Month: July 2021

Let’s Relieve Stress [part 1]

[Bhoomika Saini]

From minor challenges to major crises, stress is part of life. And while you can’t always control your circumstances, you can control how you respond to them.

There isn’t a one-size-fits-all option when it comes to stress relief, however. What works for one person might not work for another.

Let’s go through some effective ways to relieve stress.

Short-Term Stress-Relief Strategies You Can Do Anywhere

Whether you’re about to be interviewed for a job or you’re feeling overwhelmed by your child’s behavior at the playground, it’s important to have some stress reduction tools that can lower your stress right now.

The best short-term strategies:

  • Can be performed anywhere
  • Take very little practice to master
  • Are free
  • Provide immediate relief

Try Guided Imagery

Guided imagery is like taking a short vacation in your mind. It can involve imaging yourself being in your “happy place”—maybe picturing yourself sitting on a beach, listening to the waves, smelling the ocean, and feeling the warm sand underneath you.

Guided imagery can be done with a recording where you listen to someone walk you through a peaceful scene. Or, once you know how to do it yourself, you can practice guided imagery on your own. 

Simply close your eyes for a minute and walk yourself through a peaceful scene. Think about all the sensory experiences you’d engage in and allow yourself to feel as though you’re really there. After a few minutes, open your eyes and return to the present moment.

Meditate

Meditation brings short-term stress relief as well as lasting stress management benefits. There are many different forms of meditation to try–each one is unique and brings its own appeal.

You might develop a mantra that you repeat in your mind as you take slow deep breaths. Or, you might take a few minutes to practice mindfulness, which involves being in the moment. Simply pay attention to what you see, hear, taste, touch, and smell.

When you’re focused on the here-and-now, you won’t be able to ruminate about something that already happened and you can’t worry about something in the future. Meditation and mindfulness take practice, but it can make a big difference in your overall stress level.

Practice Progressive Muscle Relaxation

Progressive muscle relaxation involves relaxing all the muscles in your body, group by group. To practice, you can start with a few deep breaths.

Then, practice tightening and relaxing each muscle group, starting with your forehead and moving down to your toes. 

With practice, you’ll learn to recognize tension and tightness in your muscles and you’ll be able to relax more easily. Each time you practice, however, you should experience a feeling of relaxation sweeping through your body. 

Focus on Breathing

Just focusing on your breath or changing the way you breathe can make a big difference to your overall stress level. Breathing techniques can calm your body and your brain in just a few minutes.

The best news is, no one around you will even know you’re doing them. So whether you’re in a stressful meeting or you’re sitting in a crowded theater, breathing exercises could be key to reducing your stress.

While there are many different breathing exercises, like karate breathing, a few simple ones include:

  1. Breathe in through your nose and watch your belly fill with air. Count slowly to three as you inhale. Hold for one second and then slowly breathe out through your nose as you count to three again.
  2. Breathe in through your nose and imagine that you’re inhaling peaceful, calm air. Imagine that air spreading throughout your body. As you exhale, imagine that you’re breathing out stress and tension. 

Take a Walk

Exercise is a fantastic stress reliever that can work in minutes. Taking a walk allows you to enjoy a change of scenery, which can get you into a different frame of mind, and brings the benefits of exercise as well.

So whether you just need to take a stroll around the office to get a break from a frustrating task or you decide to go for a long walk in the park after work, walking is a simple but effective way to rejuvenate your mind and body.

Fast-Acting Stress-Relief Strategies That Work Well at Home

In the privacy of your own home, there are many stress relief strategies that can help you relax fast. So whether you’ve had a tough day at work or you’re stressed about how much you have to do, these strategies can give you some immediate relief from your stress.

Get a Hug From a Loved One

Physical touch can do a lot to relieve your stress. Hugging a loved one can be especially beneficial.

When you hug someone, oxytocin (also known as the “cuddle hormone”) is released. Oxytocin is associated with higher levels of happiness and lower levels of stress.

Oxytocin also causes a reduction in blood pressure. It reduces the stress hormone norepinephrine and can produce a sense of relaxation. 

So don’t be afraid to ask a loved one for a hug if you need it. It’s good for both of you and it can be one of the simplest forms of stress relief available.

Enjoy Aromatherapy

Aromatherapy has real benefits for stress relief—it can help you to feel energized, more relaxed, or more present in the moment.

Emerging research suggests certain scents can alter brain wave activity and decrease stress hormones in the body.

So whether you enjoy candles, diffusers, or body products, consider incorporating some aromatherapy into your day. 

Create Artwork

Getting in touch with your creative side may have been easy for you during childhood, but if you’ve lost touch with your penchant for artwork, it’s not too late to pick it up again.

If you aren’t into drawing or painting, consider coloring in a coloring book. Adult coloring books have risen in popularity and for good reason—coloring can be a great stress reliever.

Research consistently shows that coloring can have a meditative effect. One study found that anxiety levels decline in people who were coloring complex geometric patterns, making it a perfect outlet for stress reduction.

Stress..?

[Bhoomika Saini]

What Is Stress?

Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional, or psychological strain. Stress is your body’s response to anything that requires attention or action. 

Everyone experiences stress to some degree. The way you respond to stress, however, makes a big difference to your overall well-being.

Sometimes, the best way to manage your stress involves changing your situation. At other times, the best strategy involves changing the way you respond to the situation.

Developing a clear understanding of how stress impacts your physical and mental health is important. It’s also important to recognize how your mental and physical health affects your stress level.

Signs

Stress can be short-term or long-term. Both can lead to a variety of symptoms, but chronic stress can take a serious toll on the body over time and have long-lasting health effects.

Some common signs of stress include:

  • Changes in mood
  • Clammy or sweaty palms
  • Decreased sex drive
  • Diarrhea
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Digestive problems
  • Dizziness
  • Feeling anxious
  • Frequent sickness
  • Grinding teeth
  • Headaches
  • Low energy
  • Muscle tension, especially in the neck and shoulders
  • Physical aches and pains
  • Racing heartbeat
  • Trembling

Identifying Stress

Stress is not always easy to recognize, but there are some ways to identify some signs that you might be experiencing too much pressure. Sometimes stress can come from an obvious source, but sometimes even small daily stresses from work, school, family, and friends can take a toll on your mind and body.

