The origin of life-RNA WORLD?????

The origin of life depends on the singe question – How did early cells could have arisen?
Modern cells consist at a minimum of plasma membrane enclosing water in which numerous chemicals are dissolved and sub cellular structures float. It was thus believed that the first self-replicating entity was much simpler than even the most primitive modern living cells. Before there was life, and yes, Earth was a different place: completely hot and anoxic, with an atmosphere which was completely rich in gases such as hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and ammonia. Earth’s surface was like a pre biotic soup in which chemicals reacted with one another, randomly “testing” the usefulness of the reaction and the stability of the resulting molecules. Some reactions released energy and would eventually become the basis of modern cellular metabolism. Other reactions which occurred created molecules that could function as catalysts, some aggregated with other molecules to form the predecessors of modern cell structures, and others were able to replicate and act as units of hereditary information.
Proteins have two major roles in modern cells – structural and objective.
Catalytic proteins are called enzymes, in cells. Thus enzymes act as the workhorses of the cell. DNA stores hereditary information and can be replicated to pass the information on to the next generation. RNA is involved in converting the information stored in DNA into proteins. Proteins can do cellular work, but their synthesis is dependent on their proteins and RNA, and information stored in DNA. DNA can’t do cellular work. It’s only work is to store genetic information and it is involved in its own replication process which is a process that requires proteins. RNA is synthesized using DNA as the template and proteins as the catalysts for the reaction.
Based on these considerations, it seemed to evolutionary biologists that at some time in the evolution of life there must have been a single molecule that could do both cellular work and replicate itself. A possible solution to the nature of this molecule was suggested in 1981 when Thomas Cech discovered an RNA molecule in the protest Tetrahymena that could cut out an internal section of itself and slice the remaining sections back together. Since then, other catalytic RNA molecules have been discovered, including an RNA found in ribosomes that is responsible for forming peptide bonds – the bonds that hold together amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Catalytic RNA molecules are now called ribozymes.
The discovery of ribozymes suggested the possibility that RNA at some time had the ability to catalyze its own replication, using itself as the template. In 1986, a term was coined – RNA WORLD to describe a precellular stage in the evolution of life in which RNA was capable of storing, copying, and expressing genetic information. Also it catalyzes other cellular chemical reactions. This important evolutionary step is easier to imagine than other events in the origin cellular life forms because it is well known that lipids, major structural components of the membranes of modern organisms, form liposomes which are bounded by a lipid layer.

Changing landuse pattern in haryana

Land is perfectly finite and scarce in relation to the ever-increasing human wants and needs. Judicious and rational utilization of land, hence land use management, faces the challenge to adjust its use by increasing the proportion of particular use over other uses or certain area can be put to multiple uses. There is variability in the land use pattern in different areas. Both physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types, as well as human factors such as population, density, technological capability and cultural and traditions play an important role in deciding the land use pattern of the areas. And as humans are evolving, progressing and our needs are increasing, and economic activities change with time, land use changes over time and space. Studying the changing land use pattern also helps to know the social, cultural and economic development of the area as well as the people. We can also know about the past condition of land and what the future condition will be. 

Irrigation is an important aspect of agriculture. Water is essential for agriculture, and food is essential for humans. Hence, in this study we also tried to see the association between irrigation and different types of crops and number of crops. It is done to see whether irrigation supports only some specific types of crop or all the crops. Also, the association between number of crops and irrigation tells us whether there is the practice of monocropping (where one or a few crops are grown in greater proportion) or practice of growing different types of crops in the area. 

Food is essential for survival; hence we are taking the state of Haryana for the trend analysis as it is one of the important states in terms of producing food. Haryana State came into existence simultaneously with green revolution i.e. 1966-67. After the formation Haryana emerge as leading State in field of agriculture production. The agricultural economy of Haryana is dominated by food grains. Haryana has emerged as one of the major food grains producing States in the country. Consisting only 2.3 per cent of country’s total area, Haryana has been contributing significantly to the food basket of the country. In 2012-13 country’s 120.78 million hectares area was under food grains production from it, 4.40 million hectares area under food grain production in Haryana; it is 3.64 percent of total country area under production of food grains. Haryana which covers only three percent of food grain area produced 16.23 million tons of food grain in 2012-13and this constitutes 6.31 percent of total food grain production; almost double share compares to area and greater than many large states. It is a matter of interest to know at what extent the land use pattern has been changing, what kind of changes in pattern the land has undergone over a span of 15 years.

When will the transport sector stop polluting?

Transport sector is one of the major polluters of the pollution caused by fossil fuel. Petroleum is the most consumed fossil fuel by the transport sector. IC engines which burn this fuel have ruled the automobile sector for decades. But a welcoming decision is being taken by many nations around the world as they are planning to phase out petrol,diesel and hybrid cars in coming decades.

But, Who can replace them?

