Month: August 2021

Science in education

Article

Abstract

Necessity is the mother of invention. When there is need, invention or discoveries take place. In this article we are going to discuss the history of science, different scholars, evolution theories and pedagogical aspects of science. 

Key points:

  • History of science and it’s evolution from the 5th century to the 21st century.
  • Scholars and their field of work
  • Evolution in theories 
  • Nature of science and philosophers 
  • Need of teaching and the pedagogies for the nature of science.

Introduction:

The history of science included evolution and new inventions of science. History of science showed progress in the process of thoughts and followed the vision. The nature of science consists of its systemized empirical facts and inferences, concepts, laws and theories. We discussed the theories of different philosophers and their facts. The pedagogies & curriculum of science should be more student-centric and focus on learning more about the environment.

History of science

The evolution of science in history is slow and dramatic. There were many  scholars like: Aryabhata, Pythagoras, chanakya, alhazen, Giordano Bruno, Galileo, Issac newton, jagadish chandtra bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray, Dr. mahendra lal sircar, C.V raman, Jamsetji and many other. They all have a vision to develop scientific temper in society. Nalanda university is the first great university in recorded history. The philosophers stand by the facts and give the proven reason about their theory. The mission and vision of the science in history to develop in society demolish the misconception and find new methods.

Nature of science & philosopher

What is the nature of science and its implication in the education system?  The thinker’s aimed to develop clear criteria to distinguish science from pseudoscience. He focused that the cognitive practices of scientist is thought dimension to understand nature of science. The evolution of the science also included in the nature of science. The science is growing and brings changes in itself. He also discussed the danger to humanity by science –based weapon of mass destruction. He put the light over the current consensus of science in which he described observations are not neutral, they are theory-laden. Observations determine the correct theory. 

Needs of teaching science 

It is also important to understand why we need to teach and or learn science and what to teach? 

So we need to learn science because science seeks to describe and explain the physical world based on empirical evidence. Science contains methods and approaches which help to lead to new inventions and discoveries. Scientific knowledge helps us as students to revise new evidence, theories and research. It also helps us to make scientific temperament in society and things more reasonable and justified.

Pedagogies for nature of science and curriculum

The pedagogies for the nature of science should be inquiry based. The teacher should encourage the students to develop curiosity so they can think and inquire. History of science – how the theories come into existence, how the idea comes in the theorist mind- could help them to understand the concept easily, for example the history of gravity and Sir Isaac Newton.

The curriculum should be less subjective and bookish. More day to day experiences should be included which leads to inductive thoughts. The curriculum should be more based on research, not comprehensives. 

Conclusion 

  • Evolution of science has changed throughout the years..
  • Development of scientific temperament in society is the vision of the scientists and philosophers of science.
  • Nature of science always brings changes in itself.
  • The pedagogy for nature of science should be inquiry and history based approach.
  • The curriculum must be more related with daily life and research based.

Organic Farming

 With the increasing use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, organic farming stands as an eco-friendly farming process. Organic Farming is the process of farming without using any synthetic or chemical fertilizers. In simple words, it means farming without the use of any inorganic substances. 

Benefits of organic farming

Chemical fertilizers are not only highly expensive but also have some serious environmental consequences. Some chemicals contain toxic materials which can harm the skin and respiratory organs. It can deteriorate the natural fertility of the soil by killing the bacteria and other microorganisms present in it. It takes years to regain the natural fertility of soil. 

Organic farming can ensure maintenance of the soil quality and also prevents soil erosion. It can also prevent the harmful effect of nitrates leaching into the groundwater. The chemical fertilizers have a tendency to escape from the soil to the nearby water bodies and pollute them. Therefore it is extremely important to minimise the use of chemicals and switch to better alternatives. 

Organic farming in India

India stands in the 100th position in the World Hunger Index of 2020. This indicates towards the growing food requirement in the country. Ensuring an adequate amount of food for the huge population of the country is an enormous challenge that needs to be tackled. But it is also important to ensure the quantity as well as safety of the food. In India, organic farming is largely seen as a procedure of using organic manure instead of chemicals. But it also includes several methods to increase the microbial population of the soil. 

 The chemical fertilizers yield results quickly. As the process of organic farming takes a lot of time and due lack of awareness and facilities, it is not widely practiced. Between 2011 to 2014, there was a decrease in organic farming in India. 

Sikkim was declared as the first 100% organic state in the whole world, by UN Food and Agriculture. All of its  farmlands are organically certified. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are not available in the state. In 2003, all imports of chemical fertilizers in the state were banned. This transition to a completely organic farming practice has helped around 66,000 farming families in the state. This organic image has also uplifted the tourism sector in Sikkim. It helped to promote the idea of organic farming in the country. 

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana is a government scheme under the Soil Health Management and the National Mission of Sustainable Agriculture which aims to promote certified organic farming in India. The objectives of the scheme includes providing resources and motivating the farmers to take up organic farming. 

The idea of organic farming and the question of food safety and eco-friendly farming measures have received some attention lately. With proper education and access to facilities, organic farming can be further promoted in the country.


STANDING TRUE TO ‘CITIUS, ALTIUS, FORTIUS’!

