French revolution

ALL OF US HAVE STUDIED ABOUT LOUIS XVI FAMOUS STORY. AND THE SAGA OF NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE.LETS HAVE A FLASHBACK TO THE HISTORY

French Revolution

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Women’s participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentieth- century historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women’s movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary France. Even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individual women, like Marie Antoinette. The recent studies by Landes, Badinter, Godineau, and Roudinesco, however, should signal a much-needed reassessment of women’s participation.

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Godineau and Roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation. The first, up to mid-1792, involved those women who wrote political tracts. Typical of their orientation to theoretical issues—in Godineau’s view, without practical effect—is Marie Gouze’s Declaration of the Rights of Women. The emergence of vocal middle- class women’s political clubs marks the second phase. Formed in 1791 as adjuncts of middle-class male political clubs, and originally philanthropic in function, by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women. In the final phase, the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass women’s movement: women seized food supplies, held officials hostage, and argued for the implementation of democratic politics. This phase ended in May of 1795 with the military suppression of this multiclass movement. In all three phases women’s participation in politics contrasted markedly with their participation before 1789. Before that date some noblewomen participated indirectly in elections, but such participation by more than a narrow range of the population—women or men—came only with the Revolution.

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What makes the recent studies particularly compelling, however, is not so much their organization of chronology as their unflinching willingness to confront the reasons for the collapse of the women’s movement. For Landes and Badinter, the necessity of women’s having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political traditions diminished the ability of the women’s movement to resist suppression. Many women, and many men, they argue, located their vision within the confining tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively. But, when women went on to make political alliances with radical Jacobin men, Badinter asserts, they adopted a vocabulary and a violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests.

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Each of these scholars has a different political agenda and takes a different approach—Godineau, for example, works with police archives while Roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psychology. Yet, admirably, each gives center stage to a group that previously has been marginalized, or at best undifferentiated, by historians. And in the case of Landes and Badinter, the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the Revolution of speaking in borrowed voices.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution&ved=2ahUKEwiEnaOv7ufxAhVbyzgGHSZLB8EQFnoECCYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1ntUmqXdSYR9ME1L2DAcE8

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/france/french-revolution&ved=2ahUKEwiEnaOv7ufxAhVbyzgGHSZLB8EQFnoECEYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw30-DOOzIkwL94onNDgzDcD&ampcf=1

Dahl and Democracy

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In Democracies and its Critics, Robert Dahl defends both democratic value and pluralist democracies, or polyarchies (a rough shorthand term for Western political systems). Dahl argues convincingly that the idea of democracy rests on political equality—the equality capacity of all citizens to determine or influence collective decisions. Of course, as Dahl recognizes, if hierarchical ordering is inevitable in any structure of government, and if no society can guarantee perfect equality in the resources that may give rise to political influence, the democratic principle of political equality is incapable of full realization. So actual systems can be deemed democratic only as approximations to the ideal. It is on these grounds that Dahl defends polyarchy.

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As a representative system in which elected officials both determine government policy and are accountable to a broad-based electorate, polyarchy reinforces a diffusion of power away from any single center and toward a variety of individuals, groups, and organizations. It is this centrifugal characteristic, Dahl argues, that makes polyarchy the nearest possible approximation to the democratic ideal. Polyarchy achieves this diffusion of power through party competition and the operation of pressure groups. Competing for votes, parties seek to offer different sections of the electorate what they most want; they do not ask what the majority thinks of an issue, but what policy commitments will sway the electoral decisions of particular groups. Equally, groups that have strong feelings about an issue can organize in pressure groups to influence public policy.

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During the 1960s and 1970s, criticism of the theory of pluralist democracy was vigorous. Many critics pointed to a gap between the model and the reality of Western political systems. They argued that the distribution of power resources other than the vote was so uneven that the political order systematically gave added weight to those who were already richer or organizationally more powerful. So the power of some groups to exclude issues altogether from the political agenda effectively countered any diffusion of influence on decision-making.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl&ved=2ahUKEwilybne7OfxAhVZzDgGHdOUBFoQFnoECAQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1m7je4vjO_kQPSVhYbQsjr

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.polisci.6.121901.085839&ved=2ahUKEwilybne7OfxAhVZzDgGHdOUBFoQFnoECC8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw26r49rfyW0ZAyxHODvBrYt

The Complete Memoirs’ Review: Neruda in Full

is impossible not to feel a thrill of expectation upon opening “The Complete Memoirs” by Pablo Neruda. But once a reader discovers what’s actually on its pages, the title’s claim of completeness—with its promise of juicy restorations and the accretion of long-lost chapters written by the great Chilean poet—seems no better than a gimmick to sell afresh a book that was first published in English translation 44 years ago.

