Cybercrime, also called computer crime, the use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends, such as committing fraud, trafficking in child pornography and intellectual property, stealing identities, or violating privacy. Cybercrime, especially through the Internet, has grown in importance as the computer has become central to commerce, entertainment, and government.It’s predicted that by 2021 cybercrime will cost the world a figure in excess of $6 trillion. It is the fastest growing crime in the US and as it grows the attacks are increasing in size, sophistication and cost, making them all the more terrifying for their targets.The cybersecurity industry is rapidly growing every day. Although more resources are being deployed to counter cyber attacks, the nature of the industry still has a long way to go before we can, as a whole, catch up with these threats. 

Most cybercrime is an attack on information about individuals, corporations, or governments. Although the attacks do not take place on a physical body, they do take place on the personal or corporate virtual body, which is the set of informational attributes that define people and institutions on the Internet. In other words, in the digital age our virtual identities are essential elements of everyday life: we are a bundle of numbers and identifiers in multiple computer databases owned by governments and corporations. Cybercrime highlights the centrality of networked computers in our lives, as well as the fragility of such seemingly solid facts as individual identity.

91% of attacks begin with email phishing Email phishing attacks are engineered to trick their unsuspecting targets into providing sensitive data and information. The majority of phishing attacks will be sent via spam which is why it’s so important that you implement effective anti-spam software such as MailCleaner for your business.

There is a hacker attack every 39 seconds A Clark School study at the University of Maryland is one of the first to quantify the near-constant rate of hacker attacks of computers with Internet access— every 39 seconds on average, affecting one in three Americans every year —and the non-secure usernames and passwords we use that give attackers more chance of success.

 Cybercrime, also called computer crime, the use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends, such as committing fraud, trafficking in child pornography and intellectual property, stealing identities, or violating privacy. Cybercrime, especially through the Internet, has grown in importance as the computer has become central to commerce, entertainment, and government.

The average cost of an American corporate data breach is almost $8 million. Because of the early and widespread adoption of computers and the Internet in the United States, most of the earliest victims and villains of cybercrime were Americans. By the 21st century, though, hardly a hamlet remained anywhere in the world that had not been touched by cybercrime of one sort or another.

New technologies create new criminal opportunities but few new types of crime. What distinguishes cybercrime from traditional criminal activity? Obviously, one difference is the use of the digital computer, but technology alone is insufficient for any distinction that might exist between different realms of criminal activity. Criminals do not need a computer to commit fraud, traffic in child pornography and intellectual property, steal an identity, or violate someone’s privacy. All those activities existed before the “cyber” prefix became ubiquitous. Cybercrime, especially involving the Internet, represents an extension of existing criminal behaviour alongside some novel illegal activities.

Most cybercrime is an attack on information about individuals, corporations, or governments. Although the attacks do not take place on a physical body, they do take place on the personal or corporate virtual body, which is the set of informational attributes that define people and institutions on the Internet. In other words, in the digital age our virtual identities are essential elements of everyday life: we are a bundle of numbers and identifiers in multiple computer databases owned by governments and corporations. Cybercrime highlights the centrality of networked computers in our lives, as well as the fragility of such seemingly solid facts as individual identity.

An important aspect of cybercrime is its nonlocal character: actions can occur in jurisdictions separated by vast distances. This poses severe problems for law enforcement since previously local or even national crimes now require international cooperation. For example, if a person accesses child pornography located on a computer in a country that does not ban child pornography, is that individual committing a crime in a nation where such materials are illegal? Where exactly does cybercrime take place? Cyberspace is simply a richer version of the space where a telephone conversation takes place, somewhere between the two people having the conversation. As a planet-spanning network, the Internet offers criminals multiple hiding places in the real world as well as in the network itself. However, just as individuals walking on the ground leave marks that a skilled tracker can follow, cybercriminals leave clues as to their identity and location, despite their best efforts to cover their tracks. In order to follow such clues across national boundaries, though, international cybercrime treaties must be ratified.

