Procrastination is that the habit of avoiding urgent tasks despite negative consequences. When people procrastinate, they often delay priorities and instead specialise in smaller , more enjoyable, simpler tasks instead.
Contrary to popular belief, procrastination is quite just laziness or poor time management. When it involves procrastination, telling someone to “just do it” doesn’t work. it might be like telling someone with depressive disorder to “cheer up.” Although everyone can occasionally procrastinate, chronic procrastination may be a different problem. And consistent with research, as many as 20% of usa citizens could also be chronic procrastinators.
Some of the foremost common reasons for what causes procrastination include:
Perfectionism Avoidance Low self-esteem Depression Trouble focusing ADHD Waiting until the eleventh hour Task aversion Resisting challenges Decision fatigue Difficulty defining goals A disconnect with the longer term self Lack of energy Procrastination prevents you from reaching your full potential—in your relationships, career, and beyond. It impedes teamwork, decreases self-esteem, and even results in depression and job loss. On top of that, people avoid important wellness habits like getting to the doctor or regular exercise.
Procrastination has its own blessings too-
Procrastination causes you to more creative. If you’ve got an enormous , important task before you, it’s natural to procrastinate because it is so daunting. What you would possibly not realize is that even when you are not actively performing on that task, your mind is subconsciously collecting ideas and processing things to organize you for it. meaning that once you actually sit right down to get thereto , you’ve got tons more ideas in your head on the way to set about it.
Procrastination helps you to form better decisions. Sometimes you procrastinate on a choice because you are not entirely sure which is that the right choice for you. Your rational mind and your intuition are saying opposite things, and you cannot quite find out which one to concentrate to—or who’s saying what! That’s when procrastination becomes your savior because you avoid jumping into something which may not be right for you. It buys you time to believe all the choices and their pros and cons. Once the deadline arrives, you’re able to make the choice as you’ve done your research.
Although,It’s a cruel irony that it seems to be the days that we’ve loads to try to to that we procrastinate the foremost . Often, this happens because we become so overwhelmed about having 10 bazillion things to try to to that we don’t know where to start out . So, we find yourself doing…well, nothing in the least . Most of the time, overwhelm happens because we’ve an overflowing to-do list, but no plan or structure around how we’re getting to actually tackle those tasks. Or, we’ve one mega task that feels so huge and unattainable that we quite just want to pretend it doesn’t exist.
Silent patient written by Alex Michaelides is the first psychological thriller I have ever read. Hence I am going to be reviewing it like a thriller novice, as it’s my first encounter with psychological warfare that’s unleashed by this book.
Plot Summary
This story essentially revolves around Alicia Berenson and her silence. Alicia is an artist who fortes in painting photorealistic oil paintings, which becomes the reason for her popularity. But one day when the police are called to her house her reason for popularity alters when they find her husband, Gabriel dead. Shot in the head five times by her and with a refusal to speak anything after that.
Six years pass since her refusal to speak, no one has heard one word from her. Sitting in the Grove, a forensic institute, we still don’t know what was the reason she committed such a brutal crime. The only clue is the last painting she painted after killing her husband and her long long silence.
Someone finally takes the dare to solve this mystery, this how our second primary protagonist is introduced. Theo Faber, a psychotherapist with a keen interest in Alicia Berenson. Through Theo we come face to face with many elements in Alicia’s life, that may have been instrumental in the murder.
Review
The book is written in fairly simple language, there is not much medical jargon that might have made this book complex. The two protagonists are well developed. But other than that, secondary characters are not given much attention. As the story majorly revolves around the two primary characters.
The story is an easy read, but it is slow progress. You get to know about Alicia and Theo little by little. The driving force behind the story is essentially the question WHY, why did she kill him. While it is a good motivator to continue the book, it lacks the drama and volume for a perfect ending.
The part I liked the most was the ending because it was a well worthy twist to wait for, but I did get an inkling for the last twist. And hence it lacked the dramatics.