An “editorial note” at the book’s end lists all the additions to Neruda’s original memoirs—while unhelpfully omitting the page numbers that would transport a reader straight to the new material. There are 19 texts added in all, ranging in length from a half-dozen pages of previously unpublished words to the wispiest fragments. Here’s an example of the latter, as vaunted by the editors: “We now publish, for the first time, the only known version in writing of this phrase: ‘What is my poetry? I don’t know. It would be easier to ask my poetry who am I.’ ” Readers who know their Neruda will contend that only one textual addition—which deals plainspokenly with the homosexuality of the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca—truly adds value.

Which is fine, of course, because the original version—let us not call it “incomplete”—is a deliciously self-serving and unabashed narrative account of the poet’s life, loves, grudges, contempt and ideology. It is stunningly vain in places yet always beautiful, and reading it today—in our age of much-curbed masculinity—raises taxing moral questions. What should we think of a man so casually priapic, who never hesitated to use his power—as poet or diplomat—to drive women (who were often vulnerable) to his bed?

Neruda chose to call his book “I Confess I Have lived”—“Confieso Que He Vivido” in the original Spanish. It was published posthumously in 1974, a year after he succumbed to cancer and—some like to think—heartbreak, brought on by the suicide of Chile’s President Salvador Allende only days before Neruda’s own death. Allende was a dear friend and leftist fellow traveler, and Neruda had abandoned his own presidential ambitions—he was the Communist Party’s candidate for Chile’s highest office—so as to throw in his lot with the socialist Allende. The latter appointed Neruda Chile’s ambassador to Paris in 1971—the year in which the poet won the Nobel Prize for literature.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Complete_Memoirs.html%3Fid%3DylT2DwAAQBAJ%26source%3Dkp_book_description&ved=2ahUKEwiEgr7V6-fxAhXs3jgGHY9XBlIQmhMwBHoECBMQAg&usg=AOvVaw3Ps45PWUjXd8Aw2LoCapKp

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.amazon.in/Complete-Memoirs-Hardie-St-Martin/dp/0374538123&ved=2ahUKEwiEgr7V6-fxAhXs3jgGHY9XBlIQFnoECBgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3tdZRgWgQLHkU1aAVw3rT0

Insomnia

Insomnia is sleep sickness ,which doesn’t allow the person to sleep.It might be because of poor health, unhealthy eating habits, depression , anxiety,stress or any other medical problem.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms for this diesease is sleep sickness , can’t feel relaxed,staying asleep.

Natural medication

Some natural medicine and herbal plants that helps you get some sleep:

*Glycine

Glycine consists of amino acids allows to lower the body temperature and feel relaxed and get some sleep.

You can have Glycine rich food to maintain the Glycine intake in the body .Some food rich in nutrients are:

Bean,Spinch , cabbage,and some fruits like bananas and kiwis.

*Valerian roots

Valerian is a herbal plant that help you to get proper sleep .

Some other ways

*Exercise

Regular exercise and meditation can gelp you to get proper sleep and helps you to maintain good health.

*Balanced diet

A nutritious and health diet which include all the vitamins and minerals is really very important to have a good sleep.

*Drink Water

Drinking enough water can help you to have proper and healthy sleep routine .One should drink 7-8 glasses of water everyday.It help you to stay healthy and make your skin glow.

Hope this will help to shut your eyes and get a good sleep .

Stay Healthy ,Stay Safe.

Our School Classroom ‘Scene’

The picture presents before us the familiar sight of a teacher teaching in the classroom. The first bench is paying attention to her. The second bench is busy having fun and so is the third bench. This is my classroom, and that is my class teacher, Mrs Aarti Mishra. She teaches us History and indeed, we are all ears when we listen to her, but some of my classmates do not respect her presence the way they should. Madam tries her best to get them involved in the classroom activities but they usually ignore her. Madam is tremendously talented and goes out of her way to make the class interesting, but more often than not, some students miss out on the solid content that they can learn from her. Ours is a small school where the facilities are limited. For example, we do not have internet in our school, and very few computers. Under these circumstances, the work involved in getting printouts and interesting literature from the Net from a cyber café speaks volumes about our teacher’s dedication.

History can be a very interesting subject when the teacher transforms the classroom into a storehouse of unknown and intriguing facts from the past. This is what Mishra Madam does. The most charming thing about Madam is that she never loses her temper, be it when the backbenchers in the class misbehave or when the Principal simply walks into the classroom ,and starts pulling up students for their indiscipline interrupting an interesting class being given by our teacher. We wish he had the courtesy of respecting the teacher’s presence in the class. But everything changed on that fateful day.

