🔅Influence by the ideas of Kal Marx, Lenin believed that the way for freedom was through mass action. 🔅The social Democratic Party, spilt on the issue of organisation and strategy. Lenin gained the support of a small majority (bolshinstvo), known as Bolsheviks, which became the Boloshevik Party. His opponents, in minority (menshinstvo), were called Mensheviks.
Failure of Provisional Government🇷🇺:
🌟Lenin was in Switzerland when the revolution broke out. Lenin wanted continued revolution. 🌟His slogan of ‘All power to the Soviots’ soon won over the worker’s leader. The people were attracted by the slogan of ‘Bread,Peace and Land’.
🌟The Provisional Government made two grave mistakes. First, it postponed a decision on the demand for the redistribution of land and the other was Government decided to continue with the war. 🌟Frustrated peasant soldiers deserted their posts and joined those who had resorted to land grabbing. This intensified the rising in Petrograd led by Bolsheviks. The government banned Pravda and addressed all Bolsheviks.
Takeover by the Bolsheviks Party under Lenin’s 🇷🇺:
🔅In October Lenin persuaded the Bolsheviks Central Commitee to decide on immediate revolution. 🔅Trotsky prepared a detailed plan. On 7 November the key government buildings were seized by armed factory workers and revolutionary troops.
🔅On 8 November 1917 a new Communist government was in office in Russia. It’s head this time was Lenin. 🔅The Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party.
Outcome of the Revolution🇷🇺:
🔅The Russian Communist Party eliminated illiteracy and poverty in Russia within a record time . 🔅Russian industry and agriculture developed remarkably women were given equal rights, including rights to vote. 🔅Industries and banks were nationalised. Land was announced as social property and was distributed to poor peasants.
🔅Lenin thought the most important factor for the all of Provisional Government was its failure to withdraw from World War. So Lenin immediately appealed for peace. 🔅Unmindful of the harsh terms dictated by the Central Powers, Lenin opted for withdrawing from the War to concentrate on the formation of new government. 🔅In March 1918 the Treaty of Brest – Litovsk was signed.
A college is a dreamland in a student’s academic career. College phase is the golden period for the youngsters and no one can forgot those memories till from the first day of the college to the last day we spent in the college. At initial days when we join in a college, we all feel so excited and curious by seeing our surroundings but at the same time we all have a small doubt or fear that how to mould our self in the new place where every thing is almost unknown to us. Most of us start our college life without having any idea about what we want to be in our future. We all have roughly four years where we have to play around with academics and extra curricular activities along with figuring out the passions in our life.
At the initial days we all think that college lecturers are too strict and we have to be careful with them but as the days pass away we came to know that even our lecturers also be friendly with us and they help us a lot in every moment of college life. The most important candidates in our college life is our friends with whom we do a lot of crazy things and the enjoyment with friends will be at next level in hostel rooms, Yes our hostel roommates will become a next family to us with whom we can share all our things.
The most excited and scary event that happens at the beginning of our college days is “FRESHER’S DAY” where we all see our seniors as like most dangerous people on the world and fear about the ragging but our thoughts will be changed totally when we talk with seniors in a friendly manner and also they are the one who will be as a back bone to all of us in entire our college days but sometimes whatever we think may turn into wrong also.
Whatever the situation may be, we always be ready to face that situation especially in the case of examinations. The preparation strategies will differ from person to person but once after completing our graduation we will definitely laugh by memorizing all those days. The most interesting part in college life is college fest, tours and interacting with diversified people which helps us to develop the spirit of unity, personality and brotherhood.
At last I can say that college life is the beautiful blend of joys and memories. On the whole, everyday that we spent in our college is loaded with some colourful events such as special breaks, bunks and sports. These charms will never fade away but in todays situation most of the students are unable to make such a great college life experiences due to COVID-19 pandemic. Let us all hope that the past days will come back again and we can happily make a lot memories getting together in our colleges.
Hockey is normally played on grass field or turf field or an indoor stadium. Hockey is predominantly a stick and ball game. Hockey is also the National Game of India.Field hockey, also called Hockey, outdoor game played by two opposing teams of 11 players each who use sticks curved at the striking end to hit a small, hard ball into their opponent’s goal.The objective of this game is to pass the ball with a bat to the goal of opposite players’ court. Other players will be trying to take the ball away and make their goal. The players in the team will be assigned positions for which the duties will be defined earlier. The task of each player in the team is to get the ball in the opponent’s goal point. All the players should be co-operative in scoring more goals.
HISTORY OF HOCKEY :
Hockey, as a sport of stick and ball, dates back to middle-age. Some of the carvings of this sport were found in Ireland and Greece in 1200 and 600 BC respectively. It is assumed that the sport existed some 4000 years ago. However, hockey took its actual form with government organization to recognize the sport. Hence, specific rules of the game were introduced in early 19th century. Countries like England, Germany, Argentina, Spain, India, Malaysia, and Pakistan have international teams and take part in all the annual events organized by International Hockey Federation (FIH) formed in 1924.
TEAM SIZE :
The Hockey is either played girls against girls or boys against boys. The team consists of 11 members and each player is assigned with a particular position and task. Like most games, team work is the basic element of winning and the entire team’s contribution is crucial for success.
The 11 players consist of Goalkeepers, Defenders and Strikers. Individual player has got their tasks to work on in the game. The hockey squad will be having a total of 16 players as the game allows rolling substitutions under necessary conditions. The rest 5 players will be a backup most of the time
COUNTRIES PARTICIPATION :
As Hockey was literally originated in England, Scotland and Netherlands, it was encouraged by various other countries as they participated in the game. The International Hockey Federation governs the sport all over the globe. Men and women represent in competitions including Olympics Games, Champions Trophy, World League and Junior World Cup with many countries which run masters’, senior and junior club competitions. This body is responsible for rules development for the game.
Most countries take part in this game. There are more than 50 countries that participate in hockey. But to consider the countries that are termed as the Big Eight include Canada, Sweden, USA, Russia, Finland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Switzerland. As Canada invented the game, they are the best in it. More than 60% of National Hockey League players are from Canada. It’s a right that if you are born in Canada, you are born for Hockey.