This book also gave me an insight into the world of psychology, it brought forward the inner working of our brain and how it works under absurd circumstances. The importance of past and childhood can clearly be seen in this book. Giving some compelling takeaways as psychology lessons.
Should You Read This Book ?
As a novice, I would definitely suggest giving a one-time read to this book. It is a good book to enter the world of psychological thrillers. Its simple language is definitely suitable for everyone. But if you are looking for a book with adventure and excitement, then maybe this book is not for you. I would give this book 3.5/5 for its interesting plotline and easy to follow plot.
As temperature levels are on the rise in Punjab, where paddy transplantation is also in full swing, the state is experiencing a severe power outage. Even when the farm sector has still not received the guaranteed eight-hour electricity supply residential consumers have now been forced to suffer as a result of extended electricity outages
Furthermore, the state-owned power company PSPCL has enforced a two-day mandatory reduction on high-consumption industries in order to redirect electricity to farms and the household sector There is also a restriction on operating air conditioning units in government offices, as their hours have been reduced from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. due to the shortages
The requirement for electricity has reached 14,225 MW as temperatures have risen and it is the peak season for paddy transplanting. The electricity providers, though, have only been able to deliver 12,800 MW. The 1,425 MW shortfall has resulted in power outages lasting up to 14 hours in the residential sector. Now, businesses have been closed down for two days to guarantee that the farming industry receives adequate supplies and also that the critical window for paddy transplanting is not missed. Farmers and residential customers took to the streets in protest a few days earlier. Industry groups are protesting that this was the last thing they wanted in the midst of a pandemic that has devastated all businesses.
What may have caused the state’s electricity problem?
The shutting down of the government-run thermal plant in Bathinda and two units of yet another government thermal plant in Ropar, with a total capacity of 880 MW, was one of the first actions taken by the current Congress administration in Punjab. There were no backup plans in place to compensate for the loss of output once these factories were closed.
Furthermore, in 2018, the government rejected PSPCL’s intention to build a 100-MW solar facility at the Bathinda thermal plant, which could have been operational within a year. A PSPCL request to upgrade a Bathinda thermal facility to utilize biomass fuel from paddy straw was also denied.
In addition, a unit of the private TSPL Power Plant located in Talwandi Sabo has been shut down since March 8 due to a lack of repairs. The plant generates 660 MW. According to former PSPCL chairman Baldev Singh Sra, the plant had to be closed down due to defective Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs).
Why is it that Punjab seems unable to purchase electricity then?
PSPCL is experiencing financial difficulties. The state owes it Rs 5,000 crore for agricultural subsidies, while government institutions owe PSPCL Rs 2,000 crore. During one latest power meeting held, Chief Minister Amarinder Singh instructed the finance department of the state to provide Rs 500 crore towards the usability for power purchase. Furthermore, even if it purchased additional electricity, the state of Punjab has a transmission capacity of 13,000 MW only.
What has the Punjab government said?
A. Venu Prasad, CMD of PSPCL, blamed the power outage on the collapse of the Talwandi Sabo power plant. He also stated that the hailstorm that occurred between June 10 and 15 contributed to the problem and that it took them many days to fix the plant. Because the destruction was so extensive, several areas are still being repaired.
Prasad also stated that the state’s water table was dropping and that more electricity was needed to extract water from the ground bore wells. He stated that the administration was dedicated to delivering electricity and that they had already begun acquiring power from other sources to hold them over till the situation passed. He said that the issue is now under order.
At a high level, digital promoting refers to advertising delivered through digital channels like search engines, websites, social media, email, and mobile apps. victimization these on-line media channels, digital promoting is that the technique by that corporations endorse product, services, and brands. shoppers heavily accept digital suggests that to analysis product. as an example, assume with Google promoting insights found that forty eighth of shoppers begin their inquiries on search engines, whereas thirty third look to whole websites and twenty sixth search inside mobile applications.
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Something strange was happening to the acacia trees only on Lytton ,British Colombia.