I remember the day clearly. Mishra Madam lost her temper a spoiled brat in our class continuously disturbed the class by whispering, laughing etc. She went and gave the menace a slap on his face and asked him to leave the class. The next day the boy’s influential father came and created a huge scene in front of the classroom. The Principal supported the father instead of our teacher. What was amazing was that the man was abusing the dignity of our school and teacher in public, and he was being allowed to get away with it! Madam left the school premises that very day, never to come back again. Our Principal was nothing more than a servile flatterer. As a peace offering he invited the man to be Chief Guest at our annual function that year. We lost a fantastic teacher, but the school gained a generous ‘friend’ who donated lavishly towards the ‘infrastructural’ development of our school.

At the end of the session, we met Madam Mishra at a neighbourhood library. She smiled cheerfully and welcomed us when we rushed towards her to explain how much we missed her and her wonderful classes. I told her that I wanted to be a teacher like her. She smiled and replied that India is no longer the land where a teacher is treated like God and teaching a religion. She added that my desire to be a teacher would make me swim against the tide. She walked with a pat of encouragement, but to this day I remember her away as a lady who stood apart as a teacher and a human being.

My school is big and has a lot of classrooms. Each classroom is different and special in its own way. For example, we have special classrooms for art, music, history and geography, chemistry, physics and biology, and history and geography. In addition to all this, we have a cabinet of Informational material and gyms.

The largest of all the classrooms for art. It is spacious and transparent and has large windows to make it anything more natural light and walls are white. Benches are placed on the circle so that all of us are sitting next to each other. In the middle of hundreds of teachers of art, as well as her easel, when it from time to time some paint or a draft to show us. On the walls of our work with classes. On Saturdays in the classroom and held an art section in which talented students are leaving and those who love to draw.

Right next to the classrooms for art’s classrooms for music. There is no dock, but only chairs with pads for writing. On the board are drawn lines and it reminds of our sheet music. In the classroom, we also have a grand piano, for which the teacher sits and plays while we sing. There are two speakers, as well as a tape recorder, through which our teacher let various compositions. On the walls are portraits of great artists, such as Mozart, Beethoven, and Vivaldi. Before or after hours, members of the choir of our school here hold their rehearsals with the teacher

In addition to this special classroom, each class has its own, but they are all quite similar. In each of the walls, bright blue curtains are white, almost translucent. Large neon lights, huge green blackboard with chalk and sponges, chair of the teacher and the bench where we sit two by two. In our classroom, we have always Serbian, math and English, and sometimes other items, especially when they are on the wrong control tasks if they have special classrooms occupied.
And finally, a favorite place of all the students, room for a physical in which we play volleyball, basketball or football, gymnastics train, and sometimes table tennis.

START YOUR OWN BUSINESS PART-2

From the previous article, we learned about how important passion and profession are. What are the simplest ways to earn money from some of the businesses and most probably with the lowest investments. In this part, we will uproot some more businesses which can give you a stable income and highly demanded fields.

BAKING BUSINESS:

Baking business is one of the simplest ways to earn money. If you are great at cooking and love to bake this will be the best way for you to follow your passion. You can bake different types of delicious cakes. People always would love to have homemade foods and things. Thus, they will crave cakes too… You can even start this in your kitchen with a regular oven and other materials. You can even do chocolates, cookies. Sweets are the best to gift someone. Thus, there will be no negative statements to this idea. If you are also a creative person you can decorate and wrap them beautifully to attract the audience.

BOOK MERCHES:

Book merches are none other than book-related things and products. for Example, If you are a fan of The Chronicles of Narnia books or movies You can create some bookish merch which is related to the theme of NARNIA. Like, A printed coffee mug with a book theme (A famous quote or picture of the characters in the mug), enamel pins with the image of The Lion Aslan. Badges with the images or the quotes from the books. Postcards stamps, T-shirts even you can do a scarf with the quotes like a newspaper look. Most of the readers would love to have them in their showcase as well as in their Book photographs. And you can sell, key chains, bookmarks, bags, wallets, book sleeves, tote bags, Polaroids photos, watches necklace rings anything and everything related to books. There is a huge demand for these things among book bloggers and collectors. Especially, if you did customized products.

