POMPEII

Pompeii, is a preserved ancient Roman city in Campania, Italy, 14 miles southeast of Naples, at the southeastern base of Mount Vesuvius. Around noon on August 24, 79 CE, a huge eruption from Mount Vesuvius showered volcanic debris over the city of Pompeii, followed the next day by clouds of blisteringly hot gases. Buildings were destroyed, the population was crushed or asphyxiated, and the city was buried beneath a blanket of ash. For many centuries Pompeii slept beneath its pall of ash, which perfectly preserved the remains. When these were finally unearthed, in the 1700s, the world was astonished at the discovery of a sophisticated Greco-Roman city frozen in time. Grand public buildings included an impressive and an amphitheatre; lavish villas and all kinds of houses, dating back to the 4th century BCE, were also uncovered. Inside were some preserved remains of people sheltering from the eruption; others lay buried as they fled; bakeries were found with loaves still in the ovens. The buildings and their contents revealed day-to-day life in the ancient world—and stirred 18th-century interest in all things classical.

History

It seems certain that Pompeii, Herculaneum, and nearby towns were first settled by Oscan-speaking descendants of the Neolithic inhabitants of Campania. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Oscan village of Pompeii, strategically located near the mouth of the Sarnus River, soon came under the influence of the cultured Greeks who had settled across the bay in the 8th century BCE. Pompeii is first mentioned in history in 310 BCE, when, during the Second Samnite War, a Roman fleet landed at the Sarnus port of Pompeii and from there made an unsuccessful attack on the neighbouring city of Nuceria. After the war, Pompeii, along with the rest of Italy south of the Po River, received Roman citizenship. However, as a punishment for Pompeii’s part in the war, a colony of Roman veterans was established there under Publius Sulla, the nephew of the Roman general.

Mt. Vesuvius

Mt. Vesuvius erupted on August 24, 79 CE. A vivid eyewitness report is preserved in two letters written by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus, who had inquired about the death of Pliny the Elder, commander of the Roman fleet at Misenum. Pliny the Elder had rushed from Misenum to help the stricken population and to get a close view of the volcanic phenomena, and he died at Stabiae. Site excavations and volcanological studies, notably in the late 20th century, have brought out further details. Just after midday on August 24, fragments of ash, pumice, and other volcanic debris began pouring down on Pompeii, quickly covering the city to a depth of more than 9 feet and causing the roofs of many houses to fall in. Surges of pyroclastic material and heated gas, known as nuées ardentes, reached the city walls on the morning of August 25 and soon asphyxiated those residents who had not been killed by falling debris. Additional pyroclastic flows and rains of ash followed, adding at least another 9 feet of debris and preserving in a pall of ash the bodies of the inhabitants who perished while taking shelter in their houses or trying to escape toward the coast or by the roads leading to Stabiae or Nuceria. Thus Pompeii remained buried under a layer of pumice stones and ash 19 to 23 feet (6 to 7 metres) deep. The city’s sudden burial served to protect it for the next 17 centuries from vandalism, looting, and the destructive effects of climate and weather.

The Remains

The city of Pompeii was shaped irregularly because it was built on a prehistoric lava flow. Excavations indicate that the southwestern part of the town is the oldest, but scholars do not agree on the stages by which the walls were expanded or on who the builders were. The walls are 2 miles (3 km) in circumference, and they enclose an area of about 163 acres. The public buildings are for the most part grouped in three areas: the Forum (elevation 110 feet), located in the large level area on the southwest; the Triangular Forum (82 feet), standing on a height at the edge of the south wall overlooking the bay; and the Amphitheatre and Palaestra, in the east. The Forum was the centre of the city’s religious, economic, and municipal life; it was a large rectangular area surrounded by a two-story colonnaded portico. The Triangular Forum is the site of the Doric Temple, the oldest temple in Pompeii. Between the 3rd and the 1st century BCE a theatre, a palaestra (sports ground), and a small covered theatre were built to the east of the Triangular Forum. The temples of Zeus Meilichius and of Isis and the old Samnite palaestra were nearby. n the east corner of Pompeii was the Amphitheatre, and to the west a large palaestra was built to replace the old Samnite palaestra. Baths were scattered throughout the town.

Importance as a Historical Source

The extent of the archaeological sites makes them of the greatest importance, for they provide a unique source of information about so many aspects of social, economic, religious, and political life of the ancient world. The bakeries, complete with mills, kneading machines, and ovens, some still containing loaves of bread, show how this staple of everyday life was produced. The shops of the sculptor, toolmaker, and gem cutter, as well as the factories for fish sauce and lamps and the many wine and food shops, document other aspects of ancient life. Pompeii was a busy port town that exported products throughout the Mediterranean region. Merchants and tradesmen found food and lodging near the city gates and the Forum. Further, Pompeii offers the best opportunity for the study of city planning and land use in an ancient city. Excavations since the mid-20th century have revealed an unexpected amount of open land. Unfortunately, the excavations are constantly endangered by the ravages of weather, tourist traffic at the site, and destructive vegetation.

RURAL AND URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS CAUSES IN INDIA

Unemployment refers to a situation in which the workers who are capable of working and willing to work do not get employment. Unemployment also refers to a situation where the persons who are able to work and willing to work, fail to secure work or activity which gives them income or means of livelihood.