If you think stress might be affecting you, there are a few things you can watch for:

  • Psychological signs such as difficulty concentrating, worrying, anxiety, and trouble remembering
  • Emotional signs such as being angry, irritated, moody, or frustrated
  • Physical signs such as high blood pressure, changes in weight, frequent colds or infections, and changes in the menstrual cycle and libido
  • Behavioral signs such as poor self-care, not having time for the things you enjoy, or relying on drugs and alcohol to cope

Causes

There are many different things in life that can cause stress. Some of the main sources of stress include work, finances, relationships, parenting, and day-to-day inconveniences.

Stress can trigger the body’s response to a perceived threat or danger, known as the fight-or-flight response. During this reaction, certain hormones like adrenaline and cortisol are released. This speeds the heart rate, slows digestion, shunts blood flow to major muscle groups, and changes various other autonomic nervous functions, giving the body a burst of energy and strength.

Originally named for its ability to enable us to physically fight or run away when faced with danger, the fight-or-flight response is now activated in situations where neither response is appropriate—like in traffic or during a stressful day at work.

When the perceived threat is gone, systems are designed to return to normal function via the relaxation response. But in cases of chronic stress, the relaxation response doesn’t occur often enough, and being in a near-constant state of fight-or-flight can cause damage to the body.

Stress can also lead to some unhealthy habits that have a negative impact on your health. For example, many people cope with stress by eating too much or by smoking. These unhealthy habits damage the body and create bigger problems in the long-term.

Types of Stress

Not all types of stress are harmful or even negative. Some of the different types of stress that you might experience include:

  • Acute stress: Acute stress is a very short-term type of stress that can either be positive or more distressing; this is the type of stress we most often encounter in day-to-day life.
  • Chronic stress: Chronic stress is stress that seems never-ending and inescapable, like the stress of a bad marriage or an extremely taxing job; chronic stress can also stem from traumatic experiences and childhood trauma.
  • Episodic acute stress: Episodic acute stress is acute stress that seems to run rampant and be a way of life, creating a life of ongoing distress.
  • Eustress: Eustress is fun and exciting. It’s known as a positive type of stress that can keep you energized. It’s associated with surges of adrenaline, such as when you are skiing or racing to meet a deadline. 

Impact of Stress

The connection between your mind and body is apparent when you examine the impact stress has on your life.

Feeling stressed out over a relationship, money, or your living situation can create physical health issues. The inverse is also true. Health problems, whether you’re dealing with high blood pressure or you have diabetes, will also affect your stress level and your mental health. When your brain experiences high degrees of stress, your body reacts accordingly.

Serious acute stress, like being involved in a natural disaster or getting into a verbal altercation, can trigger heart attacks, arrhythmias, and even sudden death. However, this happens mostly in individuals who already have heart disease.

Stress also takes an emotional toll. While some stress may produce feelings of mild anxiety or frustration, prolonged stress can also lead to burnout, anxiety disorders, and depression.

Chronic stress can have a serious impact on your health as well. If you experience chronic stress, your autonomic nervous system will be overactive, which is likely to damage your body.

Stress-Influenced Conditions

  • Diabetes
  • Hair loss
  • Heart disease
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Obesity
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • Tooth and gum disease
  • Ulcers

Netflix’s gaming expansion begins on mobile devices.

Netflix started in its second-quarter earnings report on Tuesday that its early gaming efforts will be centered on mobile games and that the games will be included with customers’ Netflix subscriptions. The news comes just days after the firm announced the hiring of Mike Verdu, a former EA, and Oculus executive, to lead its gaming efforts.

From Netflix’s letter to investors, here’s what it said about gaming:

We’re also in the early phases of extending into games, drawing on our previous interactive initiatives (e.g., Black Mirror Bandersnatch) and Stranger Things games. We see gaming as a new content category for us, in the same way, that we’ve expanded into original films, animation, and unscripted television. Games, like films and shows, will be included in customers’ Netflix subscriptions at no additional cost. We’ll start by concentrating on games for mobile devices. We’re as thrilled as ever about our movie and TV series offerings, and we foresee a long runway of increased investment and growth across all of our existing content categories, but now that we’ve been at it for almost a decade, we believe it’s time to learn more about how our members value gaming.

Although Netflix just expanded its TV contract with Shonda Rhimes to include feature films and gaming content, there are still no indications on what sorts of games would be accessible. There’s also no indication of how Netflix subscribers will get their games.

In the past, the business has admitted that it competes for time and attention with games, with co-CEO Reed Hastings stating in 2019 that “we compete with (and lose to) Fortnite more than HBO.” In April, as part of the company’s first-quarter reporting, COO Greg Peters mentioned the interest of the company in gaming (PDF). And with games like Black Mirror: Bandersnatch and Carmen Sandiego, the firm has already dabbled with gaming.

However, it appears like Netflix is now more interested in gaming than ever, with the recent appointment of Verdu and the fresh details revealed Tuesday about its first intentions.

Types Of Marriages In India

Marriage ceremonies in India are especially spectacular because of the colour, festivity, traditions, and cuisine. People from all over the world travel to see Indian weddings. The vast variety of Indian wedding rites is what makes them so unique. The rituals followed in the northern portion of India differ from those followed in the southern part of India; the east and west have various types of weddings. In India, there are several sorts of weddings, and it is this diversity that we will focus on in this essay.

History Of Marriages In India

If we are going to talk about the many forms of weddings in India, we must first look at the history of marriages in India. India is a country that has traditionally emphasized arranged weddings, a tradition that is now practised in every Indian group, regardless of religion, caste, or status. Previously, two families agreed on the match, and couples were generally married in their youth so that they could adjust better. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi married Kasturba Gandhi when he was 13 years old, and they were married for 62 years.

The practise of child marriage did not exist in ancient India, but it began later when there were invasions and patriarchy began to rear its ugly head. In reality, in India, rulers organised Swayamvars for their daughters so that they may marry from among the best, ostensibly giving a woman the option. Although author Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni makes it clear in her book The Palace of Illusions that Draupadi was in love with Karna and would have garlanded him if she had the choice, she was forced to tell him that he was not a Kshatriya and could not participate in the Swayamvar because she had to serve her destiny, which was with the Pandavas.

How Many Types Of Marriages Are There In India?