WORKSHOPS:

Conducting workshops is merely like teaching online or offline. It depends on your comfort zone. If you know any of the passions that are mentioned above or upcoming ideas or even any other related ideas you can do them to start your own workshop. For example, If you know mandala artworks you can teach them online or offline and for teaching them you can collect some amount as tuition fees. Remember, teaching is one of the precious Jobs in the whole world knowledge is not free. Even though if it comes free it’s not easy to teach someone. You should have some passion for teaching. And you should provide notes instructions videos and other requirements about the Art that you want to teach. Some of the ideas that you can carry out, if you know any of examples like, Journal makings, skincare products making, baking, Fashion designings, paper making, language skills if you have any bilingual skills like, German, French, Spanish, English, and Japanese, etc You can teach them and can get loads of money. Because students love learning new languages and there is a huge demand for bilingual People.

If you have passion for anything from the above… Start to develop the skill to take up as a passionate business. Most of the billionaires started from nothing. If they can why you can’t? If you can’t then who can? Let’s make our passions into actions.

5 Historical Tourist Places in India

Tourism is one of the main sources of economic strength in any country . Everyone loves visiting new places . People are usually attracted to historical tourist places for their rich history, beautiful stories and unsolved mystery . India also has a very eventful history which is till now remembered as there are many living proofs left behind of time . there are many archaeological sites, monument, buildings in India which holds this historical events in bright light in front of our eyes .Let’s talk about some of them —

TAJ MAHAL : It is situated in Agra in New Delhi . It is one of the seven wonders of the world .It was acknowledged as a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1883 . Mughal emperor Shah Jahan built it for the memory of his lovable wife Mumtaz Begum . It is built at the bank of the Jamuna river . Its construction started in 1632 and the whole Taj Mahal Complex was completed in 1653 .The architect of this Majestic Mahal is Ustad Ahmad Lahauri . The measurement of the whole complex is 17 hectares .In the current Indian currency It is 70 billion rupees to build the whole Taj Mahal . Shah Jahan tomb and Mumtaz tomb , both are inside a beautiful chamber of Taj Mahal .

2. KUTUB MINNAR : It is situated in Mehrauli of New Delhi . It is also accepted as a World Heritage site by UNESCO . Its total height is 72.5 and it is the tallest brick made minar in the whole world .Its construction was started in 1199 by the founder of Delhi Sultanate , Sultan Qutb Ud-Din Aibak & was finished by his son-in-law Iltutmish in 1220 by adding the upper three additional stories in the minar .It was founded and the victory min for foundation of Delhi Sultanate .

3. AJANTA CAVES: It is situated in Aurangabad, Maharashtra.It is the mixture of Buddhist, Jain and Hindu religion.Mainly Buddhist monuments can be found here. It is also acknowledged by UNESCO as a World Heritage site and now under the surveillance of the Archaeological Survey of India. It was founded in two parts in between the time of 2^ndbeforeChrist (BC) to 6^th AD. It has more than 29 caves.It depicts the finest art culture of ancient Indian civilization. There are lots of wall paintings and stone sculptures which show important historical events or common daily life events.

4. VICTORIA MEMORIAL HALL: It is situated at Jawaharlal Nehru road in Kolkata.It is under the survey of ministry of culture. It was built between 1906 to 1621.The architect of Victoria Memorial Hall or William Emerson and Vincent Esch.This Museum is made entirely by white marble. This was founded on the occasion of 25 years rule by a British Queen Victoria all over India.It consists of a beautiful garden and 25 galleries like Royal galleries, portrait gallery,sculpture gallery, which have collections of many antique books,work collections of famous peoples and portraits etc.

5. GATEWAY OF INDIA: It is situated in Mumbai renowned architect George Wiffet had made the Gateway of India.It was constructed for commemorating the visiting of welling for Pier by Emperor George V and his Emperie Mary in 1911. They were the first British Monarch who visited India.The construction of it finished in 1924 and now owned by Archaeological Survey of India.It is the symbol of Mumbai city.

Teacher’s Day

The pillar of the student, the second parent of any child. Why exactly do we celebrate teacher’s day? Is it that much essential? What role it actually play in our lives?

“A teacher effects eternity; they can never tell where their influence stops.”

Well said by- Henry Adams.

The most important people in any person’s life is the one who trained you, guide you and mentor you. When a human came in to this life in this world his/her parents are the first most important people who love them and care for them. But a child cannot be live with their parents always. It is the rule of this era one should have to go outside and face the world.

