Dr. A. P. J Abdul kalam

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, in full Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, (born October 15, 1931, Rameswaram, India—died July 27, 2015, Shillong), Indian scientist and politician who played a leading role in the development of India’s missile and nuclear weapons  programs. He was president of India from 2002 to 2007.

Kalam earned the degree of aeronautical engineering in madras Institute of technology and in 1958 joined the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). In 1969 he moved to the IndianSpace Research Organisation, where he was project director of the SLV-III, the first satellite launch vehicle that was both designed and produced in India. Rejoining DRDO in 1982, Kalam planned the program that produced a number of successful missiles, which helped earn him the nickname “Missile Man.” Among those successes was Agni, India’s first intermediate-range ballistic missilewhich incorporated aspects of the SLV-III and was launched in 1989.

From 1992 to 1997 Kalam was scientific adviser to the defense minister, and he later served as principal scientific adviser (1999–2001) to the government with the rank of cabinet minister. His prominent role in the country’s 1998 nuclear weapons tests solidified India as a nuclear power and established Kalam as a national hero, although the tests caused great concern in the international community In 1998 Kalam put forward a countrywide plan called Technology Vision 2020, which he described as a road map for transforming India from a less-developed to a developed society in 20 years. The plan called for, among other measures, increasing agricultural productivity, emphasizing technology as a vehicle for economic growth, and widening access to health care and education.

In 2002 India’s ruling National Democratic Alliance (NDA) put forward Kalam to succeed outgoing President Kocheril Raman Narayanan. Kalam was nominated by the Hindu nationalist (Hindutva) NDA even though he was Muslim, and his stature and popular appeal were such that even the main opposition party, the Indian National Congress, also proposed his candidacy. Kalam easily won the election and was sworn in as India’s 11th president, a largely ceremonial post, in July 2002. He left office at the end of his term in 2007 and was succeeded by Pratibha Patil, the country’s first woman president.

Upon returning to civilian life, Kalam remained committed to using science and technology to transform India into a developed country and served as a lecturer at several universities. On July 27, 2015, he collapsed while delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong and was pronounced dead from cardiac arrest soon afterward.

Kalam wrote several books, including an autobiography, Wings of Fire (1999). Among his numerous awards were two of the country’s highest honours, the Padma Vibhushan (1990) and the Bharat Ratna (1997).

Marxism

Marxism, also referred to as communism, is a political ideology,philosophy and a body of doctrine which was developed by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels. Major contributor to the philosophy of Marxism, Karl Marx, was born in Trier, Rhine province, Prussia in 1818. He was born to a Jewish family, which later converted to Christianity. Marx was awarded a Doctorate of Philosophy for his essay on materialism of the Epicurus, a famous Greek Philosopher. He joined as an Assistant Editor at the Rhenish Times and was promoted to the position of Chief Editor. He left this job due to differences between him and the owner. In 1843, he moved to France. He became the editor of the Franco-German Yearbook and continued until it went out of business. Here, he became acquainted to French and German extremists like Proudhon, Mazzini, and Engels. The Communist Manifesto was jointly released by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. Marx published the first volume of Das Capital in 1867 and the remaining volumes were published posthumously by his friend Friedrich Engels. He spent his final years in exile and poverty in London

Marxism uses historical materialism to explain class relations and social conflict. The philosophy of Marxism was greatly influenced by Friedrich Engels who was an idealist. This led to the the concept of dialectical materialism. According to dialectical materialism, the prominent ideas that originate in the human mind at a particular point in time are called the thesis. Certain ideas, then, emerge as a response to these prominent ideas which are called as the anti-thesis. Ultimately, there is a conflict between thesis and anti-thesis, which leads to the formation of the synthesis. For example, the synthesis of the thesis of importance of capital and anti-thesis of importance of labour is class war. 

According to materialistic interpretation of History, throughout history a man pursues his material needs, which in turn creates history, and only after fulfilling his material needs he shifts his focus to higher goals. Using this interpretation, Marx classifies history into four stages based on modes of production. The first one is the Primitive Communist Stage. In this stage, the factors of production were meagre and were shared among the people of the community. The next stage is the ancient stage. The class structures had developed during this period. Slaves were owned by certain masters and these people controlled the factors of production. Being the master, their needs were fulfilled and possessed a surplus and denied benefits to workers. In a similar manner, the feudal lords exploited the landless serfs in the feudal stage and capitalist exploit the workers in the industrial stage.

Another important principle of Marxism is the theory of surplus value. According to this theory, the value of a commodity is equated to the wages paid to the labourer. Any value above the commodity value is regarded as surplus value, which is both needless and exploitative. According to this philosophy, the surplus value results in the exploitation of the labourer as the producer extracts illegitimate profits. The next principle is the theory of class war. According to Marx, two classes of people exist in all stages of history – the bourgeoise and the proletariat. The bourgeoise refers to people who are in control of the factors of production and pay for the labour of other people. The proletariat refers to people who are workers and do not own any or control any factors of production. History is nothing but a clash between these two classes where the former has always exploited the latter – master-slave, landlord-serf, capitalist-worker. The interests of these two classes are, au fond, in conflict with each other. This results in a continuous conflict called class war.