LYTTON FIRE:
Lytton, is a small village of just 250 to 300 inhabitants but there are about 1000 people living in the surroundings. Small town in western Canada had seen three days of extreme heat and it also broke the national temperature record by June 30 by rising to about 121.28 degree Fahrenheit (49.6 degree Celsius). People were unable to tolerate the heat and so does the trees. Hours later, Lytton was on fire and the village was destroyed to about 90 percent prompting government officials to issue new evacuation orders on Thursday.
LOSSES:
The town was destroyed up to 90 percent. Tress are no more and it brings a threat to environment and humans. The heatwave has claimed as many as 700 lives over the last one week in Canada alone, as per reports , while two people were reported to have died due to a raging fire by the heat in the village of Lytton in British Columbia. ” Where many buildings stood is now simply charred earth”, the village of Lytton said.
RESPONSE:
The escalating crisis sent Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau into an emergency huddle with the country’s incident response group as they discussed ways to combat it, focusing on British Columbia. At the height of the heat wave, more than 90 crew members flew to British Colombia to help the wildlife service. “90 percent of the town was destroyed”, said Lytton mayor Jan Polderman.
China on 10th July announced new internet rules adding to the already massive set of norms the Great Firewall is all about. The new rules require any internet company working in China and with more than a million registered users to undergo an additional cyber security review if offering an IPO in a foreign country. As per the Cyberspace Administration of China, companies listed in foreign countries can have their data “affected, controlled, and maliciously exploited by foreign governments”. Well, this is clearly a clever way by the CCP to control financial resources in China. Most companies will now prefer to list themselves in Hong Kong and not other large stock exchanges like the New York Exchange. This would mean that the companies will not have large foreign assets and yet have large foreign investments.
Chinese government announced new regulations for the companies trying to list in other countries
But there is a greater observation associated with this the pace at which countries all over the world have initiated security protocols regarding big tech giants. In May, the government of India, the largest internet demographic in the world open to foreign investments – initiated a set of very strong rules changing the way in which many important aspects of the companies’ services functioned. Many internet freedom groups and NGOs accused the government of creating an authoritarian IT policy where the government has over-ridden the Right to Privacy. And the government has defended the same citing social and national interests at helm. The US and the EU with its GDPR – have themselves been torn between privacy activists and an age of increasing control of tech giants over the information of people from their connections to their interests.
All this drama can be understood in two chief points – one, the data privacy myth no longer exists. Most users are not even aware of the privacy policies in place. The Cambridge Analytica scam that rocked the US and created considerable difficulties for Facebook is a classic example where people themselves gave away their data. Even if one is aware of the privacy laws, the scandals involving Google tracking Incognito data on Chrome has led to serious questions about regulations and policies. Two, Countries have governments that are increasingly being assertive in not only ensuring that the globalisation of the data of its nationals is contained, but also that the tech enterprises respect the sovereignty and authority of the state in its matters. This is both good and bad. Good being that there is indeed an increasing trend of exploitation of data and social engineering attacks that can undermine the functioning of the state. Bad, because the states are also moving along and often on the other end of the boundary between a healthy interference and politically motivated censorships and extra judicial control.
Cambridge Analytica was probably one of the most publicised cases of social engineering fraud
Who is responsible? Who is accountable? It’s the internet. Everyone is supposed to be responsible for everything here. And that is the new age of internet we are into. Right from ordering groceries and talking to friends to alleged recruitments into extra state organisations like the ISIS, every thing can happen here. The process of social engineering attacks led to large scale government interventions which in turn has led to growth of more private technologies like VPNs and secret or peer reviewed social networks like the Mastodon network. But, the tussle continues. And this is the web we shall live with for long now.
Marketing is a broad term. It is the activity, set of instructions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.
In Management, there are 2 types of Strategies that are Push Strategy and Pull Strategy. In early times, even today at some extent it is believed that a person/individual or a company that can sale anything is a good at marketing. But it is not truth.
Do you know why?
Marketing is based on the concept of Pull Strategy and not Push Strategy. Pull Strategy focuses on understanding the demand and requirements of customer, manufacturing or innovating a commodity so that customer receives a product which adds to the value of customer. This helps in creating a strong a loyal customer base. Its not that the customer is compelled to purchase a commodity, not considering whether the customer requires that product or not. (Push Strategy) in which the customer will buy the product once but will not show any demand in future.
Human Resource (HR)
Human Resources (HR) is the division of a business that is charged with finding, screening, recruiting, and training job applicants, and administering employee-benefit programs. Human resources responsibilities also include compensation and benefits, recruitment, firing, and keeping up to date with any laws that may affect the company and its employees.
Many companies have moved away from traditional in-house human resources (HR) administrative duties and outsourced tasks like payroll and benefits to outside vendors.
Finance
“Finance” is a broad term that describes activities associated with banking, leverage or debt, credit, capital markets, money, and investments.
Basically, finance represents money management and the process of acquiring needed funds. Finance also encompasses the oversight, creation, and study of money, banking, credit, investments, assets, and liabilities that make up financial systems
On the occasion of World population day on 11th July, 2021, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Yogi Adityanath announces a new policy on population control for 2021-2030. It aims to incentivize people to help in population control.
Population of Uttar Pradesh
India’s one-sixth population lives in Uttar Pradesh, which make it India’s most populous state in India. The population in Uttar Pradesh is grown 3.5 times from 46 million in 1901 to 166 million in 2001.The first census recorded was in the year 1901 with a population of 46,647,804 by British India. The population is constantly increasing its growth rate from 6.56 to 25.85% till 2001 and with decreasing growth rate from 25.85 to 20.23% in 2001 to 2011. The Uttar Pradesh population by 2021 will be 236 million and the report of census has been proven right as according to UID, Uttar Pradesh population in 2020 is estimated to be 237 million. And the current population of Uttar Pradesh is approximately 241 million. Which is more than the estimate.
So here we see how rapidly the population of Uttar Pradesh is increasing and that is why it has become necessary to control the population of Uttar Pradesh.
In view of this, the Chief Minister of UP launching the new policy of population control. Chief minister Yogi Adityanath said that rising population is the root cause of major problems including inequality. “Increasing population can be a hurdle in way of development. Every community has been taken care of in Population Policy 2021-2030,” CM Yogi Adityanath said. Let us, on this ‘World Population Day’, take a pledge to make ourselves and the society aware of the problems arising from the increasing population,” Yogi Adityanath said in a statement.
Objectives of this policy
Under this policy, government will adopt five-pronged approach to control population.
The Policy will focus on comprehensive arrangements for the care of elderly and will also focus on improved management of education, health, and nutrition for adolescents between 11 and 19 years.
The policy will look at different strategies and work towards a convergence of existing schemes to streamline population control efforts and improvement in health.
Health clubs will be set up in schools and digital tracking will be done for newborns, adolescents and elderly people.
Efforts will be made to increase accessibility of contraceptive measures issued under the Family Planning Programme and provide a proper system for safe abortion.
Efforts will also be made to maintain demographic balance across different communities and ensure easy availability of advanced health facilities.
Also a population control bill has been prepared by Uttar Pradesh government’s law commission, which promises perks and incentives to government employees and general public who will follow population control measures. The commission has released the final draft of the ‘UP Population (Control, Stabilization and Welfare) Bill, 2021’ and invited suggestions by July 19. According to the draft bill, those people who have more than two children will be debarred from contesting local body polls, applying for government jobs or receiving any kind of subsidy. The draft says it is necessary to control and stabilize the population of the state for the promotion of sustainable development with more equitable distribution.
With this policy, Yogi Adityanath urged for community-centric approach to population control to provide better facilities. People should also take seriously the problem of rising population because without their awareness and help the problem is not possible to overcome. Both on state level and central level should also adopt some measure to control population growth, keeping in mind rising population.