RURAL EMPLOYMENT:

In Rural employment, both unemployment and underemployment exist side by side. The increasing population implies an increasing pressure on land. This pressure on land has resulted in an increase in number of agriculturists, and this has largely contributed to the problem of ununtilized labour in the agriculture sector.

1. SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT- caused by seasonal varieties in production or demand or both. When the works are engaged in a particular work or occupation, get employment only for a limited period and remain idle for the remaining period.

2. DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT- In Indian villages, people are found to be apparently engaged in agricultural activities. In such a situation, even if many works are withdrawn, same work will continue to be done by fewer people. It follows that all the workers are not needed to maintain the existing level of production. The contribution of such labourers to production is zero or near zero.

URBAN EMPLOYMENT:

Urban employment is largely the off-shoot of rural employment. With the growing process of making of peasantry very poor in the wake of introduction of the capitalist system of farming, and in the face of increasing pressure of population on land, a mass departure of population from rural areas to urban areas take place.

1. STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT- caused by structural changes like rapidly growing population, fall in the rate of capital formation, technological change etc., in the economy. It is of long run nature.

2. DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT- A person is apparently employed bit their marginal product is zero. Marginal product means the product and the produce added to the existing production due to the addition of new employee/ worker.

3. EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT- Even a person who is educated/trained and skilled fails to obtain a suitable job suited to his qualification he is said to be educated unemployed.

4. OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT- The labourers when live without any work and they dont find any work to do they come under the category of unemployment. Educated unemployment and skilled labourers unemployment are included in open unemployment. The migration from rural to urban areas in search of work is very often found in India is an example of open unemployment.

5. UNDER UNEMPLOYMENT- refers to the underutilization of manpower available both in terms of time and skill. If a master of engineering graduate work as a clear or an office assistant in an office, he is underutilized in terms of man power.

6. VOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT- Though jobs are available some person may want to remain idle come under the category of this kind. The people who do not have the mind set to work regardless of their economic position and lazy people are included in this category.

7. NATURAL UNEMPLOYMENT- Unemployment ranging between 2 to 3% in the country is considered natural and inevitable. This minimal percentage of unemployment cannot be eliminated at all.

CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT:

The unemployment problem in India has assumed alarming dimensions since independence.

1. POPULATION GROWTH- The galloping in population of our country during the last decades has increased the unemployment problem in the country.

2. INSUFFICIENT RATE OF ECONOMIC PROGRESS- The rate of growth is inadequate to absorb the entire labour force in the country. The opportunity of employment are not sufficient to absorb which are taking place as result of the rapidly increasing population in India.

3. ABSENCE OF EMPLOYMENT OTHER THAN AGRICULTURE- Agriculture is the principle area of employment in the country A major cause of rural unemployment refers the extremely low rate of growth of agriculture.

4. JOINT FAMILY SYSTEM- Existence of joint family system in India promotes disguised unemployment. Usually the members of a family work on their family farms or do family business.

5. SLOW DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIES- Industrialization is not rapid in our country and industrial labours finds few job opportunities. The surplus labour in the agriculture sector labour is not absorbed by the industrial sector.

6. INAPPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY- An important cause in the urban industrial sector is the use of inappropriate technology. Instead of using technology suited to our requirement of utilizing abundant labour supply available in the country, western modern highly capital-intensive technology is adopted which minimizes use of labour.

The need of hour to fight poverty and unemployment is to have belief approach towards education system and employment generation programmes in rural areas through recent initiatives such as skill India which is a campaign launched by Prime Minister Damodardas Modion 15 July 2015 which aim to train over 40 crore people in India in different skills by 2022.

PINK PROTECTION

Women’s Safety Kerala government launches ” Pink Protection ” to prevent project to prevent crimes against women As many as 10 cars , 40 Two – wheelers , including Bullets , and 20 Bicycles were allotted by Government as part of pro- women project

Amidst concerns of increasing atrocities against women , especially during the COVID -19 induced lockdown period , the Kerala government launched a comprehensive program to safeguard their rights in public , private and cyber spaces Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan kicked-off the endeavour , titled “PINK PROTECTION” project , by flagging off an array of vehicles , to be given to the assigned officers to the drive , in front of the police Head quarters in Thiruvananthapuram. The specially trained pink beat officers would be present in public places and a would be present in public places and a pink control room would be available in all the 14 districts , the statement said adding that apink shadow patrol team would identify anti- social elements at crowded places and take action An all-women Bullet patrol team , named Pink Romeo has already has been launched in the state as part of the pro-women initiatives of the Government.

Rakesh Jhunjhunwala trims stake in Tata Motors

Billionaire investor Rakesh Jhunjhunwala sold 50 lakh shares of automotive giant Tata Motors NSE -2.17 %, trimming his stake in the company to 1.14 per cent, latest shareholding data showed.

Jhunjhunwala held a total of 4.27 crore shares in the company at the end of March, which came down to 3.77 crore by the end of June. According to the last closing price, he sold shares worth Rs 154.35 crore. Tata Motors was the second largest bet in Rakesh Jhunjhunwala’s portfolio, after Titan.

Retail investors also trimmed their holdings in the company during the quarter. They now hold 11.94 per cent, down from 12.92 per cent at the end of the March quarter.