By exploiting the labour of the proletariat, the rich manage to build vast amounts of wealth. The concentration of wealth in their hands increases and the poor become poorer. This enlarges the gulf between the rich and the poor. Only a few people end up controlling most of the resources. This is called concentration of capital. The continuous exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoise forces them to rebel against the controllers of production. Therefore, revolution by the proletariat against the bourgeoise becomes inevitable. 

According to Marx, after the revolution by the proletariat, the capitalists will be removed from the position of power and the dictatorship of the proletariat will be established. The proletariats after the revolution will wipe out the capitalists. This is the dictatorship of the proletariat. This will lead to the formation of a classless society where there is no conflict between people. In a classless society, there is no more any need for the state to maintain order and harmony amongst people. This is the end goal of communism. According to Karl Marx, religion is the opium of the people. It makes people sway to sentiments and is used as a tool of exploitation by the capitalists. However, Karl Marx did not advocate the abolition of religion. Socialism, which is considered peaceful and evolutionary, was a prelude to Marxism, which is violent and revolutionary. Marxism took hold of Russia during the World War 11. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the popularity and influence of Marxism has waned.

The Legal Practitioner’s (Women) Act, 1923.

The Legal Practitioner’s (Women) Act was passed in the year 1923. it was only in 1846 that all duly qualified irrespective of nationality or religion were able to enter into the legal profession. Women were still excluded from the profession at this stage, to be thereafter admitted through the Legal Practitioner’s (Women) Act, III of 1923. The act regarding practising law profession still excluded women from entering the profession as it did not make any reference to women in the act. The Legal Practitioner’s (Women) Act formally allowed women entry into the profession. It abolished the bar on women from practising law. The Indian women were granted the right to choose legal profession and practice as Advocates in the Courts of Law. This fight was pioneered by Cornelia Sorabji. Prior to this, women due to their illiteracy and ignorance were easily duped by the legal people or their touts. Their reserve nature was inculcated and strengthened by customs and culture. They were not able to exercise their right over their own properties. Though initially only a handful of women joined the profession as Advocates this reformative measure ignited the spirit of pleading for the cause of another before the Courts. That the laws could be utilised for obtaining social justice and repressive laws could be overthrown for further development, and that women could do it for themselves and others as well was an eye-opener to the Indian society of pre-independence times. 

The challenge before women to enter into legal profession was significant and made a case for their entry to heal Indian women. They wanted to represent the Indian women. In many cases, judges opined that women were not ‘persons’ for the purpose of entering the legal profession. Regina Guha’s case was the first woman’s case. After obtaining a Bachelor of Law degree, Guha applied for admission to be enrolled as pleader in the Alipore district court. The application was examined by the court. Regina contended that since under the General Clauses Act, “words importing the masculine gender shall be taken to include female”, the rules under the Legal Practitioners Act, although referring in terms to men, would include women.In response, barrister Eardley Norton, a civil rights advocate, the bench responded that at the time the Legal Practitioners Act was passed, “there had never been a case of a lady being allowed to practice in the Indian courts”. The Legal Practitioners Act made no reference to women. In another case, Hazra applied to Calcutta University, seeking permission to appear as a private candidate in the preliminary examination of law.  Calcutta University transferred her application to Patna University. Her application was refused on the ground that she had not attended regular law lectures.Calcutta University finally granted her permission to appear as a private candidate in the preliminary law examination. In 1921, after obtaining a Bachelor of Law degree from Calcutta University, she applied to be enrolled as a pleader in the Patna district court.  The Patna high court judges delivered upholding the position in Regina Guha that in spite of the provisions of the General Clauses Act of 1868 and 1897, a woman, although fully qualified, was not entitled to a certificate under the Legal Practitioners’ Act to act as a pleader because of her sex. She was not a ‘person’.

By this time, the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 was passed in England that allowed women to enter the legal profession.  At the same time, the Allahabad high court allowed Cornelia Sorabji to be enrolled as a vakil. With the Patna high court judgment, a concerted campaign to amend the Legal Practitioners’ Act began. In 1922, Narayan Malhar Joshi moved a resolution proposing amendment of the Legislative Assembly Electoral Rules to remove sex disqualification in the matter of registration on the electoral roll, Gour introduced a resolution to remove sex-based disqualification in the legal profession as an amendment to Joshi’s resolution.The Legal Practitioners (Women) Act was finally passed in 1923, removing the disqualification affirming that “no woman shall, by reason only of her sex, be disqualified from being admitted or enrolled as a legal practitioner or from practising as such”. 

5G Networking Technology

What is 5G Network?

In Telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the planned successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most current cell phones. 5G networks are predicted to have more than 1.7 billion subscribers worldwide by 2025, according to the GSM Association. Like its predecessors, 5G networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. All 5G wireless devices in a cell are connected to the Internet and telephone network by radio waves through a local antenna in the cell.

In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the planned successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most current cell phones. 5G networks are predicted to have more than 1.7 billion subscribers worldwide by 2025, according to the GSM Association. Like its predecessors, 5G networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. All 5G wireless devices in a cell are connected to the Internet and telephone network by radio waves through a local antenna in the cell.

HOW DOES 5G WORK?

5G network architecture illustrating 5G and 4G working together, with central and local servers providing faster content to users and low latency applications.