We have crossed almost one and a half year now, with the pandemic into its most powerful, raging form with two devastating waves of surge in the number of those affected with the deadly coronavirus. Many countries are facing the wrath of a scathing third wave too, with many new mutated forms and variants of the virus infecting millions of people around the world. Our daily lives have sure been disrupted with the advent of the nationwide lockdowns happening periodically in many countries including our own. From daily grocery stores to educational institutions, office spaces and workplaces, public places, malls and theatres, almost every place has pulled down the shutters temporarily, owing to the lockdown restrictions. Now, these were the regular day-to-day activities that were halted for a short time span. But what about international events which were planned long ago and their preparations had begun in fervour and flamboyance well in advance. Well, these were the events that would be attracting a lot of international tourists, spectators and most importantly, participants and attendees. But as the pandemic set in, international travel was strictly banned, with only very important and urgent travel allowances permitted. The world hoped that this chaotic situation might wither away soon, bringing everything running together smoothly and on track. But it wasn’t late until we realized that we would have to stay put inside our homes for almost the next two years to come and many of our long term plans had to be called off or put on hold for a while. One of these gala events everyone had set their eyes on was the Tokyo Olympics 2020 season. The extravagant Olympics that take place once every four years and are considered the epitome of sporting competitions are something which every aspiring star player and every nation looks forward to with gleaming hopes and pride. To receive the honour of hosting the Olympics is an proud achievement in itself for the hosting country. There are zillions of preparations that go into arranging and conducting the games successfully. With international level players and athletes from hundreds of professional sporting events coming in for the games, the hosting nations have to make sure that the players and their accompanying crew of coaches, medical professionals, etc. are provided with the best facilities and are given the warmest hospitality during their stay through the course of the games. Japan too, prepared with great enthusiasm for the Olympics, making a special Olympic village for the grand purpose too. With a huge budget and unending preparations, the island nation had been in its best form to prepare for the games. But in the face of the pandemic, the Committee had to keep on postponing the Olympics. The event which was to be conducted by mid-2020 was pushed to 2021 due to the difficult circumstances worldwide. But Japan stood up strongly and firmly to the global situation, with successful, well organized and perhaps wonderful conduction of the Tokyo Olympics 2020. Though spectators weren’t allowed in the stadiums for the live matches and events, the organizing body made sure all the games were live telecasted for the highly energetic crowds throughout the world. The nation truly played on a huge risk, but truly stood out in their efforts of bringing in a heartwarming and fantabulous Olympics season, sending a powerful message across the globe of staying strong and standing up with grit against the unprecedented situation with endurance. So, kudos to everyone who made a great effort to positively raise everyone’s spirits up though the Olympics, and kudos to the Tokyo 2020 Olympics!

Letting Go

Romeo and Juliet is probably one of the best known pieces of fiction in the world. Two lovers separated by family differences find each other only after death makes them meet in the world beyond.

What Are the Real Origins of Shakespeare's “Romeo and Juliet?” | by Julia Rose Harmon | The Smartie Newsletter | Medium

Now, it is a very philosophical way of saying, but in life, sometimes, one must know how to give up. Giving up is not the part where one never tries but the part where one realizes that he or she or they are done trying – to their best. And it is not a sign of cowardice but a very healthy exercise when giving up is accompanied by letting go.

The American star Olympian Simone Biles announced her early return from the Tokyo Olympics citing mental health reasons, the most decorated Gymnast of all time was clearly being braver and more conscious of herself than the way in which many conservatives in her country tried to portray her. She knew that she could not perform if she could not keep calm and that would only make it worse for her – deep in her head. Let us not forget that she holds 32 medals combining World championships and Olympics. In the 2016 Olympics, she singlehandedly won 3 gold and 1 bronze medals and another gold medal in teams event. She, by no means lacks the resources to be the champion. But she understood her mind.

Biles smiling and waving

The process is difficult. One might argue that giving up is like admitting defeat. Admitting defeat in the face of a certain defeat is honesty! And although your mind requires some straining, it is up to you to decide to what extent can you strain the same.

Next time, when you are giving your best and after several attempts, it seems futile to continue, give it a thought. Should you or should you not continue.

The Japanese Language and why learning it can be hard

With the sudden increase in the Japanese Economical might after the second world war and its steady cultural impact due to technology, manga and cartoons, people have been more interested in Japanese culture than ever. Japan is still a largely conservative society with modernity picking up steadily despite an ageing population. But assimilating into that society can be hard. The most important reason being the difficulty a non-native shall face in learning their language.

Modern Japanese is a fairly new language – just like modern Italian, French, Mandarin or Hindi. Before the Meiji restoration, every part of Japan had a local language that was similar to but nor exactly the way in which Japanese speak it today. Ancient and Medieval Chinese led to the formation of the script that the Japanese used. The Meiji restoration meant that Japanese as spoken in the court of Kyoto was exported to all provinces and the need for a new script was needed. This led to creation of three scripts in the modern times – the Kanji or the Old Japanese – the one influenced by ancient and medieval Chinese characters. The next are the two modern scripts – Hiragana script that is used to express vernacular terms and words in the vocabulary while the Katakana script is used to write words borrowed from other countries. For example AC and Fridge or refrigerator will be written in Katakana while Fuji, Tokyo etc will be written in Hiragana.

Now, the Japanese language unlike English, Hindi and Arabic is a phonetic language. That means that it does not have standard alphabets with vowels and consonants that then group together to form words but rather sounds that make the alphabets of the language. So, both the Hiragana and Katakana scripts have 72 characters each. And writing or using even these characters has to follow some non-standard rules of phonetics.

Finally, Japanese is a language with a very strict emphasis on seniority. While this exists in most other languages as well – except Roman languages like English, in languages like Hindi and North Indian Bhojpuri, Nepali Hindi, Tamil etc., it is only about the addition of suffixes to the root word or in languages like Urdu, there is no such seniority needed because all the people are addressed in a high degree of respect. Japanese however might have different words that have the same meaning but suit different situations – casual, formal or with elders.