JUDGING A PERSON IT DOES NOT DEFINES WHO THEY ARE IT DEFINES WHO ARE YOU Meetali SonI
WHAT IS NARROW MINDED THINKING ? Narrow minded is a symptom of mental illnesses. For example, some personality disorders might cause a person to behave in narrow-minded ways. Someone who has social anxiety disorder might seem narrow-minded about going out to parties or different social venues. Narrow minded is a person with a limited outlook who are not able to consider alternative ideas and thoughts. An example of narrow minded is a person who has a strong political position and who will not even listen to debates or arguments from the other side. Sometimes Narrow minded people will become dangerous for all people. The thinking are :- girls are more weaker than boys , girls cant drive vehicle , dowry system , boys doesnt do this and that , girls have to stay at homes , they cant do any type of job etc. Specially girls have to suffer much than boys in a narrow minded people. They often think they’re right and everyone else is wrong. Narrow-minded people can be difficult to deal with in relationships, work settings, and other situations. It’s important to identify narrow-minded people quickly so you can save your life from these people. A person’s behaviour and belief system can reveal if that person is narrow-minded. A narrow-minded person may be unable to differentiate between different and negative.Sometimes Narrow-minded people may be very optional about those around them. A narrow-minded person are quick to judge others. They are often eager to take sides. Narrow-minded people may not be interested in the opinions of others. If you talk about politics with a narrow-minded person, he or she is more likely to argue than ask you why you feel the way you do. They can move quickly from judging a person’s actions to judging a person. The person may mix up the name of an actor in a movie. When you correct the person he or she conflict to u that he or she is always correct .A narrow-minded person may be difficult to talk to. He or she may expect others to listen and agree at all times.In personal relationships, a narrow-minded person may be self-focused.They are difficult to change, even if change is necessary.Narrow-minded people may actually enjoy power struggles more than they enjoy the healthy resolution of conflicts. They may actually enjoy power struggles more than they enjoy the healthy resolution of conflicts. Narrow-minded people can be quick to anger.
HOW TO DETECT NARROW MINDED PEOPLE…. Notice how this person talks about others. See how this person handles conflicts. Person shows an interest in others. Find out if this person can accept being wrong. Take a break on occasion. Be willing to consider the reasons for someone’s behaviour.
5 WAYS TO RESPOND TO CLOSE-MINDED PEOPLE: Do not share person things with them Let them know you didnt ask for permission. Be truthful to how you feel. Maintain a positive outlook . Dont take it personally.
Women are undoubtedly an integral part of our society. From a sister to a mother, women plays all their roles that come in their life with full dedication. But till now women are not given their due respect in our society that they truly deserves. In many countries around the world still they are fighting for even their basic rights. To support this movement of women, UN came up and decided to dedicate one day in the year for giving respect to all the duties that women fulfill in their life. This day is popularly known as ” International Women’s Day “.
It is celebrated worldwide on 8 March every year to mark the importance of women in our society whether it be in terms of domestic duties or any socioeconomic activities. It was firstly celebrated worldwide in the year 1977 when a resolution related to it was passed in the UN. This day not only marks the importance of women in our society but also supports them in their movement for getting basic human rights. This day opposes any kind of domestic violence, crime or harrasment against women. It is also celebrated with different names in various countries like in France it is celebrated as Journèe internationale des femmes. On this day, many countries around the world including Armenia, Germany, Mongolia and Ukraine have declared a public holiday. However, there is no such law in the resolution passed by the UN.
Women’s Day Celebration.
Starting from the year 1996, UN has decided to celebrate this day on an unique theme. Like in the year 1996 it was celebrated on the theme ” Celebrating the Past, Planning for the future “. UN comes up with these types of unique themes every year. As everybody knows that the world is suffering from a deadly pandemic COVID-19 from last more than one year so this time in 2021 this day is celebrated on the theme ” Women in Leadership : Achieving an equal future in a COVID-19 World “. This theme is decided to salute the responsibilities and dedication that all the women all over the world have shown in this pandemic. Whether they are fulfilling their duties as a mother or a housewife or a nurse, their work in this pandemic is a huge work. But without any hesitation or stress, they are doing commendable work.