A mobile network has two main components, the ‘Radio Access Network’ and the ‘Core Network’.

The Radio Access Network – consists of various types of facilities including small cells, towers, masts and dedicated in-building and home systems that connect mobile users and wireless devices to the main core network.

Small cells will be a major feature of 5G networks particularly at the new millimetre wave (mmWave) frequencies where the connection range is very short. To provide a continuous connection, small cells will be distributed in clusters depending on where users require connection which will complement the macro network that provides wide-area coverage.

5G Macro Cells will use MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) antennas that have multiple elements or connections to send and receive more data simultaneously. The benefit to users is that more people can simultaneously connect to the network and maintain high throughput.  Where MIMO antennas use very large numbers of antenna elements they are often referred to as ‘massive MIMO’, however, the physical size is similar to existing 3G and 4G base station antennas.

The Core Network – is the mobile exchange and data network that manages all of the mobile voice, data and internet connections. For 5G, the ‘core network’ is being redesigned to better integrate with the internet and cloud based services and also includes distributed servers across the network improving response times (reducing latency).

Many of the advanced features of 5G including network function virtualization and network slicing for different applications and services, will be managed in the core. The following illustration shows examples of local cloud servers providing faster content to users (movie streaming) and low latency applications for vehicle collision avoidance systems.

Example of a local server in a 5G network providing faster connection and lower response times

Network Slicing – enables a smart way to segment the network for a particular industry, business or application. For example emergency services could operate on a network slice independently from other users.

Network Function Virtualization (NVF) – is the ability to instantiate network functions in real time at any desired location within the operator’s cloud platform. Network functions that used to run on dedicated hardware for example a firewall and encryption at business premises can now operate on software on a virtual machine. NVF is crucial to enable the speed efficiency and agility to support new business applications and is an important technology for a 5G ready core.

When a 5G connection is established, the User Equipment (or device) will connect to both the 4G network to provide the control signalling and to the 5G network to help provide the fast data connection by adding to the existing 4G capacity.


Where there is limited 5G coverage, the data is carried on the 4G network providing the continuous connection. Essentially with this design, the 5G network is complementing the existing 4G network

5G Configuration:-

Advantages of 5G Networking:-

High resolution and bi-directional large bandwidth shaping.

Technology to gather all networks on one platform.

More effective and efficient.

Technology to facilitate subscriber supervision tools for the quick action.

Most likely, will provide a huge broadcasting data (in Gigabit), which will support more than 60,000 connections.

Easily manageable with the previous generations.

Technological sound to support heterogeneous services (including private network).

Possible to provide uniform, uninterrupted, and consistent connectivity across the world.

Disadvantages of 5G Networking:-

Technology is still under process and research on its viability is going on.

The speed, this technology is claiming seems difficult to achieve (in future, it might be) because of the incompetent technological support in most parts of the world.

Many of the old devices would not be competent to 5G, hence, all of them need to be replaced with new one expensive deal.

Developing infrastructure needs high cost.

Security and privacy issue yet to be solved.

Conclusion

5G will be able to sustainably satisfy the requirement of the 1000-time traffic growth. 5G will provide users with fiber-like access data rate and “zero” latency user experience. 5G will be capable of connecting 100 billion devices.

Indian art during Maurya period

The Mauryan contribution to art and architecture was significant. Ashoka is known to
have built 84,000 stupas to commemorate various events of Buddha’s life. According to
Megasthenes, Pataliputra’s grandeur matched that of the cities of Persia.
Ashokan edicts were inscribed on stone pillars that were made of single columns of polished
sandstone and had capitals on their top. The best preserved of all Ashokan edicts stands
at Lauriya Nandangarh (Bihar). This thirty-two feet tall column has an almost fifty ton
seated lion capital placed on its top, an engineering feat worth admiring. The bull capital
from Rampura is also another fine example of Mauryan sculpture. The most famous capital
is the one at Sarnath, which shows four lions and the Dharmachakra. You must be familiar
with this as this has been adopted as the national emblem of the Republic of India.
Besides pillars, few Mauryan figures have also come to light. The most well known of
these is the Yakshi from Didarganj. The beauty of these figures lies in the exactness of their
workmanship and in the fact that they. appear to be made from one single stone. Like the
pillars, these figures are polished with a unique surface gloss (now called Mauryan polish).
You will be amazed to know that despite all these centuries this gloss has not lost its shine.
Besides the language that has been used in nearly all the inscriptions and Prakrit which
appears to have become the lingua franca of the country and in the Brahmi script the
earliest known Indian script.

Another noteworthy aspect of Mauryan architecture is the rock cut caves. The Lomash
Rishi (with its impressive entrance) and the Sudama caves are examples of such architecture.
These caves cut from solid rock were provided by Ashoka for non-Buddhist monks.
These caves marked the beginning of the rock cut architecture which was patronised by
later rulers too. His rock edicts were inscribed in the local language and the local script

Youth suicide

Every hour one student commits suicide in India, with about 28 such suicides reported every day, according to data compiled by the National Crime Records Bureau ( NCRB ). The NCRB data shows that 10,159 students died by suicide in 2018, an increase from 9,905 in 2017, and 9,478 in 2016 . As per reports from the National Crime Records Bureau(NCRB) between 2014 and 2016; 26,476 students committed suicide in India. Of these around 7,500 committed suicide due to failure in various examinations .