Finally, please don’t say goodbye to a Japanese guy. That is considered rude. The better expressions are see you soon or take care.

Arigatou Gozaimasu! ありがとうございます

Happy Learning!

ESSENCE OF INDIAN TRADITION

HERITAGE

The word heritage is defined as “Anything transmitted from ancestors or past ages”. The Indian heritage is often best appreciated concerning different historical periods. We are the inheritors of a cultural and non-secular tradition stretching over 4000 years.

CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION

The word ‘culture’ and ‘civilization’ are often used as the same. However, they have their own clearly defined meanings which differentiate them.

CIVILIZATION

‘Civilization’ means making better ways of living and making use of nature to satisfy daily needs. Civilization includes developing societies into politically well-defined groups that work together for improved conditions of life in terms of food, dress, and communication.

CULTURE

The English word ‘Culture’ is coined from the Latin word ‘cult or cultus’ which means tilling, or cultivating or refining and worship. ‘Culture’ refers to the inner self, a refinement of mind, soul, and heart. Culture includes various art forms and sciences, music and dance, and several higher activities of human life which also are classified as cultural activities. On the whole, it is cultivating and refining a thing to an extent such that its outcome evokes our admiration and esteem. This is often practically an equivalent as ‘Sanskriti’ of the Sanskrit language.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

 • Culture is learned and purchased

 • Culture is shared by a cluster of individuals

 • Culture is cumulative

 • Culture changes

 • Culture is dynamic

 • Culture gives us a variety of permissible behaviour patterns

 • Culture is diverse

 • Culture is ideational

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Cultural development may be a historical process. Cultural heritage includes all those aspects or values of culture transmitted to citizenry by their ancestors from generation to generation. They’re cherished, protected, and maintained by them with unbroken continuity, and that they feel pleased with it. Architectural works like monuments, material artifacts, the intellectually achieved properties, philosophy, treasures of data, scientific inventions, and discoveries also are a part of heritage.

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

Traditional knowledge or ‘local knowledge’ may be a record of human achievement in comprehending the complexities of life and survival in often unfriendly environments. Traditional knowledge, which can be technical, social, organizational, or cultural was obtained as a part of the good human experiment of survival and development. We have to analyse, evaluate conserve, and revive the normal Knowledge Systems for the economic betterment of the planet in a holistic manner. It is that the knowledge system possessed by various communities across the world. Such knowledge has been accumulated, used, and has been bequeathed through several generations. It’s usually regarding the natural surroundings of the community and includes agricultural knowledge like manner of cultivation, environmental knowledge, and knowledge of natural medicines.

TYPES OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

 • Cultural knowledge

 • Artistic knowledge

 • Biodiversity or natural resources

 • Agricultural knowledge

 • Sacred knowledge

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

 • It has been handed on from generation to generation.

 • In many cases, it’s transmitted orally for generations from person to person.

 • It is being considered by the communities as a gift of God and not as personal property.

 • This knowledge generally distinguishes one community from another community.

 • It is typically impossible to spot the first creator of the knowledge.

 • It is learned by observing continuously, experiencing, and practicing it.

 • It is inseparable a part of the communal and cultural life of its holders.

 • It is typically related to biological resources.

NEED FOR SHIELDING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

 • Lack of proper legal policy framework for the protection of traditions.

 • Exploitation of traditional knowledge and indigenous resources.

 • Patenting the medicinal plants and their derivatives.

 • Commercial interests violate indigenous property rights.

Don’t Judge a Book By It’s Cover

Why we all always give more importance to our looks, is it really that important? is someone’s appearance is more important than his or her actual nature?

Why does people judge someone by their looks and come up with an conclusion based on someone’s external appearance without even knowing them. People forgot that the “appearance can be deceptive”.
If someone is comfortable with simple cloths and no make-up look, if he or she love to live that way then why others are so curious about that. It doesn’t matter that, what we wear or how we look it is not gonna affect our talent anyways.
Take of the mask and face yourself, looks or appearance can’t hide your true nature for longer. Remember we were born to be real not to be perfect, be yourself even if you live for a day.

Appearance valued to much in our society and on every point people will judge you based on your appearance but, don’t give many thoughts thinking what others will say, if I wore this or if I look like this, what will others say, peoples will gonna talk behind your back no matter what you do, how you look, they gonna criticize you all the time, just live on your own way it’s your anyways and remember only one thing that, “kuch toh log kahenge, logonka kam hai kehna, chodo bekar ki baton main kahin beet na jaye raina” and keep going.

No matter who you are, how you look, your skin colour, your appearance it doesn’t matter, being beautiful has nothing to do with your outer looks or appearance, it’s about your nature, your character and how you treat others. Everyone sees what you appear on outside, but they don’t know that a person becomes more attractive not by their looks but by their act of kindness, love, respect, honesty and loyalty they show. They will judge you but after knowing your kind nature they can’t stop themselves from loving you. Always remember that the appearance for small time but your nature is for lifetime.

Sometimes we come across some people who love to live simple, who don’t give more importance to their outer look but their inner beauty emerges only when we converse with them and get to know them better.

Judging a person does not define who they are, also your self confidence didn’t come from your appearance, certainly not your appearance!!

Let’s learn not to judge a book by it’s cover and let’s try to understand and know someone based on their inner beauty not on their appearance because APPERANCE CAN BE DECEPTIVE.