Life Insurance of India, the largest domestic investor, also slashed its stake to 4.03 per cent from 4.18 per cent. Overall, insurance companies now hold 4.83 per cent, down from 5.80 per cent.

Shares of Tata Motors fell 1.5 per cent to Rs 303.95 in Mumbai trading on Tuesday.

The company has been facing difficulties lately. Its biggest contributor to revenues, Jaguar Land Rover earlier this month said chip shortage in the international market could hit its business significantly.

However, some set of investors increased their holdings in the company. Mutual funds now hold 5.78 per cent in the firm, up from 5.30 per cent, the shareholding data showed. Foreign portfolio investors raised their holding to 14.28 per cent from 13.78 per cent.

PCOD

PCOD Diet – Introduction

PCOS or polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common condition women experience today. It abuses women of childbearing age. Although the situation is quite common but similar findings are often overlooked. Most women do not even know that they suffer from PCOS until late in the evening. The passage of time, in this case, does not refer to anything fatal, but PCOD tends to affect the reproductive system and metabolic health of the body significantly. Now, why is this happening? Our reproductive system and many other bodily functions can be altered by minor changes in hormone levels. It’s amazing, isn’t it? But it is true.

One of the first problems that come with PCOD is the side effects of excessive male hormones and high insulin production in a woman’s body. And this change will allow your body to show you symptoms such as menopause, rapid obesity, acne, and excessive hair growth in unwanted areas and more. The first step in this regard is to know that you suffer from PCOS and the next to understand what changes your body is experiencing due to hormonal imbalances. And then you can finally take a step towards minor changes that will help you fight this situation. As you know any curable disease can be cared for once the diagnosis has been completed and treatment is given in a timely manner.

Let’s start by combining the symptoms:

Although PCOS is more common these days, the symptoms are not the same for two people who suffer from the same symptoms. So when this often goes unnoticed. But as they say that prevention is better than cure, so below are some of the most common symptoms associated with PCOD, if you may have one or two of them, then it might be best to seek professional help.

Unusual or missing time: This is one of the most common symptoms associated with PCOS. In some cases, PCOS even presents problems with timing of blood transfusions, vision, etc.
Infertility: Infertility is due to premature and problematic ovulation shown in your irregular menstrual cycle.
Excessive hair growth on the face and body: This is due to the excessive production of male hormones in a woman.
Hair loss or baldness.
Acne: Not the general acne, we women deal with it. But if you have problems with excessive and uncontrollable acne, then you may want to dig deeper into the problem.
Obesity: This is one of the biggest problems with PCOD. You tend to gain weight even after you put yourself on a diet. And that is when the situation becomes difficult to deal with. Women with PCOD, on the other hand, tend to gain weight more easily and on the other hand, treatment requires them to lose weight.
Insulin resistance: This causes high levels of insulin in your body. Cells in the body fail to use the produced insulin thus sending a signal to the body to increase the amount of fluid, and that leads to elevated levels of insulin in your body.
Anxiety: Yes, anxiety is real but you have to ask yourself how it relates to PCOD. Anxiety leads to depression, and this affects your hormone secretion, thereby disrupting hormone levels.

As they say it is not easy to be a woman. How can one expect to live a stress-free life in a world where everyone is busy climbing the ladder of success? There is no time to relax. Understandably, but all you need to do is set a balance. PCOD does not really have a cure other than hormonal pills that faithfully affect your health and can also cause weight gain, which you obviously need to avoid. Now what can you do? For a solution to this problem read on.

How can you deal with PCOD in a natural way?

Yes, even if you have a lot of artificial options, you can actually choose natural and health options like good nutrition and basic exercise. On top of these two live a healthy lifestyle and say goodbye to PCOD forever. It may not be as easy as taking pills, but it will be healthier, more effective and a longer lasting solution.

As you have already seen that weight gain for PCOD is a problem for such women so let’s talk about diet and what is wrong.

PCOD Food:

PCOD Diet chart is very important in PCOD control game. But how do you know if you’re overweight and you need to lose some weight? It’s really easy. If your BMPCOS diet chart is over 25 years old congratulations you need to lose weight and join a tough journey to do just that. Once you know this, it is easy to know how much you will have to spend. Remember that even a small change in your weight will help you to cope. Next, you need to know that you cannot skip meals. Skipping food increases your blood sugar level which will affect your insulin levels, so have a regular diet. Combine that with 30 minutes of exercise every day, and say ‘no’ to smoking. That’s all. It’s simple and easy, not really but one can always try.