In 1996 the Council of Europe, together with government representatives from the United States, Canada, and Japan, drafted a preliminary international treaty covering computer crime. Around the world, civil libertarian groups immediately protested provisions in the treaty requiring Internet service providers (ISPs) to store information on their customers’ transactions and to turn this information over on demand. Work on the treaty proceeded nevertheless, and on November 23, 2001, the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime was signed by 30 states. The convention came into effect in 2004. Additional protocols, covering terrorist activities and racist and xenophobic cybercrimes, were proposed in 2002 and came into effect in 2006. In addition, various national laws, such as the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, have expanded law enforcement’s power to monitor and protect computer networks.

Cybercrime ranges across a spectrum of activities. At one end are crimes that involve fundamental breaches of personal or corporate privacy, such as assaults on the integrity of information held in digital depositories and the use of illegally obtained digital information to blackmail a firm or individual. Also at this end of the spectrum is the growing crime of identity theft. Midway along the spectrum lie transaction-based crimes such as fraud, trafficking in child pornography, digital piracy, money laundering, and counterfeiting. These are specific crimes with specific victims, but the criminal hides in the relative anonymity provided by the Internet. Another part of this type of crime involves individuals within corporations or government bureaucracies deliberately altering data for either profit or political objectives. At the other end of the spectrum are those crimes that involve attempts to disrupt the actual workings of the Internet. These range from spam, hacking, and denial of service attacks against specific sites to acts of cyberterrorism—that is, the use of the Internet to cause public disturbances and even death. Cyberterrorism focuses upon the use of the Internet by nonstate actors to affect a nation’s economic and technological infrastructure. Since the September 11 attacks of 2001, public awareness of the threat of cyberterrorism has grown dramatically.

Identity theft and invasion of privacy

Cybercrime affects both a virtual and a real body, but the effects upon each are different. This phenomenon is clearest in the case of identity theft. In the United States, for example, individuals do not have an official identity card but a Social Security number that has long served as a de facto identification number. Taxes are collected on the basis of each citizen’s Social Security number, and many private institutions use the number to keep track of their employees, students, and patients. Access to an individual’s Social Security number affords the opportunity to gather all the documents related to that person’s citizenship—i.e., to steal his identity. Even stolen credit card information can be used to reconstruct an individual’s identity. When criminals steal a firm’s credit card records, they produce two distinct effects. First, they make off with digital information about individuals that is useful in many ways. For example, they might use the credit card information to run up huge bills, forcing the credit card firms to suffer large losses, or they might sell the information to others who can use it in a similar fashion. Second, they might use individual credit card names and numbers to create new identities for other criminals. For example, a criminal might contact the issuing bank of a stolen credit card and change the mailing address on the account. Next, the criminal may get a passport or driver’s license with his own picture but with the victim’s name. With a driver’s license, the criminal can easily acquire a new Social Security card; it is then possible to open bank accounts and receive loans—all with the victim’s credit record and background. The original cardholder might remain unaware of this until the debt is so great that the bank contacts the account holder. Only then does the identity theft become visible. Although identity theft takes places in many countries, researchers and law-enforcement officials are plagued by a lack of information and statistics about the crime worldwide. Cybercrime is clearly, however, an international problem.

In 2015 the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) released a report on identity theft; in the previous year almost 1.1 million Americans had their identities fraudulently used to open bank, credit card, or utility accounts. The report also stated that another 16.4 million Americans were victimized by account theft, such as use of stolen credit cards and automatic teller machine (ATM) cards. The BJS report showed that while the total number of identity theft victims in the United States had grown by about 1 million since 2012, the total loss incurred by individuals had declined since 2012 by about $10 billion to $15.4 billion. Most of that decline was from a sharp drop in the number of people losing more than $2,000. Most identity theft involved small sums, with losses less than $300 accounting for 54 percent of the total.