Have you ever think why a child should go to school? Is his/her parents are not enough to conquer them? Absolutely not, The level to understanding that a child shared with their parents is very different which no one can attain. But at some point of time parents are quite emotional for their child, their intake are always focused on the fact that their child should resemble them. but this world, maturity, functioning of the creator doesn’t work like this. while on the other hand teacher is like a government even if we are mature enough to handle everything still there are certain decisions of which we are not at all familiar of. The mind of the teacher is like an Internet it contains lot of information and it can also give you lot of knowledge. let me share a story for that: “Once upon a time a 6 year old child got the information about the mobile phone and he really want to know more about it. As a student he is very bright and focused for his studies but also want to understand why really we need to have a mobile phone. so firstly he contacted his parents and asked them about the mobile phones. Since his parents is already using the one they show him and explain how it actually works. it really fascinate him and he requested his parents to buy them. On the other hand when he asked the same with his teacher she give him the same definition that his parents give but with a little twist, she strictly tell him to not buy for himself because of his age. It eventually angry the child and he decided he will anyhow get a mobile phone for himself and make his teacher proven wrong. And as a result he gets addicted to it, always playing games in the phone, his academic gets drastically decrease.”

Now you understand, what is the actual meaning of teacher. They not only emotionally connected with you they are also mentally connected with you. If this person is really that much important why doesn’t we hate teacher’s so much…..funny but true.

The main reason that a person is called as a teacher is because of her students and her teaching’s. You know what, may be any teacher is just like a human being but still there are some importance that teacher have that nobody have. Do you know what is it? The patience and learning they shared to the children. Teacher’s are the only person who teach you guide you without any reason of profit their only focus is to give best knowledge to you.

So dont you think we need to give the fullest of respect to the most respected person.

National Disaster Management Authority(NDMA)

The Government of India recognising the importance of disaster management as a national priority had set up a High powered committee in 1999 and a Nationals Committee in 2001 after the Gujarat earthquake to make recommendations on the preparation of disaster management plans and suggest effective mitigation mechanisms.

However, after the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004, the Government of India took a defining step in the legislative history of the country by enacting the Disaster Management Act 2005. The act provided for the creation of National Disaster Management Authority to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to disaster management in the country

Objectives of the NDMA:

To promote a culture of prevention preparedness and resilience at all levels for knowledge, innovation and education.

To encourage mitigation measures based on technology, traditional wisdom and environmental sustainability.

To mainstream disaster management into the developmental planning process.

To ensure efficient mechanism for identification assessment and monitoring of disaster risks

To establish institutional and techno-legal frameworks to create an enabling regulatory environment and a compliance regime and so on.

Functions of the NDMA:

To lay down policies on disaster management.

To approve the national plan.

To approve plans prepared by Ministries and departments of the Government of India in accordance with the national plan.

To laid out guidelines to be followed by the state disaster management authority is in drawing of the state plan.

To co-ordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and planning for disaster management.

To recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation.

To provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the central government.

To lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of disaster management.

Status Signalling among birds

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Many birds that form flocks compete through aggressive interaction for priority of access to resources such as food and shelter. The result of repeated interactions between flock members is that each bird gains a particular social status related to its fighting ability, with priority of access to resources increasing with higher status. As the number and intensity of interactions between birds increase, however, so increase the costs to each birds in terms of energy expenditure, time, and risk of injury. Thus, birds possessing attributes that reduce the number of costly interactions in which they must be involved, without leading to a reduction in status, are at an advantage. An external signal, such as a plumage type, announcing fighting ability and thereby obviating the actual need to fight, could be one such attribute.

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The zoologist Rohwer assented that plumage variations in “Harris sparrows” support the status signaling hypothesis (SSH). He reported that almost without exception birds with darker throats win conflicts with individuals having lighter plumage. He claimed that even among birds of the same age and sex the amount of dark plumage predicts relative dominance status.

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However, Rohwer’s data do not support his assertions: in one of his studies darker birds won only 57 out of 75 conflicts; within another, focusing on conflicts between birds of the same age group or sex, darker birds won 63 and lost 62. There are indications that plumage probably does signal broad age-related differences in status among Harris sparrows: adults, usually dark throated, have higher status than juveniles, who are usually light throated; moreover, juveniles dyed to resemble adults are dominant over undyed juveniles. However, the Harris sparrows’ age-related plumage differences do not signal the status of individual birds within an age class, and thus cannot properly be included under the term “status signaling.”

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247193944_Plumage_Coloration_as_a_Signal_of_Social_Status&ved=2ahUKEwjlsZqa2ufxAhW7zzgGHYn5BbAQFnoECCAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3yf5mNLgJJUHPQqo0l7lNS

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1369578&ved=2ahUKEwjlsZqa2ufxAhW7zzgGHYn5BbAQFnoECAgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw10FfMYrcscYgJr0eqziwI_

Unemployment

Unemployment has become one of the biggest problems around the world. When an individual is an implied, he or she will know very less about the mankind. It is so difficult to face situation and handle situations when the individual is unemployed. Unemployment leads to many silly mistakes. And an unemployed person cannot take over the family and lead the family as well. There is a huge competition in highly populated countries like India. In order to be employed, the only method is to study hard and improve the skills and score better. Basically, the students are not showing good amount of interest towards the studies. Let us now see how to motivate them.