This is shocking right ? no one ever thought about this while everyone is talking about cancelling NEET a student is committing suicide, a family is loosing their daughter or son . Do we ever taught what would be the reason behind a suicide. No , we just frame a story ourselves But reality is kept unknown. Most of the students commit suicide because of stress of getting good marks , getting into a good college . We still live in a society where marks are important than knowledge even though time as proved it wrong

Now – a – days students enter into a examination hall like they are entering into a life or death situation there is nothing wrong with a teenager going with such a mindset but it is responsibility to make them realize its just a assessment parents , teachers and school management .

But the reality between each and every suicide is there parents who refuse to see there is a better future for their son/daughter beyond this marks and teacher who just wants to give 100 % just to get an increment and management who wants to provide 100% results to get more admission but is it really worth a young life ???

There are many organisations really working hard to avoid this kind of situation and they saved many lives but we all are seeing this situation from a wrong perspective its not student who need to be educated or motivated its their parents and educational institution .

Once Dr.A.P.J abdul kalam said “If you fail, never give up because FAIL means “First Attempt In Learning”. “Failure will never overtake me if my determination to succeed is strong enough.” “All of us do not have equal talent. But , all of us have an equal opportunity to develop our talents.”

I still strongly believe in his words that this nation lies in the hands of youth . So , I am not trying to say that education is not important all i am trying to say is we a life is more important.

Lets hope our society does better in this year..

Ambedkar and Buddhism

In his article entitled “What Way Emancipation” Ambedkar declared that “I solemnly assure you that I will not die a Hindu”, at Yeola, District of Nasik, Maharastra, on 13th October 1935 in front of ten thousand people, where
he went for a depressed class conference. Ambedkar as the president of the conference reminded his audience of their failure to secure elementary rights or equal status in Hindu society through any of the movements. According to him, the concept of sympathy is absent in the Hindu religion. The Hindus have no sense of brotherhood among themselves. The Untouchables are treated worse than foreigners. The Caste Hindus have no sympathy towards the untouchables. They are not brother to each other. They are two opposite castes. Society is based on class or varna, the association of an individual to a group is considered paramount. Even the family is not treated as a unit of society. According to Hindus, though all men are created by God, they are not created equal. They believe that God created different classes of men from different parts of his divine body. There is a section in “Purusha Sukta” of the Rig Veda which says that the Brahaman varna was born from the mouth of God, Kshatriya varna from his arms, the Vaishya from his thighs, and the Shudra from his feet. This they classify as Hindu social order but the views of Ambedkar on free social order
contradict the above sayings. He believed that an individual is an end in himself and the objective of the society is to support the growth of the individual, to develop his personality. The relationship between members of society is based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. According to him, Hindu social order is based on the principles of graded inequality, fixed occupations for each class, and its continuance by heredity, the fixation of people within their respective classes. According to him, the Varna-vyavastha had developed into a social order of exploitation and oppression. Society must be based on reason, and not on atrocious traditions of the caste system. He found education, inter-caste marriage, and inter-dine as methods that may eliminate caste and patriarchy.

On 14th October 1956, Dr. Ambedkar renounced Hinduism and embraced Buddhism. On 15th October 1956, he delivered his speech in Marathi relating to embraced Buddhism. He said there are so many problems after conversion to Buddhism. He hoped that he will get political rights. According to Dr. Ambedkar, religion is for man and not man for religion and that is why he choose to convert himself to a buddisht as this religion respect and gives a scope of development to people and their thoughts.

Antikythera-The Modern Invention in the Past.

After 2,000 years under thesea, three flat, misshapen pieces of bronze at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens are all shades of green, from emerald to forest. From a distance, they look like rocks with patches of mold. Get closer, though, and the sight is stunning. Crammed inside, obscured by corrosion, are traces of technology that appear utterly modern: gears with neat triangular teeth (just like the inside of a clock) and a ring divided into degrees (like the protractor you used in school). Nothing else like this has ever been discovered from antiquity. Nothing as sophisticated, or even close, appears again for more than a thousand years.

For decades after divers retrieved these scraps from the Antikythera wreck from 1900 to 1901, scholars were unable to make sense of them. X-ray imaging in the 1970s and 1990s revealed that the device must have replicated the motions of the heavens. Holding it in your hands, you could track the paths of the Sun, Moon and planets with impressive accuracy. One investigator dubbed it “an ancient Greek computer.” But the X-ray images were difficult to interpret, so mainstream historians ignored the artifact even as it was championed by fringe writers such as Erich von Däniken, who claimed it came from an alien spaceship. It wasn’t until 2006 that the Antikythera mechanism captured broader attention. That year, Mike Edmunds of Cardiff University in Wales and his team published CT scans of the fragments, revealing more details of the inner workings, as well as hidden inscriptions—and triggering a burst of scholarly research. 