Internet fraud

Schemes to defraud consumers abound on the Internet. Among the most famous is the Nigerian, or “419,” scam; the number is a reference to the section of Nigerian law that the scam violates. Although this con has been used with both fax and traditional mail, it has been given new life by the Internet. In the scheme, an individual receives an e-mail asserting that the sender requires help in transferring a large sum of money out of Nigeria or another distant country. Usually, this money is in the form of an asset that is going to be sold, such as oil, or a large amount of cash that requires “laundering” to conceal its source; the variations are endless, and new specifics are constantly being developed. The message asks the recipient to cover some cost of moving the funds out of the country in return for receiving a much larger sum of money in the near future. Should the recipient respond with a check or money order, he is told that complications have developed; more money is required. Over time, victims can lose thousands of dollars that are utterly unrecoverable.

In 2002 the newly formed U.S. Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) reported that more than $54 million dollars had been lost through a variety of fraud schemes; this represented a threefold increase over estimated losses of $17 million in 2001. The annual losses grew in subsequent years, reaching $125 million in 2003, about $200 million in 2006, close to $250 million in 2008, and over $1 billion in 2015. In the United States the largest source of fraud is what IC3 calls “non-payment/non-delivery,” in which goods and services either are delivered but not paid for or are paid for but not delivered. Unlike identity theft, where the theft occurs without the victim’s knowledge, these more traditional forms of fraud occur in plain sight. The victim willingly provides private information that enables the crime; hence, these are transactional crimes. Few people would believe someone who walked up to them on the street and promised them easy riches; however, receiving an unsolicited e-mail or visiting a random Web page is sufficiently different that many people easily open their wallets. Despite a vast amount of consumer education, Internet fraud remains a growth industry for criminals and prosecutors. Europe and the United States are far from the only sites of cybercrime. South Korea is among the most wired countries in the world, and its cybercrime fraud statistics are growing at an alarming rate. Japan has also experienced a rapid growth in similar crimes.

ATM fraud Computers also make more mundane types of fraud possible. Take the automated teller machine (ATM) through which many people now get cash. In order to access an account, a user supplies a card and personal identification number (PIN). Criminals have developed means to intercept both the data on the card’s magnetic strip as well as the user’s PIN. In turn, the information is used to create fake cards that are then used to withdraw funds from the unsuspecting individual’s account. For example, in 2002 the New York Times reported that more than 21,000 American bank accounts had been skimmed by a single group engaged in acquiring ATM information illegally. A particularly effective form of fraud has involved the use of ATMs in shopping centres and convenience stores. These machines are free-standing and not physically part of a bank. Criminals can easily set up a machine that looks like a legitimate machine; instead of dispensing money, however, the machine gathers information on users and only tells them that the machine is out of order after they have typed in their PINs. Given that ATMs are the preferred method for dispensing currency all over the world, ATM fraud has become an international problem.

Malware attack is the most costly cyber attack Malware is software that has been designed to gain access to or cause damage to a computer without the knowledge of the operator. It’s normally sent via email as a link or an attachment. With a $2.4 million dollar average cost for companies, this is the most costly form of cyber attack.

Since COVID-19, the US FBI reported a 300% increase in reported cybercrimes As if a pandemic wasn’t scary enough, hackers leveraged the opportunity to attack vulnerable networks as office work moved to personal homes.

File sharing and piracy Through the 1990s, sales of compact discs (CDs) were the major source of revenue for recording companies. Although piracy—that is, the illegal duplication of copyrighted materials—had always been a problem, especially in the Far East, the proliferation on college campuses of inexpensive personal computers capable of capturing music off CDs and sharing them over high-speed (“broadband”) Internet connections became the recording industry’s greatest nightmare. In the United States, the recording industry, represented by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), attacked a single file-sharing service, Napster, which from 1999 to 2001 allowed users across the Internet access to music files, stored in the data-compression format known as MP3, on other users’ computers by way of Napster’s central computer. According to the RIAA, Napster users regularly violated the copyright of recording artists, and the service had to stop. For users, the issues were not so clear-cut. At the core of the Napster case was the issue of fair use. Individuals who had purchased a CD were clearly allowed to listen to the music, whether in their home stereo, automobile sound system, or personal computer. What they did not have the right to do, argued the RIAA, was to make the CD available to thousands of others who could make a perfect digital copy of the music and create their own CDs. Users rejoined that sharing their files was a fair use of copyrighted material for which they had paid a fair price. In the end, the RIAA argued that a whole new class of cybercriminal had been born—the digital pirate—that included just about anyone who had ever shared or downloaded an MP3 file. Although the RIAA successfully shuttered Napster, a new type of file-sharing service, known as peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, sprang up. These decentralized systems do not rely on a central facilitating computer; instead, they consist of millions of users who voluntarily open their own computers to others for file sharing.