The top twenty hockey playing countries are Canada, Sweden, United States of America, Russia, Finland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Germany, Latvia, India, China, North Korea, United Kingdom, Belarus, Denmark, Mongolia, Japan, South Korea and Indonesia. India was ranked as the eleventh country in Hockey playing.
HOCKEY GROUND DESIGN :
Hockey is a speed demanding game. It demands speed from its players and also from its playing surface. No other sport beats the surface like hockey does and hence, the surface should be incredibly durable handling the wear and tear of hockey sport. The surface has to be maintained to enable a top-level game to the players. The base design is to be maintained in any of the two designs namely Diagonal fall Design and Crown Design.
The diagonal fall design directs all the surface water to a collection pit at the corner. Whereas, the crown design flows the surface water to all the four corners allowing them to collect there like the crown in the center. It allows the water to collect at a corner or all the four corners for cleaning and slightly tilting the ground. This is the base design of the ground and is followed in all the ground designs.
After the base is finished, In-situ shock pad is to be installed over the base. It consists of black SBR granules and polyurethane binder. This is mixed on site and laid to specified depth. This gives a firm hold of the ground and the strength. The hardness below the ground makes it sustainable from the beatings of the hockey bat during the play. As per the requirement of the FIH (Federation International Hockey) the ground is made to shock absorbent.
Earlier, the game was played on a natural turf or grass field. But now-a-days it is played on artificial turfs. In the 1970’s, the transition into artificial turfs came into existence and its being made mandatory since 1976. All the markings, lines, and goals are specified by the International Hockey Federation in the Rules of Hockey. The foul game is played in a 23 meter area.Standard pitch measurements are given as 100 yards by 60 yards. The total area of the field is 5027 square meters. The hockey pitch is shaped in rectangular manner. The long perimeter side is named as side lines and the short perimeter edges are named as back lines. The portion between goal posts is known as goal Lines. All lines are colored white with 75mm wide. At all the corners of the pitch, a flag of max 300 mm square is attached to a post of height 1.20 to 1.50 meters.
HOCKEY EQUIPMENT :
Hockey stick and ball are the most important equipment without which the sport cannot be played. There are many other equipment like shin guard, helmet, glove, shoes, etc., that a hockey player uses during the match.
The following are the equipment used in the hockey game by the goalie and the players.Hockey Stick − It is a wooden stick with length varying from 26’’ to 38.5’’ depending on height of the player. The bat has a hooked shape at the head. There are mostly four types of variations namely shorti, midi, maxiand the J Hook depending on the efficiency of the player holding the ball.
The shorti type is used by players, who take an extreme control over the ball to increase the manoeuvrability. Generally, the players at the mid field position use this type of bat in the game.
The midi type is used by the players who hit the ball more often and need to be strong on the reverse side. Strikers use midi predominantly.
The maxi type is used by the players who act as defenders or attackers. This bat is similar to the midi type but the surface area is being increased. For stopping the ball, its strength allows it to be much more efficient in doing that.
The J Hook type has a much larger surface area. However, it doesn’t possess the efficiency of the midi type in striking the ball. But, for stopping the ball it has an increased thickness. This head type is preferred by the defenders.
GAME PLAYERS AND THEIR ROLES :
Hockey has started its course from the English Public Schools to Olympics level. Each hockey team must have 11 members who should always be ready on the field to start the match. Total number of members in a team are 16 of which five are substitute. The guidelines on how to play the game is given by the International Federation of Hockey.
Substitution of players can be done any number of times. At any point of time, the team can give rest to a player and call a substitute on his behalf. The 11 players consist of one goal keeper, and the rest shall be in the field. The attributes for each player is as follows −
GOAL KEEPER:
Arguably, the goalkeeper is the most important player in the whole team. The responsibility of the goalkeeper is to defend the goal post and prevent the other team from hitting a goal.
The key responsibilities of the Goal Keeper are listed as follows −
Should be fast and also agile.
Should be proficient at both right and left foot.
Should be able to judge the shooting angle and close them down.
Should be a good communicator and be able to organize the defense.
Should be able to go down in a correct manner at defensive moments and at required moment should remain in standing position
The position of the goalkeeper needs to meet the following requirements.
Should be able to save the straight shots towards the goal.
Should be able to minimize the attacking team’s score by organizing the defensive attacks.
Should establish good communication with other defenders.
DEFENDERS:
The defenders are positioned at four locations. They are right half, left half, right back and left back. The chief role of the defenders is to defend the back four. They should work as a team and try to minimize the score of their opponent.
The main attributes of a defender are as follows −
Should be able to turn sideways and get back swiftly.
Should be having strong basic skills. Effective in trapping the opponent, passing the ball and tackling the situation.
Should be able to prevent opponent attack and put the ball away from the danger zone.
Should understand both man-to-man as well as zonal defense and decide the correct approach to use.
Should be able to have a good vision of other players and gather knowledge of best passing opportunities
MIDFIELD :
The three distributions in the midfield positions are inside right, inside left and center half. The midfield is the team’s engine room. It links the attackers and the defenders. It should avoid opponents to have clean breaks through the middle of the field. Midfielders should be major game distributors and have a great awareness of the game.
Attributes of a midfielder are as follows −
Should possess a great acceleration with fitness, fast and agile.
Should possess strong all-round basic knowledge of hockey.
Should have a good knowledge in passing, ball carrying, receiving and shooting.
Should have a great awareness and vision of the game.
Should be able to switch play or change the point of attack.
Should be able to understand the defenses and choose the right one at right time.
Should be able to understand the lines and angles of attack and defense in the play at midfield.
STRIKERS :
The first role of a striker is to generate opportunities of scoring. These must be done by working as a team, creating width and depth on the attack, create a link with midfield and taking the best of all the possible opportunities.
Specific attributes of a good striker are as follows −
Should be able to get a clear view on the lines and angles of attack and defense.
Should be able to deploy pressure on the opponent defenders.
Should be able to move fast and should be agile with high acceleration and pace change.
Should have a good vision on the game and awareness of moves.