It is difficult to specify the whole range of marriage ceremonies in India. Because there is so much variety within the scope of Hindu marriage. Needless to mention, several sorts of marriage rituals exist in India. Despite the fact that they are all Hindu weddings, a Bengali wedding is not the same as a South Indian or a Maharashtrian wedding. Although the faith is the same and the mantras spoken are identical, the ceremonies, time of wedding, and dress are all extremely different. If we are talking about sorts of weddings in India, we can state that there are nine forms of marriages in our nation.

  1. Hindu Marriage

The Hindu marriage ceremony adheres to Vedic customs, including the three primary rituals of Kanyadaan, Panigrahana, and Saptapadi. The first involves the father giving the bride away, the second has the bride and groom linking hands in front of the fire, and the third involves completing seven circuits around the fire. However, not all rites are observed at every Hindu wedding. Different groups in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, for example, do not have a technique of lighting a fire, and their weddings often begin early in the morning and end by midday. Some rites, such as turmeric ceremony, take place in the morning in Bengal, while the major wedding ceremony takes place in the evening, according to the auspicious hour stated in the Almanac.

North India has the most elaborate wedding rites, which begin with the sagai (engagement) and can last for days when garlands are exchanged, a havan is performed, and the woman is forced to wear the Mangal Sutra. The application of vermillion is more important in East India, and the Lakshmi Narayan Puja is very important in Maharashtra.

All Hindu marriages are registered under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 or the Special Marriage Act, 1954.

2. Christian Marriage

Christian weddings are performed in a church by a minister or a priest under the Indian Christian Marriage Act of 1872. The beauty of Christian marriage in India is that a bride frequently chooses to wear the clothing of her culture rather than a gown. So, in Christian marriages in India, the bride wears traditional dress such as sarees, mekhlas, and traditional sarongs, while the groom often wears traditional attire with his best men. Among the types of marriages in India it is a Christian marriage that is a happy amalgam of Indian and Western cultures. The tradition of the feast, the toast and the bouquet are all followed sprinkled with indigenous traditions.

3. Sikh Marriage

Sikh weddings were formerly recorded under the Hindu Marriage Act, but are now registered under the Punjab Sikh Anand Karaj Marriage Act 2018. The Sikh wedding ceremony is basic. It is held in the Gurudwara. Before that, a ceremony called milni is held in which the bride’s and groom’s family meet. The bride and groom then take pheras around Guru Granth Sahib after reciting four short stanzas from their religious texts (Holy Scripture). The bride and groom dress up in extravagant traditional costume, and delicious food is served throughout the ceremonies.

4. Muslim Marriage

A Muslim marriage is governed by the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act of 1937. In India, Muslim marriages adhere to Islamic customs. The bride and groom may choose to wear traditional Indian clothes, however the religious ceremony is typically carefully adhered to Islamic standards. The Maulavi performs the wedding ceremony known as the Nikah. Kanydan is also present during a Muslim wedding, followed by the reading of the Koran, the groom’s proposal, and the bride’s acceptance. Biriyani is a traditional wedding dish among Indian Muslims.

5. Parsi Marriage

The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act of 1936 governs the legalisation and registration of Parsi marriages. Some of the traditions included in a Parsi marriage include the exchanging of silver coins between the bride’s and groom’s family. Following this ritual, the woman assumes the husband’s name. Three days before the wedding, the festivities continue, and on the fourth day, a wedding procession arrives to the bride’s residence, where the marriage is solemnised.

Following the wedding, the couple must eat from the same plate to symbolize their unity.

6. Buddhist Marriage

A Buddhist marriage is most likely the simplest kind of marriage in India. The Special Marriage Act of 1954 governs Buddhist marriages. There are no rigidly prescribed rites or elaborate ceremonies to be observed. True to its religious precepts, a Buddhist marriage stresses spirituality and the fulfilment of vows. A monk or Rinpoche generally performs the engagement solo. On the wedding day, the bride and groom, along with their respective families, attend the temple before the wedding ceremony, which is held in a different location.

A Buddhist wedding is a modest gathering to which only a few close friends and family are invited.

7. Jain Marriage

Buddhists and Jain can register their marriages under the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 or the Special Marriage Act of 1954. These are two sorts of marriage acts that individuals of many religions might employ. Jain marriages have numerous rites that are comparable to Hindu nuptials, such as pheras and kanyavaran, but they also include a variety of Pujas and aarti.

The most significant tradition is that after the wedding, the bride and groom travel to a Jain Temple with their family members and feed the destitute there.

8. Court Marriage

Inter-caste and inter-faith marriages are a common occurrence in India. Many people who wish to skip religious rites choose judicial marriage under the Special Marriage Act of 1954. A 30-day notice is provided to the registrar, along with the bride and groom’s residence and birth information. Then, on the appointed day, they must appear at the registrar’s office with three witnesses to sign the legal paperwork and read the vows.

9. Mixed marriages

Many brides and grooms follow the rites of both faiths to solemnise their weddings in the case of inter-faith marriages. These marriages are governed by the Special Marriage Act of 1954, although it is customary to have a church wedding in the morning followed by a havan in the evening.

In a country with as diverse customs as India, mind-boggling rituals and traditional rites are unavoidable. However, there are primarily nine sorts of weddings that are widely solemnised in modern India, about which we just reported extensively.