Understanding the cyber terminology, threats and opportunities is critical for every person in every business across all industries. By providing advanced cyber training and education solutions in all departments of your business, from marketing and sales to IT and InfoSec, you are investing in your company’s protection against cyber threats.

When it comes to expanding a business geographically the first question comes in mind is whether to go with franchise or set up own infrastructure. First thing, do you really need geographical expansion, if you are a digital marketing firm or IT company or a BPO you don’t have to do geographically initially. Geographical expansion is more important in restraunt or cafe business or other like that. If you also want to expand your business make sure you are stable enough and having regular source of income. Sustainability is a must need requirement for scalability. Scaling without sustaining is a complete suicide. First of all be sure that you are ready for expanding and it is the right time now. Once you are confirmed that you are now ready to expand then look out some options you have. Whether your marketing is good enough to attract a franchisee what will be the terms and conditions between you and franchisee. If you don’t high amount of working capital and want have less stress and don’t have hire too many employees you can go with franchise model but if you have enough working capital and you areready to invest it and your organisation is having good leadership then you must go with setting up your own infrastructure.

In a world full of chaos you need to find things that call for some ME time. As an individual we find even the 24 hours of the day less to meet our targets and in the race of being on top we tend to forget that it is important to spare some time out of our busy schedule for our own self. Here is when hobbies come in the picture. A hobby can be anything that sets your soul free and makes you happy. Anything that distracts you from a busy life can be turned into a hobby. A lot of people like dancing when free, many love singing , many love painting, few play Casio or guitar or any other musical instrument of their choice.Some love poetry and are great poets. Hobbies can also turn into your careers and that is probably one of the best combination, when you enjoy your work, it always keeps you engaged and never gets you boring.

We have often heard “Khaali dimag, shaitaan ka ghar” so to avoid your khaali dimaag you must engage in a hobby. To be productive,instead of gossiping and bitching around and about people we must adapt habits which are useful. In today’s world where mobile phones have become an addiction it keeps you away from it for atleast a particular time, you forget about it and focus on your self. Mental health is one of the major issues people are facing today and having a hobby can be the purest form of cure for that.

As a person you become more interesting, innovative and creative. You have more ideas to share and more knowledge to gain. Hobbies help you become more patient. In order to develop a new hobby, you have to learn how to do something that is brand new to you. The odds are there will be a learning curve, and you will need to be patient in order to build your skills. It increases your self confidence and boosts your self esteem. It enriches your life and gives you a different perspective on things. No matter what type of hobby you choose, you will definitely be exposed to new ideas. Hobbies help you grow in various ways, including exposing you to new opinions and to new ways to look at life. Your perception about life can change, you can be more optimistic.

In today’s digitally progressive world if you post anything you are skilled at and if for once you get viral, you never know you can be the next “Rasode mei kaun tha ” sensation and in a day you would be a public figure. you post your dance,singing,cooking videos on youtube and earn likes .You have a collection of your hobbies at a particular place and it keeps you moving. you feel accomplished. You feel good. Even eating is a habit people enjoy, it may sound vague but it actually is a hobby. A hobby can be anything unless it is unethical or hurts somebody’s sentiments.

So discover new hobbies and develop existing ones. Create an impact. Get going!

“If you are losing your leisure, look out! — It may be you are losing your soul.”
― Virginia Woolf

The flow of technology is as strong as a flooded river that no court can embark on such a vast flow of technology but still seeks to prevent damage by making proper dams by actively participating in the electronic maintenance of court records, allowing or even requiring electronic filing of pleadings and orders, and building high-tech court.