Covid crisis has made many people unemployed. It has taken away the basic need of living. Many people are left with the unfilled stomachs. Some people are dead about by not finding a way to live.

Types of unemployment :

There are four main types of unemployment in an economy frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal and each has a different cause.

1. Frictional unemployment :

Frictional unemployment is caused by temporary transitions in workers lives, such as when a worker moves to a new city and has to find a new job. Frictional unemployment also includes people just entering the labor force, such as freshly graduated college students. It is the most common cause of unemployment, and it is always in effect in an economy.

2. Structural unemployment :

Structural unemployment is caused by a mismatch in the demographics of workers and the types of jobs available, either when there are jobs available that workers don’t have the skills for, or when there are workers availabes but no jobs to fill. Structural unemployment is most obvious in industries undergoing technological advancements.

3. Cyclical unemployment :

Cyclical unemployment is caused by declining demand. When there is not enough demand in an economy for goods and services, businesses cannot offer jobs . According to keynesian economics , cyclical unemployment is a natural result of the business cycle in times of recession: if all consumers become fearful at once, consumers will attempt to increase their saving at the same time, which means there will be a decrease in spending, and businesses will not be able to employ all employable workers.

4. Seasonal unemployment :

Seasonal unemployment is caused by different industries or parts of the labor market being available during different seasons. Fot instance, unemployment goes up in the winter months, because many agricultural jobs end oncr crops are have harvested in the fall, and those wotkers are left to find new jobs.

Consequences of unemployment in an Economy :

Low unemployment is key to economic stability High and long- term unemployment can cause significant stress on a nation in three key areas.

* Individuals :

Unemployed people have no ability to fulfill their financial obligations and can become mentally stressed, ill, and even homeless.

* Economic efficiency :

During times of high unemployment many job seekers will accept new jobs below their skill level, a situation called “underemployment ” which translates to a loss of human capital for an economys labor market. Unemployed workers will also significantly decreases their consumer spending, which is one of the driving forces of economic growth. Without consumer spending, the economy will slow dramatically.

* socio- political stability :

If unemployment remains high, citizen dissatisfaction can rise to the point of widespread civil unrest.

Possible solutions for Unemployment :

Solving unemployment is a hotly debated topic, and no economists agree on one simple way to do it. However, in the U.S ,if unemployment rises noticeably, the government usually steps in with specific policies designed to lower the total number of unemployed people.

1. Monetary policy :

Monetary policy is financial influence implemented by a central bank . Monetary policies usually come in the form of lower interest rates, which increase the total money supply within an economy by allowing banks and businesses more access to loans and therefore, more accessible spending power.

2. Fiscal policy :

If expansionary monetary policy doesn’t adequately lower the unemployment rate government agencies will turn to fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is fiscal stimulus implemented by the national government and fiscal policies include spending on infrastructure, proposingtax cuts , increasing the minimum wage, or implementing unemployment benefits. These methods are designed to inject more demand into private economy and strengthen economic activity.

Let us now see some of the ways to motivate the students to study and get employeed.

• Make things easier :

Showing the things easier and explaining them with clarity helps the students to show better interest on the subject and makes them to pay more attention on what the teacher is trying to convey. When the topics are shown easier for the students, they start learning them and they feel achieved and they pay more attention to study. When a student learns a particular topic or a question, he/she feels comfortable and happy for getting it. Once if they start reading, they develop the interest in them and they continue to read more and more.

• Tell the importance :

The students must be motivated with good number of words to understand the need of studying and what happens if they don’t study. A student is like a bird without the wings when they don’t study. So, it is very important to motivate students to study and to make them understand the need of the situation. Motivation brings the right change in the students who are not interested in learning. It develops the interest in them to study.

It seems good if the government provides good number of jobs.

Is mathematics a kind of language

What it means to “explain” something in science often comes down to the application of mathematics. Some thinkers hold that mathematics is a kind of language–a systematic contrivance of signs, the criteria for the authority of which are internal coherence, elegance, and depth. The application of such a highly artificial system to the physical world, they claim, results in the creation of a kind of statement about the world. Accordingly, what matters in the sciences is finding a mathematical concept that attempts, as other language does, to accurately describe the functioning of some aspect of the world

At the center of the issue of scientific knowledge can thus be found questions about the relationship between language and what it refers to. A discussion about the role played by language in the pursuit of knowledge has been going on among linguists for several decades. The debate centers around whether language corresponds in some essential way to objects and behaviors, making knowledge a solid and reliable commodity; or, on the other hand, whether the relationship between language and things is purely a matter of agreed-upon conventions, making knowledge tenuous, relative, and inexact.