DETERIORATING CONDITIONS OF INDIAN LITERATURE

India was not only a golden sparrow in the terms of treasure but it was also in the terms of art and literature। India has a very prosperous name in the fields of mathematics, astrology, science and many more. All the evidence is in the books written by various scholars of ancient time. This means that India has its roots very deep in the field of art and literature. 
Earlier, technology was not  advanced, there was no availability of televisions, phones and internet. Hence, people read books, newspapers, magazines etc.  From there the value of art and literature began to start. People were always fond of reading. Many used to wait for a week very eagerly for magazines like champak and others. The knowledge you get from literature is unforgettable. Poems and authors were liked and loved widely by the readers. 
The drive for freedom and independence was a result of people sharing poems and articles. Gandhiji, Bhagat Singh and many other freedom fighters motivated Indians to fight against Britishers with the help of articles and poems. There was an era when writings and writers had a great influence on society. There are many more examples which shows the importance of literature in Indian history. 
After independence, cinema and theatre began to develop in the country. Black and white television was introduced. Films were shot and played in theaters. Of course, there was a time when cinemas influenced the people greatly. People loved songs, movies and cinemas but the value of art and literature was at the same level. Movies of those time dealt with social problems, culture and status. However, movies were rarely seen. 
There was only one television in the village. And that too in the home of the richest man of the village. Reading book was quite cheaper than seeing cinemas. 
Times changed, era changed, situation changed and the field of interest changed. The internet became accessible very easily, people started spending more time on social media and other stuff. A time came when people became so fond of browsing the internet. They started using it in such a manner that it turned into a disadvantage to the entire society. The interest in art and literature vanished.  Authors and poets became lost. No identity, no attention was given to the authors, poets and their writings. 
People are getting attracted towards dance and music. No doubt! Dance and music are one of the most beautiful form of art which provides pleasure to the soul. Earlier too people were fond of music and dance, India is a land of unique diversity in various dance forms and various ragas of music. It's a beautiful thing to get attracted towards dance and music, but the sadness is that people are getting attracted towards bad music, item songs and dances which doesn't maintain the dignity of society.  Today every second song talks about women's body, insults women in one or the other way, and the reality is that people are loving it and encouraging such non social stuff. 
Today, people are ready to see a full movie of 3 hours, listen to a song of 5 minutes, and spend hours and hours on YouTube and various other social networking sites, but who is ready to read a few lines of a poet, an article of a writer? Of course no one.  No one has time to read or to understand the literature.  People are neither interested in reading early literature nor today's. 
Society, as well as the government, doesn't provide a good platform to authors, poets, speakers and litterateurs. For instance, there is a platform for upcoming poets and writers in school and colleges. What happens after college? After completing studies there is no platform for one who writes as a passion. On the social networking platform, people in their contacts are not at all interested in their writings. It is not even seen, especially by the young generation. A few in thousands are there who bother about it. 
For dancers, there is Dance India Dance. For singers,  there is Indian Idol. For various other artists such as painter, actor, mimicry etc, there is India Got Talent. What about poets, writers, speakers and debaters? Just kavi sammelans. None of them given an identity at national level except for a very few. 
No proper platform is given to these talented folks in India or anywhere in the world. Government too does not take any initiative. 
This will ruin the literature so badly, it's identity is going to be lost soon and the coming generation will have no idea about literature. 
Every talent is great, whether it is dance, music or writing. People should appreciate everything, and all artists must get equal platforms.

Mother Teresa

A lady of great caliber who spends her whole life serving the poor and needy people. Although she was not an Indian still she came to India to help its people.


Mother Teresa was not his actual name but after becoming a nun she received this name from the church after the name of St. Teresa. By birth, she was a Christian and a great believer of God.

Early life
Her real name was  Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu on August 26th, 1910, at Skopje.
Her father, Kole, was a widely traveled businessman. Her mother, Drana, was a housewife.

How Mother Teresa helped the society?
Mother Teresa created many homes for the dying and the unwanted from Calcutta to New York to Albania. She was one of the first to establish homes for AIDS victims.

Mother Teresa joined a Roman Catholic religious order that sent her on a mission from her homeland in what is now Macedonia to far-off India. She went on to found the organization Missionaries of Charities.1962 Padma Shri Award for distinguished service.

Awards

1962 Padma Shri Award for distinguished service.
1971 Pope John XXIII Peace Prize
1971 Prize of the Good Samaritan, Boston
1971 Kennedy Prize
1972 Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding
1972 Koruna Dut, angel of charity from the President of India.
1973 Templeton Prize
1975 Albert Schweitzer International Prize
1977 Honorary PhD in Theology, University of Cambridge, England
1979 Nobel Peace Prize
1982 Honorary PhD from the Catholic University Brussels, Belgium
1985 Presidential Medal of Freedom
1996 Honorary U.S. citizenship (only the 4th person to receive this honor)
1997 Congressional Gold Medal

POMPEII

Pompeii, is a preserved ancient Roman city in Campania, Italy, 14 miles southeast of Naples, at the southeastern base of Mount Vesuvius. Around noon on August 24, 79 CE, a huge eruption from Mount Vesuvius showered volcanic debris over the city of Pompeii, followed the next day by clouds of blisteringly hot gases. Buildings were destroyed, the population was crushed or asphyxiated, and the city was buried beneath a blanket of ash. For many centuries Pompeii slept beneath its pall of ash, which perfectly preserved the remains. When these were finally unearthed, in the 1700s, the world was astonished at the discovery of a sophisticated Greco-Roman city frozen in time. Grand public buildings included an impressive and an amphitheatre; lavish villas and all kinds of houses, dating back to the 4th century BCE, were also uncovered. Inside were some preserved remains of people sheltering from the eruption; others lay buried as they fled; bakeries were found with loaves still in the ovens. The buildings and their contents revealed day-to-day life in the ancient world—and stirred 18th-century interest in all things classical.

History

It seems certain that Pompeii, Herculaneum, and nearby towns were first settled by Oscan-speaking descendants of the Neolithic inhabitants of Campania. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Oscan village of Pompeii, strategically located near the mouth of the Sarnus River, soon came under the influence of the cultured Greeks who had settled across the bay in the 8th century BCE. Pompeii is first mentioned in history in 310 BCE, when, during the Second Samnite War, a Roman fleet landed at the Sarnus port of Pompeii and from there made an unsuccessful attack on the neighbouring city of Nuceria. After the war, Pompeii, along with the rest of Italy south of the Po River, received Roman citizenship. However, as a punishment for Pompeii’s part in the war, a colony of Roman veterans was established there under Publius Sulla, the nephew of the Roman general.