Good technology in our courts will make it more efficient to proceed. Electronic displays provide for adequate visualization and analysis of the exhibits. Technology can boost procedural control capabilities, identify deadlines and decide on matters quickly. Judges can place more time constraints on attorneys, provided that technology is more ready to present. You can access, analyze and use technology to inquire into previous cases for lawyers. Lawyers can complete openings, closings, direct questions and cross-examinations in less time than is needed to use paperwork with stable additions or diagrams. The technology in court halls helps lawyers clarify and synthesize courtroom information to increase the jury’s curiosity, comprehension and memory retention. online application and consultation can make their court experience smooth, quick and hazel free. It would also create transparency.

E-justice is seen and performed as an e-government agency. The Indian judiciary consisted of 15,000 judges in 2,500 districts. Since 1990, computerisation has taken place. Under the National EGP, the Mission Mode Project (MMP) was established for court computerization, and the introduction of IT and communication technology in three phases over a period of five years..

The MMP’s key goals are to:

1. To help court judicial administration streamline their day-to-day operations.

2. To support the courts in raising number of pending cases.

3. Providing litigants with accuracy of the facts.

4. Providing Judges with access to legal and judicial resources.

The project was launched in December 2004 and an e-committee was created to oversee its implementation. The E-Committee formulated a regional strategy and action plan. 700 courts in metro cities and 900 courts in capital cities with the exception of North East, Ahmedabad and Patna have been protected to this day.

The NIC has been extremely associated to the Indian judge for the past eleven years. Back in 1990, the task of NIC was initiated to support the legal community through IT.

Through NICNET satellite-based electronic communication network, all the High Courts were computerised and interconnected. Curtis project was commissioned to streamline the different court records. NIC took COURTIS on behalf of all legal system stakeholders, including judges, prosecutors, litigants, legal firms, government departments, researchers and the general public. Forensic and cyber tracing Forensic and cyber tracking data has played a major role in judicial investigation and enquiry. These made investigation smoother and allowing police and judiciary to pin down violator easily.

It requires the use of IT infrastructure in the judicial administration sector. It requires the use of satellite technology, video or intranet technology to communicate. Today, many judicial officers use video conferencing every day and it is connected to prisons. The accused can now be present by tele-justice through a video connection installed on ISDN lines between the prison and the trial. Indian states today have already adopted tele-justice, including Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Bihar. In Maharashtra, for example, by video conferencing, more than 40 prisons in and around Mumbai are linked to district courts.

Over many years now, courts in the United States have been using Information Technology extensively.

Throughout the United Kingdom, computer software production at the subordinate court level was developed extensively. The Local County Court Management System (LOCCS) for example used in England

In Australia, “Cyber Tribunals” have extensively utilized the technology in the legal arena at all phases, thereby significantly reducing delays.

In Singapore, the courts use their time and resources to ensure that cases are handled effectively and effectively. The use of technology goes beyond computer use for Singapore courts. The use of video cameras in prisons and court premises dramatically decreases the chances of moving the accused and witnesses in criminal trials within the country and from outside.

While we have come a long way in advancing technology, we still have scope for improvement. On-line database program with precedents, citations, rules, laws and case statistics. Word processing with standard templates including notification/process creation. Lack of professional support expertise and a non-flexible budget in the modernisation process

There is no question that technology will profoundly affect future courtroom and litigation procedures, but the degree to which change will occur is subject to an unprecedented amount of problem anticipation and convenience due to what is now referred to as disruptive technologies, that is, innovations that are yet to be developed that will reshape our lives and alter our way of living. However, there are a large number of barriers that need to be addressed in order for the judiciary to operate to its full potential by using information and communication technology. If our judiciary is completely efficient in using new technologies, justice for everyone can be achieved easily and efficiently. It should be our primary objective to give justice quickly and correctly.

The task of caring for the elderly can be daunting, especially when they’re resisting help. In order to make them more receptive to help, we need to delve deeper into the cause behind their hostility. Senior citizens often find it difficult to be vulnerable in front of people, especially when the latter do not seem very empathetic. There is also the additional hurdle of getting used to new people and a new environment. A cautious approach goes a long way in dealing with resistance, one which gives the elderly enough time to adjust to their surroundings, and to a new routine.

In the initial stages of the program, getting family members to participate in some of the activities might help in making the elderly more receptive to care and support, and would also encourage them to socialise with their contemporaries more freely. Making program objectives clear to them from the beginning, by explaining the benefits of the enlisted activities and setting up a concrete timeline, would go a long way in breaking their resistance down, and making them more receptive to change. Differential needs assessment is also crucial as a preliminary step to prevent resistance in later stages, as every senior citizen has different requirements when it comes to specialised care. Their cognitive, behavioural, emotional, and physical capabilities are not equal, and so, every individual would be in need of customisation of the program for it to benefit him or her in the best possible way.

If the individual is persistently resistant to help, a trial run of the actual program could be suggested. The program administrators could propose a short activity, assuring the elderly that their enthusiastic consent is something that they would need to start the program. This is known as the foot-in-the-door technique, which would make it more likely for them to say yes to the requests of the administrator in the future. Resistance is also more likely to be overcome when the message aimed at bringing about a change in the attitude is framed positively. Appeals that contain positive consequences of the program, without highlighting the negative consequences of not participating in it, have a higher chance of persuading the elderly. It would be even more effective ifthe message came from a credible source, like a healthcare professional, or a close friend.

When a senior citizen acts out and is consistently uncooperative, it gets frustrating for the program administrator and other members of the program. In such a situation, it is imperative that we maintain our composure, and try to empathise with them. A significant number of senior citizens are neglected and abused by their family members. They fear that they are losing control over their lives, and this drives them to act in a hostile manner. Reflective listening, which is the reconstruction of what the client is thinking tomake the client understand his or her thoughts better, is a communication strategy that can be deployed to bring the elderly to ease as well as win their cooperation. A compassionate and diligent effort to provide assistance would be sure to succeed in the long run.

Author: Diya Pant (dpant2002@gmail.com)

“Poverty is not just a lack of money; it is not having the capability to realize one’s full potential as a human being” — Amartya Sen

Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. This is the basic “definition” we have been learning since ages. But, the bigger question here is is Poverty really confined to just financial resources or there is something more to it. If I have to answer this question I would say Poverty is a broad term which has been limited to the understanding of only money and people who can’t earn it . It is also a stereotypical word in the society where they have created an imaginary line of  people Above poverty line (APL) and people Below Poverty line (BPL) .

Poverty is the lack of Education and Health services . Poverty is not having a house to call yours. Poverty is hunger. Poverty is no job security .Poverty is loneliness of a person. Poverty  is fear of the future ,poverty is not able to imagine the days ahead. It is objective ,subjective and psychological.  Poverty is social exclusion or when you can not provide your children with stuff they want. It urges people to find an escape. The way of finding escape is sometimes dangerous. When a farmer is compelled to commit a suicide because he can’t feed his family and can not bear to see them starving that is Poverty. When a person is alone in a room full of people that is poverty. When your husband provides you with all the luxuries but fails to give you love, affection and time that is poverty.  A person who has nobody to talk his heart out to is called poor. Poverty is not only numbers but poverty is emotions, a feeling, a fear, an insecurity , anxiety and depression.

When a daughter is not allowed to stay out late because her father is frightened to even think about the detrimental effects it could have ,poverty exists here. When the society blames a woman for being divorced or a single mother ,their thinking reflects poverty. When a son leaves his parents to a VRIDH ASHRAM because he is too busy in his life to take care of them, that accounts for poverty. When two people  can not have a love marriage because their caste does not allow them, it is poverty. When a person belonging to the LGBTQ category is seen indifferently there comes in poverty. Bullying a friend for any xyz reason and making him lose his confidence  in himself is poverty. Male chauvinism is poverty, a drunk man beating his helpless wife is poverty. We as humans do not  raise voice for the right is Poverty. 