But even after working and performing their duties with full honesty, their social condition in not good even in so called developed nations. Just think! if they do not have equal rights even in developed nations then how pathetic their conditions will be in undeveloped and poor countries. In these poor nations, women are only considered as secondary to men. In many countries, they are not even allowed to even step out of their houses without the permission of their family. They are not allowed to visit malls or drive cars in many countries. But this COVID-19 pandemic has come as an eye-opener to the world community to once again consider and rethink of what the status of women is in various countries even after women plays a vital role in the society. They truly deserves all the basic rights equal to that are enjoyed by men. In many reports published in various newspapers, it is widely revealed that if women are given equal rights then the pace of development of that country increases significantly. This fact must be implemented in every country around the world and ” International Women’s Day ” is surely a big step in this direction…
To assist the diagnosis of diseases and disorders and to monitor therapy,a wide range of clinical tests had been developed.The need for investigations is increasing with the growth of population and increase of diseases.To get fast results on a large number of specimens,it is becoming inevitable to replace manual methods.This could be done by autoanalysers.With the help of autoanalysers an increased volume of samples can be processed rapidly and with reproducible results.To maintain the quality of results, samples of known values will be run along with every batch of test samples.
Advantages of an autoanalyser
⭐ Accuracy is more when compared with manual method.
⭐Large number of samples may be processed in minimal time.
⭐Two or more assays may be performed simultaneously.
⭐ Calculations are not required.
⭐Invaluable for accurate determination of red cell indices.
Disadvantages of an autoanalyser
⭐It is impractical for small number of specimens.
⭐ Instruments may fail occasionally.
⭐ Additional training of the staff regarding the working, maintenance and potential problems of the machine is needed.
⭐Erroneously increased or decreased results due to interfering factors.
⭐They are expensive.
Parameters to be analysed by an autoanalyser
Autoanalyser can be used to estimate parameters such as glucose, protein,albumin, creatinine,blood irea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, chlorine, transaminase,lactic dehydrogenase, bilirubin,inorganic phosphate, Calcium, cholesterol,uric acid,phosphatases and bicarbonate.
Veteran writer- Lyricist Javed Akhtar trolled for inventing neutral words for Gender equality
By Sapnanil konwar, 11th July, 2021
India is facing gender equality since ancient times. Many women can’t work because of patriarchy mindset of Indian society. Indian poet javed akhter who is big advocate for gender equality tried to invent tow gender neutral word . He tweeted “In any speech article or conversation to give equal respect to both the genders we constantly say and write he / she and Him or her . Why can’t we invent two words like for he/she – HESH and for him/ her – SHIM. “ Many people Retweeted trolling him for mentioning about only two gender . Undoubtedly Twitter can be a strong platform to discuss evil norms of Indian society but changing he/she or him/her won’t minimize problem although it creats an environment to discuss gender equality.
A Sole Proprietorship also referred to as a Sole Trader, is an unincorporated business that has just one owner who pays Personal Income Tax on profits earned from the business
It is the easiest type of business to establish or take apart, due to less restrictions. As such, these types of businesses are very popular among Sole Owners of Businesses, Self-Contractors and Consultants.
Partnership
A Partnership is an arrangement between two or more people to oversee business operations and share its profits and liabilities. In a general partnership company, all members share both profits and liabilities.
There may be tax benefits to a partnership compared to a corporation. Usually, Professionals like doctors and lawyers form a limited liability Partnership
Multi National Corporation (MNC)
A Multi National Corporation (MNC) is usually a large corporation incorporated in one country which produces or sells goods or services in various countries. These corporations are large in size and all their worldwide activities are centrally controlled by the parent companies
Major Tasks performed by an MNC
i) Importing and exporting goods and services
ii) Making significant investments in a foreign country
iii) Buying and selling licenses in foreign markets
iv) Engaging in contract manufacturing that is permitting a local manufacturer in a foreign country to produce its products
v) Opening manufacturing facilities or assembly operations in foreign countries
The cause of rape includes military conquest, socioeconomics, anger, power, sadism, traits, ethical standards, laws, and evolutionary pressures that lend some explanation to the causes of sexual violence. No single facet explains the thought process of perpetrator for rape of a particular individual as the underlying motives of the rapist can have many sides.