Lately the latter theory has been gaining wider acceptance. According to linguists who support this theory, the way language is used varies depending upon changes in accepted practices and theories among those who work in particular discipline. These linguists argue that, in the pursuit of knowledge, a statement is true only when there are no promising alternatives that might lead one to question it. Certainly this characterization would seem to be applicable to the sciences. In science, a mathematical statement may be taken to account for every aspect of a phenomenon it is applied to, but, some would argue, there is nothing inherent in mathematical language that guarantees such a correspondence. Under this view, acceptance of a mathematical statement by the scientific community–by virtue of the statement’s predictive power or methodological efficiency–transforms what is basically an analogy or metaphor into an explanation of the physical process in question, to be held as true until another, more compelling analogy takes its place.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.mathnasium.com/southtowns/news/httpswwwthoughtcocomwhy-mathematics-is-a-language-4158142textin20order20to20be20consideredthis20definition20of20a20languagetextmath20is20a20universal20languageevery20country20of20the20world%23:~:text%3DIn%2520order%2520to%2520be%2520considered,than%2520spoken%2520form%2520of%2520communication.&ved=2ahUKEwjJnY6r2efxAhVpxDgGHcNZB8AQFjABegQIBBAF&usg=AOvVaw2TPelQCqxZ_C_u4XYX52ah

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cut-the-knot.org/language/MathIsLanguage.shtml&ved=2ahUKEwjJnY6r2efxAhVpxDgGHcNZB8AQFnoECA4QAQ&usg=AOvVaw27gzEEM6urdLNhpvwaJxAJ

Health Education

A sound mind lives in a sound body’.

Introduction

Health education is a profession of educating people about health. Areas within this profession encompass environmental health, physical health, social health, emotional health, intellectual health, and spiritual health, as well as sexual and reproductive health education.

Health education teaches about physical, mental, emotional and social health. It motivates students to improve and maintain their health, prevent disease, and reduce risky behaviours. It also focuses on emotional, mental and social health too. Educating students on the importance of health builds their motivation.

Health education is one strategy for implementing health promotion and disease prevention programs. Health education provides learning experiences on health topics. Health education strategies are tailored for their target population. Health education presents information to target populations on particular health topics, including the health benefits/threats they face, and provides tools to build capacity and support behavior change in an appropriate setting.

History

From the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, the aim of public health was controlling the harm from infectious diseases, which were largely under control by the 1950s. By the mid 1970s it was clear that reducing illness, death, and rising health care costs could best be achieved through a focus on health promotion and disease prevention. At the heart of the new approach was the role of a health educator.

Code of ethics

The Health Education Code of Ethics has been a work in progress since approximately 1976, begun by the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE).

“The Code of Ethics that has evolved from this long and arduous process is not seen as a completed project. Rather, it is envisioned as a living document that will continue to evolve as the practice of Health Education changes to meet the challenges of the new millennium.”

Importance of Health Education .

Health education builds student’s knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes about health. Health education teaches about physical, mental, emotional and social health. It motivates students to improve and maintain their health, prevent disease, and reduce risky behaviours.

Health education curricula and instruction help students to learn skills so that they will use to make healthy choices throughout their lifetime.

Health education teaches people of all ages about how diet and exercise contribute to a healthy lifestyle. It also encourages positive changes in behaviour and lowers the risk of addiction to drugs, alcohol and unsafe sexual practices. The majority of schools around the country have courses aimed at teaching health education to students. These courses often revolve around the body, healthy eating, sex and exercising. Some students are taught basic health and physical fitness early on. More in-depth courses are designed for middle and high school students.

Health education encourages a person to make healthy choices. They are instructed to avoid unhealthy habits. ‘A sound mind lives in a sound body’. Rabindranath Tagore and C.V. Raman, if they were confined to sick bed, could not have won the Nobel Prize. In fact, a sickly student with all his talents and abilities lags behind in the race of life.

Health education also teaches about the emotional and mental health of the student. A healthy person is the happiest person in the world.

Link

Child labour – A CURSE

“child labour” is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development.

Various causes of child labour like the curse of poverty, lack of educational resources, Social and economic backwardness, Addiction, disease or disability, The lure of cheap labour, Family tradition, Discrimination between boys and girls.

Why does child labour happen?

POVERTY
When families cannot afford to meet their basic needs like food, water, education or health care, they have no choice but to send their children to work to supplement the household income.