The most interesting things about Pune

For new-comers Pune may appear to be arrogant, rude and not-so-friendly, but after spending some time in Pune you will realize that they are actually sweet, a bit arrogant but kind. When you login in Pune you can’t logout.
For them who wants to live in Pune, here are some most interesting things about Pune you should know.

Pune, formerly known as Poona is the second-largest city of Maharashtra, after Mumbai and eighth-most populous city in India.

India’s first indigenously-run girl’s school was started in Pune by Savitribai Phule along with her associate Fatima Sheikh.

Pune is widely regarded as the second major “IT hub of India” and the top “automobile and manufacturing hub of India”
Pune is where Badminton originated in India.

Pune has 21 engineering colleges, which is highest in the world in a given city. There are many popular and old institutes in Pune and because of this in our Marathi language we called Pune as “ Shikshanache Maherghar ” it means Hometown of Education.

Pune has the highest number of software companies in India.

Beside this Pune has some unique things that you will only see in Pune.

1. Puneri Patya

People who mostly come from outside the city come across those ubiquitous Puneri Patya, which are known for their bluntness and arrogance, while they appear funny to the uninitiated. A typical Punekar thinks and acts as though they have the sole right to educate people in their own ways. A Punekar believes in calling a spade a spade. They want order and discipline around them, which is absent when it comes to traffic though. They don’t want to repeat the same thing to visitors or passers-by. Hence, the Patya culture has been thriving in Pune dishing out advice, warnings and at times, threats to those who have not adopted the city’s culture.
From this unique way of expressing their thought we can say that Punekars love to educate others and finding the mistakes of other peoples.
Being a Punekar myself, I never found these Patya strange. However, some people from other cities always made fun of these signages. It seems pun is part of Pune’s life as these signages indicate.

2. Puneri Misal

Famous Puneri Misal you should definitely try if you are traveling to Pune. Misal is like full time meal for Punekars, they can eat Misal all day without getting bored. Misal the local spicy snack of Punekars. It is the all time favourite dish of Punekars and you would find every restaurant and even the smallest hotel at the corner serving them.

3. No work between 1pm to 4pm

In Pune during some time in afternoon like about 2 hours from 1pm to 4pm you will notice that every shop even the smallest one at nook is closed.
Outsiders an those who are new at Pune think this habit of Punekar a bit weird, outsiders find it strange that almost all shops are closed for some hours in the afternoon since their owners take a nap during that time.

4. Puneri Chaha

Pune’s most favourite and famous tea destination “Yewale Amruttulya”. You will find it strange that, a tea shop is as famous as Starbucks. Many people travel far away just to taste “Yewale Amruttulya”, you have to stand in long lines just to taste a tea.

Traffic Rules and Regulations

What are traffic rules?

I feel like both pedestrians and the drivers should be disciplined and obey all the rules and regulations. So, I request every citizen of this country to follow these do’s and don’t listed down below for pedestrians and drivers, respectively.

DO’s for pedestrians:

  • DO walk in a straight line down the sidewalk.
  • DO stop at crosswalks and pay attention to the signals.
  • DO pay attention to your surroundings when walking, especially at night and alone.
  • DO take the time to enjoy your walk even if you are in a hurry… look around and see.
  • DO smile if you happen to make eye contact with another human being.

DON’Ts for pedestrians

  • DON’T stop randomly on the sidewalk without checking that people are right behind you.
  • DON’T jaywalk without looking.
  • DON’T wear headphones and have your music turned up so loud you can’t hear what’s happening on the street.
  • DON’T cut across the sidewalk to get to a shop or something without looking behind you.
  • DON’T walk into things while your head is down looking at your phone… trust me, it happens!

DO’s while driving

  • Do always wear a helmet while riding a 2 wheeler.
  • Do always wear a seat belt. ±Do follow the speed limit.
  • Do be courteous towards other drivers and riders.
  • Do give pedestrians the right-of-way in crosswalks.
  • Do make room for bicycles. ±Do pay attention while driving, even if you are familiar with the area. A surprising number of accidents take place only blocks away from home!
  • Do use indicators.
  • Always keep to the left.
  • Do keep a safe distance.
  • Do always carry the important papers and your driving license.
  • Do drive cautiously in severe weather.
  • Do plan your long route journeys in advance. Take proper gaps in between.

DON’Ts while driving

  • Don’t drive alcohol and drive, and don’t get in a car with a driver who has been drinking or using drugs.
  • Don’t talk on your cell phone and drive at the same time. If you need to make or answer a call, pull over at a safe place and then resume your journey.
  • Don’t let your emotions and frustrations get the best of you. Don’t engage in road rage, no matter how irritating another driver might be to you.
  • Don’t tailgate other cars, pass on shoulders, run stoplights or stop signs, or break any other rules on purpose.
  • Don’t drive if you are underage.
  • Don’t overtake suddenly.
  • Don’t use brakes suddenly.
  • Don’t overspeed over potholes.

Knowing the Indian Ocean

After the Pacific and the Atlantic, let’s move onto the Indian ocean

Photo by Asad Photo Maldives on Pexels.com

Hope you remember the acronym- PAISA

  1. Pacific
  2. Atlantic
  3. Indian
  4. Southern
  5. Antarctic

These oceans are arranged in the decreasing order of their sizes.

The third largest ocean based upon its size, it is the only ocean in the whole world to be named after a country. It covers 27,240,000 sq ml or 19.8 percent of the world’s water on the Earth’s surface. Bounded by Asia to the north, southern ocean to the south, Africa to the west and the Indonesian islands (the strait of Malacca) and Australia to the east, it also hass many marginal seas and islands.