Mt. Vesuvius

Mt. Vesuvius erupted on August 24, 79 CE. A vivid eyewitness report is preserved in two letters written by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus, who had inquired about the death of Pliny the Elder, commander of the Roman fleet at Misenum. Pliny the Elder had rushed from Misenum to help the stricken population and to get a close view of the volcanic phenomena, and he died at Stabiae. Site excavations and volcanological studies, notably in the late 20th century, have brought out further details. Just after midday on August 24, fragments of ash, pumice, and other volcanic debris began pouring down on Pompeii, quickly covering the city to a depth of more than 9 feet and causing the roofs of many houses to fall in. Surges of pyroclastic material and heated gas, known as nuées ardentes, reached the city walls on the morning of August 25 and soon asphyxiated those residents who had not been killed by falling debris. Additional pyroclastic flows and rains of ash followed, adding at least another 9 feet of debris and preserving in a pall of ash the bodies of the inhabitants who perished while taking shelter in their houses or trying to escape toward the coast or by the roads leading to Stabiae or Nuceria. Thus Pompeii remained buried under a layer of pumice stones and ash 19 to 23 feet (6 to 7 metres) deep. The city’s sudden burial served to protect it for the next 17 centuries from vandalism, looting, and the destructive effects of climate and weather.

The Remains

The city of Pompeii was shaped irregularly because it was built on a prehistoric lava flow. Excavations indicate that the southwestern part of the town is the oldest, but scholars do not agree on the stages by which the walls were expanded or on who the builders were. The walls are 2 miles (3 km) in circumference, and they enclose an area of about 163 acres. The public buildings are for the most part grouped in three areas: the Forum (elevation 110 feet), located in the large level area on the southwest; the Triangular Forum (82 feet), standing on a height at the edge of the south wall overlooking the bay; and the Amphitheatre and Palaestra, in the east. The Forum was the centre of the city’s religious, economic, and municipal life; it was a large rectangular area surrounded by a two-story colonnaded portico. The Triangular Forum is the site of the Doric Temple, the oldest temple in Pompeii. Between the 3rd and the 1st century BCE a theatre, a palaestra (sports ground), and a small covered theatre were built to the east of the Triangular Forum. The temples of Zeus Meilichius and of Isis and the old Samnite palaestra were nearby. n the east corner of Pompeii was the Amphitheatre, and to the west a large palaestra was built to replace the old Samnite palaestra. Baths were scattered throughout the town.

Importance as a Historical Source

The extent of the archaeological sites makes them of the greatest importance, for they provide a unique source of information about so many aspects of social, economic, religious, and political life of the ancient world. The bakeries, complete with mills, kneading machines, and ovens, some still containing loaves of bread, show how this staple of everyday life was produced. The shops of the sculptor, toolmaker, and gem cutter, as well as the factories for fish sauce and lamps and the many wine and food shops, document other aspects of ancient life. Pompeii was a busy port town that exported products throughout the Mediterranean region. Merchants and tradesmen found food and lodging near the city gates and the Forum. Further, Pompeii offers the best opportunity for the study of city planning and land use in an ancient city. Excavations since the mid-20th century have revealed an unexpected amount of open land. Unfortunately, the excavations are constantly endangered by the ravages of weather, tourist traffic at the site, and destructive vegetation. 

RURAL AND URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS CAUSES IN INDIA

Unemployment refers to a situation in which the workers who are capable of working and willing to work do not get employment. Unemployment also refers to a situation where the persons who are able to work and willing to work, fail to secure work or activity which gives them income or means of livelihood.

RURAL EMPLOYMENT:

In Rural employment, both unemployment and underemployment exist side by side. The increasing population implies an increasing pressure on land. This pressure on land has resulted in an increase in number of agriculturists, and this has largely contributed to the problem of ununtilized labour in the agriculture sector.

1. SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT- caused by seasonal varieties in production or demand or both. When the works are engaged in a particular work or occupation, get employment only for a limited period and remain idle for the remaining period.

2. DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT- In Indian villages, people are found to be apparently engaged in agricultural activities. In such a situation, even if many works are withdrawn, same work will continue to be done by fewer people. It follows that all the workers are not needed to maintain the existing level of production. The contribution of such labourers to production is zero or near zero.

URBAN EMPLOYMENT:

Urban employment is largely the off-shoot of rural employment. With the growing process of making of peasantry very poor in the wake of introduction of the capitalist system of farming, and in the face of increasing pressure of population on land, a mass departure of population from rural areas to urban areas take place.

1. STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT- caused by structural changes like rapidly growing population, fall in the rate of capital formation, technological change etc., in the economy. It is of long run nature.

2. DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT- A person is apparently employed bit their marginal product is zero. Marginal product means the product and the produce added to the existing production due to the addition of new employee/ worker.

3. EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT- Even a person who is educated/trained and skilled fails to obtain a suitable job suited to his qualification he is said to be educated unemployed.

4. OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT- The labourers when live without any work and they dont find any work to do they come under the category of unemployment. Educated unemployment and skilled labourers unemployment are included in open unemployment. The migration from rural to urban areas in search of work is very often found in India is an example of open unemployment.

5. UNDER UNEMPLOYMENT- refers to the underutilization of manpower available both in terms of time and skill. If a master of engineering graduate work as a clear or an office assistant in an office, he is underutilized in terms of man power.

6. VOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT- Though jobs are available some person may want to remain idle come under the category of this kind. The people who do not have the mind set to work regardless of their economic position and lazy people are included in this category.

7. NATURAL UNEMPLOYMENT- Unemployment ranging between 2 to 3% in the country is considered natural and inevitable. This minimal percentage of unemployment cannot be eliminated at all.

CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT:

The unemployment problem in India has assumed alarming dimensions since independence.

1. POPULATION GROWTH- The galloping in population of our country during the last decades has increased the unemployment problem in the country.

2. INSUFFICIENT RATE OF ECONOMIC PROGRESS- The rate of growth is inadequate to absorb the entire labour force in the country. The opportunity of employment are not sufficient to absorb which are taking place as result of the rapidly increasing population in India.

3. ABSENCE OF EMPLOYMENT OTHER THAN AGRICULTURE- Agriculture is the principle area of employment in the country A major cause of rural unemployment refers the extremely low rate of growth of agriculture.

4. JOINT FAMILY SYSTEM- Existence of joint family system in India promotes disguised unemployment. Usually the members of a family work on their family farms or do family business.

5. SLOW DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIES- Industrialization is not rapid in our country and industrial labours finds few job opportunities. The surplus labour in the agriculture sector labour is not absorbed by the industrial sector.

6. INAPPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY- An important cause in the urban industrial sector is the use of inappropriate technology. Instead of using technology suited to our requirement of utilizing abundant labour supply available in the country, western modern highly capital-intensive technology is adopted which minimizes use of labour.