Many people consider sexual aggression as a masculine identity characteristic of manhood. In many male groups it is significantly correlated to the desire to be held higher in esteem among male peers. Sexually aggressive behaviour among young men has been correlated with gang or group as well as having other delinquent peers.
People’s obsession with sex often leads to rape. There have been instances where people rape their own mother, sister, minors, infants, old and aged women, women suffering from unsoundness of mind, women in comma or those hospitalized with severe ailments.
Men’s desire to control women. More men are tend to boast about their sexual encounters equating them with conquests. People believe that sex requires a man to be aggressive, he feels superior and in control. Husbands rape their wives and seek to justify it as a means of punishment to her or to put her in her place or simply to vent out their frustrations. All those people who believe that woman cannot take no for an answer and force sex to punish or avenge. People rape their girlfriends, live-in partners, friends and acquaintances.
Lack Of Sex Education. Many adolescent boys have an urge to explore. A skewed sex ratio, lack of accessibility and negligible interaction with people of the opposite gender play havoc on impressionable minds now fed with easy access to porn. There are item numbers where the woman is projected as no more than an object of desire. This causes women to be viewed as commodities, meant to be consumed and ravished. Sexually obsessed perpetrators don’t even consider women as human beings but as an object that can be violated with impunity.
Down Syndrome or Down’s Syndrome also known as Trisomy 21 is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. The presence of this extra genetic material causes the developmental changes and physical features of Down Syndrome. The parents of the affected individual are usually genetically normal. The probability increases from less than 0.1% in 20 year old mothers to 3% in those of age 45. The extra chromosome occurs due to the non-disjunction of chromosomes that is the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division. Down syndrome can be identified during pregnancy by prenatal screening followed by diagnostic testing or after birth by direct observation and genetic testing.
Down Syndrome is one of the most common chromosome abnormalities in human. It occurs in about 1 in 1000 babies born each year. In 2015, Down syndrome was present in 5.4 million individuals globally and resulted in 27000 deaths, down from 43000 deaths in 1990. It is named after British Doctor John Langdon Down who fully described this syndrome. Down syndrome varies in severity among individuals, causing lifelong intellectual disability and developmental delays. It’s the most common genetic chromosomal disorder and cause of learning disabilities in children. It also commonly causes other medical abnormalities, including heart and gastrointestinal disorders.
SYMPTOMS:-
Each person with Down syndrome is an individual- intellectual and developmental problems may be mild, moderate or severe. Some people are healthy while others have significant health problems such as serious heart defects. Children and adults with Down syndrome have distinct facial features. Some of the common features include:-
flattened face.
small head.
short neck.
protruding tongue.
upward slanting eye lids(palpebral fissures).
unusually shaped or small ears.
poor muscle tone.
broad, short hands with a single crease in the palm.
short height.
relatively short fingers and small hands and feet.
CAUSES:-
Human cells normally contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair comes from the father and the other from mother. Down syndrome results when abnormal cell division involving chromosome 21 occurs. Any one of the three genetic variations discussed below can cause Down syndrome:-
Trisomy 21- about 95% of the time, Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21. The person has three copies of chromosome 21, instead of the usual two copies, in all cells. This is caused by abnormal cell division during the development of the sperm cell or the egg cell.
Mosaic Down syndrome- very rare. The person has only some cells with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This mosaic of normal and abnormal cells is caused by abnormal cell division after fertilization.
Translocation Down syndrome- occurs when a portion of chromosome 21 becomes attached (translocated) onto another chromosome, before or at conception. These children have two copies of chromosome 21 as usual but they also have additional genetic material from chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome.
COMPLICATIONS FACED BY PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM DOWN SYNDROME:-
Heart defects- about half of the children with down syndrome are born with some type of congenital heart defect.
Gastrointestinal defects(GID)- includes abnormalities of the intestine, esophagus, trachea and anus.
Immune disorders- people with Down syndrome are at increased risk of developing autoimmune disorders.
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