Marginal Seas:

  1. Bay of Bengal
  2. Arabian sea
  3. Laccadive sea
  4. Java sea
  5. Andaman Sea
  6. Timor Sea
  7. Red sea
  8. Persian Gulf
  9. Gulf of Aden
  10. Gulf of Oman
  11. Gulf of Suez
  12. Molucca sea
  13. Gulf of Khambhat

Major islands

  1. Andaman and Nicobar
  2. Lakshadweep
  3. Maldives
  4. Madagascar
  5. Reunion
  6. Seychelles
  7. Mauritius
  8. Comoros
  9. Indonesia

Enclosed by land on three sides, it is centered along the Indian peninsula and doesn’t extend from pole to pole. It has roughly 800 drainage basin of which 50% are located in Asia, 30 % in Africa and 20% in Australia. It is considered to have subtropical climate. The northern half of the Indian ocean experience monsoon winds that lead to reversal in direction of winds (caused by the movement of ITCZ that in summers reaches above the Tibetan plateau, due to the apparent movement of sun) during summers and winters. This brings the monsoon winds to India during the rainy season(80% of the Monsoon rains dependent on them).

40 % of the total sediments found in this ocean are the results of deposition of the Ganga and Indus fans, the largest submarine fans of the world. The western Indian ocean has the largest phytoplankton blooms in summer due to the monsoon winds (they lead to the ocean water upwelling, building nutrient rich cold water to the surface of the ocean). These phytoplankton later support a complete ecosystem, acting as the primary food producers in the chain, in the ocean leading to high concentration of fish and other marine organisms. Thus, harm to the growth of these phytoplankton (continuously on the rise due to global warming, dumping of acidic and industrial waste water and algae bloom) can further destroy the fragile marine ecosystem.

There are 10 large marine ecosystems in the Indian Ocean-

  1. Agulhas current
  2. Somali coastal current
  3. Red sea current
  4. Persian gulf current
  5. Arabian sea
  6. Bay of Bengal
  7. Gulf of Thailand
  8. West central Australian shelf
  9. Northwest Australian shelf
  10. Southwest Australian shelf

Coastal reefs, sea grass bed and Mangrove forest: The most productive and important ecosystems. This ocean has 36 biodiversity hotspots and is an actively spreading and expanding ocean(having only two trenches- The Java and Sunda trench and the Makaran trench). It also has an active volcanic hotspot- The Reunion hotspot(currently below the reunion islands). Salinity follows the trends similar to the Atlantic ocean(though it doesn’t extend towards the poles.)

This is all about the Indian ocean. See you tomorrow with the Southern ocean.

DS0101EN: Introduction to Data Science course by edX

Hey peeps! Here is a course for all the engineering students out there who want to pave their way towards being a data scientist. So, gear up and tighten the seat belts. Let’s get into the world of data science.

Top 10 Careers in Data Science that are Shaping the Future

In this course you will:

  • Meet people who work in data science
  • Explore definitions of data science
  • Learn about data science in a business context
  • Discover some use cases and applications of data science

Syllabus

Module 1 – Defining Data Science

  • What is Data Science?
    • Fundamentals of Data Science
    • The Many Paths to Data Science
    • Advice for New Data Scientists

Module 2 – What Data Scientists Do

  • A Day in the Life of a Data Scientist
    • Old problems, new problems, Data Science solutions
    • Data Science Topics and Algorithms
    • Cloud for Data Science

Module 3 – Data Science in Business

  • Foundations of Big Data
    • How Big Data is Driving Digital Transformation
    • What is Hadoop?
    • Data Science Skills and Big Data
    • Data Scientists at New York University

Module 4 – Use Cases for Data Science

  • What is the Difference?
    • Neural Networks and Deep Learning
    • Applications of Machine Learning

Exercise – Computer Vision with IBM Watson

Module 5 – Data Science in Business

  • How Data Science is Saving Lives
    • How Companies Should Get Started in Data Science
    • Applications of Data Science

Module 6 – Careers and Recruiting in Data Science

  • How Can Someone Become a Data Scientist
    • Recruiting for Data Science
    • Careers in Data Science
    • High School Students and Data Science Careers

MODULE 1:

Learning Objectives

In this module you will:

  • Hear from data science professionals to learn what data science is.
  • Learn about the many paths to data science.
  • Hear from data science professionals as they give advice to anyone who is passionate about data science.
  • Learn some statistics about the field of data science, the demand for data scientists, and some of the qualities of excelling data scientists.
  • Learn why data science is the sexiest job of the 21st century.

SUMMARY:

In this module, you have learned:

  • Data science is the study of large quantities of data, which can reveal insights that help organizations make strategic choices.
  • There are many paths to a career in data science; most, but not all, involve a little math, a little science, and a lot of curiosity about data.
  • New data scientists need to be curious, judgemental and argumentative.
  • Why data science is considered the sexiest job in the 21st century, paying high salaries for skilled workers.

MODULE 2:

Learning Objectives

In this module you will:

  • Hear from data scientists as they share with you what a typical day in the life of a data scientist looks like.
  • Hear from data scientists as they share with you what tools, algorithms, and technologies they use on a daily basis.
  • Hear from data scientists as they try to explain the term “cloud”.
  • Learn about data science, data scientists, and how each is defined.

