commitment to national integration in the newly independent country was total and uncompromising, earning him the sobriquet “Iron Man of India”. He is also remembered as the “patron saint of India’s civil servants” for having established the modern all-India service system. He is also called the “Unifier of India”.

ROLE OF PATEL DURING PARTITION

As the first Home Minister, Patel played the key role in the integration of the princely states into the Indian federation. In the elections, the Congress won a large majority of the elected seats, dominating the Hindu electorate. But the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah won a large majority of Muslim electorate seats. The League had resolved in 1940 to demand Pakistan – an independent state for Muslims – and was a fierce critic of the Congress. The Congress formed governments in all provinces save Sindh, Punjab, and Bengal, where it entered into coalitions with other parties. Vallabhbhai Patel was one of the first Congress leaders to accept the partition of India as a solution to the rising Muslim separatist movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He had been outraged by Jinnah’s Direct Action campaign, which had provoked communal violence across India, and by the viceroy’s vetoes of his home department’s plans to stop the violence on the grounds of constitutionality. Patel severely criticised the viceroy’s induction of League ministers into the government, and the revalidation of the grouping scheme by the British government without Congress’s approval. Although further outraged at the League’s boycott of the assembly and non-acceptance of the plan of 16 May despite entering government, he was also aware that Jinnah did enjoy popular support amongst Muslims, and that an open conflict between him and the nationalists could degenerate into a Hindu-Muslim civil war of disastrous consequences. The continuation of a divided and weak central government would, in Patel’s mind, result in the wider fragmentation of India by encouraging more than 600 princely states towards independence.

POLITICAL INTEGRATION OF INDIA

Patel took charge of the integration of the princely states into India. This achievement formed the cornerstone of Patel’s popularity in the post-independence era. Even today he is remembered as the man who united India. He is, in this regard, compared to Otto von Bismarck who unified the many German states in 1871. Under the plan of 3 June, more than 565 princely states were given the option of joining either India or Pakistan, or choosing independence. Indian nationalists and large segments of the public feared that if these states did not accede, most of the people and territory would be fragmented. The Congress, as well as senior British officials, considered Patel the best man for the task of achieving conquest of the princely states by the Indian dominion. Gandhi had said to Patel, “The problem of the States is so difficult that you alone can solve it”. Patel was considered a statesman of integrity with the practical acumen and resolve to accomplish a monumental task. He asked V. P. Menon, a senior civil servant with whom he had worked on the partition of India, to become his right-hand man as chief secretary of the States Ministry. On 6 August 1947, Patel began lobbying the princes, attempting to make them receptive towards dialogue with the future government and forestall potential conflicts. Patel used social meetings and unofficial surroundings to engage most of the monarchs, inviting them to lunch and tea at his home in Delhi. At these meetings, Patel explained that there was no inherent conflict between the Congress and the princely order. Patel invoked the patriotism of India’s monarchs, asking them to join in the independence of their nation and act as responsible rulers who cared about the future of their people. He persuaded the princes of 565 states of the impossibility of independence from the Indian republic, especially in the presence of growing opposition from their subjects. He proposed favourable terms for the merger, including the creation of privy purses for the rulers’ descendants. While encouraging the rulers to act out of patriotism, Patel did not rule out force. Stressing that the princes would need to accede to India in good faith, he set a deadline of 15 August 1947 for them to sign the instrument of accession document. All but three of the states willingly merged into the Indian union; only Jammu and Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad did not fall into his basket.

Statue of Unity could have paid for 2 IITs, 5 IIMs and many agri projects | Business Standard News — **STATUE OF UNITY**

The Statue of Unity is a colossal statue of Indian statesman and independence activist Vallabhbhai Patel (1875–1950), who was the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of independent India and an adherent of Mahatma Gandhi during the nonviolent Indian Independence movement. Patel was highly respected for his leadership in uniting 562 princely states of India with a major part of the former British Raj to form the single Union of India. The statue is located in the state of Gujarat, India. It is the world’s tallest statue with a height of 182 metres (597 feet). It is located on the Narmada River in the Kevadiya colony, facing the Sardar Sarovar Dam 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of the city of Vadodara and 150 kilometres (93 mi) from Surat.

Work from home jobs

May be you’re high school or college student who is looking for a part time job to help pay the bills or someone who’s down on their luck and hoping they can find something that’s easy and fun to do. If you like writing, graphic design, coding or other freelancers work, or even if you want to start from scratch! Work at home jobs might be what you are looking for.