They are planning to replace them with electric vehicles which run on battery and motor. Unlike IC engine based vehicles, EVs don’t emit any greenhouse gases as they run on electricity. But they will continue to contribute to pollution until power stations that provide electricity get rid of fossil fuel. It should be noted that fossil fuel contributes to more than 70% of total energy supply that is met by power stations. So technically EVs are burning fossil fuel indirectly. But the good thing about  EV is, it stops the urban pollution caused by transportation thus giving more breathable air to the people in urban locations.  

Green source of energy

Switching the power stations to greener energy is capital intensive. Because, the availability of green energies such as sun and wind are intermittent in nature. So an energy storage system is required to meet the demand for a 24*7 operation. The energy system which usually uses expensive battery technology is  making renewable energy less preferable for operations. Luckily, with current advancements in battery storage technology, the price is expected to fall in the coming years.

Change in lifestyle

Unlike IC engine based vehicles, EVs are suffering from range anxiety and charging time issues. In the EV industry the fuel capacity is calculated in terms of distance covered per charge which is  usually 1/3 of the total fuel capacity of IC engine based vehicles. In addition, the time taken to fill the fuel tank of an Internal Combustion engine vehicle is negligible when compared to time taken to charge the battery of an Electric Vehicle. Hence, people have to learn to adapt to the new type of transport system the EVs would create. 

Co-operation of the three

The cooperation between government, corporate and people is necessary for adoption of a pollution free transport system. The government has to frame a policy that would enhance the adoption of a pollution free transport system while it should also provide financial assistance by giving subsidies to support people and producers. The existing automobile giants should switch to the manufacturing of EVs soon. The people may be subjected to adoption of restrictions caused by electric vehicles.

Pradhanmantri Garib Kalyan Rojgar Yojana- A step towards employability of migrants

                                   Madhya Pradesh Migrant Workers Employment Updates; Pradhan Mantri ...

The Prime Minister on 20th June launched a rural public works scheme-Garib Kalyan Rojgar Yojana- to make migrant workers employable. One of the severely hit people are these migrant workers who were stranded without any jobs. They started to head back towards their hometown as they did not have any permanent place to live where they used to work. The central government has communicated with 116 district administrations to plan about formal employment engagement of a segment of these migrant workers. These districts will explore various sectors like hospitality, manufacturing, service and travel sectors to provide a formal employment engagement to these workers.

Highlights of this scheme:

  1. To address the vulnerable condition of migrant workers, this scheme will deploy 50,000 crores from among the outlays for 25 existing schemes for welfare.

  2. Under this scheme, 3,00,000 migrant workers will be trained and placed as apprentices in rural industries and other district level formal job clusters.

  3. Of the 3,00,000 migrant workers, 1,50,000 will be offered short-term skills and the other 1,50,000 will receive a certificate through a programme- Recognition of Prior Learning.

  4. The scheme will offer informal works immediately for 125 days, while 3,00,000 people will get formal work through this scheme.

  5. Under apprenticeship, an industry can employ an apprentice for three years at a stipend which is on par with minimum wages of semi-skilled workers.

This scheme is like one arrow and two shots. There are two benefits of this scheme

  1. This will train migrant workers in the formal job sector, which increases their employability.

  2. Since it is an apprentice programme, the industries will not have to worry about their permanent wages as they have to pay stipend for a short period. Also some amount of stipend will be reimbursed by the government which will be done under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana and the Apprenticeship Scheme.

States chosen for implementation of this scheme:

Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Odisha are the states where this scheme will be implemented. Across these states, 116 districts have been selected by the government to implement this scheme. These districts have estimated to cover about 2/3 of the migrant workers


Galwan and it’s past

It is a devastating year where we have lost all our hopes of living a normal life.Things are turning into a nightmare where we cannot breath normally, we cannot step out of our house without covering our face, where we cannot talk or meet our friends like the way we used to do before. What has happened? Our life has changed upside down, we are living our in the boundaries of problems covered with dirt, virus, pollution. Now our world has completely turned itself into a virtual world consisting of dark and disturbing news. One such news which we came across recently was about the 20 soldiers who were martyred at the Galwan Valley(Ladakh), and we all know what happened, what made the soldiers to fight against the Chinese and why did they sacrificed their lives, but are you aware about the facts of the Galwan Valley, why did it become the battle ground of the Indian Army and Chinese Troops?

Why was it named as Galwan?

Galwan valley lies along the western sector of the Line of Actual Control (LAC), and close to Aksai Chin, am Indian territory under Beijing’s control.

Galwan Valley: Ten Indian soldiers reportedly released by China ...
BBC.com

The valley has a hidden story behind it’s name. Digging deep into the story, you will find out that this valley belonged to Rasuul Galwan, who was a local explorer. The story starts where the Galwan was trekking with the Britishers in 1895, and while crossing the bridge the weather turned stormy and it got difficult for them to move forward but Rasuul came as a savior and saved the Britishers from the stormy weather. Britishers wanted to reward him, in return Rasuul asked them to name the valley after his name, Galwan.

kashmirobserver.net
Backstory of Ladakh's Galwan Valley and the legend of Rassul ...
Kasmirobserver.net

All of this is said to be written in the book “Servant Of Sahibs” written by Ghulam Rasuul Galwan itself, journeying his adventures in his book. The foreword of the book is written by British explorer and a leading figure in The Great Game between the British and Russia. Asking further about the story of Galwan, Mohammad Amin Galwan (Galwan’s grandson) says that the valley belongs to them since 200 years, but it has turned into a battleground for the Indian Army. He also adds that the Indian government should resolve their issues peacefully so that no war takes place.

Check the the video below for more facts about the valley.

What The Health

Director’s Name- Kip Andersen, Keegan Kuhn

Released Date- 7 March 2017 

What the health is a documentary directed by Kip Andersen in 2017. This documentary tries to uncover the secret to the major health issues like obesity, cancer and diabetes in America. While having positive intentions the documentary falls short when it comes to facts and placing its arguments. Various nutrition scientists disagree with the ‘facts’ mentioned in the documentary. Upon watching the documentary one might feel that the documentary highly favors veganism and in a way forces us to adopt the vegan lifestyle.

Veganism is a lifestyle where one cuts out all the animal related products from his diet. From meat to poultry to even dairy products. It’s a strict plant based diet which grew into popularity in 2016. While there is nothing wrong with a plant only based diet the documentary uses manipulation and exaggeration to sort of force veganism on its viewers.

The documentary claims with absolute confidence that eggs are as bad for us as smoking is. Which according to almost every study done on eggs ever is not true. Eggs are an amazing source of nutrients and are in no way even close to being as harmful as smoking cigarettes. The documentary also says that eating processed meat increases the chances of cancer and diabetes whereas many studies done all over the world by nutrition scientists say that meat is a great source of protein and is no way connected to cancer. The same is said about milk in the documentary- “milk causes cancer”. Milk is a great source of protein and calcium and according to recent studies no dairy product is remotely connected to any kind of cancer.

Although consuming processed meat is not the best eating habit as any kind of processed food has some risks to it but in no study does it say that eating processed meat is on par with smoking cigarettes. Cigarettes in the film are used as a measuring unit to explain the risk of consuming non vegan items. Cigarettes contain tobacco which has a direct link to cancer. no non vegan food comes remotely close to that.

The health research data we have access to today is not as definitive and as precise as we would want it to be. As no tests of a big enough magnitude can be done on two different groups of human beings forcing eating habits on them and recording the results. So all the data we have can never be precise. We can tell which food might risk what disease but we can never be 100% accurate about it. Despite the massive effort that went into the making of this documentary, very little to no science is behind it and if fact checked, it’s not worth watching. The documentary is very biased and only appreciates a vegan diet. Although vegan diet is not unhealthy, it’s certainly not the only way to be in the healthiest shape. Non vegan food has important nutrition values as well and if eaten with proper attention to nutrition count, it is equally beneficial. 

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

The origin of scientific management dates back to the year 1832 when Charles Babbage discussed the principles of scientific management in his book “The economy of manufactures”. In real sense, scientific management owes its origin to Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is commonly regarded as the father of scientific management.

MEANING OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

Scientific management may be regarded as a set of scientific techniques that are supposed to increase the efficiency of an enterprise. Under scientific management, the selection of men, machines, materials is made by a scientific approach. Here, all the organizational activities are performed by rationality and proper discipline, this scientific management is a logical approach towards the solution of management and it assumes that the methods of scientific inquiry, analysis and experimentation can be applied to the activities of managers. It means approaching the problems of management in the manner and spirit of scientific research using tools such as definition, analysis, experiments, etc. It is ‘Scientific Management’ as opposed to ‘Traditional Management’ based on the rule of thumb, trial, error. As said by Peter F. Drucker “The cost of scientific management is the organized study of work, the analysis of work into its simplest elements and the systematic management of the worker’s performance of each element”.

We can summarise scientific management as:

  1. Scientific study and analysis of work.
  2. Scientific selection and training of employees.
  3. Standardization of raw material, equipment, and working conditions.
  4. Reasonable remuneration to employees.
  5. Scientific management is an economical method that makes the best possible use by integration and coordination of available resources.

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

1. A definite plan: To achieve predetermined definite objectives, management needs a definite plan, and the plan should be goal-oriented.

2. A definite objective: In scientific management, every organization has to establish the basic objectives and efforts are to be made by applying physical and human resources to achieve these predetermined objectives.

3. A set of rules: To make scientific management more effective, a set of rules are framed and these sets of rules are tested and verified as regards their effectiveness in the real business situations by a group of persons.

4. Economy: The main aim of scientific management is to achieve the economy of time, money, and labor, and the technique of economy is used for producing maximum at a minimum cost.

5. Scientific analysis and experiment: Before starting any work, the utility, effectiveness, and suitability of plans are to be tested and analyzed, and thus by scientific analysis and experiment, we can choose the best course of action.

6. Increase in efficiency: The techniques of scientific management help in increasing the efficiency of workers and new techniques and improved tools are used for increasing efficiency.

7. Time study: Time study is concerned with labor productivity and according to it, an estimate is made of the amount of work required to be done to perform a job.

8. Cooperation: In the present competitive situation, efforts should be made to establish a cordial relation between labor and capital. Cooperation is essential for efficient management and group efforts for group benefit can be the active cooperation of each individual. 

Accused is Entitled to be Heard in a Revision Petition

It is good to see that the Supreme Court just recently on June 18, 2020 in a latest, landmark and laudable judgment titled Subhash Sahebrao Deshmukh vs Satish Atmaram Talekar And Others in Criminal Appeal No. 2183 of 2011 has reiterated yet once again that an accused person has the right to be heard before a court hearing a revision petition against the order of dismissal of complaint filed against him. It would also not be fair to not give an accused an opportunity to be heard as it would also be contrary to the famous legal maxim and latin phrase ‘Audi alteram partem’ which means “listen to the other side” or “let the other side be heard as well”. Very rightly so!

                                    To start with, this noteworthy judgment authored by Justice Navin Sinha for himself and Justice Indira Banerjee sets the ball rolling by first and foremost pointing in para 1 that, “The petitioner, an accused in the complaint case, is aggrieved by the refusal of the High Court to interfere with the order of the Additional Sessions Judge, setting aside the order of the Special Metropolitan Magistrate, dismissing the complaint under Section 203 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter referred to as “the CrPC”).”

                                            While elaborating in detail, it is then postulated in para 2 that, “Learned counsel for the appellant submits that respondent no. 1 filed a complaint under Section 156(3) Cr.P.C. alleging offences under Sections 420, 467, 468, 120-B, 114 and 34 of the Indian Penal Code. The Magistrate called for a report from the police. The police, after investigation submitted report that the allegations were false. Notice was issued to the complainant, who then filed a protest petition seeking an order of cognizance and issuance of process. The Magistrate, after hearing the respondent and not being satisfied dismissed the complaint. Aggrieved, the complainant preferred a criminal revision before the Additional Sessions Judge in which the appellant was impleaded as a party respondent. No notice was issued to the appellant. The revision application was allowed and the matter remanded to the Magistrate. Relying upon Sections 399 and 401(2) Cr.P.C, it was submitted that no order to the prejudice of the appellant could have been passed without hearing him after dismissal of the complaint. The Additional Sessions Judge erred in passing the remand order in exercise of revisional jurisdictional placing reliance on Section 398 Cr.P.C. to direct further investigation by the Magistrate. The High Court further erred in holding that no opportunity of hearing was required under Section 398 Cr.P.C. if the direction for further inquiry was being passed after dismissal of the complaint as opposed to a discharge. Effectively, the complaint case was therefore restored to the prejudice of the appellant. Reliance was placed on Manharibhai Muljibhai Kakadia and another vs. Shaileshbhai Mohanbhai Patel and others, 2012 (10) SCC 517.”

                                                      As it turned out, the Bench then observes in para 3 that, “Learned counsel for respondent no. 1 submitted that the dismissal of the application under Section 156(3) Cr.P.C. at the pre-cognizance stage does not vest any right in the accused to be heard at the stage of remand in revision for further inquiry. Merely because the Magistrate may have called for a police report, it does not tantamount to taking cognizance. There has been no dismissal of the complaint under Section 203 Cr.P.C., entitling the appellant to be heard in the revisional jurisdiction.”

                                      Needless to say, after hearing both the sides, the Bench then holds in para 4 that, “We have considered the submissions on behalf of the parties. The complaint filed by respondent no. 1 before the Magistrate under Section 156(3) Cr.P.C. alleged that by cheating and forging his signatures on blank papers, he had been shown as the sole proprietor of M/s Shivam Wines, when in fact he was a partner and his resignation from the partnership had also been forged. Consequentially, in the recovery suit filed by the Bank leading to the grant of recovery certificate, his private property came to be auctioned.”  

                                             To put things in perspective, the Bench then states eloquently and elegantly in para 5 that, “The Magistrate, under Section 156(3) Cr.P.C. directed the police to register a criminal case, investigate and submit police report in 90 days. The police after investigation submitted a report dated 05.04.2006 under Section 173(2) that the accusations were false. The Magistrate did not consider it necessary to proceed under Section 173(8) and issued notice to the complainant as to why the final report by the police be not accepted. The respondent filed a protest petition which was registered as a complaint case. The Magistrate, after hearing the respondent, and not being satisfied, dismissed the complaint under Section 203 Cr.P.C. on 13.07.2006. It was therefore not a rejection of an application under Section 156(3) Cr.P.C.as was sought to be urged on behalf of the respondent.  The Additional Sessions Judge, in a revision preferred by the respondent against the dismissal of his complaint, set aside the dismissal order on 08.10.2007, effectively restoring the complaint case arising out of a protest petition and directed further inquiry by the Magistrate. The High Court declined to interfere with the order.”