Poverty is a complex societal concept and it needs a lot of attention. It’s high time to realize that there are people who are lacking various comforts of life. The need to provide basic education to a child to build a secure future is important . Just by reaching out to people with various slogans does not help, what we need is Actions that are louder than words. The improvement of Healthcare facilities to reach out to the most vulnerable parts of the country is very important. The urgency to improve the infrastructure of the Healthcare industry has been completely witnessed in the current Pandemic situation where coronavirus has made people realize that few things can not be ignored for long. It is important to make sure that no child or adult goes to sleep starving. The country is experiencing a jobless growth leading to different other consequences and this needs to be addressed as soon as possible. It is important that the women of this country have freedom . A freedom from fear, a freedom from social barriers ,freedom from expectations,freedom from being forced for marriage, freedom to study upto the extent they want to.

“Extreme poverty anywhere is a threat to human security everywhere.

We as Humans have a lot of potential to deal and cope with things and try all possibilities to improve situations in hand. Every problem has a solution but only finding the right ones is important. India and Indians both have a lot of potential to improve their credibility over others . For an economy to make progress it is important to strengthen its roots and its roots lie in the most vulnerable sections of the society . For alleviating  poverty, a freedom to sustain, a freedom to express ,a freedom to actually live freely is the most important. India should succeed in making its citizens feel secure and to live free of poverty – emotionally and physically.

In conclusion, poverty is not the problem of a person but of the whole nation. Also, it should be dealt with on an urgent basis by the implementation of effective measures. In addition, eradication of poverty has become necessary for the sustainable and inclusive growth of people, society, country, and economy.

Everyone might have been observed displaying a certificate before a film begins, either in theatre or CD. This means, the film makers display that certificate to everyone so that we can know the standards of that film. But how do those certificates tells us the standard and what do they actually implies? Let us see know.

These certificates are actually issued by the Central Board of Film Certifications. There are actually four types of film certifications issued by CBFC. The certificates are U, U/A, A and S. Let us know about each one of them clearly.

U

U certificate of CBFC means unrestricted public exhibition. This means public of any age group can watch the movie. The U certified films do not contain any pornographic content, too much violence, abuse etc. So these films are something like family entertainers, can be seen with whole family.

Some of the U certified movies are: Hum aapke hein koun, Bhag Milla Bhag etc.

U/A

U/A certificates mean parental guides for children under age 12. This means that the children with age below 12 shouldn’t watch those movies without their parents beside. These movies tend to contain some frightening scenes, little romantic scenes, usage of crude language, moderate abusive scenes, moderate violence. So, the CBFC recommends that the children under age 12 can watch these movies with their parents beside.

Some of the U/A certified movies are: Gajini, Bahubali, etc.

A

If a film is A certified then it means that film is restricted to adults i.e. nobody of age 18 and below are allowed to watch that movie. Thae films tend to have pornographic content, too much abuse, violence in peaks, crude language. So, these films are allowed to watch by the people who crossed 18 years as these people are considered as majors.

Some of the A certified films are: Kabir Singh, The Dirty Picture etc.

S

This is a special certificate and is rarely used. The S certified films are restricted to some special categories of people like engineers, doctors, scientists etc. So, if a film is S certified then it means that only engineers or doctors or scientists can watch that movie.

Initially there were only two certificates U and A. The U/A and S certificates were added in June 1983. The certificate will be provided within 64 days by the censor board members. The censor board members together discuss and decide the type of certificate to be given and this has to be done within 64 days of film’s submission to the board.

The films which include the topics of foreign countries are carefully watched by censor board and decide whether some of the scenes are to be excluded or not. Because, the relations with other nations should not get broken by films.

How do the certificates are given for foreign dubbed movies?

CBFC does not give any seperate certificate for dubbed films. The certificate will be same as the one distributed to the original film.

Hope this article provides you some basic information on film certifications.