The need of hour to fight poverty and unemployment is to have belief approach towards education system and employment generation programmes in rural areas through recent initiatives such as skill India which is a campaign launched by Prime Minister Damodardas Modion 15 July 2015 which aim to train over 40 crore people in India in different skills by 2022.

PINK PROTECTION

Women’s Safety Kerala government launches ” Pink Protection ” to prevent project to prevent crimes against women As many as 10 cars , 40 Two – wheelers , including Bullets , and 20 Bicycles were allotted by Government as part of pro- women project

Amidst concerns of increasing atrocities against women , especially during the COVID -19 induced lockdown period , the Kerala government launched a comprehensive program to safeguard their rights in public , private and cyber spaces Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan kicked-off the endeavour , titled “PINK PROTECTION” project , by flagging off an array of vehicles , to be given to the assigned officers to the drive , in front of the police Head quarters in Thiruvananthapuram. The specially trained pink beat officers would be present in public places and a would be present in public places and a pink control room would be available in all the 14 districts , the statement said adding that apink shadow patrol team would identify anti- social elements at crowded places and take action An all-women Bullet patrol team , named Pink Romeo has already has been launched in the state as part of the pro-women initiatives of the Government.

Rakesh Jhunjhunwala trims stake in Tata Motors

Billionaire investor Rakesh Jhunjhunwala sold 50 lakh shares of automotive giant Tata Motors NSE -2.17 %, trimming his stake in the company to 1.14 per cent, latest shareholding data showed.

Jhunjhunwala held a total of 4.27 crore shares in the company at the end of March, which came down to 3.77 crore by the end of June. According to the last closing price, he sold shares worth Rs 154.35 crore. Tata Motors was the second largest bet in Rakesh Jhunjhunwala’s portfolio, after Titan.

Retail investors also trimmed their holdings in the company during the quarter. They now hold 11.94 per cent, down from 12.92 per cent at the end of the March quarter.

Life Insurance of India, the largest domestic investor, also slashed its stake to 4.03 per cent from 4.18 per cent. Overall, insurance companies now hold 4.83 per cent, down from 5.80 per cent.

Shares of Tata Motors fell 1.5 per cent to Rs 303.95 in Mumbai trading on Tuesday.

The company has been facing difficulties lately. Its biggest contributor to revenues, Jaguar Land Rover earlier this month said chip shortage in the international market could hit its business significantly.

However, some set of investors increased their holdings in the company. Mutual funds now hold 5.78 per cent in the firm, up from 5.30 per cent, the shareholding data showed. Foreign portfolio investors raised their holding to 14.28 per cent from 13.78 per cent.

PCOD

PCOD Diet – Introduction

PCOS or polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common condition women experience today. It abuses women of childbearing age. Although the situation is quite common but similar findings are often overlooked. Most women do not even know that they suffer from PCOS until late in the evening. The passage of time, in this case, does not refer to anything fatal, but PCOD tends to affect the reproductive system and metabolic health of the body significantly. Now, why is this happening? Our reproductive system and many other bodily functions can be altered by minor changes in hormone levels. It’s amazing, isn’t it? But it is true.

One of the first problems that come with PCOD is the side effects of excessive male hormones and high insulin production in a woman’s body. And this change will allow your body to show you symptoms such as menopause, rapid obesity, acne, and excessive hair growth in unwanted areas and more. The first step in this regard is to know that you suffer from PCOS and the next to understand what changes your body is experiencing due to hormonal imbalances. And then you can finally take a step towards minor changes that will help you fight this situation. As you know any curable disease can be cared for once the diagnosis has been completed and treatment is given in a timely manner.

Let’s start by combining the symptoms:

Although PCOS is more common these days, the symptoms are not the same for two people who suffer from the same symptoms. So when this often goes unnoticed. But as they say that prevention is better than cure, so below are some of the most common symptoms associated with PCOD, if you may have one or two of them, then it might be best to seek professional help.

  1. Unusual or missing time: This is one of the most common symptoms associated with PCOS. In some cases, PCOS even presents problems with timing of blood transfusions, vision, etc.
  2. Infertility: Infertility is due to premature and problematic ovulation shown in your irregular menstrual cycle.
  3. Excessive hair growth on the face and body: This is due to the excessive production of male hormones in a woman.
  4. Hair loss or baldness.
  5. Acne: Not the general acne, we women deal with it. But if you have problems with excessive and uncontrollable acne, then you may want to dig deeper into the problem.
  6. Obesity: This is one of the biggest problems with PCOD. You tend to gain weight even after you put yourself on a diet. And that is when the situation becomes difficult to deal with. Women with PCOD, on the other hand, tend to gain weight more easily and on the other hand, treatment requires them to lose weight.
  7. Insulin resistance: This causes high levels of insulin in your body. Cells in the body fail to use the produced insulin thus sending a signal to the body to increase the amount of fluid, and that leads to elevated levels of insulin in your body.
  8. Anxiety: Yes, anxiety is real but you have to ask yourself how it relates to PCOD. Anxiety leads to depression, and this affects your hormone secretion, thereby disrupting hormone levels.

As they say it is not easy to be a woman. How can one expect to live a stress-free life in a world where everyone is busy climbing the ladder of success? There is no time to relax. Understandably, but all you need to do is set a balance. PCOD does not really have a cure other than hormonal pills that faithfully affect your health and can also cause weight gain, which you obviously need to avoid. Now what can you do? For a solution to this problem read on.

How can you deal with PCOD in a natural way?

Yes, even if you have a lot of artificial options, you can actually choose natural and health options like good nutrition and basic exercise. On top of these two live a healthy lifestyle and say goodbye to PCOD forever. It may not be as easy as taking pills, but it will be healthier, more effective and a longer lasting solution.

As you have already seen that weight gain for PCOD is a problem for such women so let’s talk about diet and what is wrong.

PCOD Food:

PCOD Diet chart is very important in PCOD control game. But how do you know if you’re overweight and you need to lose some weight? It’s really easy. If your BMPCOS diet chart is over 25 years old congratulations you need to lose weight and join a tough journey to do just that. Once you know this, it is easy to know how much you will have to spend. Remember that even a small change in your weight will help you to cope. Next, you need to know that you cannot skip meals. Skipping food increases your blood sugar level which will affect your insulin levels, so have a regular diet. Combine that with 30 minutes of exercise every day, and say ‘no’ to smoking. That’s all. It’s simple and easy, not really but one can always try.