In this module, you have learned:

  • The typical workday for a Data Scientist varies depending on what type of project they are working on.
  • Many algorithms are used to bring out insights from data. 
  • Accessing algorithms, tools, and data through the Cloud enables Data Scientists to stay up-to-date and collaborate easily.

MODULE 3:

In this module, you have learned:

  • How Big Data is defined by the Vs: Velocity, Volume, Variety, Veracity, and Value.
  • How Hadoop and other tools, combined with distributed computing power,  are used to handle the demands of Big Data.
  • What skills are required to analyse Big Data. 
  • About the process of Data Mining, and how it produces results.

MODULE 4:

Learning Objectives

In this module you will:

  • Hear from Norman White, the Faculty Director of the Stern Centre for Research Computing, at New York University.
  • Hear from Norman White as he talks about data science and what skills are required for anyone interested in pursuing a career in this field.
  • Hear from Norman White as he explains some of the popular data science tools and algorithms.
  • Hear from Norman White as he gives advice to high schools students, in particular, and anyone, in general, who are looking to start a career in data science.
  • Learn about data mining, and the steps the comprise the process of mining a given dataset.
  • Learn about regression and what questions can be put to regression analysis.

SUMMARY:

In this module, you have learned:

  • The differences between some common Data Science terms, including Deep Learning and Machine Learning.
  • Deep Learning is a type of Machine Learning that simulates human decision-making using neural networks.
  • Machine Learning has many applications, from recommender systems that provide relevant choices for customers on commercial websites, to detailed analysis of financial markets.
  • How to use regression to analyze data.

MODULE 5:

Learning Objectives

In this module you will:

  • Learn about what companies need to do in order to start with data science.
  • Learn about some of the qualities that differentiate data scientists from other professionals.
  • Learn about some applications of data science.
  • Learn about analytics and what important role data scientists play in this process.
  • Learn about story-telling and the importance of an effective final deliverable.
  • Learn about the main components of an effective final deliverable.
  • Apply what you learned about data science to answer open-ended questions.
  • Demonstrate your understanding of the readings to define what data science and data scientist mean.
  • Demonstrate your understanding of the readings to answer a question about the final deliverable of data science project.

Summary:

In this module, you have learned:

  • Data Science helps physicians provide the best treatment for their patients, and helps meteorologists predict the extent of local weather events, and can even help predict natural disasters like earthquakes and tornadoes.
  • That companies can start on their data science journey by capturing data. Once they have data, they can begin analysing it.
  • Some ways that data is generated by consumers. 
  • How businesses like Netflix, Amazon, UPs, Google, and Apple use the data generated by their consumers and employees.
  • The purpose of the final deliverable of a Data Science project is to communicate new information and insights from the data analysis to key decision-makers.

MODULE 6:

Learning Objectives

In this module you will:

  • Learn about what companies need to do in order to start with data science.
  • Learn about some of the qualities that differentiate data scientists from other professionals.
  • Learn about some applications of data science.
  • Learn about analytics and what important role data scientists play in this process.
  • Learn about story-telling and the importance of an effective final deliverable.
  • Learn about the main components of an effective final deliverable.
  • Apply what you learned about data science to answer open-ended questions.
  • Demonstrate your understanding of the readings to define what data science and data scientist mean.
  • Demonstrate your understanding of the readings to answer a question about the final deliverable of data science project.

SUMMARY:

In this module, you have learned:

  • The length and content of the final report will vary depending on the needs of the project.
  • The structure of the final report for a Data Science project should include a cover page, table of contents, executive summary, detailed contents, acknowledgments, references, and appendices.
  • The report should present a thorough analysis of the data and communicate the project findings.

Noise Pollution- Causes, Effects & more

Noise is usually defined as unwanted sound or a sound without value that causes discomfort to the listener. Noise is usually measured in units of decibels and is denoted by dB.

1. On human beings:-

• Mental health

Exposure to intense levels of noise can cause personality changes and violent reactions. Noise has also been shown to be a factor that attributed to violent reactions. 
Psychological health effects from noise include depression and anxiety stress. Individuals who have hearing loss, including noise induced hearing loss, may have their symptoms eased with the use of hearing aids. Individuals who do not seek treatment for their loss are 50% more likely to have depression than their aided peers. These psychological effects can lead to detriments in physical care as reduced self-care, work-tolerance, and increased isolation.

• Physical health

Exposure to loud sound or longer exposure causes threshold shift. Noise-induced threshold shifts are seen as a notch on an audiogram from 3000 to 6000 Hz, but most often at 4000 Hz.
Exposure to loud noises, either in a single traumatic experience or over time, can damage the auditory system and result in hearing loss and sometimes tinntius as well. Noise induced hearing loss is sometimes unilateral and typically causes patients to lose hearing around the frequency of the triggering sound trauma.

2. On animals:-

•Marine animals

Two main reasons that make an environmental impact of noise in marine life a grave are – 1. Noise travels much more in water, covering greater distances than it would do on land while travelling though air, and secondly because the marine life is extremely sensitive to noise pollution and an absence of any mechanism to safeguard them against it, underwater noise pollution disrupts marine life in more serious ways.

The deaths can occur because of haemorrhages, changed diving pattern, migration to newer places, and damage to internal organs and an overall panic response to the foreign sounds. There is also a disruption in normal communication between marine animals because of underwater noise pollution. This means animals prone to noise pollution cannot call their mates, look for food or even make a cry for help under such circumstances.

•Birds

Anthropogenic noise, emitted from the oil and gas compressors, is becoming a global issue. The idea of the study was to measure the stress levels of the birds compared to the distance they were nesting with the oil and gas compressors.