The Antikythera mechanism was similar in size to a mantel clock, and bits of wood found on the fragments suggest it was housed in a wooden case. Like a clock, the case would’ve had a large circular face with rotating hands. There was a knob or handle on the side, for winding the mechanism forward or backward. And as the knob turned, trains of interlocking gearwheels drove at least seven hands at various speeds. Instead of hours and minutes, the hands displayed celestial time: one hand for the Sun, one for the Moon and one for each of the five planets visible to the naked eye—Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. A rotating black and silver ball showed the phase of the Moon. Inscriptions explained which stars rose and set on any particular date. There were also two dial systems on the back of the case, each with a pin that followed its own spiral groove, like the needle on a record player. One of these dials was a calendar. The other showed the timing of lunar and solar eclipses.

Experts have been working to decipher inscriptions hidden inside the mechanism, in particular to understand the mechanism’s missing pieces, some destroyed, some probably still at the bottom of the sea. Though the pointers on the front face don’t survive, Alexander Jones, a historian at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World in New York, says an inscription reveals that they carried colored balls: fiery red for Mars, gold for the Sun. 

Also missing are the parts that drove the planetary pointers, leading to debate about exactly how they moved. Because planets orbit the Sun, when viewed from Earth they appear to wander back and forth in the sky. The Greeks explained this motion with “epicycles”: small circles superimposed on a larger orbit. According to Michael Wright, a former curator at London’s Science Museum who has studied the mechanism longer than anyone, it modeled epicycles with trains of small gears riding around larger ones. Though some experts have dismissed this as beyond the Greeks’ abilities, Jones says he will publish evidence supporting the idea later this year.

Other inscriptions hint at where the mechanism was made. Paul Iversen, a classicist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, reports that the calendar includes month names used in Corinth and its colonies in northwest Greece. A dial that displayed the timing of major athletic festivals, including the Olympics, lists Naa, a festival held in northwest Greece, and Halieia, held to the south on the island of Rhodes. Perhaps the mechanism hailed from Rhodes and was being shipped north. The ancient philosopher Posidonius had a workshop in Rhodes that could have been the source; according to Cicero, Posidonius made a similar model of the heavens in the first century B.C.

The tradition of making such mechanisms could be much older. Cicero wrote of a bronze device made by Archimedes in the third century B.C. And James Evans, a historian of astronomy at the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington, thinks that the eclipse cycle represented is Babylonian in origin and begins in 205 B.C. Maybe it was Hipparchus, an astronomer in Rhodes around that time, who worked out the math behind the device. He is known for having blended the arithmetic-based predictions of Babylonians with geometric theories favored by the Greeks. 

Regardless, the Antikythera mechanism proves that the ancient Greeks used complex arrangements of precisely cut wheels to represent the latest in scientific understanding. It’s also a window into how the Greeks saw their universe. They came to believe that nature worked according to predefined rules, like a machine—an approach that forms the basis of our modern scientific views. Edmunds argues that this “mechanical philosophy” must have developed as a two-way process. The ancient mechanics who captured the cosmos in bronze weren’t just modeling astronomical theories but were also inspiring them.

FEB15_J03_Antikythera.jpg

Smart farming in India- Reality or Dream

Introduction

      No life is without food, the need of the food and the need of the farmers are keep on increasing in our day to day life. The farmers are following many pathways for the production of the nutrient rich food for us but somehow they are facing lot of troubles sowing to marketing. The government is also taking up steps to minimize these problems. Smart farming is one of the way to overcome the crises. So, in this essay let us discuss in short about Smart farming in India is a dream or a reality.

                      ‘The best culture in this world is AGRICULTURE’

Farming in India

      The backbone of India is former as the saying goes, many forming methods have been following throughout the country. The forming method depends upon the climatic condition, the type of the land (soil), based on the availability of water, and of course based on the condition of the environment.

    At present due to the poor natural conditions like poor climate, delay of rainfall, windy, over heat, at times drought, and of course of different insects effect which are caused due to the modern era, it created the fact that bringing out the crop with product is a challenge. So sure we need a smart farming method to overcome these types of problems.

                                       ‘Modern problems needs modern solution’

Smart farming

          The survey says that the demand of food will increase nearly to the 70 percentage of world food production, so it is important and basic need to be fulfilled in the future. This can be achieved only by the smart farming that through with the technology. It is more over like predicting the weather, proper supply of water, sensing the amount of nutrient content in the soil for the plant growth, protecting the plants and crops from the insects and other that affecting the plant.

         This all can be brought by watching every activity of the plant growth and providing them with the things they lack. For example the automatic irrigating system this will help to maintain the moisture that needed by the plant and turn off automatically when they get enough water, then noticing the plant growth and its needs through the sensors, identifying the insects entry and keeping them away and by tracing the animals.

       Then the storage is one of the foremost important thing and it can be brought by maintaining the temperature, air flow, humidity etc., 

                        “To get her(food) we need to work to-get-her(together)”

Dream or reality

      In country like India it is really difficult task to implant all over the states, but it can be achieved with the help of the government and the funding agencies. The coast of smart farming is really huge and it cannot be set up by the individual farmers who are poor. But it can be brought by the students who create a smart farming individually by his education and love towards the farming.

     Even we can say smart farming is achieved in some places, where the person step out individually and created the impact over the farming by inventing new machinery and equipments.  

      The awareness can be created among the people by explain bought the need of farming and its importance in the future world. Thus it motivates the people to do smart farming and that will help in the betterment of farming.

                                         “Reality are once dreams”

Conclusion

      No person is island as the saying goes that holds true for farming also because everything in this world is depends upon one another, so the smart farming can be achieved through the team work, and every reality is once a dream so it can be achieved one day for sure. Let us hope for the best and great future.

            “The only culture to be cultured in the world is Agriculture”.

OSTEOARTHRITIS


Arthritis is joint inflammation ,which is most common in older adults .There are 2 types of Arthritis which are most common in adults (1) Osteoarthritis (2) rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most frequent cause of disability among older adults. According to UN ,by 2050 around 130 million people around the world will suffer from OA and around 40 million will be severely disabled by this disease. Osteoarthritis is related to ageing but there are other factors like obesity ,lack of exercise ,gender etc which effect the condition.The best way to trackle with such diesease is by taking care of yourself take health diet,do yoga , meditation ,and avoid stress .

Stress Management Through Sahaja Yoga Meditation

Introduction

Stress is unavoidable in the current scenario, where the entire world is facing the Corona virus pandemic. With the toll of deaths and positive cases of Corona virus on rise, every person in this world is under stress and anxiety. Higher levels of stress adversely affect the physical as well as psychological health of the individuals concerned. Therefore, it becomes highly essential to manage stress at initial stages, so as to avoid severe consequences of high stress on health. The present article focuses on the management of stress through a unique form of meditation, i.e, ‘Sahaja Yoga’. Sahaja Yoga is a scientifically proven technique of meditation which involves the awakening of the dormant primordial energy- the Kundalini, and integrating it with the all-pervading cosmic energy. Regular practice of Sahaja Yoga meditation leads to the inner transformation of an individual, whereby one becomes more moral, integrated, balanced and healthy.

What is Stress?

Stress refers both to the circumstances that place physical or psychological demands on an individual and to the emotional reactions experienced in these situations. It leads to severe effects on the physical as well as psychological health of the individuals concerned such as frequent headaches, heart disease, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, diabetes, high anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and so on. Since, stress is a psychological phenomenon, its management can be best realised by treatment focused at the mental level. Thus, the present article aims at spreading awareness about the stress management technique called ‘Sahaja Yoga’ and highlighting its significance in the improvement of overall health, especially, psychological health.
Sahaja Yoga Meditation

What is Sahaja Yoga?

The word ‘Sahaja’ means ‘spontaneous’ and ‘Yoga’ means ‘union with the self’
Sahaja Yoga was founded in 1970 by Mrs. Nirmala Srivastava, more widely known as ‘Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi’. Shri Mataji was spiritually enlightened since birth and granted en-masse realisation to people free of any materialistic consideration. For 40 years since 1970, she travelled tirelessly across the globe to teach Sahaja Yoga meditation world-wide at her own expenses 

Human Subtle System

The process of Sahaja Yoga meditation works through the subtle system which comprises of three energy channels (nadis) and seven energy centres (chakras). At the root of this system lies a protective power – Kundalini. Amongst the three channels (Nadis), the left channel called Ida Nadi represents our desires (Ichha shakti); the right channel called Pingla Nadi represents our working ability (Kriya shakti); and the central channel called Sushumna Nadi represents our assent. The seven energy centres in the body correspond to the seven nerve plexuses: the pelvic plexus (Mooladhara Chakra), the aortic plexus (Swadhistana Chakra), the solar plexus
(Nabhi Chakra), the cardiac plexus (Heart Chakra), the cervical plexus (Vishuddhi Chakra), the optic chiasma (Agnya Chakra) and the limbic area of the brain (Sahasrara Chakra). These energy centres are responsible for maintaining their surrounding physical organs in the body.
When Kundalini rises it crosses all the six energy centres and emits from the seventh centre (Sahasrara Chakra) and unites the individual consciousness with universal consciousness. An individual rise above the three channels of the subtle system and reaches a timeless state beyond the past, present and future – a state of thoughtless awareness. This process is referred to as Self-realisation. As an evidence of self-realisation, an individual feels cool breeze of vibrations on the head and palms of hands .

How Sahaja Yoga Meditation Helps in Stress Management?

It is imperative to understand how stress arises and how is it managed through Sahaja Yoga meditation. The central channel (Sushumna Nadi) is the path of rising Kundalini and a channel of balance. An individual having too many desires and always thinking about the past deviates from the central channel and puts his left channel under pressure. On the other hand a workaholic person, always working and planning for the future puts his right channel under pressure. The left-sided individuals become highly emotional, conditioned and day dreamers while right-sided people become highly egoistic and harsh on others. Stress is the result of such an imbalance between the two energy channels and deviation from the central channel.
Therefore, one should always keep his attention on the central channel and remain in the balanced state in order to be stress-free. Thus, Sahaja Yoga helps in managing stress effectively by attaining and maintaining the balanced state through regular meditation, since by focussing on the central channel one remains in present rather than thinking about past or future events.


Sahaja Yoga in the present Coronavirus Scenario

As many as 200,000 people across 60 countries have attended online meditation sessions since 16 March 2020 with the commencement of lockdown, according to the information published nation-wide from H.H. Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi Sahaja Yoga Trust (National Trust). The Youtube channel – Pratisthan, Pune of the Trust has seen around 2 million views with 7.31 lakh watch hours and over 13.2 million impressions in the lockdown period. Each viewer attended an average of 8.6 session and spent average of 23 minutes per visit, which is substantial as people look towards meditation to overcome anxiety during COVID19 lockdown.

Conclusion

Sahaja Yoga meditation activates and nourishes the parasympathetic nervous system which relaxes both body functions and the brain by reducing thinking functions Thus, regular meditation everyday cleanses the subtle system, relaxes body and mind, and gradually one starts experiencing physical, mental and emotional benefits also, apart from gaining stress relief Thus, the Indian government should focus on building resilient citizens which can adjust with the pressures of the present stressful scenario.

ROAD SAFETY

We have to travel via roads almost every day to go to school, college, office, shops, visit relatives and friends. We need to be safe on the roads. Road safety refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from being killed or seriously injured.

Need for safety on Roads

It is a saddening fact that India is the world’s largest contributor to road accidents. India accounts for about 10% of roads accident fatalities at worldwide. Road crashes have a threatening impact on Indian lives, growth and economy.

Causes for Road Accidents

Distracted driving

This is a larger threat and the leading cause for road accidents. It is the distraction of the driver, engaging in any other activity while driving. It may be talking over the mobile phone or texting message or engaging in any activities with attention diverted from driving.

Reckless driving

It is a major traffic violation of rules. It is defined as the mental state in which the driver purposely disregard the rules of the road.

Night driving

An extra alertness is needed while driving at night. The uncontrolled sleep, tiredness due to long drive, poor lighting on the road can cause fatal accidents.

Tailgating

Tailgating refers to a condition where a driver drives behind another vehicle without leaving sufficient distance between them. In this condition, if the vehicle in front of him, stops suddenly, his own vehicle will crash with it.

Heavy Traffic

Increase of vehicles on the road create heavy traffic jam and cause more pollution.

Road conditions

Road expansion is very slow when compared to the expansion of vehicles.

Avoidance of safety gears

Avoiding the use of helmets for two wheelers and seat belts for four wheelers lead to unwanted happenings.

Impatience of Pedestrians

Impatience of Pedestrians and violation of traffic rules result in accidents.

Other causes

Drunken driving, jumping red light over speeding and unmanned railway crossings cause great damage to valuable lives. Due to this, many families lose their breadwinners.

Road Safety Rules

Every country has its own road safety rules and regulations for the best interests of its citizens. India also has designed road safety rules for protecting the road users from meeting with accidents and injury.

As per the Indian law, one should be eligible to get a driving licence at the age of 18. While driving use of mobile phone is prohibited. Sound horn is prohibited near a hospital or a school zone.

Preventive Measures

Government

Through the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of the India has taken earnest steps for reducing the number of road accidents.

☆ Taking steps for the rectification of accident black spots and improvement of road engineering.

☆ Ensuring the good functioning of the traffic signals and road signs at busy crossing roads.

☆ Constructing proper roads both in urban and rural areas.

☆ Installation of CCTV cameras to record high speed offences which can detect the offenders.

☆Prohibiting the act of digging or hoarding soil from roads

☆ Remove encouragement and maintain proper pedestrian ways for ensuring road safety. If the public are violating the traffic rules, it is the duty of government to correct the public and maintain order. Stringent actions are to be taken for the violation of any road safety rules.

Safe driving, Saves lives, Drive fine, Avoid fine

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Personality development is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive. personality development occurs by the ongoing interaction of temparement, character and environment. personality is what makes a person a unique person, and it is recognizable soon after birth. a child’s personality has several components, temperent, environment and character. temperament is the set of genetically determined triats that determine the child’s approach to the world and how the child learns about the world. there are genes that specify personality traits, out some genes do control the development of the nervous system which in turn controls behaviour. a second component of personality comes from adaptive patterns related to a child’s specific environment. most psychologists agree that these two factors temperament and environment influence the development of a person’s personality the most. temparament with its dependence on genetic factors is sometimes referred to as nature while the environmental factors are called nurture.

while there is still controversy as to which factor ranks higher in affecting personality development, all experts agree that highly quality parenting plays a critical role in the development of a child’s personality. when parents understand how their child responds to certain situations they can anticipate issues that might be problematic for their child. they can prepare the child for the situation or in some cases they may avoid a potentially difficult situation altogether. parents who knows how to adapt their parenting approach to the particular emperament of their child can best provide guidance and ensure the successful development if their child’s personality. finally the third component of personality is character the set of emotional, cognitive and behavioral patterns learned from experienced that determines how a person thinks, feels and behaves. a persons character continues to evolve throughout life although much depends on inborn traits and early experiences. character is also dependent on a persons moral development.

INFANCY: during the first 2 years of life an infant goes through the 1st stage. learning basic trust or mistrust. well nurtured and loved the infant develops trust and security and a basic optimism. badly handled the infant becomes insecure and earns basic mistrust.
TODDLERHOOD: the second stage occurs during early childhood between about 18 months to 2 years and 3 to 4 years of age. it deals with learning autonomy or shame. well partnered the child emerges from this stage with self confidence elated with his or her newly found control. the early part of this stage can also include stormy tantrums, stubbornness, and negativism, and depending on the child’s temperament.
PRESCHOOL: the 3 rd stage occurs during the play age or the after preschool years from about three to entry into formal school. the developing child goes through learning initiative or guilt. the child learns to use imagination to broaden skills through active play and fantasy; to cooperate with others; and lead as well as to follow.
SCHOOL AGE: the 4 th stage learning industry or inferiority, occurs during school age up to and possibly including junior high school. the child learns to master more formal skills:
.relating with peers according to rules
.progressing from free play to play that is structured by rules and requires teamwork
ADOLOSCENSE: the 5 th stage learning identity or identify diffusion, occurs during adolescence from age 13 or 14. maturity start developing during this time. the young person acquires self certainity as opposed to self doubt and experiments with different constructive roles rather than adopting a negative identity, such as deliquency. the well adjusted adolescent actually looks forward to acheivement and in later adolescense clear sexual identity is established.
Young businessman holding a marker and drawing circular structure diagram of personal growth on transparent screen. Isolated on white background.

Covid-19

We all have been influenced by the current COVID-19 widespread. In any case, the effect of the widespread and its results are felt in an unexpected way depending on our status as people and as individuals of society. Whereas a few attempt to adjust to working online, homeschooling their children, and requesting nourishment by means of Instacart, others have no choice but to be uncovered to the infection whereas keeping society working. Our distinctive social characters and the social bunches we have a place to decide our incorporation inside society and, by expansion, our powerlessness to scourges.

COVID-19 is slaughtering individuals on a huge scale. As of October 10, 2020, more than 7.7 million individuals over each state within the Joined together States and its four regions had tried positive for COVID-19. Agreeing to the Modern York Times database, at slightest 213,876 individuals with the virus have passed on within the Joined together States. In any case, these disturbing numbers grant us as it were half of the picture; a closer see at information by diverse social characters (such as lesson, sex, age, race, and restorative history) appears that minorities have been disproportionally influenced by the widespread. These minorities within the Joined together States are not having their right to well-being satisfied.

Agreeing to the World Wellbeing Organization’s report Closing the Hole in an Era: Wellbeing Value through Activity on the Social Determinants of Wellbeing, “poor and unequal living conditions are the results of more profound auxiliary conditions that together design the way social orders are organized—poor social approaches and programs, out of line financial courses of action, and terrible politics.” This poisonous combination of components as they play out amid this time of emergency, and as early news on the impact of the COVID-19 widespread pointed out, is excessively influencing African American communities within the Joined together States. I recognize that the widespread has had and is having annihilating impacts on other minorities as well, but space does not allow this exposition to investigate the effect on other minority bunches.

Utilizing a human rights focal point in this investigation makes a difference us decipher needs and social issues into rights, centering our consideration on the broader sociopolitical basic setting as the cause of the social issues. Human rights highlight the inalienable respect and worth of all individuals, who are the essential rights-holders.

Governments (and other social performing artists, such as organizations) are the duty-bearers, and as such have the commitment to regard, ensure, and fulfill human rights. Human rights cannot be isolated from the societal settings in which they are recognized, claimed, upheld, and satisfied. Particularly, social rights, which incorporate proper wellbeing, can be gotten to be imperative instruments for progressing people’s citizenship and upgrading their capacity to take an interest as dynamic individuals of society.

Such an understanding of social rights calls our consideration to the concept of balance, which needs that we put a more noteworthy accentuation on “solidarity” and the “collective.” Besides, in arrange to produce balance, solidarity, and social integration, the fulfillment of social rights isn’t discretionary.

In arrange to fulfill social integration, social arrangements have to reflect a commitment to respect and ensure the foremost helpless people and to make the conditions for the fulfillment of financial and social rights for all.

The phenomenal COVID-19 widespread spread quickly over countries and nation after nation reacted with lockdowns, making around 1.5 billion understudies universally stay at home. Under these circumstances, and in arrange to lock in understudies in a valuable reflection on current and prospective challenges, UNESCO and Takhte have organized a rolling exposition challenge entitled ‘Year 1 AC (After Coronavirus): Skillet India Online Paper Challenge 2020’. Children (matured 11–14 a long time) and youth (matured 15–24 a long time) has been welcomed to unleash the control of composing to combat separation and invigorate imagination.

Amid the primary month since its dispatch, hundreds of youthful members from over 24 states in India shared their significant and inciting considerations through their papers. As of mid-May, more than 500 entries were gotten, from children and youth, extending from 11 to 24 a long time. Members – outstandingly youthful ladies bookkeeping for over 67% of the entries beneath the Youth category, have voiced their concerns approximately life after the coronavirus, particularly on sex parts and generalizations. The challenge has captured Indian young people’s want to precise their considerations amid this period, visualizing long-standing time they would like to construct after the coronavirus blurs away. Following an exhaustive screening preparation, 35 winning papers have been showcased through the UNESCO site and social media channels. Each of the expositions has something unused and critical to say. Here is what a few of the youthful journalists had to say.

UNESCO Unused Delhi and Takhte would like to thank all the members and empower the others to send their voices as the challenge is continuous and will proceed to get entries until a date to be declared.