Nutritious food: You can make oats and fruit your new bae. Because your body needs nutrients and not a crazy diet chart for one meal a day. The goal is not just to lose weight and look thinner; the goal is to give your body what it needs. You need to pack it as an anti-inflammatory food you can in our diet. So your shopping list should include raw vegetables, blueberries, and pineapples. High in protein such as fish, eggs, chicken breast, avocado, and good fats. But remember the key is part. You need to control your food portions.
Adieu’s fast food: Yes, it’s sad but because it’s so good. Sprinkle your pasta dishes with green salad bowls Replace white rice instead of brown. Avoid processed foods. Fruits are your new BFF like grapefruit, lime, lemon and berries.
Low and regular diets: This will help you control your blood sugar levels. Choose a smoothie for your breakfast, have a sandwich at noon, for lunch you can have something low. The goal is to be balanced. Seek help on youtube to make those boring salad dishes look yummy.
Not all fats are bad: Your body needs good fats. These good fats will enable your body to absorb vitamins such as A, D, E, K. What are the best fats? Foods such as avocado, salmon, mackerel and fish should be part of your diet.
Have a cheat date: Food for PCOD needs is not easy, especially if you are violent, it will be your worst nightmare. So have a cheat day, don’t overdo it but have fry whatever you want in small portions. This is because we do not want you to be sad and depressed about food, the last thing we want. Because PCOD diet and lifestyle go hand in hand.how to exercise with PCOD

Pests

Any animal which becomes a source of trouble or loss to human is called a pest.Among insects such pests are numerous and are of different kinds.An insect is usually called as a pest when it causes appreciable damage and loss to the crops or other belongings.The pests may be classified as major or occasional.The insects damaging standing crops cereals, fruits and other plant products of commercial importance are designated as crop pests.Those insects destroying stored grains are called store pest.Insects causing damage to household articles are called the household pests.

⚫Pest of cotton

⭐Pink boll worm-Pectinophora gossypiella

This pest causes damage to the buds,flowers and seeds.

⭐Red cotton bug-Dysdercus koenigii

This bug sucks the cell sap of green bolls and leaves.

⭐Spotted boll worm-Earias vitella,E.insulana

E-vitella is abundant in high rainfall areas,where as E-insulana abounds in areas receiving scanty rains.The caterpillars of Earias.bore into the stem portion of young seedlings and apical shoots and later eat into buds,flowers and bolls.The attacked shoots wither,droop and ultimately die.

Control:The attacked shoots and bolls should be collected and destroyed.Avoid growing lady’s finger during the off-season in the vicinity of the cotton fields.

⚫Pests of paddy

⭐Rice stem borer-Tryporyza incertulas

This pest bores into the stems of the young mature stages of paddy.

⭐Rice bug-Leptocorisa acuta

It mainly feeds on paddy but is also found feeding on millets,maize,sugarcane and some grasses The adults and nymphs feed on the milky juice of the forming grains which as a consequence become chaff.

Control:In nurseries and fields,the leaves of paddy plants containing eggs should be clipped and burnt.As the bugs feed and breed on various types of grasses,removal of such grasses from the fields will help in reducing the population.

⚫Pest of sugarcane

⭐ Sugarcane root borer-Emmalocera depressella.

This pest causes damage to the stem below the soil surface.

⭐ Sugarcane shoot borer-Chilo infuscatellus

This pest causes damage to the shoot.

⭐ Sugarcane top shoot borer-Scirpophaga nivella
The damage by the borer actually starts from the mid rib of the top leaves into which it bores and makes tiny holes.

Control: Effective control of this pest is possible only by integrating mechanical and chemical control methids.Mechanical methods include the collection and destruction of egg masses and affected top shoots and sowing of resistant varieties.

⚫Pests of vegetables

⭐Red pumpkin beetle-Raphidopalpa foveicollis

This pest causes damage to the leaves, flowers and buds of younger plants.

⭐Brinjal shoot and fruit borer-Leucinodes orbonalis

The pest starts damaging the Brinjal plant a few weeks after its transplantation.When the shoot is attacked by the caterpillar it droops and withers, finally drying up When the petioles of the leaves are bored into by the larva the leaves wither and drop.

Control: Prompt collection and destruction of the plant parts harbouring larvae help in reducing the infestation.

⚫Pest of coconut palm

Rhinoceros beetle-Oryctes rhinoceros.The adult causes infestation by feeding the young leaf fronds.They make burrows and throw out a fibrous mass.The infestation is marked by a number of holes on the fronds,when they open out.The attack results in the destruction of growing plant as a result of which the tree dies.

Control:The beetles should be destroyed by inserting specially designed hooked rod.In earlier developmental stages beetles should be destroyed by tackling the breeding places like manure pits near gardens.

⚫Pests of stored grains

⭐Rice weevil-Sitophilus Oryzae

This is a very serious major pest of stored grains in farm storage.Generally, infestation starts in grains only during storage which may lead to heat spots in the grain.The grains are hollowed and the weight is reduced.

Control:The weevil is unable to breed at a grain moisture content of 9% or less.Hence dry storage of grains can avoid infestation by the pest.

⭐Pulse beetle-Callosobruchus chinensis

It affects both in fields and in stores.The pest attacks leguminous pods in the field from where they are carried to godowns.The larvae bore into the pulses and grains.They feed and grow inside.The damaged grains are unfit for human consumption.

Control: Control can be achieved by growing suceptible crops atleast a kilometer away from storage godowns which are the main source of infestation.

⚫ Pests of household goods

⭐Silverfish-Lepisma saccharina

It is cosmopolitan in distribution.It is commonly found living in moist warm places and among old books.It mostly attacks old books and magazines.It infects starched clothes,rayon fabrics,book labels or bindings where glue has been used.

Control:The books should not be kept in damp places.Books should be exposed to sunlight frequently.Dusting of 5% malathion has proved to be an effective control measure for heavily infested cases.

ARE DREAMS HIDDEN MESSAGES OR JUST HOT AIR?