  1. Nutritious food: You can make oats and fruit your new bae. Because your body needs nutrients and not a crazy diet chart for one meal a day. The goal is not just to lose weight and look thinner; the goal is to give your body what it needs. You need to pack it as an anti-inflammatory food you can in our diet. So your shopping list should include raw vegetables, blueberries, and pineapples. High in protein such as fish, eggs, chicken breast, avocado, and good fats. But remember the key is part. You need to control your food portions.
  2. Adieu’s fast food: Yes, it’s sad but because it’s so good. Sprinkle your pasta dishes with green salad bowls Replace white rice instead of brown. Avoid processed foods. Fruits are your new BFF like grapefruit, lime, lemon and berries.
  3. Low and regular diets: This will help you control your blood sugar levels. Choose a smoothie for your breakfast, have a sandwich at noon, for lunch you can have something low. The goal is to be balanced. Seek help on youtube to make those boring salad dishes look yummy.
  4. Not all fats are bad: Your body needs good fats. These good fats will enable your body to absorb vitamins such as A, D, E, K. What are the best fats? Foods such as avocado, salmon, mackerel and fish should be part of your diet.
  5. Have a cheat date: Food for PCOD needs is not easy, especially if you are violent, it will be your worst nightmare. So have a cheat day, don’t overdo it but have fry whatever you want in small portions. This is because we do not want you to be sad and depressed about food, the last thing we want. Because PCOD diet and lifestyle go hand in hand.how to exercise with PCOD

Pests

Any animal which becomes a source of trouble or loss to human is called a pest.Among insects such pests are numerous and are of different kinds.An insect is usually called as a pest when it causes appreciable damage and loss to the crops or other belongings.The pests may be classified as major or occasional.The insects damaging standing crops cereals, fruits and other plant products of commercial importance are designated as crop pests.Those insects destroying stored grains are called store pest.Insects causing damage to household articles are called the household pests.

⚫Pest of cotton

⭐Pink boll worm-Pectinophora gossypiella

This pest causes damage to the buds,flowers and seeds.

⭐Red cotton bug-Dysdercus koenigii

This bug sucks the cell sap of green bolls and leaves.

⭐Spotted boll worm-Earias vitella,E.insulana

E-vitella is abundant in high rainfall areas,where as E-insulana abounds in areas receiving scanty rains.The caterpillars of Earias.bore into the stem portion of young seedlings and apical shoots and later eat into buds,flowers and bolls.The attacked shoots wither,droop and ultimately die.

Control:The attacked shoots and bolls should be collected and destroyed.Avoid growing lady’s finger during the off-season in the vicinity of the cotton fields.

⚫Pests of paddy

⭐Rice stem borer-Tryporyza incertulas

This pest bores into the stems of the young mature stages of paddy.

⭐Rice bug-Leptocorisa acuta

It mainly feeds on paddy but is also found feeding on millets,maize,sugarcane and some grasses The adults and nymphs feed on the milky juice of the forming grains which as a consequence become chaff.

Control:In nurseries and fields,the leaves of paddy plants containing eggs should be clipped and burnt.As the bugs feed and breed on various types of grasses,removal of such grasses from the fields will help in reducing the population.

⚫Pest of sugarcane

⭐ Sugarcane root borer-Emmalocera depressella.

This pest causes damage to the stem below the soil surface.

⭐ Sugarcane shoot borer-Chilo infuscatellus

This pest causes damage to the shoot.

⭐ Sugarcane top shoot borer-Scirpophaga nivella
The damage by the borer actually starts from the mid rib of the top leaves into which it bores and makes tiny holes.

Control: Effective control of this pest is possible only by integrating mechanical and chemical control methids.Mechanical methods include the collection and destruction of egg masses and affected top shoots and sowing of resistant varieties.

⚫Pests of vegetables

⭐Red pumpkin beetle-Raphidopalpa foveicollis

This pest causes damage to the leaves, flowers and buds of younger plants.

⭐Brinjal shoot and fruit borer-Leucinodes orbonalis

The pest starts damaging the Brinjal plant a few weeks after its transplantation.When the shoot is attacked by the caterpillar it droops and withers, finally drying up When the petioles of the leaves are bored into by the larva the leaves wither and drop.

Control: Prompt collection and destruction of the plant parts harbouring larvae help in reducing the infestation.

⚫Pest of coconut palm

Rhinoceros beetle-Oryctes rhinoceros.The adult causes infestation by feeding the young leaf fronds.They make burrows and throw out a fibrous mass.The infestation is marked by a number of holes on the fronds,when they open out.The attack results in the destruction of growing plant as a result of which the tree dies.

Control:The beetles should be destroyed by inserting specially designed hooked rod.In earlier developmental stages beetles should be destroyed by tackling the breeding places like manure pits near gardens.

⚫Pests of stored grains

⭐Rice weevil-Sitophilus Oryzae

This is a very serious major pest of stored grains in farm storage.Generally, infestation starts in grains only during storage which may lead to heat spots in the grain.The grains are hollowed and the weight is reduced.

Control:The weevil is unable to breed at a grain moisture content of 9% or less.Hence dry storage of grains can avoid infestation by the pest.

⭐Pulse beetle-Callosobruchus chinensis

It affects both in fields and in stores.The pest attacks leguminous pods in the field from where they are carried to godowns.The larvae bore into the pulses and grains.They feed and grow inside.The damaged grains are unfit for human consumption.

Control: Control can be achieved by growing suceptible crops atleast a kilometer away from storage godowns which are the main source of infestation.

⚫ Pests of household goods

⭐Silverfish-Lepisma saccharina

It is cosmopolitan in distribution.It is commonly found living in moist warm places and among old books.It mostly attacks old books and magazines.It infects starched clothes,rayon fabrics,book labels or bindings where glue has been used.

Control:The books should not be kept in damp places.Books should be exposed to sunlight frequently.Dusting of 5% malathion has proved to be an effective control measure for heavily infested cases.

ARE DREAMS HIDDEN MESSAGES OR JUST HOT AIR?

Have you ever dreamt of something strange and believed that there would be a hidden message behind it?