Should have a constant movement where the key actions are creating space, attacking opportunities and leading the team.
Should be able to execute and identify the best opportunity for shooting.
DURATION OF MATCH :
A regular hockey match takes place for 70 minutes consisting two halves each of 35 minutes. Also, sometimes matches end in draw. But the official matches should have a winner unlike other matches. If in any case, the game is a tie then extra time is given. If there is tie again then penalty flick competition decides the winner of the match.
A player passes the ball among them to progress it towards the goal using a triangle method of passing system. This prevents the opponent to intercept the ball.
The hockey players take their respective positions on the field. One of the teams starts the game with a centre pass and continues to attack opponent to score a goal. The player taking centre pass can only stand in the other half of field while his team members should stand within their half of defending goal. The player taking centre pass is permitted to hit the ball in any direction.
The team members keep passing the ball and look for opportunities to score the goal while the opponents tackle them and try to take control of the ball.
If the game is paused any moment for injury or substitution, it resumes by the player passing the ball from nearest spot of stoppage of play. This is called bully.
A player from each team stands close to the ball with defending goals on their right to take a bully. Both players tap faces of their sticks and one of the players is allowed to hit the ball.
A free-hit situation arises when a player hits the ball outside the sideline or baseline. Free-hit is taken by a defender by placing the ball 15 meters in line to the centre of goal.
SCORING :
It is very interesting thing to learn how to score in hockey. Specific ways to win a score are penalty corner, field goal, and penalty stroke.
Taking a Penalty Corner:
Only four players are allowed along with a goal keeper. They must be behind the baseline inside or outside the goal. The other defending players must be behind the half way line or on the line. Any number of players from the attacking team can be there to attack but most probably seven will be the attacking players. One player will be injecting the ball from baseline.The presence of a stopper at the top of D depends on the set-up of the team. When the injection of the ball takes place before it re-enters D and shot at goal, it must go out of D first. For the first strike to be counted, it must be below the back board, if it is a drag or a deflection, it can end anywhere inside the goal and it can also be counted.
Taking a Penalty Stroke:
When there is an infringement inside of D, the penalty stroke is given if there was a definite goal scoring chance. It is a free shot that was taken by one attacker against one goal keeper only and from a distance of 6.4 meters straight in front of the goal. The duration of the match is stopped when there is a penalty stroke taken.
FOULS :
The on-field players are not allowed to control or stop the ball with feet or any other body part. A free-hit is awarded to a team if ball hits the opponent player’s body. The hockey ball is often scooped by players to pass it to their team members directly. However, the same shot is given as foul by the referee if it is played dangerously.
Apart from these, there are tackling fouls where players are found to be little rough with opponent players to take control of ball. The game is observed very closely by referee to declare fouls and make important decisions. The referees in the game display cards in three colors, each of which indicates the level of foul or offence committed by a player.
Green card − The player may not leave the pitch (international standards say that the player may leave the pitch for two minutes), but further infractions indulge in a red or yellow card.
Yellow card − It is a suspension where the time is decided by the card issuing umpire. Mostly, five minutes will be the chosen time by any umpire. But, if the offense is serious the time may exceed or the player is replaced.
Red card − It is a permanent exclusion from the game. Here the player is banned for some time or for a few matches. The player should leave the pitch in this case.
HOCKEY AND ITS TYPES :
Field Hockey:
This game is played on ground with grass or artificial synthetic ground. It is predominantly for women in some countries like Europe. But due to the absence of hand gloves, injuries at fingers sometimes hamper the players to continue in the game. But advancement in the game and its rules resulted in security precautions of total body while playing.
Ice Hockey:
The same principle of pushing the ball into the goal post but instead of ground, the game takes place on ice. The players use skates to skate over ice and earn points. Their bats also differ in shape and size. The ball is actually not spherical in shape but a disc like solid that is used to roll over ice. It is fun watching this game and even more to take part.
Sledge Hockey :
For disabled people who want to enjoy the fun of playing ice hockey, this game was invented. It has a board on which the player will be resting and with the help of skates it will be rolling on ice and the rest is same as ice hockey. It is also played by normal people sitting on the boards.
Bandy:
Bandy is Russian version of hockey and also the national sport. It became so popular across Europe that a bandy federation was formed during mid-20th century. The major difference from other versions is that Bandy is played in a field that is almost equal to the size of football field. This sport also took birth from ice hockey. Gradually by end of 20th century, Bandy was played professionally in parts of Asia and North America.
HOCKEY CHAMPIONS :
Santi Freixa (Spain)
Santi is another great player from Europe. He has represented Spain in 2008 Olympic Games and won silver medal for the country. He has also won the FIH award for best young player.He is the captain of Spain’s hockey national team. He is also known for his off-the-field social activity campaign Stick for India that supports children of Anantapur with education and hockey skills.
Dhyan Chand (India)
Dhyan Singh alias Dhyan Chand was believed to be the best hockey player ever. His ability to control the ball and break the defense of opposition with ease was the prime attraction. The way he carried himself both on and off the field brought him respect all over the world.He led Indian hockey team to three consecutive gold medals in Olympic Games. Many people around the globe followed and admired Chand’s stick play; some fondly called him magician of hockey.
Leslie Claudius (India)
Another Indian legend who was born to play hockey only, as few experts of the game described. Claudius was short in stature and had bundles of stamina. He never used to get tired.Leslie holds a Guinness World Record for being part of a Hockey team that won maximum number of Medals at the Olympic Games.He took part in four Olympic Games and won four medals; three gold medals in 1948, 1952, 1956, and a silver medal in 1960 under his captaincy
Ties Kruize (Netherlands)
This Dutch player was simply superb on the field. He scored 167 goals in just over 200 international matches. He met with an accident during his prime and doctors told that he can never play the sport again.Surprisingly, he recovered to full health and returned to the sport only to stun the world with victories in World Championship (1973), two Champions Trophies in 1981-82, and European Championship in 1983.