Have you ever dreamt of something strange and believed that there would be a hidden message behind it?

Dreams can provide useful insights on our lives. Humans have long sought meaning in their dreams. For centuries, people have questioned the meaning of dreams. According to early civilization they thought it as a medium between humans and the gods. The Greeks and Romans were convinced and believed that dreams could predict the future.

THERORIES:

But, Deirdre Barrett, a psychologist and dream researcher at Harvard Medical School said that “There’s really no research that supports that point of view”. “No dictionary or dream interpreter can tell you what a dream really means “, she added.

Several theories based on dreams were studied. THREAT STIMULATION THERORY which tells ” Dreams as a defense mechanism our brains put in place to prepare us for scary events and allows us to face our fears in a safe simulation “. Another such theory, ACTIVATION SYNTHESIS HYPOTHESIS that states ” Dreams don’t actually mean anything, instead they’re merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories “.

On a contrary, psychologist Sigmund Freud though otherwise. According to Freud, ” Dreams are imagery of a wish or impulse from childhood that has since been repressed “. And for this reason Freud studied dreams to understand the unconscious mind. After his study he tells that ” Your dreams reveal your repressed wishes to you “.

FACTS

Some 68 percent said that dreams foretell the future, and 63 percent said at least one of their dreams had come true.
Not all dream are in color. Roughly 12% of people claim to only dream in black and white.
70% of your dreams contain secret messages.
Bad Dreams Can Kill You in Your sleep by Causing a Heart Attack.
Death in dreams is really about some kind of change or ending you’re dealing with in your real life.
Children under age of 3 do not dream about themselves.

Some say dreams give a person some hint and on the other hand some disagree. While one cannot come to a conclusion if dreams actually give some hidden messages or not but all that we can say is, it definitely benefits a person. Dreams offer emotional benefits, such as introspection. Dreams can also aid creativity. It is also important for memory consolidation or conflict resolution.

An Ideal Student

Many people regard bookish knowledge to be the ‘all and end-all’ of education. This is not correct. Real education means overall development of the personality of the student. Therefore, an ideal student is the person who takes interest in all activities of his educational institution. He is good not only at studies, but also at games and other activities outside the classroom. He does nothing, which may bring disgrace to him, his parents, his school or his nation. He tries his best to become an ideal citizen.

An ideal student is diligent. He always tries to excel others in his class. He sets an example for others by his actions and behaviour in the school and college. He brings name and fame to his school. Discipline, respect for elders and good manners are his chief characteristics. He makes his mind, body and spirit strong to meet the challenges of his future life. He believes that a sound mind lives in a sound body. He is very regular and punctual. He does everything at the right time and in the right manner. He does his duty faithfully and sincerely without thinking of the reward.

An ideal student always tries to develop good habits and pleasant manners. He is polite in speech. He is always ready to help all those who are in need of him. He is honest in his dealings with others. He always keeps only good company. He has an unquenchable thirst for knowledge and he is always keen on learning something new. An ideal student always devotes enough time to reading books of common interest, and the works of great men.

An ideal student is a model person. He is never proud of his achievements. He is confident and brave. He can express his views frankly without fear and favour. He is steadfast in the struggle of life and faces all challenges boldly and cheerfully. He can never think of using unfair means in an examination.

Restraint and self control are the chief characteristics of an ideal student. He thinks twice before he speaks or does a thing. He never uses impolite language. He never misses an opportunity to serve his fellowmen. He is objective and considerate in his approach. He hates the sin but not the sinner. He is God – fearing and does not have malice to anybody. He bears a good moral character. An ideal student is aware of the fact that,
“If wealth is lost, nothing is lost;
If health is lost, something is lost;
But if character is lost, everything is lost.”
An ideal student today is the citizen of tomorrow.

UNIFORM CIVIL CODE

In areas like as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption, the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) advocates for the creation of a single law for India that would apply to all religious sects. The law is based on Article 44 of the Constitution, which states that the state must work to ensure that citizens throughout India have access to a uniform civil code.

For over a century, the subject has been at the forefront of political discourse and discussion, and it is a top priority for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which has been pressing for legislation in Parliament. The saffron party was the first to vow that if it wins power, it will adopt UCC, and the subject was included in its Lok Sabha election program for 2019.

The central family law acts were extended to Jammu and Kashmir when Article 370 was repealed. Although this is another step toward adopting UCC across India, there is still a long way to go in this endeavor.

Human rights and the values of equality, fairness and justice all support the creation of a standard civil code. Article 44 of the Indian constitution’s directive principle is important because its goal is combat discrimination against vulnerable groups and to bring disparate cultural groupings together across the country. While drafting the Constitution, the father of our constitution “Dr. B R Ambedkar” stated that while a UCC is desirable, it should remain voluntary for the time being, and so Article 35 of the draft Constitution was added as part of the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV of the Constitution of India as Article 44. It was included into the Constitution as a condition that would be met when the nation was ready to embrace it and the UCC could gain societal acceptability.