                                            Be it noted, it is then aptly envisaged in para 6 that, “In B. Chandrika vs. Santhosh, (2014) 13 SCC 699, this Court observed as follows:

“5. The power of the Magistrate to take cognizance of an offence on a complaint or a protest petition on the same or similar allegations even after accepting the final report, cannot be disputed. It is settled law that when a complaint is filed and sent to police under Section 156(3) for investigation and then a protest petition is filed, the Magistrate after accepting the final report of the police under Section 173 and discharging the accused persons has the power to deal with the protest petition. However, the protest petition has to satisfy the ingredients of complaint before the Magistrate takes cognizance under Section 190(1)(a) CrPC.”” There can be no denying or disputing it!

                                          Most significantly, it is then very rightly and remarkably held by the Apex Court Bench in para 7 without mincing any words that, “The restoration of the complaint by the Additional Sessions Judge was undoubtedly to the prejudice of the appellant. The right of the appellant to be heard at this stage need not detain us any further in view of Manharibhai (supra) observing as follows:

“53…… We hold, as it must be, that in a revision petition preferred by the complainant before the High Court or the Sessions Judge challenging an order of the Magistrate dismissing the complaint under Section 203 of the Code at the stage under Section 200 or after following the process contemplated under Section 202 of the Code, the accused or a person who is suspected to have committed the crime is entitled to hearing by the Revisional Court. In other words, where the complaint has been dismissed by the Magistrate under Section 203 of the Code, upon challenge to the legality of the said order being laid by the complainant in a revision petition before the High Court or the Sessions Judge, the persons who are arraigned as accused in the complaint have a right to be heard in such revision petition. This is a plain requirement of Section 401(2) of the Code. If the Revisional Court overturns the order of the Magistrate dismissing the complaint and the complaint is restored to the file of the Magistrate and it is sent back for fresh consideration, the persons who are alleged in the complaint to have committed the crime have, however, no right to participate in the proceedings nor are they entitled to any hearing of any sort whatsoever by the Magistrate until the consideration of the matter by the Magistrate for issuance of process. We answer the question accordingly. The judgments of the High Courts to the contrary are overruled.””

                                             Before parting, the Apex Court Bench then finally held in para 8 that, “The impugned orders dated 6.03.2009 and 08.10.2007 are held to be unsustainable in their present form. They are therefore set aside. The matter is remanded to the Additional Sessions Judge, Greater Mumbai to hear the revision application afresh after notice to the appellant also and then pass a fresh reasoned and speaking order to his satisfaction. The appeal is allowed.” Very rightly so! It goes without saying that this has to be complied with in totality!

                                               To sum up, the Apex Court Bench has yet once again very rightly reiterated the clear legal position on this. The accused person is certainly entitled to be heard in a revision petition against the order of dismissal of protest petition. It cannot be disputed that the accused person certainly cannot be somehow or the other condemned unheard! Very rightly so!

Sanjeev Sirohi, Advocate,

s/o Col BPS Sirohi,

A 82, Defence Enclave,

Sardhana Road, Kankerkhera,

Meerut – 250001, Uttar Pradesh

SOLAR ECLIPSE, 21st June 2020

The Earth will witness an annular solar eclipse on Sunday, 21 June and the people in India will be able to catch this annual celestial event in action. It is not a regular one as it falls on the summer solstice, i.e. the longest day and the shortest night of the year.

What is solar eclipse?

A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the sun and the earth. When this happens, the moon blocks the light of the sun from reaching the earth. The shadow of the moon is then cast on the earth.

There are three types of solar eclipses:

First, there is a total solar eclipse — which is only visible from a small area on earth. For the phenomenon to occur, the sun, moon and earth must be in a direct line.

Second is the partial solar eclipse when the sun, moon and earth are not exactly lined up.

The solar eclipse of 21 June, however, is an annular eclipse and is the third type. This happens when the moon is farthest from the earth, according to NASA blog. Since the moon is farther away from the earth, it seems smaller and does not block the entire view of the sun. The moon is in front of the sun and looks like a dark disk on top of an even larger disk which appears like a ring of fire.

The eclipse will be annular in some parts of the country, where sky gazers will get an opportunity to observe the “ring of fire” during the phenomenon. However, for most parts of the country, the eclipse will be partial.

On June 21, the annular eclipse will first start for the people of Congo in Africa and progress through South Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the Indian Ocean and Pakistan, before entering India over Rajasthan. It will then move on to Tibet, China, Taiwan, before ending at the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

This will be the last eclipse to be seen from India for the next 28 months as the next eclipse will be seen in India on October 25, 2022.