Jamie Dwyer (Australia)
Dwyer was one of the legends of hockey in modern era. He was very quick on the feet with great skill to manoeuvre ball with the stick. He was nick named as foetus for his ability to shift positions from being an attacker to defender in a flash.He played for Australia to achieve hockey gold medal in Olympics after a long gap of 48 years. He also won World Cup and Commonwealth Games gold for his national side. Dwyer won world player of the year award five times.
Luciana Aymar (Argentina)
Aymar is considered as the greatest ever female hockey player. She was the finest dribbler when compared to her counterparts. She played an important role for her national side to win World Cup titles in 2002 and 2010. She also won eight FIH world player of the year titles.At junior level also she played very well and helped her team to win many tournaments. She represented Argentina as a flag-bearer for 2012 Olympics and was the second hockey player to receive this honour.
Natascha Keller (Germany)
Natascha is one of the most popular female hockey players in the world with an Olympic gold medal to her kitty. She represented Germany in more than 400 matches.She won the gold medal in 2004 Olympic Games and was the flag bearer of Germany in 2012. Her family has an illustrious career in field hockey and that boosted her to play and represent the country at international level.
In the early morning hours of April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (formerly part of the Soviet Union) exploded, creating what many consider the worst nuclear disaster the world has ever seen.
Where is Chernobyl?
The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is located about 81 miles (130 kilometers) north of the city of Kiev, Ukraine and about 12 miles (20 km) south of the border with Belarus, according to the World Nuclear Association. It is made up of four reactors that were designed and built during the 1970s and 1980s. A manmade reservoir, roughly 8.5 square miles (22 sq. km) in size and fed by the Pripyat River, was created to provide cooling water for the reactor.
The power plant
The Chernobyl plant used four Soviet-designed RBMK-1000 nuclear reactors — a design that’s now universally recognized as inherently flawed. RBMK reactors were of a pressure tube design that used an enriched U-235 uranium dioxide fuel to heat water, creating steam that drives the reactors’ turbines and generates electricity, according to the World Nuclear Association.
CHERNOBYL, UKRAINE, USSR – MAY 1986: Chernobyl nuclear power plant a few weeks after the disaster. Chernobyl, Ukraine, USSR, May 1986.
What happened?
The explosion occurred on April 26, 1986, during a routine maintenance check, according to U.N. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Operators were planning on testing the electrical systems when they turned off vital control systems, going against the safety regulations. This caused the reactor to reach dangerously unstable and low-power levels.
Reactor 4 had been shut down the day before in order to perform the maintenance checks to safety systems during potential power outages, according to the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). While there is still some disagreement over the actual cause of the explosion, it is generally believed that the first was caused by an excess of steam and the second was influenced by hydrogen. The excess steam was created by the reduction of the cooling water which caused steam to build up in the cooling pipes — the positive-void coefficient — which caused an enormous power surge that the operators could not shut down.
The explosions occurred at 1:23 a.m. on April 26, destroying reactor 4 and initiating a booming fire, according to NEA. Radioactive debris of fuel and reactor components rained over the area while fire spread from the building housing reactor 4 to adjacent buildings. Toxic fumes and dust were carried by the blowing wind, bringing fission products and the noble gas inventory with it.
Radioactive fallout
The explosions killed two plant workers — the first of several workers to die within hours of the accident. For the next several days, as emergency crews tried desperately to contain the fires and radiation leaks, the death toll climbed as plant workers succumbed to acute radiation sickness.
Evacuations of Pripyat commenced on April 27 — about 36 hours after the accident had occurred. By that time, many residents were already complaining about vomiting, headaches and other signs of radiation sickness. Officials closed off an 18-mile (30 km) area around the plant by May 14, evacuating another 116,000 residents. Within the next few years, 220,000 more residents were advised to move to less contaminated areas, according to the World Nuclear Association.
Chernobyl today
The area has recovered to some extent, but is far from returning to normal.. But in the areas just outside the exclusion zone, people are beginning to resettle. Tourists continue to visit the site, with visitation rates jumping 30-40% thanks to a new HBO series based on the disaster. And The catastrophe that occurred at Chernobyl resulted in a few significant changes for the nuclear industry: concern about reactor safety increased in eastern Europe as well as around the world; the remaining RBMK reactors were modified to reduce the risk in another disaster; and many international programs including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) were founded as a direct result of Chernobyl, according to the World Nuclear Association. And around the globe, experts have continued researching ways to prevent future nuclear disasters.
Thappad: Bas Itni si Baat? Is a Hindi Movie directed by Anubhav Sinha, starring Taapsee Pannu as the main lead, Amrita. Some other cast of the movie include Pavil Gulati as Vikram Sabharwal, Amrita’s husband, Tanvi Azmi as Sulekha Sbharwal: Amrita’s mother-in-law, Kumud Mishra and Ratna Pathak Shah as Amrita’s Father and Mother and many other artists.
The movie’s main plot revolves around the orthodox Indian belief that woman should bear the responsibility of protecting her marriage and for that sake bearing any form of injustice or violence that she is faced upon with, in a silent and obedient manner. Thappad movie subtly touches the hearts and minds of the audience as it conveys a strong moral message that is highly needed in today’s world. This makes the movie stand out from the regularly entertainment-based movies that are preferred by the present generation in great demands.
The movie starts off by showing the dedicated house-wife Amrita who puts forth the needs of her husband and his family before her own wishes. Her husband Vikram, who is a workaholic is seen to prioritize himself and his needs before Amrita’s and expects Amrita to do the same. The story takes a major turn when Vikram slaps Amrita in the party organized at home, in anger and frustration due to some promotional issues in his company. After this, the movie rolls forward with the decision of Amrita to take some time off from Vikram and his family in order to sort out her overwhelming feelings that occur after the slap incident. Thereby Amrtita deciding to return to her own home.
This whole plot raises not only a question of ethics and moral rights but also gender inequality. The female characters in the movie are trodden and looked down upon by their own husbands and in-laws, just for the reason that they are females, thereby highlighting the thinking of Indians towards female.