1. Virtual assistant. As a general virtual assistant you do a lot of random task. Sometimes you book hotel for your client, checking their emails, sometimes you schedule their calender, sometimes you write something for them, so there is lot of different types of miscellaneous work that they might ask you to do, nothing major. In India you can charge between 200-300/hour or atleast a 100. If you’re getting started with being a virtual assistant you can get started by building a portfolio of what are the things you can do. Can you use task management tool? And start sending them to potential clients who have their business and they need a virtual assistant.

Why do people hire virtual assistant? Because at some point their business is not at the stage of hiring specialized expert in every niche, but may be little bit help in their work on day to day basis that’s why they hire virtual assistant because that is cheaper to their business and they have to pay hourly not monthly.

You won’t start making good money until you become a specialized VA. Two very popular form of specializations in VA is marketing va and tech VA. Start specializing but you can start with your general skill of email writing, post writing or social media management and all of that.

2. Canva Designing. If you know about freelance work, you must know about canva. Today almost every freelancer have canva skill. If you can become graphic design using canva that would be a great place to start. Canvas can definitely be used for starting your graphic design journey. So if you’re interested in designing you can start canva. For people and teams wanting to design absolutely anything, from logos and social media content to documents, prints and more.

3.Content Writing. Now mind you content writing is itself a pretty intense job. A lot of people get stated by just having a skill of being able to write and freeze their thoughts in proper sentences. In content writing you get clients who usually give you some topic and you have to write about it, they give you a word limit and you have to write that many number of words. Now a lot of people charge on word basis and per project basis.

4. Transcription. Basically you write down the words of a video and transcribe it. It’s very simple, many school student actually start freelancing with transcripotion. You’ll find hundreds of transcription jobs to choose from. Select jobs you’re interested in and work as little or as much as you prefer.

5. Social media marketing. In social media marketing you have to know a little bit about how to use instagram, facebook, pinterest etc. You will not get the best clients if you a little bit but you can definitely get started and then invest in a high quality course.

INDIAN CULTURE

We respect and honour our Indian culture a lot. India is a famous country all over the world for its culture and tradition. It is the land of various culture and tradition. It is the country of oldest civilizations in the world. The vital components of the Indian culture are good manners, etiquette, civilized communication, rituals, beliefs, values, etc. Even after the life styles of everyone has been modernized, Indian people have not changed their traditions and values. The property of togetherness among people of various cultures and traditions has made India, a unique country. People here live peacefully in India by following their own culture and traditions.
People beliefs and follow various customs and traditions according to their own religions. We celebrate our festivals according to our own rituals, keep fast, take bath in holy water of Ganga, worship and pray to God, sing ritual songs, dance, eat delicious dinner, wear colourful dresses and other lots of activities. We also celebrate some National festivals by getting together such as Republic Day, Independence Day, Gandhi Jayanti, including various social events. People of different religions celebrate their festivals in various parts of the country with great zeal and enthusiasm without interfering each other.
Variety of eras came and gone but no one was so powerful to change the influence of our real culture. The culture of younger generations is still connected to older generations through umbilical cord. Our ethnic culture always teaches us to behave well, respect elders, care helpless people and always help the needy and poor people. It is our religious culture that we should keep fast, do worship, offer Gange Jal, do Surya Namaskar, touch feet of elder in family, do yoga and meditation on daily basis, give food and water to the hungry and disabled people. There is great culture of our nation that we should always welcome our guests like a God very happily, that’s why India is famous for a common saying like “Atithi Devo Bhava”. The basic roots of our great culture are humanity and spiritual practices.
Festivals play an important role in Indian culture and tradition. People from different religions celebrate different festivals in India. Popular festivals like Diwali, Dussehra, Navratri, Janmashtami, Shivratri, Ganesh Chaturthi, etc. are celebrated by Hindu people in India. Whereas Eid-ul-Fitr, Bakrid, Muharram, etc. festivals are celebrated by Islamic people in India. Other than this, many harvest festivals like Makar Sankranti, Chapchar kut, Pongal, Sohrai, etc. are celebrated by farmers.

However, Christians also celebrate Christmas, Good Friday, etc. festivals in India. There also exist different regional festivals in each state of India like Teej, Onam, Ugadi, Saraswati Puja, Panna Sankranti, Chhath Pooja, Pongal, Lohri, and so forth.
Indian Costumes are different for the different states of India. It varies depending on the origin, climate, and heritage of the place. Indian culture still follows traditional costumes. In eastern states such as Odisha, West Bengal and southern states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, women wear saree as the authentic clothing. It is a single and long fabric piece draped around the body.