In India, the solar eclipse of June 21 with begin at 9:15 am and will end at 3:03 pm. The sun will be seen as a ‘Ring Of Fire’ to the skygazers which is a rare event. The partial eclipse will begin at 9:15 am and it will reach its peak at 12:10 pm. The full eclipse will end at 2:02 pm and the phenomenon will end at 3:04 pm.

Some interesting facts

  1. In a year, there can be as many as five solar eclipses.
  2. A total solar eclipse is a rare sight and happens only once in every 18 months. For a total solar eclipse, the sun has to be blocked at least 90 percent by the moon.
  3. The longest duration of a total solar eclipse is 7.5 minutes
  4. The total solar eclipse cannot be seen from the North and South Poles

“Not all scars are visible”- Mental health

You might consider yourself to be physically healthful but do you possess a healthy state of mind? How frequently do you consider mental pressure, anxiety or an ill mood? We all must be conscious of the point that a healthy mind as well as a healthy body, both are a part of what makes us whole. Consequently, looking after mental health is as fundamental as caring for the physical health.

A healthy mind encompasses the ability of individuals that allows him or her to withstand the stressful and troublesome situations of life, work productively and contribute their presence in the community. But multiple times people are not competent to look after what they think intense in their minds. That is when the mental disorder begins. A consequence of which they might suffer from depression, anxiety, autism, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dementia and many more. These disturbances makes them feel sad and makes their mood low. They may face severe mood fluctuations of highs and lows and make them unable to cope with even simple life problems. They may face problems while concentrating and have reduced ability to think keeping them confused all day long.

Accordingly, factors that may affect mental health are:

  • Abuse: This may be physical, sexual, oral or psychological.
  • Physical indisposition: This includes diseases, injuries or other physical disabilities.
  • Social connections: Includes any separation, divorce, family loss etc.
  • Difficult characters: people who exhibit irrelevant behaviour, extreme lying, violence, inappropriate actions.

Have you ever heard about the terminology D.O.S.E?

If not, then this might surprise you as holding a healthy mind starts right here. D.O.S.E exists for Dopamine, Oxytocin, Serotonin and Endorphins. Dopamine among the four is the fundamental chemical that emanate positive emotions in the body. Let’s understand how these chemicals function:

Dopamine: This is something that we can consider as ‘The Happiness Drug’. This motivates us towards our goal that we aspire to accomplish in our existences. Without Dopamine one never would have had the enthusiasm to achieve what they strive for, and the essential happiness We may also refer it to the slight joy that we feel in out day to day life.

How to retain a Healthy Mind?

Now as we know that a healthy mind prepares a happy mind, we also need to comprehend how to do so. A healthy mind is what helps us throughout our entire being therefore the following could be done for our mental health:

  • Being active: Exercising will support the physical as well as mental health.
  • Talk to yourself: Make time and efforts into bridging relations with yourself, keep telling yourself that You are worth enough.
  • Keep learning: Keeping the mind healthy; learning new skills, languages, sports, information etc. has proved constructive.
  • Quit the addiction: Healthy mind is related to a healthy body, any alcoholic or drug addiction would impede the situation.

An unhealthy mind is considered the worst place to be. This state of mind would make you either win or vanish. Make some time for your mind. Care for it and it would take care of you.

WIRELESS MADE LIFE SIMPLE

Welcome everybody, so Today, we are going to know about technology. From technology, we have invented many types of intelligence, to make our life easier, so, one of the technologies we are going to discuss is Wireless. Now you can see everywhere the electronic equipment is wireless. The wireless technology uses radio waves for forming an electromagnetic radiation.

So what is a Wireless Technology? Wireless technology is the technology in which we don, ‘t require any wire or cable to communicate. This technology started from 1857-1894 by German physicist by discovering electromagnetic waves. Nowadays we use laptops, mobile, modem, routers are examples of wireless technology.

As Wireless had made our life easier there are some advantages to this technology.

First, is wireless had increased mobility by allowing users to accept the real-time information.

Second, it had a wider range of reaching networks as extended in the organization without any cables or wires.

Third, it also reduced the cost amount of ownership with a high initial extent investment.

Fourth, through wireless, the installation speed is very quick and easy while compared to the wired technology.

So these are the main advantages of wireless. As every time told that everything has advantages but also includes disadvantages.

First, the Wireless network is unstable for large distances from the object or the wireless networks.

Second, in wireless technology, the security of the technology is at a high risk as everyone can access the network, and also through the network, it can be hacked.

This is highly disadvantageous of Wireless technology, while there are many facts about wireless technology, you will be amazed.

1. Wi-Fi can be older than us. Yes, it’s true because a group developed that IEEE 802.11 which is later known as WiFi, which suggests WiFi is almost 30 years now.

2. Let me tell you that in our world, there are more than 9 billion of Wi-Fi devices.

3. In the whole world, South Korea has the fastest Wi-Fi speed of about 26.7 Mbps.

4. The word Wi-Fi has no meaning at all, as to avoid the confusion of advertising the wireless technology.

5. Nowadays, there is a drift of making our house in the wireless technology for a better security of home and families.

So these are the facts about wireless technology.

And lastly, I would like to say that, Yes, wireless had made our life easier, but we should be more careful and not to be careless and not to depend much on technology.

Yes, we can say that. It had helped us in many ways, in our life for improving our livelihood. Overall, the wireless technology is rapidly increasing also in the healthcare sector which is a big step to our future.

I hope you all like the article about wireless technology, also it may help you in any way I will be grateful for writing the article. Let me know in the comment box what you all think about this technology! Is the technology made our life simple or worse and what do you think about how can we improve this technology?

Thank you for reading this article I hope you all enjoyed it and have a nice day.

Migration History of Kohinoor Diamond India to England…

It is said to be unlucky for men to wear the Koh-i-Noor diamond owing to its long and bloody history. Mughal was found is stone. Kohinoor means the mountain of light, and Its name is derived from the Persian word Koh-i-Noor. Mohammed shah Rangila has the master of this precious diamond in the 18th century. Its magnanimous traits and size make it the most desirable precious stone. Kohinoor was originally 793 carats when uncut which makes the biggest diamond in the world. Mined in Kollur Mine, India, during the period of the Delhi Sultanate, there is no record of its original weight – but the earliest well-attested weight is 186 old carats (191 metric carats or 38.2 g). The diamond was part of the Mughal Peacock Throne. It changed hands between various factions in south and west Asia, until being ceded to Queen Victoria after the British annexation of Punjab in 1849.

Originally, the stone was of a similar cut to other Mughal-era diamonds, like the Darya-i-Noor, which are now in the Iranian Crown Jewels. In 1851, it went on display at the Great Exhibition in London, but the lackluster cut failed to impress viewers. Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, ordered it to be re-cut as an oval brilliant by Coster Diamonds. By modern standards, the culet is unusually broad, giving the impression of a black hole when the stone is viewed head-on; it is nevertheless regarded by gemologists as “full of life”.

in the past, there are many kings and the Mughals fought for Kohinoor, firstly Babur, the Turco-Mongol founder of the Mughal Empire, wrote about a “famous” diamond that weighed just over 187 old carats – approximately the size of the 186-carat Koh-i-Noor. Some historians think Babur’s diamond is the earliest reliable reference to the Koh-i-Noor. According to his diary, it was acquired by Alauddin Khalji, the second ruler of the Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Babur received the diamond in 1526 as a tribute for his conquest of Delhi and Agra at the Battle of Panipat. Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor, had the stone placed into his ornate Peacock Throne. In 1658, his son and successor, Aurangzeb, confined the ailing emperor to Agra Fort. While in the possession of Aurangzeb, it was allegedly cut by Hortense Borgia, a Venetian lapidary, reducing the weight of the large stone to 186 carats. For this carelessness, Borgia was reprimanded and fined 10,000 rupees.

In 1739 invasion of Delhi by Nadir Shah, the Afsharid Shah of Persia, the treasury of the Mughal Empire was looted by his army in an organized and thorough acquisition of the Mughal nobility’s wealth. Along with millions of rupees and an assortment of historic jewels, the Shah also carried away the Koh-i-Noor. After Nadir Shah was killed and his empire collapsed in 1747, the Koh-i-Noor fell to his grandson, who in 1751 gave it to Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Afghan Empire, in return for his support. One of Ahmed’s descendants, Shuja Shah Durrani, wore a bracelet containing the Koh-i-Noor on the occasion of Mountstuart Elphinstone’s visit to Peshawar in 1808. A year later, Shuja formed an alliance with the United Kingdom to help defend against a possible invasion of Afghanistan by Russia. He was quickly overthrown but fled with the diamond to Lahore, where Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire, in return for his hospitality, insisted upon the gem being given to him, and he took possession of it in 1813.

Ranjit Singh had the diamond examined by jewelers of Lahore for two days to ensure that Shuja had not tricked him. After the jewelers confirmed its genuineness, he donated 125,000 rupees to Shuja. Ranjit Singh then asked the principal jewelers of Amritsar to estimate the diamond’s value; the jewelers declared that the value of the diamond was “far beyond all computation”. Ranjit Singh then fixed the diamond in the front of his turban and paraded on an elephant to enable his subjects to see the diamond.

On 29 March 1849, following the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Kingdom of Punjab was formally annexed to Company rule, and the Last Treaty of Lahore was signed, officially ceding the Koh-i-Noor to Queen Victoria and the Maharaja’s other assets to the company. Article III of the treaty read: “The gem called the Koh-i-Noor, which was taken from Shah Sooja-ool-moolk by Maharajah Ranjeet Singh, shall be surrendered by the Maharajah of Lahore to the Queen of England. On 1 February 1850, the jewel was sealed in a small iron safe inside a red dispatch box, both sealed with red tape and a wax seal and kept in a chest at Bombay Treasury awaiting a steamer ship from China. It was then sent to England for presentation to Queen Victoria in the care of Captain J. Ramsay and Brevet Lt. Col F. Mackeson under tight security arrangements, one of which was the placement of the dispatch box in a larger iron safe. They departed from Bombay on 6 April on board HMS Medea, captained by Captain Lockyer.