The movie shows how even when a woman faces inequality in her marriage, the society and her own family expects and teaches her to bear the inequality and domestic violence all for the sake of protecting her marriage. We see the mother-in-law making comments like, “log Kya kahenge” and “Aaurto ko thoda sehna siklhna chaqhiye.” Throughout the story when Amrita suffers from the dilemma after the slap, no one comes for her comfort and neither does anyone blame or tell Vikram that he is at fault. Again, highlighting the concept of Man to be always right no matter what he does in his marriage.
Amrita’s fight doesn’t start because of a single slap, but the story perfectly weaves the injustice that she has been bearing up and moving on all along. It’s just that it takes that one slap for Amrita to realise how she has been living all along in her marriage. How she had to kill her only wish in life, which was to have respect and be happy. She realises how after her marriage all she did was become a submissive housewife. Though Vikram plays the negative role, who even after slapping his wife thinks that it was just an act due to heat of the moment and does not feel sorry for his action, is still empathised towards the end as he finally realises his mistake. This portrays how parents play a major role in the upbringing of children, as they are the first teachers from whom they learn the right and wrong in life. Another gruesome scene that wrecks the heart of the audience is when the female lawyer is being raped by her own husband. One who does not know the definition of rape might not consider this as rape, however the definition of Rape is having sex with another person forcefully and without the consent of the other person. This applies even in relationships and to married couples. The female lawyer clearly denies the husband’s approach to have sex with him, however she finally gives up her struggle to resist when her husband forces himself upon her. The outline drawn from here is how women are expected to please and be sex objects for their men. A disgusting conventional ideology that still pertains in India is how husbands have the right to do whatever they like with their wives even when the wives do not agree to it.
The movie satisfies to a great extent and conveys a very important message that how women should stand for their own happiness and respect even if it means going against the odds. It also talks about how the preaching’s of the society are not always right. Although I liked the movie on a whole, but I was a bit disappointed by the ending of the movie. According to me, it ended on a positive note, with Vikram realising his mistakes. This may make the audience lose faith in the concept of fighting for their rights because it’s not always going to be this easy for your significant other to realise his fault. Also, the ending in a way hints the possibility of Amrita and Vikram getting back together ion future which may not always happen in every case. Apart from this, I feel the movie was great and is a really nice movie to watch and teach the present generation.
Putting an end to a long wait, surviving the hot humid weather for a great deal of time, monsoon has finally set foot in many parts of India. Albeit late than the scheduled date, it comes as a great relief for all. But the strays are badly affected by the monsoon since they don’t have a roof to cover them. Not everyone lives a life filled with luxuries. And sadly, stray dogs are among them. While a good amount of care is taken by pet parents during this weather, strays are often left to sustain on their own and not much heed is paid to them. They may have to sleep in muddy waters, walk through the puddles, and may have nothing to eat resulting in ticks, fleas, and maggots causing serious damages to their bodies. The maggots and ticks are a result of the moisture that favors their growth on the skin layer of the dogs.
Pneumonia is another danger many dogs suffer from due to frequent contact with dirty water which is home to a lot of bacteria during this weather. While the pet dogs get proper treatment, strays are devoid and suffer all alone.
Some dogs with an inappropriate immunity are exposed to a high fever which when not aided properly, can prove fatal for them.
While many help out the strays in these situations, others turn a blind eye to them. Some may try to help but due to feelings of obstruction and lack of resources, refrain from the same.
Here’s how one can help out the strays, using simple and easily doable techniques during the rains or the monsoon season altogether.
Keeping some fresh food or leftover food – Filling their stomachs is a big problem the strays face which is also the primary reason for territorial aggression. During rains, food is scarce and whatever food the strays come across is mostly spoilt. So, one can prepare a chapatti or two extra and some boiled rice or store the leftover food instead of throwing it in the bin.
Clean water – Water during rainy days is contaminated with a lot of mud, silt, and bacteria. It is advisable to keep clean water for them so that the risk of infections and fever is significantly reduced.
Keeping medicines available – Keep a check on the temperature and keep some general medicines that are favorable to all dogs handy in case of causality.
Providing them shelter at your house – It is understandable that some people don’t like the presence of dogs around them. But, that’s how life goes. We help each other and stand by each other in trying times. If elders or someone in your house are against the idea, try convincing them and provide shelter to the strays. Keep old mattresses or newspapers for them to sleep on.
Building a shelter for them at a nearby park or unattended accommodation– Get in touch with the RWA of your area or the municipalities and pool in some money for the creation of shelters where the strays are safe during the monsoon months. This will be helpful and will be pocket-friendly too.
Mentioned above are simple steps that one can follow to help the strays. These are economically friendly and would not lead to consumption of your precious time and will also prove helpful to these friendly and loveable creatures.
Universal Basic income(UBI), also called citizen’s income, citizen’s basic income, basic income guarantee, basic living stipend, guaranteed annual income, or universal demo grant, is a theoretical governmental public program for a periodic payment delivered to all citizens of a given population without a means test or work requirement. It’s main purpose is to reduce inequality and eliminate poverty.
Features of UBI:
1. Universal Scheme: UBI is a universal scheme in nature. It means UBI is not targeted so all citizens of the country will receive the payment of cash without any discrimination.
2. Periodic: Money will be distributed to the beneficiaries at a fixed interval i.e. monthly/yearly.
3. Cash Payment: The beneficiaries will get the cash directly into their account. So they won’t get anything in kind of cash i.e. vouchers for goods or services.
4. Unconditional Scheme: It means one need not prove his or her unemployment status or socio-economic identity to be eligible for UBI. So social or economic positions of the Beneficairy/individual are not taken into consideration.
5. Individual Beneficiary: In this scheme each citizen (or adult citizen) is considered as the beneficiary rather than each household.
An unconditional income that is sufficient to meet a person’s basic needs (i.e., at or above the poverty line) is sometimes called a full basic income; if it is less than that amount, it may be called a partial basic income. One central motive for basic income is the belief that automation and robotization is paving the way for a world with fewer paid jobs.
Today, disruptive technologies like artificial intelligence are ushering in productivity gains that we have never seen before. They are also steadily reducing human capital requirements, making jobs a premium. The gap between the rich and everyone else has expanded significantly in recent years, and many fear that automation and globalization will widen it further.