Dreams can provide useful insights on our lives. Humans have long sought meaning in their dreams. For centuries, people have questioned the meaning of dreams. According to early civilization they thought it as a medium between humans and the gods. The Greeks and Romans were convinced and believed that dreams could predict the future.

THERORIES:

But, Deirdre Barrett, a psychologist and dream researcher at Harvard Medical School said that “There’s really no research that supports that point of view”. “No dictionary or dream interpreter can tell you what a dream really means “, she added.

Several theories based on dreams were studied. THREAT STIMULATION THERORY which tells ” Dreams as a defense mechanism our brains put in place to prepare us for scary events and allows us to face our fears in a safe simulation “. Another such theory, ACTIVATION SYNTHESIS HYPOTHESIS that states ” Dreams don’t actually mean anything, instead they’re merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories “.

On a contrary,  psychologist Sigmund Freud though otherwise. According to Freud, ” Dreams are imagery of a wish or impulse from childhood that has since been repressed “. And for this reason Freud studied dreams to understand the unconscious mind. After his study he tells that ” Your dreams reveal your repressed wishes to you “.

FACTS

  • Some 68 percent said that dreams foretell the future, and 63 percent said at least one of their dreams had come true.
  • Not all dream are in color. Roughly 12% of people claim to only dream in black and white.
  • 70% of your dreams contain secret messages.
  • Bad Dreams Can Kill You in Your sleep by Causing a Heart Attack.
  • Death in dreams is really about some kind of change or ending you’re dealing with in your real life.
  • Children under age of 3 do not dream about themselves.

Some say dreams give a person some hint and on the other hand some disagree. While one cannot come to a conclusion if dreams actually give some hidden messages or not but all that we can say is, it definitely benefits a person. Dreams offer emotional benefits, such as introspection. Dreams can also aid creativity. It is also important for memory consolidation or conflict resolution.

An Ideal Student

Qualities of an ideal student

Many people regard bookish knowledge to be the ‘all and end-all’ of education. This is not correct. Real education means overall development of the personality of the student. Therefore, an ideal student is the person who takes interest in all activities of his educational institution. He is good not only at studies, but also at games and other activities outside the classroom. He does nothing, which may bring disgrace to him, his parents, his school or his nation. He tries his best to become an ideal citizen.

An ideal student is diligent. He always tries to excel others in his class. He sets an example for others by his actions and behaviour in the school and college. He brings name and fame to his school. Discipline, respect for elders and good manners are his chief characteristics. He makes his mind, body and spirit strong to meet the challenges of his future life. He believes that a sound mind lives in a sound body. He is very regular and punctual. He does everything at the right time and in the right manner. He does his duty faithfully and sincerely without thinking of the reward.

An ideal student always tries to develop good habits and pleasant manners. He is polite in speech. He is always ready to help all those who are in need of him. He is honest in his dealings with others. He always keeps only good company. He has an unquenchable thirst for knowledge and he is always keen on learning something new. An ideal student always devotes enough time to reading books of common interest, and the works of great men.

An ideal student is a model person. He is never proud of his achievements. He is confident and brave. He can express his views frankly without fear and favour. He is steadfast in the struggle of life and faces all challenges boldly and cheerfully. He can never think of using unfair means in an examination.

Restraint and self control are the chief characteristics of an ideal student. He thinks twice before he speaks or does a thing. He never uses impolite language. He never misses an opportunity to serve his fellowmen. He is objective and considerate in his approach. He hates the sin but not the sinner. He is God – fearing and does not have malice to anybody. He bears a good moral character. An ideal student is aware of the fact that,
“If wealth is lost, nothing is lost;
If health is lost, something is lost;
But if character is lost, everything is lost.”
An ideal student today is the citizen of tomorrow.

UNIFORM CIVIL CODE

In areas like as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption, the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) advocates for the creation of a single law for India that would apply to all religious sects. The law is based on Article 44 of the Constitution, which states that the state must work to ensure that citizens throughout India have access to a uniform civil code.

For over a century, the subject has been at the forefront of political discourse and discussion, and it is a top priority for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which has been pressing for legislation in Parliament. The saffron party was the first to vow that if it wins power, it will adopt UCC, and the subject was included in its Lok Sabha election program for 2019.

The central family law acts were extended to Jammu and Kashmir when Article 370 was repealed. Although this is another step toward adopting UCC across India, there is still a long way to go in this endeavor. 

Human rights and the values of equality, fairness and justice all support the creation of a standard civil code. Article 44 of the Indian constitution’s directive principle is important because its goal is combat discrimination against vulnerable groups and to bring disparate cultural groupings together across the country. While drafting the Constitution, the father of our constitution “Dr. B R Ambedkar” stated that while a UCC is desirable, it should remain voluntary for the time being, and so Article 35 of the draft Constitution was added as part of the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV of the Constitution of India as Article 44. It was included into the Constitution as a condition that would be met when the nation was ready to embrace it and the UCC could gain societal acceptability.

The UCC aims to provide the following:-

  1. Protection of Vulnerable Portions of Society: The UCC strives to safeguard vulnerable sections of society, like women and religious minorities, as envisioned by Ambedkar, while simultaneously encouraging nationalistic ardour via unity.
  2. Rules will be simplified: The code will make the complicated laws of marriage ceremonies, inheritance, succession, and adoptions more accessible to everyone. All citizens, regardless of their faith, shall be subject to the same civil law. When passed, the code would strive to simplify laws that are now divided based on religious views, such as the Hindu code bill, Sharia law, and other similar legislation.
  3. Secularism: A goal established in the Preamble, and a secular republic requires a single law for all people rather than differentiating regulations based on religious customs.
  4. Gender justice: Each religion in India has its own set of personal rules covering weddings, divorce, succession, adoption, and maintenance. Women’s rights, however, are typically restricted by religious legislation, whether Hindu or Muslim. A famous example is the practice of triple talaq which is now been held unconstitutional.

All personal laws will be abolished if an unified civil code is established. 

Therefore, the people’ fundamental rights to equality before the law and equal protection under the law, as guaranteed by the Constitution, need a comparable response throughout these regions. Article 44, which requires the state to make reasonable efforts to ensure that citizens have access to an unified civil code across India, has the same effect.