How Global Warming Can be Reduced???

Global warming is the ongoing rise of the average temperature of the Earth’s climate system and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming. Glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, cloud forests are dying and wildlife is scrambling to keep pace. It has become clear that humans have caused most of the past century’s warming by releasing heat-trapping gases as we power our modern lives. Called greenhouse gases, their levels are higher now than at any time in the last 800,000 years.

We often call the result global warming, but it is causing a set of changes to the Earth’s climate, or long-term weather patterns, that varies from place to place. The main reason for global warming is a term known as climate change. Climate change is referred to as a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.

We humans are one of the biggest reasons for increasing global warming in the world. We share the surroundings with other living beings as well but we never pay attention to it. We are turning every thing present in this world in a so called usable product. But we don’t care what it does to the environment. Anually there is an increase in carbon dioxide in air and other greenhouse gases as well like methane and carbon monoxide which are depleting the ozone layer and increasing temperature of the planet anually.

Global warming has become a grave problem which needs undivided attention. It is not happening because of a single cause but several causes. These causes are both natural as well as manmade. The natural causes include the release of greenhouses gases which are not able to escape from earth, causing the temperature to increase. Further, volcanic eruptions are also responsible for global warming. That is to say, these eruptions release tons of carbon dioxide which contributes to global warming. Similarly, methane is also one big issue responsible for global warming.

One more reason of global warming is deforestation. Cutting down trees to such an extent, that it starts harming the environment increasing temperature of the planet and causing ultraviolet rays to enter the planet. After that, the excessive use of automobiles and fossil fuels results in increased levels of carbon dioxide. In addition, activities like mining and cattle rearing are very harmful to the environment. One of the most common issues that are taking place rapidly is deforestation. So, when one of the biggest sources of absorption of carbon dioxide will only disappear, there will be nothing left to regulate the gas. Thus, it will result in global warming. Steps must be taken immediately to stop global warming and make the earth better again.

Solutions to Reduce Global Warming:-

  1. Go green, plant trees as many as you can. Don’t let anyone around you cut trees.
  2. Don’t throw waste from your kitchen, start home composting. Compost is considered as black gold. It is a great food and manure for our plants.
  3. Use the 3-R principles. Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
  4. Say no to plastic, reuse plastic bags and containers, give e-waste to the e-waste recyclers.
  5. Be more sensitive towards environment. Spread as much awareness as you can.

For instance, when you go shopping, carry your own cloth bag. Another step you can take is to limit the use of electricity which will prevent the release of carbon dioxide. On the government’s part, they must regulate industrial waste and ban them from emitting harmful gases in the air. Deforestation must be stopped immediately and planting of trees must be encouraged.

In short, all of us must realize the fact that our earth is not well. It needs to treatment and we can help it heal. The present generation must take up the responsibility of stopping global warming in order to prevent the suffering of future generations. Therefore, every little step, no matter how small carries a lot of weight and is quite significant in stopping global warming.

Tribal Affairs Minister emphasized on the need to create more awareness about Sickle Cell disease

Tribal Affairs Minister Arjun Munda has emphasized on the need to create more awareness about Sickle Cell disease in the county. Addressing a webinar ‘National Sickle Cell Conclave’ in New Delhi to mark the World Sickle Cell Day, Mr Munda said,  government is committed to address and find a solution to deal with Sickle Cell disease in India.

He said, in order to collect real time data and provide relevant information related to Sickle Cell, the government has launched a new portal which will act as catalyst in creating awareness.
 
The portal will have real time data through a dashboard along with registration facility, information about the disease and various government initiatives undertaken. The Minister said, today, people in the rural areas are about COVID19 which happened due to increased awareness towards the disease. He said, the Ministry has also initiated Action Research project under which Yoga dependent lifestyle should be promoted to reduce the complications in the patient suffering from this disease.

Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh receives COVID feedback from private medical practitioners

Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh today received COVID feedback from private medical practitioners, from across the country. In over one-and-half hour long Webinar, leading physicians and specialists from various streams of medical science offered their inputs from different Indian cities including Chennai, New Delhi, Mumbai, Nagpur, Patna and Kota.
 
Presiding over the meeting, Dr Jitendra Singh complimented the medical fraternity of the country  for having commendably lived up to the occasion and successfully fought the war against Corona. He said, the medical fraternity as well as health infrastructure of India had proved to the world during this time of its inherent potential and capacity to reorient itself at short notice and successfully discharge its responsibilities to the community.
 
Dr. A Muruganathan, who moderated the Webinar, spoke about the need to popularize the use of AarogyaSetu and focus on Indian models of prevention and subion based health insurance practised in some of the hospitals, particularly in South India.