Good Idea Why?
1. Currently, the government provides services through various social welfare schemes but now the government wants to change this trend by giving them cash so that peoples can buy services/goods of their choice.
2. UBI will provide secured income to individuals.
3. The scheme will reduce poverty and income inequality in society.
4. It will increase the purchasing power of the poor, so aggregate demand in the economy will get a boost.
5. It is easy to implement because the government needs not to identify the beneficiaries which is very tough task for State and Central Government.
6. This scheme will reduce the wastage of government money because its implementation is very simple.
If the only choice were between mass impoverishment and a UBI, a UBI would be preferable.
UBI is a project for reforming capitalism into an economic system by empowering labor in relation to capital, granting workers greater bargaining power with employers in labor markets, which can gradually de-commodify labor by separating work from income. This would allow for an expansion in the scope of the social economy by granting citizens greater means to pursue non-work activities (such as art or other hobbies) that do not yield strong financial returns.
Such a program would allow people to spend their money on whatever they value most. It would create a broad sense of ownership and a new constituency to shake up the system of big-money politics. Studies of conditional cash-transfer programs in developing economies have found that such policies can empower women and other marginalized groups.
Bad Idea Why?
1. There is a strong possibility that free cash to the poor can make them lazy or it may reduce the incentive for work, increasing the rate of inflation in the economy.
2. There is no guarantee that the given cash will be spent on productive activities, health & education, etc. It may be spent on tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and other luxury goods etc.
3. It may be that workers can refuse to work (as it had been observed in the case of MGNREGA) as a laborer or demand higher wages which can increase the cost of production of agricultural goods.
4. UBI is a flawed idea, not least because it would be prohibitively expensive unless accompanied by deep cuts to the rest of the safety net.
5. Without major cost savings, federal tax revenue would have to be doubled, which would impose massive distortionary costs on the economy.
And, no, a permanent UBI could not be financed with government debt or newly printed currency. Sacrificing all other social programs for the sake of a UBI is a terrible idea. Such programs exist to address specific problems, such as the vulnerability of the elderly, children, and disabled people.
Imagine living in a society where children still go hungry, and where those with severe health conditions are deprived of adequate care, because all the tax revenue has gone to sending monthly checks to every citizen, millionaires and billionaires included. Basic economic theory implies that taxes on income are distortionary in as much as they discourage work and investment. Moreover, governments should avoid transfers to the same people from whom they collect revenue, but that is precisely what a UBI would do.
Besides, a more sensible policy is already on offer: a negative income tax, or what is sometimes called “guaranteed basic income.” Rather than giving everyone $1,000 per month, a guaranteed-income program would offer transfers only to individuals whose monthly income is below $1,000, thereby coming in at a mere fraction of a UBI’s cost.
In conclusion it can be said that history has proven that freebies never changed the economic conditions of the people. So giving a sum of Rs.7,620 per person/year will not change much as we have seen this in the MGNREGA schemes which gives Rs.10,000 per year to the people.
So the government should focus to increase the skill of the people at free cost rather than free cash.
WHEN WE MOVE INTO A RESTAURANTWE FOCUS ON EATING DELICIOUS FOOD BUT WE DOESN’T KNOW ABOUT THE CUTLERY (i.e.FROK and KNIFE) PLACING AFTER MEAL HAS A MEANING.LETS SEE ABOUT THE CUTLERY PLACING STYLES AND ITS MEANING.
1)BREAK :
If you talking to someone or using a restroom you can keep like this . It makes the server to know that you are not finished eating.
2)NEXT PLATE :
If you finished your first meal and ready to eat the second meal or waiting for the second meal to come. You can keep your cutlery this way.
3) excellent:
This way of cutlery placing indicates that you liked and enjoyed the meal very much . It was a way to appreciate the cook and the waiter/server that they are doing great.
4)FINISHED:
Keeping the cutlery parallel to each other means that you are done eating.
5)DIDN’T LIKE:
Inserting knife inside the fork means that you didn’t like the food and the service was bad .
A 13-year-old girl who was introduced through her relatable chapter about teachers was how I remembered Anne Frank before reading her diary. I still remember her phrase, “Teachers are the most unpredictable creatures in this World” because it was the funniest and most truthful statement that I had ever come across in my grade-school life. But it wasn’t until recently, years later, when I decided to give a shot at reading the complete diary of Anne Frank. And let me tell me, it totally wowed me away.
Anne Frank was born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1929. She was a Jew and her full name was Annelise Marie Frank. On her 13th birthday, her father Otto Frank gifted her a diary as a birthday gift. However, this diary became a place of solace and the chronicles of German-Nazi events as recorded by Anne Frank when she went into hiding with her family from the German Nazi in ‘Secret Annexe’. (1942- 1944). She died in 1945 after her family was captured by the Nazis and later killed in Holocaust. Her father Otto Frank, who was the last survivor, discovered Anne’s diary and decided to publish it.
Anne’s diary carries her confessions, philosophies, and convictions. The beginning of her diary starts on a casual note as Anne confesses her emotions to her diary ‘Kitty. She talks about her social life, crushes, and school. However, these entries change once she goes into hiding with her family and admits her worries, faults, anxiety, and ideas that she faces in the ‘Secret Annex’. Her thoughts are profound and simple, exploring the tiniest details of life and her longing for the joys and sorrows of ordinary life.
When I first read her complete diary, there were many instances where I was shooked by her maturity and thoughtfulness, and there were moments where I sympathized, related, and longed for life with her. What was more intriguing for me was how the thoughts that I began to have when I was 18 were the thoughts that Anne had at the age of 13. Her keen observations about life and herself made me realize so many things that I was blind to before. There were instances where I found her childish side and there were instances where I saw the grown-up in her. At each stage she made me feel for her and her philosophies.
So here is a short compilation of her profound thoughts that I have picked for you. I hope you can learn and appreciate life and people the way Anne did, and maybe get a bit more curious about this girl and decide to grab her diary to explore more of her life and thoughts.