So much so that they were showing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder-like (PTSD) symptoms. In the birds, their corticosterone levels were relatively low. And that isn’t exactly what you would expect to see in a high-stress situation. This is likely to be what was happening with the birds. It triggered health defects such as stunted growth, issues with their reproduction, and fewer feathers on the birds. Their ability to hear predators also seemed to be jeopardised because of the noisy surroundings.

Preventive measures to reduce noise pollution

  • Factories should be established away from the settlements.
  • Settlements should be located 20 kms away from the mining areas and coal areas.
  • Explosives should be not used in mountainous, forest and mining areas.
  • Use of horn in public places should be banned.
  • The sound of musical instruments should be controlled to desirable limits.
  • The use of sound amplifiers of high power should be banned in religious events.
  • The use of sound absorber tiles should be encouraged in the construction of multi-storeyed buildings.
  • In industrial, commercial and hospital buildings, adequate soundproof systems should be installed.
  • Intensive plantation should be made in the entire building complex.
  • Planting green trees along the roadside reduces the intensity of noise pollution.
  • Protective tools should be provided for workers.
  • Legal provisions should set limits on noise and control over noise pollution.

How to seek happiness in life.

Staying happy is way more difficult than we think it is. Life is full of ups and downs, highs and lows and a never-ending cycle of work and the pressure of society. In between all these things we need to find happiness as well that gives meaning to our life. Without staying happy we can not live our life to the fullest.

Try out something new or something different from your daily life and incorporate certain habits in your life that will help you to stay satisfactory and earn happiness in life.


Avoid comparing yourself to others
This is easier said than done, but try to avoid comparing your social life to anyone else’s. It’s not the number of friends you have or the frequency of your social outings that matters. It’s what works for you.

Remember, you really have no way of knowing if someone with a bunch of friends and a stuffed social calendar is actually happy.

Take a phone break
Noticing a theme here? Cellphones and social media have undoubtedly changed the concept of being alone.

Is anybody really alone when they can pick up their phone and text or call just about anyone? Or check in on what that high school acquaintance is up to without even having to talk to them?

Take a step back from social media
Social media isn’t inherently bad or problematic, but if scrolling through your feeds makes you feel left out and stressed, take a few steps back. That feed doesn’t tell the whole story. Not by a long shot.

You have no idea if those people are truly happy or just giving the impression that they are. Either way, it’s no reflection on you. So, take a deep breath and put it in perspective.

Perform a test run and ban yourself from social media for 48 hours. If that makes a difference, try giving yourself a daily limit of 10 to 15 minutes and stick to it.

J.R.D. Tata-the great entrepreneur and philanthropist.

Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhai Tata, known throughout the world as J.R.D Tata, was born on the 29th of July, 1904 in Paris. His father, Ratanji Tata. His mother Sujaine was French. The Tatas belong to the Parsi community. They settled in Navsari, a small town near Bombay in 1942 A.D.

  The Tatas, an industrial family, have provided employment to lakhs of Indians all over the country. Tata Corporate is an industrial giant in our country. The Tatas have products that cover almost every industry right from railway engines to watches, cloth to soaps to common salt and also electrical goods. The Tata industry was started by Jamshedji Tata the Grand Old Man of the Tata family. He started a steel factory in Jamshedpur and a cotton factory in Nagpur, laying a foundation for industrial technology in India. This tradition was continued by J.R.D. Tata was known as the father figure of Indian industry.

  J.R.D. Tata received his primary education both in Paris and Bombay. He wanted to pursue his studies at Cambridge but his father involved him in the running of the company and hence he could not pursue his further studies at Cambridge. From childhood, J.R.D. wanted to be a pilot. His inspiration was Louis Blerio, an adventurous pilot who had crossed the English Channel in an airplane. After Tata returned to India he became a member of the Bombay Flying Club in 1929, obtained a pilot’s license. He flew his plane and in 1953 the Tata airlines were born which later became Air Indian, India’s international airline. Tata had undertaken his maiden solo flight from Bombay to Karachi and back, he re-enacted his maiden flight fifty years later from Karachi to Bombay in memory of the inaugural flight at the age of 88, such was his spirit!

  J.R.D. Tata participated in the struggle for freedom too. He was influenced by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and attended Congress meetings but later he felt he would be of better service if could help in eradicating poverty and employment than being behind bars. Under his chairmanship, the assets of the Tata Group grew from US$100 million to over US$5 billion. He started with 14 enterprises under his leadership and half a century later on 26 July 1988, when he left, Tata Sons was a conglomerate of 95 enterprises which they either started or in which they had a controlling interest.

He was the trustee of the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust from its inception in 1932 for over half a century. Under his guidance, this Trust established Asia’s first cancer hospital, the Tata Memorial Centre for Cancer, Research and Treatment, in Bombay in 1941. He also founded the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS, 1936), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR, 1945), and the National Center for Performing Arts. The growth of Tata industries under him was phenomenal. As mentioned earlier from salt to steel, soap to atomic power, hotels, transport system, Tata industries lead by J.R.D. Tata was everywhere. 

  To recognition of his achievements and services in various fields, he received numerous awards. The Padma Vibhushan, in 1955 was one such award of civilian honor. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1992 the highest civilian honor in India. J.R.D. Tata breathed his last on November 29, 1993, in Geneva, Switzerland. He is no more but his industries spread out all over India give a lifeline to lakhs of people.