The UCC aims to provide the following:-

Protection of Vulnerable Portions of Society: The UCC strives to safeguard vulnerable sections of society, like women and religious minorities, as envisioned by Ambedkar, while simultaneously encouraging nationalistic ardour via unity.
Rules will be simplified: The code will make the complicated laws of marriage ceremonies, inheritance, succession, and adoptions more accessible to everyone. All citizens, regardless of their faith, shall be subject to the same civil law. When passed, the code would strive to simplify laws that are now divided based on religious views, such as the Hindu code bill, Sharia law, and other similar legislation.
Secularism: A goal established in the Preamble, and a secular republic requires a single law for all people rather than differentiating regulations based on religious customs.
Gender justice: Each religion in India has its own set of personal rules covering weddings, divorce, succession, adoption, and maintenance. Women’s rights, however, are typically restricted by religious legislation, whether Hindu or Muslim. A famous example is the practice of triple talaq which is now been held unconstitutional.

All personal laws will be abolished if an unified civil code is established.

Therefore, the people’ fundamental rights to equality before the law and equal protection under the law, as guaranteed by the Constitution, need a comparable response throughout these regions. Article 44, which requires the state to make reasonable efforts to ensure that citizens have access to an unified civil code across India, has the same effect.

The YES Bank Crisis

In March of 2020, news rapidly spread that there was a very high chance of Yes Bank collapsing. This caused widespread panic among the people and soon even the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had to step in. On 5th March 2020, the RBI foisted a 30-day moratorium (temporary prohibition of activity) on the bank and replaced the entire top management to prevent it from collapsing. So, what exactly happened?

Well, when a bank lends money to its borrowers, it does so by charging a certain amount of interest on the loan amount. However, some of it always is in arrears or ends up as bad debts. When a borrower defaults in the payment of the principal or interest amounts, it is said to be in arrears. In finance terms, these loans are referred to as Non-Performing Assets (NPA). These NPAs are precisely what brought Yes Bank down on its knees. For any bank to survive, its deposits need to be more than the amount it lends. When we take a look at the bank’s books of accounts, we can notice what exactly went wrong. At the end of the financial year 2013-14, its loans stood at Rs.55,633 Crores and its deposits totaled to Rs.74,192 Crores. By September 2019, the loans almost quadrupled to about Rs.2,25,000 Crores. The amount in the deposits, however, failed to keep up with the pace and stood at Rs.2,21,000 crores. Also the kinds of people the bank lent money to were not as financially capable of repayment. This led to an increase of NPAs from 2% a year earlier to 19% in the year 2019-20. This surge led Yes Bank to post a loss of a whopping US$2.5 Million in the period from October to December 2020.

The founder of the Bank, Rana Kapoor, had a reputation for being good at sanctioning loans to those who were sure to repay. However, in his greed to increase the loan count, he started treating the Bank’s money as his own. He even gave loans to companies that were reporting repeated losses and manipulated the books to show the NPAs lesser than how much they were. Many of the companies that Yes lent to were caught in a vicious cycle of borrowing more to repay their previous debts. Rana Kapoor was ordered by the RBI to step down from his chair and was arrested for fraud. He was accused of deteriorating the relationship between the Bank and the Central Government. The Finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, proposed a plan to reconstruct the management under which the State Bank of India would have a 49% stake of ownership. Prashant Kumar was made the new CEO. However, the help came at the wrong time as the pandemic forced the financial sector to plummet. At the end of the day, the story of Yes Bank and Rana Kapoor teaches us that more does not always mean better. He sought to expand without even considering the risks or the consequences, which led to its ultimate downfall.

White Holes

Black holes are places in the Universe where matter and energy are compacted so densely together that their escape velocity is greater than the speed of light. Fully describing a black hole requires a lot of fancy math, but these are real objects in our Universe. They were predicted by Einstein’s theory of relativity, and actually discovered over the last few decades.

Black holes are created when stars, much more massive than our Sun, die catastrophically in a supernova.

So then what’s a white hole?

White holes are created when astrophysicists mathematically explore the environment around black holes, but pretend there’s no mass within the event horizon. What happens when you have a black hole singularity with no mass?

White holes are completely theoretical mathematical concepts. In fact, if you do black hole mathematics for a living, I’m told, ignoring the mass of the singularity makes your life so much easier.

They’re not things that actually exist. It’s not like astronomers detected an unusual outburst of radiation and then developed hypothetical white hole models to explain them.

Dr. Brian Koberlein says, “If you start with five cupcakes and start giving them away, you eventually run out. At that point you can’t give away any more. In this case you can’t count down past zero. Sure, you can hand out slips of paper with “I O U ONE cupcake.” written on them, but it would be ridiculous to use the existence of negative numbers to claim that “negative cupcakes” exist and can be handed out to people.”

Now if white holes did exist, which they probably don’t, they would behave like reverse black holes – just like the math predicts. Instead of pulling material inward, a white hole would blast material out into space like some kind of white chocolate fountain. So generous, these white holes and their chocolate.

One of the other implications of white hole math, is that they only theoretically exist as long as there isn’t a single speck of matter within the event horizon. As soon as single atom of hydrogen drifted into the region, the whole thing would collapse. Even if white holes were created back at the beginning of the Universe, they would have collapsed long ago, since our Universe is already filled with stray matter.

That said, there are a few physicists out there who think white holes might be more than theoretical. Hal Haggard and Carlo Rovelli of Aix-Marseille University in France are working to explain what happens within black holes using a branch of theoretical physics called loop quantum gravity.