LACK OF ACCES TO QUALITY EDUCATION
School needs to be a welcoming environment, with appropriate class sizes, a curriculum designed for the local context, and affordable for rural communities.

LIMITED UNDERSTANDING OF CHILD LABOUR
When families do not understand the dangers of child labour, and how these impact on the health, safety, well-being and future of their child, they are more likely to send their children to work.

Child labour act in India

Article 24 of the Indian constitution clearly states that, “No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or employed in any hazardous employment.”

The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, passed into law in 1933, is the first acknowledgment of the problem of child bondage.

ONE EDUCATED CHILD CAN CHANGE THE WORLD

Women in the pandemic

Women , the primary caregivers of almost every family of our country, tend to be the most discriminated against in almost every sphere- whether social, economic, political and especially health. And now as we are stuck in the pandemic, we are bound to bounce back decades on our progress made on poverty, education and healthcare. (Source: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs) , and the women will , once again, be on the frontline.

LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD-

With the female LFPR of 20.8% in 2019(fallen from 30.27% in 1990) that was not even half the global average of 47% and the women’s share in new formal payrolls below 20% in August 2020, India was no country for working women even before the pandemic. And now, due to the pandemic, women who earlier accounted for only 24% of the total workforce, now share 28% of the total number of jobs lost.

Reasons:

According to Mckinsey study, women did 75% of the world’s total unpaid work. With people being stuck in homes due to the pandemic, the household workload on women increased indefinitely, which is why many of them left their jobs.
Either due to pregnancy and related reasons or due to vaccine hesitancy, fewer women were taking vaccine jabs.
Women are more likely to engage in unorganized sector, hence, being more prone to loosing jobs in such times of crisis. (eg.- tailoring and stitching, house-help)

Post pandemic, women are 11 times more unlikely to return to work and women comprise 48.04% percentage of the population. For a country that wishes for a speedy economic recovery as well as future growth, a 79.8% (and increasing) working population being a liability on the economy doesn’t align well with its economic ambitions.

Degrading social status-

With increased news publishing related to domestic violence, child marriages, sexual abuse and women trafficking during the pandemic, it’s hardly an assumption that the conditions of women will deteriorate further in days to come.

Reasons:

With decreasing family incomes, women school dropout rate has increased and will continue to do so in the near future.
With everything going online, children with no digital equipment accessibility lag behind. The households that are able to afford internet connectivity and mobiles give preference to their male child.
Due to being stuck in the house, the female members spend a larger amount of time doing house-hold work. So, they find less time to devote to studies that now require more effort. Also, it tends to align them more towards house-hold work as well as present them primarily as caregivers amongst the younger generations.
Women increasingly suffer from online harassment. In such cases, it takes a larger amount of time to track down the perpetrator as the person’s identity is unknown.
With the administration occupied with covid-19 management, the cases of child marriage, trafficking and domestic violence are on rise. Women, being stuck in the same house as their molester and many-a-times being financially dependent on them due to job-loss during pandemic, find it difficult to file a complaint.

Health Concerns-

In India, women already suffer from malnutrition, morbidity and various maternal as-well-as reproductive health issues. In addition to this, women are more prone to mental health issues as well. As of July 2005, women represented approximately 40 percent of HIV/AIDS cases in India. These situations of pandemic are bound to worsen the already poor conditions of female health.

Reasons:

The reduction in supply of food due to reducing incomes affect the food security of women the most when compared to any other member of the family.
Women can, now, no longer afford menstrual sanitation products and contraceptives
Being a victim of domestic violence or even stress, a woman’s mental as well as physical well-being will be neglected.
Women with underlying health conditions have, due to declining economic resources, experienced worsening health conditions as a result of skipping medical care.

What can be done??

The PDS system should be expanded to provide dry ration for a longer duration as well as larger amount. It should also include sanitary napkins .
Through ASHA workers, the government should spread awareness related to reproductive health, hygiene and mental health as well.
The government can grant free internet as well as set up mobile towers in areas of low connectivity. Also, internet cafes following proper covid-19 norms should be set up to provide digital equipment to those who cannot afford them.
MGNREGA scheme should be expanded to incorporate the increased number of unemployed with special provision for women, including larger number of working days for all and social schemes should be set up for informal sector workers.
Social awareness about letting girls continue their studies, as well as, motivating women to join workforce when situation stabilize is an important step.
A national helpline number bringing together all NGOs who have come forward to help should be set up. It will make identifying those in need easier, with a uniform toll-free number as well as added government expertise.

Conclusion:

Women can be the backbone of economic development in times of crisis. Making right developments towards women’s issues now could prove to be beneficial to the country’s economy as well as society in the long run.