In a similar way, men wear Dhoti-Kurta or Kurta-Pyjama as the authentic clothing in eastern states. In northern states like Punjab, women wear salwar kameez and Kurti as traditional clothing. Whereas men wear headgear or turban known as the Dastar as the traditional clothing. In India, all the married Women wear Sindoor, a vermilion powder in the parting of their hair. They also wear bindi, Mehendi, bangles, and earrings as part of their attire.
India is a land of rich culture and tradition which teaches people kindness, generosity, and tolerance. Indian culture differs from place to place as it is a multilingual, multicultural, and multi-ethnic society. Indian culture is a unique blend of modern western culture and historical traditions. India is a country of great legends where many great people were born and remembered forever due to their sacrifice for the nation. People across the world come to enjoy and feel the culture and tradition of India. India is well known for its “UNITY IN DIVERSITY “, across the world. That means India is a diverse nation where many people live together peacefully having there own different cultures.

Online Learning During the Pandemic

Online education is a flexible instructional delivery method that encompasses any learning that occurs through the internet. Online learning allows educators to communicate with students who may not be able to enrol in a regular classroom course, as well as students who need to work on their own time and pace.

Every subject is experiencing a rapid increase in the amount of distant learning and the awarding of online degrees. The number of schools and institutions that provide online education is likewise increasing. Students pursuing degrees online must be diligent in ensure that their curriculum is completed by a reputable and credentialed university.

Synergy is a well-known benefit of online education. The style used here allows for interactive contact between students and professors. Sources are shared through these exchanges, and an open-ended synergy emerges as a result of the learning process. It aids the student to learn better when each person bestows a view or opinion through conversations and comments on others’ work. This distinct benefit is exhibited in a virtual learning environment that is student-centered, something that the online learning format alone cannot provide.
We don’t have to travel to another location or commute large distances to take online lessons. We can stay where we are and keep our current job while we work toward improving our career with an online degree. Online education also helps digital nomads—someone who espouses a technology-enabled or location-independent lifestyle. We can watch lectures and complete our coursework wherever we are.

Whether we are full-time or part-time online students, we have a lot more reasonable schedule. Because of its low cost, online education has gained a lot of popularity. As a result, online courses are less expensive than those offered in schools or universities. While we may have to spend money on things like transportation, lodging, and meals while attending university, online education may not.
The enormous flexibility of online learning is one of its most appealing features; nevertheless, there is a catch: one must be exceptionally self-motivated. With the online platform, students devise a variety of strategies for keeping up with their studies. The simplest things like setting aside time every week to study and create a workspace with minimal distractions can help immensely.

Advantages of Online Learning:

Online education allows us to learn from a variety of mentors and teachers in a variety of fields, broadening our knowledge and expanding our horizons. It lessens student anxiety since many students are able to communicate more effectively through online education than in traditional classes. Anyone can learn from anywhere as long as they have access to the internet.
Because there is no rush with online education, we may study at our own pace. When compared to traditional classes, most online courses are frequently more fun and comfortable. It relieves you of the hassle of needing to travel to a specific location every day.

Online schooling is frequently less expensive. Furthermore, when compared to traditional educational methods, online education is less expensive. Students in typical university programmes must pay for transportation, textbooks, institutional facilities such as gyms, libraries, and swimming pools, as well as other expenses that drive up the cost of university education. Online education, on the other hand, solely costs for tuition and other necessary expenses. As a result, both the wealthy and the poor can benefit from virtual education.

It enables one to discover novel ways via the internet and therefore improve one’s skills. When compared to traditional education, if there are any changes in the syllabus, adjustments may be made promptly with online education.
Because one can learn at any time, even at midnight, online education is flexible and adaptive. When compared to traditional education, it can assist some people improve their grades. Some people benefit from online schooling more than others.

Disadvantages of online learning

The benefits of online education to students are numerous and undeniable. Taking an online course is a fantastic educational alternative, especially when traditional learning conditions provide many challenges, such as transportation or distance. However, like with everything, there are certain fundamental limitations to online schooling that can be uncomfortable.
Students who spend too much time on the computer are more likely to plagiarise. It can also create eyesight difficulties because we spend practically all of our time in front of the computer. Physical growth may be hampered by online education. Without someone to guide you through your online education, it might be difficult to be responsible for your own learning.

You are cut off from your classmates while you study online. In some circumstances, extra time may be required to comprehend the learning process. It’s easier to cheat on an online exam than it is in a classroom, thus it’s probably not a good idea to do so during exams. Online education also provides a great deal of autonomy, which is important for our learning. Advertisements on the internet can provide a multitude of distractions, which can disrupt our learning. Self-assessment is also substantially lower in online education.

Online education offers both benefits and drawbacks, but it is a wonderful technique of learning that can aid in the development of a student’s abilities. To be successful in online education, one must select the best institution and course to avoid enrolling in one of the many suspect universities that employers may reject. The other most important item is to ensure that communication with the school faculty and fellow pupils is maintained. The main element is proper time management, which allows us to manage our time and finish and submit assigned tasks on time.

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