In theory, a black hole singularity would compress down until the smallest possible size predicted by physics. Then it would rebound as a white hole. But because of the severe time dilation effect around a black hole, this event would take billions of years for even the lowest mass ones to finally get around to popping.

If there were microscopic black holes created after the Big Bang, they might get around to decaying and exploding as white holes any day now. Except, according to Stephen Hawking, they would have already evaporated.

Binge worthy k-dramas

Introduction:
Korean drama or popularly known as k-drama are television series which are made in the Korean language and made in South Korea. These days, these dramas are popular worldwide due to the spread of the Korean Pop culture which attracted many more audiences and now it’s appreciated everywhere. They’re also easy to stream as subtitles in many languages are offered. They’re also very engrossing and compelling. In this article, I’ll be writing about 5 such k-dramas which will forever be my “all time favourite”.

1)Hotel del Luna:
This drama was aired in 2019 and was loved by many fans. The genre is Romantic Comedy and Dark fantasy. In the heart of Seoul, we can find a curious and peculiar hotel which is very antiquated and something very new to the sight. This hotel is only visible to ghosts who have grudges from their lives and Jang Man Wol ( IU) is the establishments acting CEO. She is a bitter, greedy and materialistic soul who spent the past thousand years in hatred as she can’t leave the hotel because she is tied down to by a deity so she doesn’t self destruct herself with rage and mania. The only way she could escape that life of hell is if she gets over this hatred and finds love.
Things get interesting when Goo Chan Sung (Yeo Jin Goo) shows up. Fate ties them together. He is the youngest assistant manager to ever work there. He is forced to work there because of a deal his father made with Jung Man Wol. With his arrival, things start to change around her life and the hotel. He’s an excellent money manager and therefore starts to put her affairs and financial situation in order.

2) Sweet home:
Sweet home was aired in 2020. The genre is Korean horror and Apocalyptic and post – apocalyptic fiction. It’s about a boy named Cha Hyun Soo (Song Kang) who becomes a loner after an incident which caused the death of his entire family. He then moves to a new apartment. Not soon after his move, strange things begin to happen around him and throughout Korea. The strange event is that people start to turn to monsters and Hyun Soo and the other residents need to fight these monsters in order to survive.

3) It’s okay to not be okay:
This k-drama was released in 2020 and this is a romantic genre and rated really high among fans. The male protagonist Moon Gang Tae (Kin Soo Hyun) is a community health worker at a psychiatric ward who is favoured and privileged with smarts, a good looking face, ability to sympathize and patience, etc. On the other hand, the female protagonist Ko Moon Young (Seo Ye Ji) who seems selfish, rude and arrogant.
The whole series is about how one person who doesn’t allow love to be in his life and the other one who doesn’t know what love is, fall in love and defy fate, finding themselves in the process.

4) Vincenzo:
Vincenzo is a dark comedy released in 2021. Park Joo Hyeong (Song Joong Ki) was abandoned by his mother and went to Italy after being adopted. He is now known as Vincenzo Cassano. He is employed as a consigliere for the Mafia. Due to the war the Mafia families have been in, he flees to South Korea and his involvement with Lawyer Hong Cha Young (Jeon Yeo Bin) begins. She is the type of attorney who would do whatever it takes to win a case and never backs down from any challenge. Their main aim is to defeat the corrupt and twisted conglomerate and prevail justice.

5) My roommate is a gumiho:
This is a romantic comedy which was released in 2021. Shim Woo Yeo (Jang Ki Yong) is a nine tailed fox who is about to complete his 1000 years on earth without transforming into a human. His main goal is to be turn into a human in order to not disappear. He is a smart, rich and handsome writer. He collects human energy through a bead in order to become a Human. Lee Dam (Lee Hye Ri), a university student who accidentally swallows his bead and for the sake of him turning into a human, he decides to protect Lee Dam who has the bead with her. They end up living together and face many struggles in their journey.

Conclusion:
I recommend these k-dramas for audiences who are just getting into the K-pop culture freshly. These are perfect for beginners as these 5 k-dramas explores many genres and you can later add on to your list of things to watch after making yourself acquainted with this side of entertainment.

“JULIUS CAESAR” biography

“Julius Caesar” was a Roman consul. He was born in Rome on 12 or 13 July 100 BC. His father’s name was Gaius Julius Caesar and mother’s name was Aurelia Cotta. His father was a politician after this sudden death of his father in 85 BC all the responsibilities fell on the 16 year old Julius.

At that time there was a civil war going between this uncle Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. He was nominated to Peete new high priest and got married to Cornelia, daughter of Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Marius biggest ally. Sulla was victorious in the war and his new target was Ceaser. In a bid to save himself from Sulla, Ceaser decided to go to Asia for military service. He came back only after Sulla death he started his career as a prosecuting advocate and studied philosophy temporally in Rhodes. In 69 BC, he was elected the quaestor by the Assembly of people and later as curule aedile in 65 BC. He was elected as pontifex Maximus in 63 BC. In 59 DC elected senior consel of the Roman Republic by the centuriate assembly. He was in desperate need of the consul money and Pompey influence. Thus the informal union, called the first Triumvirate was formed. His discontentment led to the start of the Gallic Wars, in which remaining parts of France and Germania was annexed to Rome. He then waged wars against many other Nations. Altogether, Ceaser conquered 800 cities, subdued 300 tribes, sold a million slaves and had another 3 million killed in action.