History Of India And National Movement

Revolt of 1857
Before 1857 in 100years of a journey of Mughal emperor is ruled 1757 to set up own dynasty which was long time India and in 1857 British came that was partly they have owned and fight to rule in India and establish east India company which was named by the British. That was the “Revolt” after 1857 started and the modern history began the Mughal emperor became a pensioner of EIC.


In the background, 1757 war Plassey between Mughals and Nawab of Bengal for policies because of British was intervened for east India company by sending the governor leadership of Robert Clive control to seize indirect and French allies which broken by Captain John Munro after that they confirmed that British will go ruled in India.


1765- Treaty of Allahabad
When the British have proved that they are going to rule in India they changed the policies of East India Company and the Rights to collect the Revenue of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa which was called Deewani by the states for a collection that they won in fights and the Nizamat in Bangal which given states that maintain their Law and orders and then it became Dual system of Government this reason made the biggest Revolt of 1857. And the Mughal emperor was shah Alam became a pensioner if east India company that fixed amount given by the British which was 260000 the impact of symbolic importance he has power but the time changed that he got a yearly pensioners system of Diwani is taken charge by East India company they made different policies in revenue changes.

  • New land revenue settlements.
  • Growth of intermediary.
  • Eviction of peasants from their lands.
  • Intervention in Tribal regions.
  • Destruction of domestic handcraft and promotion of British goods.

That became the experiment that some has to succeed some are not successful but ultimately the situation has come in front of East India company has to appoint new post for their money collection(Tax) because they are not sufficient to handle the work and other became middle class came in the area to give money called money lenders. Imposed different taxes that are become reason farmers faced many problems inland.
The new market also establishes by the British command east India company India became the manufacturer for raw material in the market because they have given rights to take charge and command EIC whatever the market in India like cotton manufacture mills handicraft that tribal made by them all are produced in Britain. This is the only marketing and manufacture India and the production is over the business of profit is now British in hand only one thing comes in mind of drainage of wealth they pay tax to the British government.

These are all the reasons that British pay money for tax and money for their government to east India company this become main benefits of permission given but they also send money to Britain so especially pay tax.
Military Revolt on 29 march 1857 behind reason become revolt because of British they invented the Enfield rifle and they use kind of grease they made of pig or cow that military refuse to use that greased cartridges. 10th may all regiment was also denied and they killed British army officers because they are large in number so they were more powerful on them and run away to Delhi on 11 May came from Meerut they induce in these all problem and movement were started they went to bahadur shah Zafar lead them. That they have their army and army chief bakht khan who was more than 84 years old he told bahadur shah that this is the biggest opportunity for us to make a change they are ready to lead them and they become symbolic. There were many revolts began by different states Lucknow on 4th June begum Hazrat mahal (w/o Nawab Wajid Ali Shah) Brijis Qadir.

SUPPRESSION OF “REVOLT”
On 21th September Delhi Hudson B.S Zafar was arrested and sent to Rangoon and his son were killed in 1852. In Lucknow send Halov Outram to control them but they cannot control but after that Collin Campbell send to kill them and then Begum Hazrat Mahal went to Nepal and Lucknow get occupied by the British and the Kanpur revolt is over won by Campbell tatyatope hanged by them and nana sahib went to Nepal in 1857 revolt has over by east India company. The reason behind the revolt

  • Politocal- Doctrine of laps.
  • socio-Religious – Christianzation of India, Religious disabilities Act 1856.
  • Economic- Drain of wealth

And India in 18th century 1757 – 1764 British kingdom established by the struggle for succession. In 1803 Aurangzeb son MD muazzam shah Alam(65yr old) fight the British won get emperor and he adopted tolerance policies with Hindu kings but those who found them struggle they try to induce the end the make friendly relationship. There are many Mughal emperors and Hindu samaras who ruled between this time. But the British kingdom was the last that occupied India.
The democracy of India is the big challenge that faced the third freedom of the nation. The Indian national movement was an organised mass movement and affected both internal and external. It led to the formation of the Indian national congress in 1885. Struggles of the country have broken the people of India by socio-Cultural, and Economic factors that led to the rise of Nationalism.
Tilak was the first leader who leads this movement. The British colonial authorities called it “The father of the Indian unrest”. He was also given a title name “Lokmanaya” as a leader and an independence activist Mahatma Gandhi called him “The Maker of Modern India”.
Indian National Congress
Tilak encouraged the swadeshi movement and the Boycott movement. The movement consisted of any Indian produce goods. there was a gap which had to be filled by the production of those goods in India itself.
Dadabhai Naroji formed the East India Association in 1867 and Surendranath Banerjee founded Indian National Association in 1876. Seventy- two Indian delegates met in Bombay in 1885 and founded the Indian National Congress.
The demands of education, awareness about the rights, freedom of speech reform and expansion of the legislative council’s development of modern capitalist industries in India.
The national movement in (1858- 1905)
Procrastination by Qween Victoria announced that now east India company will not intertwine in India British has only the power by parliament it changed the whole democracy. growth of nationalism in this index administration. It was British rule and its direct and indirect consequences that provided the material, moral and intellectual conditions for developing a national movement in India. British is the only reason for policies for their backwardness.
The first session will be held in Pune, but it’s changed for a reason and held in Bombay in Gokul das Sanskrit school and the second session Kolkatta by Dadabhai Naroji has been three-time 1886, 1893 and 1906. Total 434 delegates are standing Community and the third session in madras (1887) formed by Badruddin Tyabin. He is the third president of the Indian national congress. He declared that he had denounced all communal Muslims and bring them into the party and introduced resolution no XII at the Allahabad congress.