At such moments I don’t think about all the misery, but about the beauty that still remains. This is where Mother and I differ greatly. Her advice in the face of melancholy is: “Think about all the suffering in the world and be thankful you’re not part of it.” My advice is: “Go outside, to the country, enjoy the sun and all nature has to offer. Go outside and try to recapture the happiness within yourself; think of all the beauty in yourself and in everything around you and be happy.
We aren’t allowed to have any opinions. People can tell you to keep your mouth shut, but it doesn’t stop you from having your own opinion. Even if people are still very young, they shouldn’t be prevented from saying what they think.
How noble and good everyone could be if, every evening before falling asleep, they were to recall to their minds the events of the whole day and consider exactly what has been good and bad. Then without realizing it, you try to improve yourself at the start of each new day.
As long as this exists, this sunshine and this cloudless sky, and as long as I can enjoy it, how can I be sad?
I soothe my conscience now with the thought that it is better for hard words to be on paper than that Mummy should carry them in her heart.
During the lockdown, most of us lost our jobs and most of us got less paid than our actual wages due to the unpredictable economic statics and decrease percentage. So, everyone started to realize one passive income is not sufficient to run our lifestyle, especially in this pandemic situation. We always need two carriers to make money and satisfy our life needs.
One is PROFESSION
Another one is PASSION
A profession is something that you don’t hate but you do that to move on in day-to-day life. And passion is something that you love to do and doing that without any expectations. Nowadays nothing is free except viruses. So, even though if you love your passion as much as you even don’t give a second thought to get money out of it. You have to change that pessimistic mentality. Everything is an opportunity to improve both sides. That’s called Win and win solution. If you are teaching something he is earning knowledge and you are earning your deeds as money. So, how one can begin a start-up business? We are going to look at the most possible works to do without a large sum of investment. But, still get some side income from them. You don’t need to find a location or giant machines or decorating them etc… All you need is essential types of equipment for the idea in your mind and some Magic in your hands to achieve your destination. You can work from your home and sell them on Social Media like amazon, Instagram or you can even create your own website to place your products at one point.
Costume designing:
Costume designing is the best way to make a good profit out of essentials. All you need is an innovative mind, designing knowledge, fabrics, and sewing machine. And some customers must have their own ideas about their idea costumes. So, you can even customize your orders according to your customers. And trust me customizing optional website are countable in India. But people require customizing costume designers. You can do costumes like scarfs, veils, hats, dresses and innovative fashion and eligant costumes. Especially, people will roll over the red carpet for you if you sell them at affordable ranges.
Skincare products Making:
Skincare making is the Bestest economical friendly business. It doesn’t need higher investments but still, you can get a good profit if your products are reasonable and if you have magic in your hands to treat someone’s skin problem.
Nowadays skin problems are common to every human. If getting rid of the skin problems are one side. But, choosing a product to give a try is something everyone confuses. You can do skin products to the people’s according to the type of skin. People will celebrate you once they get visible changes. And people love natural ingredients without side effects keep it noted. There is a huge demand for good home-made products like hair oils, hair wash powders, soaps, cleansers, face packs, serums, etc.,
Some extra amount is something that no one will say no to. We will enroot many passionate start-up businesses like this in our upcoming articles. So, it’s time to switch our passion into action.
Because of a “wobble” in the moon’s orbit, which is acting in concert with climate change-fueled rising sea levels, every coast in the United States is experiencing fast-growing high tide floods.
New research published recently in the journal Nature Climate Change by NASA and the University of Hawaii warns that future changes in the moon’s orbit might result in record flooding on Earth in the next decade.
Researchers discovered flooding in American coastal towns may be many times worse in the 2030s, when the next moon “wobble” is projected to begin, by mapping the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) sea-level rise scenarios, flooding thresholds, and astronomical cycles. They predict major infrastructure damage and community displacement as a result of the water.
While the study emphasizes the grave position that coastal towns are in, the lunar wobble is a natural phenomenon that was first documented in 1728. The moon’s orbit causes periods of greater and lower tides every 18.6 years, although they aren’t harmful in and of themselves.
“Earth’s typical daily tides are suppressed during half of the Moon’s 18.6-year cycle: high tides are lower than usual, and low tides are higher than normal,” NASA says. “Tides are magnified in the second part of the cycle, with high tides getting higher and low tides getting lower. High tides are only going to get higher as the world’s sea level rises. As a result, half of the 18.6-year lunar cycle reduces the influence of rising sea levels on high tides, while the other half increases it.”
Scientists, on the other hand, are more alarmed this time. The next high tide floods are anticipated to be more severe and frequent than ever before as sea levels rise owing to climate change, compounding already dire projections.
In 2019, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reported around 600 such floods. After another decade of sea-level rise, scientists predict three to four times that amount in the mid-2030s.
Based on the current study, these floods will emerge more often throughout the country and can occur in clusters lasting over a month, depending on the moon, Earth, and sun’s locations. Floods might occur as frequently as every day or every other day during certain alignments.
“Low-lying regions around sea level are becoming increasingly vulnerable and suffering as a result of rising floods, and the situation is only going to get worse,” NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said. “Coastal flooding on our coasts and throughout the world will continue to be exacerbated by the Moon’s gravitational pull, increasing sea levels, and climate change.”
Almost all of the United States’ continental coasts, as well as Hawaii and Guam, are likely to be affected. By the end of the century, sea-level rise is anticipated to have rendered hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of coastline untenable, displacing over 100 million people globally.
Researchers hope that their findings will spur more focused efforts to avert as many harmful effects on the environment and people’s welfare as possible before it becomes too late. While high tidal floods may not include as much water as hurricanes, their regularity poses a serious threat.
“What will have an impact is a cumulative effect over time,” said lead author Phil Thompson. “A firm cannot operate with its parking lot underwater if it floods 10 or 15 times each month. People lose their employment as a result of their inability to get to work. Sewage ponds have become a public health concern.”
A job can fulfill your needs but a world trip can fulfil your soul. The world is like an ocean and those who don’t travel knows only a single drop of it.
Of all memories in this world the best memory is found between the pages of my passport. I love to travel because it makes me realize how small my problems are. If you would like to stay in the same place, where you are just like trees then you should have roots instead of feet.
I tell my friends and family to travel because one fine day they would become uncomfortable being too comfortable. I would love to live my life with maps and compass than living with alarm and clocks.
I don’t tell traveling is a dream, it is a plan that I do when I sleep. Traveling makes me realize that ,”no matter how much I know , there is always more to learn in this world”. I think doing what we like is freedom but traveling any where at any time is a blessing.
While traveling to different places I come to know about different culture, it also makes me modest. Traveling makes me realize that I occupy a very small place in this world.
The money that I spend to travel is not an expense, it is an investment that I do to myself. At the end of the day ,my feet might be dirty but I’m sure my eyes will sparkle.
“life is short, and the world is wide”.”My goal is to run out of the pages in my passport and die with memories not with dreams”.
is a general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language, or “C with Classes”. The language has expanded significantly over time, and modern C++ now has object-oriented, generic, and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation. It is almost always implemented as a compiled language, and many vendors provide C++ compilers. C++ was designed with an orientation toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems, with performance, efficiency, and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications,including desktop applications, video games, servers (e.g. e-commerce, web search, or databases), and performance-critical applications (e.g. telephone switches or space probes).
Tokens in C++
Identifiers: Identifiers are names given to different elements such as variables,arrays, structures, functions, classes, objects etc.It should not be keywords
Keywords: These are reserved words used for specific purpose in a program. Keywords have fixed meaning, and its meaning cannot be changed.
Constants:
Constants are like a variable, having fixed value . Their value never changes during execution of program once they are defined.
Strings: A sequence or a set of characters is known as a string.
Operators: C++ operator is a symbol that is used to perform mathematical or logical operations.
Keywords in C++
asm
continue
float
new
static
unsigned
auto
default
for
private
struct
using
bool
delete
friend
protected
switch
virtual
break
do
goto
public
template
void
case
double
if
register
this
volatile
catch
else
inline
return
throw
wchar_t
char
enum
int
short
try
while
class
extern
long
signed
typedef
const
export
namespace
sizeof
union
Datatypes in C++
Sr. No.
Data Type Category
Data Types
1
Built-in Data Types
char, wchar_t, int, long, float, double, long double
2
Derived Data Types
Array , Pointer
3
User-defined data types
Structure, Union, Class and Enumerated
4
Data Qualifiers / Modifiers
short, long , signed , unsigned
Operators in C++
Sr. No.
Type of operators
Operators
1
Arithmetic operators
+ – * / %
2
Unary operators
– ++ – –
3
Relational operators
< <= > >= == !=
4
Logical operators
! || &&
5
Assignment operators
= += -= *= /= %=
6
Conditional operator
? :
7
Bitwise operators
| Bitwise OR & Bitwise AND ^ Bitwise Ex-OR ~ 1’s complement << Shift Left >> Shift Right
Variables in C++
•Variables are the name of memory locations that are allocated by compilers, and the allocation is done based on the data type used for declaring the variable.
Decision Making Statements in C++
if statement
if-else statement
Nested if-else statement
else-if ladder statement
switch statement
Looping Statements in C++
while statement
do-while Statement
for statement
Nested Loops
Control Statements in C++
break statement
continue statement
Structures in C++
•A set or a group of data items of different data types defined in a single unit is known as a structure. •A structure is a convenient tool for handling a group of logically related data items. •A structure is a user defined data type •Once the structure type has been defined, it is easy to create variables of that type using declarations
Krishnadevaraya was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire who reigned from 1509–1529. He was the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty and is considered to be its greatest ruler. He possessed the largest empire in India after the decline of the Delhi Sultanate.he was Born on 17 January 1471 in Hampi and Died on17 October 1529, Hampi Spouse: Tirumala DeviBooks: AmuktamalyadaChildren: Tirumala Raya, Tirumalamba, Vengalamba, RamachandraParents: Tuluva Narasa Nayaka, Nagala Devi
Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by many Indians. Krishnadevaraya earned the titles Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (lit, “Lord of the Kannada empire”), Andhra Bhoja (lit, “Andhra Scholar King or King Bhoja of Andhra”), Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka (lit, “Protector of cows and brahmins”) and Mooru Rayara Ganda (lit, “King of Three Kings”). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula of India by defeating the Sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, the Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapatis of Odisha, and was one of the most powerful Hindu rulers in India.Indeed, when the Mughal EmperorBabur was taking stock of the potentates of north India, Krishnadevaraya was rated the most powerful and had the most extensive empire in the subcontinent.
If someone sends you a letter telling you that they would help you to understand the deepest questions about the world, what will you do?
Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s world is all about those answers, written in 1991, originally in norwegrian, it became one of the best selling novels in the year 1995.
This philosophy fiction is about a 14-year-old girl, named Sophie, who starts receiving letters one fine day from a middle-aged; man named Albert, who later becomes her philosophy professor and teaches her about everything. The story revolves around her secretly taking those lessons and discovering the intricate life questionnaires. The novel traces their journey throughout until her 15th birthday, where her mother invites the professor to meet her in person and know about the man who’s secretly teaching her daughter about “philosophy”
Why should you read this book?
Sophie’s world is not only an excellent story about a professor and his student, the book holds immense knowledge. It serves you with the taste of philosophy in the easiest language and easily comprehensible words. Other than the story is set in the 1990s and provides background, a story about a 15-year-old girl and how she looks upon the world while understanding it in a better way. It covers major aspects of philosophy including its history, origin, spread, and the major philosophers.
The story flows immensely well and you’ll always be wondering “what’s going to happen next?” You’ll get in awe whenever the next chapter comes in, there’s a surprise waiting for you to discover. While dwelling into the Philosophy lectures one may get bored with the theory but the twist and turns in between would blow your mind, there are things that you may think of not happening would happen! John Gaarder does this magic impeccably.
Who should definitely read this work?
If you’re one of those people who find philosophy intriguing but difficult to grasp, this book is surely for you.
Recommended for children as well as adults.
Overall, the book is worth reading not for the role of its story but also for the things you learn within it.
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Eduindex 
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