Pompey married Cornelia Metalla, the daughter of Caesar’s greatest enemy Scipio. In 50 BC, Caesar was asked by the Senate and Pompey to resign, he refused and in order to avoid prosecution, he fled to Italy by crossing the Rubicon river and civil war broke out he marched his troop to Rome and conquered it in 49 BC and then spent the next 18 months fighting Pompey. Pompey fled to Egypt after being defeated by Caesar frightened that Caesar wood invade Egypt, the young Pharaoch, Ptolemy VIII, had Pompey killed and presented her head as a gift to caeser. After caeser was declared Dictator he established Police Forces, introduced land reforms, abolished taxes and re-established the tribune system. The Roman calendar was according to the movement of the Moon so Caesar changed it according to the sun’s moment just like the Egyptian. Even the Rome had its senate, the real power was with Caesar and they were scared of Rome being governed by a king Caesar did not wish to become the king but the fear of the republicans let the Senate to conspire against Caesar. On the ideas of March Caesar was assassinated by the senator’s. His second marriage was with Pompeia from 67 BC to 61 BC. He got married for the third time to Calpurnia Pisonis in 59 BC. ” IT IS EASIER TO FIND MEN WHO WILL VOLUNTEER TO DIE, THAN TO FIND THOSE WHO ARE WILLING TO ENDURE PAIN WITH PATIENCE” Said by “JULIUS CAESAR”.

Psychological Disorders Part 3

Introduction

In Psychological Disorders Part 2, Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorder were discussed. They are the most known and common disorders but they are not the only ones. There are many fewer known disorders. This article will discuss Dissociative and Somatic Symptom Disorders.

Dissociative Disorders

Such disorders include an interruption to consciousness which includes aspects like memory. Dissociative Amnesia involves a temporary loss of memory which can be caused due to some psychological trauma. This disorder should not be confused with forgetfulness. People with this disorder escape reality in ways that disrupt their daily life. Some symptoms of this are memory loss, being detached from yourself and your emotions, blurred sense of identity, inability to cope with emotions, and other mental health problems like anxiety and depression.

Dissociative Identity Disorder used to be known as multiple personality disorder. The person suffering from this disorder has multiple personalities and these personalities control the person’s behaviour. This can cause memory loss and delusions. Each personality has its own story, identity, history, traits, hobbies. Symptoms of this disorder are anxiety, delusions, disorientation, depression, substance abuse, suicidal thoughts, and memory loss. Example of this disorder can be seen in the movie “Split”.

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder involves a person feeling disconnected from their own body because of which they feel an involuntary disconnect from their memories, consciousness, and emotions. The person suffering from this feels disconnected from their environment. Although this can be a sign of other conditions like brain diseases, dementia, schizophrenia, seizure disorders. Symptoms include feeling as if you are observing your body from outside, panic, and being robot-like.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

These disorders were earlier known as somatoform disorders. The special thing about these disorders is that they involve a notable physical symptom that does not have a diagnosable physical cause. Somatic Symptom Disorder involves someone having a big focus on physical symptoms like weakness or pain which causes the person excessive distress and problems in normal functioning. The person then has continuous thoughts and feelings related to the physical symptom. The physical symptom may or may not be diagnosable as a medical condition but the person believes they are sick and are surely not faking it.

Illness Anxiety Disorder involves having an excessive fear of serious medical illnesses. A person suffering from this disorder pays extra caution about their health. They are easily alarmed by anything that can be diagnosed as some medical illness, for example, a headache can make them worry about having a brain tumor. Symptoms can include finding no assurance from doctor visits and negative results, repeatedly checking for signs of illness, avoiding people or going outside to not take any risks, and frequently searching the internet for symptoms about possible illnesses.

Conversion Disorder is when a person has blindness, paralysis, or other neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by any medical explanation. This can occur because of a psychological conflict. Symptoms include the inability to speak and numbness.

Factitious Disorder is a disorder wherein a person deceives others by appearing sick or by purposely causing injury or sickness to self. People with this disorder know they are causing the symptoms but they do not understand why. Symptoms can include extensive knowledge of medical diseases, vague and inconsistent symptoms, eagerness to have frequent tests, arguing with doctors, conditions that get worse for no reason, and conditions that do not respond in an expected manner. This disorder is very challenging to identify.

Conclusion

These are rarer disorders than anxiety and depression and so less heard of. It is important to note that only in the case of Factitious disorder are the patients faking the illness. These disorders are usually difficult to diagnose and can only be treated by extensive therapy.

References

Note: this is just Part 3 of the Psychological Disorders series.

Rate this:

History

Mt. Vesuvius

The Remains

Importance as a Historical Source

Rate this:

Rate this:

Rate this:

Rate this:

PCOD Diet – Introduction

Let’s start by combining the symptoms:

How can you deal with PCOD in a natural way?

PCOD Food:

Rate this:

Rate this:

THERORIES:

FACTS

Rate this:

Rate this:

Rate this:

Rate this:

So then what’s a white hole?

Rate this:

Rate this:

Rate this:

Introduction

Dissociative Disorders

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Conclusion

References

Rate this: