The book describes the story of Qais and Amal who belong to two completely opposite world’s and how there world’s collide.

Amal has been widowed on the day of her marriage and Qais on the other hand is devastated by his mother’s death and is unable to cope up with the same . Both the characters are weaved together by different tragedies they faced early on in their life . And and even though they have different coping mechanisms with their loss they both have their own ways to deal with it. Amal is unable to move on after Haider’s death is keeping herself busy with work and family responsibilities, whereas Qais Ahmed has become distant towards his father who is thinks is directly responsible for his mother’s death. Qais seems to be disturbed by an incident at a party in Washington which leads him to quit his job at Microsoft and turn to drugs. Qais and Amal both join a dating app reluctantly, on their respective friend’s request and it ultimately leads them to a date together whereby Amal finds Qais to be a disastrous dating match. After a series of events Qais Ahmed joins the same company as that of Amal. He tries hard to get Amal’s attention, but she doesn’t reciprocate the same initially.

Eventually Amal and Qais fall in love, but there is more then what meets the eye, Amal and Qais are connected with a past incident which has changed both their lives.

Will their love save them and is it bigger then their pasts they are trying to hide from or will it fade away before the truth. These are the questions which arise in a readers mind while we go through their story. Sara has intricately weaved different emotions, both our protagonists go through. The book does feel lengthy at times, it could be a little summarised on some occasions. But the fact that the lead characters story has been defined well enough, makes it a good read all together. The book keeps you rooting for happy ending from the start as both the characters have suffered immense heart break in the beginning. Amal is portrayed as a strong career oriented woman with a mind of her own, who at the same time is very compassionate and soft hearted. Qais on the other hand is a rich somewhat spoilt but an extremely intelligent boy who is also a heartbroken soul deeply disturbed by the events that had unfolded in his past, which makes his story just like that of Amal’s. This book is about two broken individuals who both have the power to make each other whole again through forgiveness and love.

This is an office romance with lots of filmy twists to keep you hooked in this lockdown . Read it on a Sunday morning with a cup of hot coffee and get immersed in this refreshing and feel good story.

The horizontal movement of air along the surface of the earth is called the “wind” while the vertical movement of air is a called an “Air Current“. The winds always blow from a high pressure area to a low pressure area. Wind is mostly named after the direction from which it blows. For example, the wind blowing from the east is known as the easterly wind or easterlies.

An ‘anemometer‘ records wind speed while a ‘wind vane‘ measures the direction of the wind. The unit of measurement is kilometre per hour or knots.

Types of Winds

Winds are generally classified into the following four major types
✓Planetary winds
✓Periodic winds
✓Variable wind
✓Local wind

Planetary winds

The winds which constantly blow in the same direction throughout the year are called the Planetary winds. They are also called as permanent winds or the prevailing winds. These winds include Trade winds, Westerlies and Polar Easterlies.

Trade Winds

Trade winds blow from the subtropical high pressure belt to the Equatorial low pressure belt in both the hemispheres. They blow with great regularity, force and in a constant direction throughout the year. These winds were very helpful to traders who depended on the winds while sailing in the seas. And so, they are named as Trade winds.

Westerlies

Westerlies are the permanent winds that blow from the tropical high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt in both the hemispheres. They blow from South West to North East in the northern hemisphere and North West to South East in the southern hemisphere. The velocity of westerlies become so vigorous and fast to be called Roaring Forties at 40°, Furious Fifties at 50° and Screaming Sixties at 60° latitudes.

Polar Easterlies

Polar easterlies are cold and dry polar winds that blow from the polar high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt. These are weak winds blowing from North East direction in the Northern Hemisphere and South East direction in the Southern Hemisphere.

Periodic winds

The periodic winds are the seasonal winds that change their direction periodically. These winds are caused by the differential heating of land and ocean.

Winds which reverse their direction with the change of seasons are called monsoons. Tropical Monsoon winds of Indian subcontinent is a best example.

Variable wind

Cyclones

The term cyclone is a Greek word meaning “coil of a snake”. Cyclones are centres of low pressure where, winds from the surrounding high pressure area converge towards the centre in a spiral form. Due to the rotation of the earth, the cyclonic winds in the northern hemisphere move in anti clock wise direction, where as they move in clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.

Cyclones can be classified into
✓Tropical cyclones
✓Temperate cyclones
✓Extra tropical cyclones

Tropical cyclones

Tropical cyclones are known as ‘cyclones’ in Indian Ocean, ‘typhoons’ in the western pacific ocean, ‘hurricanes’ in the Atlantic and eastern pacific ocean , ‘ baguios’ in Phillipines and ‘willy willy’ in Australia, Taifu in Japan. Tropical cyclones often cause heavy loss of life and property on the coasts and become weak after reaching the landmasses.

Temperate cyclones

Temperate cyclones are formed along a front where hot and cold air masses meet in mid-latitudes between 35° and 65°N and S. Temperate cyclones do not become weak like the tropical cyclones on reaching the land. Temperate cyclone commonly occurs over the North Atlantic Ocean, North West Europe, Mediterranean basin. Mediterranean basin’s temperate cyclones extend up to Russia and India in winter. In India it is as called western disturbances.

Extra tropical cyclones

Extra tropical cyclones occur in the latitudes between 30° and 60° in both the hemispheres. They are also called as mid-latitude cyclones. They collect energy from temperature differences which are found in higher latitudes. Extra tropical cyclones produce mild showers to heavy gales, thunderstorms, Blizzards and tornadoes.

Anticyclones

Anticyclones are the opposite of cyclones. Here an area of high pressure region is found in the centre surrounded by low pressure on all sides. The wind from the high pressure region move outwards to the low pressure regions in a spiral form. Anticyclones are often accompanied by cold and heat waves.

Local Winds

Local winds are the winds that blow only in a particular locality for a short period of time, The effect of these local winds are experienced only in that particular area.

Such as land and sea breeze, mountain and valley breeze. They are mostly seasonal and have local names like

✓Foehn (Alps-Europe)
✓Sirocco (North coast of Africa)
✓Chinook (Rockies-North America)
✓Loo (Thar Desert- India)
✓Mistral (Mediterranean sea in France)
✓Bora (Mediterranean sea in Italy)

Technology runs our lives currently. Smartphones, tablets and computers – we actually can’t appear to perform while not them. in a {very} very short quantity of your time, technology has exploded within the market and currently, many folks cannot imagine a life while not it.

To understand however we have a tendency to left the Middle Ages (which very wasn’t all that long ago) to wherever we have a tendency to square measure these days, it’s vital to know however technology evolves and why it matters.

PURPOSE DRIVES TECHNOLOGY FORWARD
All technologies square measure born out of purpose. for instance, search engines were created to kind through the large amounts of knowledge on-line. With every new upgrade technology compounds existing technologies to form one thing higher than what was antecedently used before. And on and thereon goes.

With the lightning speed of technological evolution, it’s no surprise many folks have struggled to stay up. To be fair, the scope of technology’s expanse is therefore nice, wrapping everything up into one web log post is much not possible.

Here is simply a short glimpse into however apace the net and technology as a full have evolved in recent years.

THE PAST: WORLD, MEET the net
Looking back to the 1990’s, the net was a brand new trade goods several, however not all, households and businesses began to realize access. For folks living throughout that point, the sound of the painfully slow dial up signal connecting to the net could be a not-so-fond memory (EEEE-AAAAAHH!!!!).

Thankfully, as additional folks found price within the net, technology took off to eliminate having to use a connexion to travel on-line and instead delivered quicker connections to the globe Wide net.

THE PRESENT: SNAPS, CHATS AND DOUBLE faucets
Fast-forward a brief decade later (side note: bear in mind VHS tapes!? The OG fast-forward? OK, moving on…).

Since the times of dial-up, access to the net is obtainable virtually all over. it’s rare currently for shoppers to travel into a restaurant, library or anywhere of business and not be ready to access a Wi-Fi signal. If there isn’t a Wi-Fi signal in shut vary, the majority still have access to the net via their cellular information affiliation on their smartphones and private hotspots, no problem.

THERE’S AN APP FOR THAT
With this anywhere/anytime access to the net, businesses created net applications to answer common desires of shoppers. These applications will do everything from pursuit food parts to causation large amounts of data during a click of a button.

MYSPACE, YOURSPACE, BOOKFACE: THE SOCIAL MEDIA rousing
We’ve watched texting evolve from causation text-only messages (literally texting) to the addition of images, due to the infectious agent unfold of gifs, memes, emojies and bitmojies. In fact, with the spike in video-sharing, actual text is shrinking (meet SnapChat, Instagram Stories, Facebook Stories, Periscope, Vine, etc. and shorthand abbreviations). SMH.

Social networks still amendment the means folks interact with each other. Ironically, the constant affiliation and means folks move with each other appears to morph to a additional superficial setting on-line. though superficial sometimes, this type of communication helps folks keep nearer to every different once they would have otherwise lost contact.

FACE TO FACE (VIRTUALLY, SPEAKING)
Face-to-face conversations via technology square measure resurfacing, though, and even strengthening, due to higher-quality video and streaming capabilities (enter: Skype, Google Hangouts, Zoom, FaceTime, live streaming, etc.). With additional folks participating in web/video conferencing on-line, geographic barriers that when hindered communication were torn down. Instead, corporations will interact with shoppers during a additional human manner, folks will visit folks face-to-face while not the necessity for pricey travel and reaching bent folks everywhere the globe is quicker and easier.

CUTTING THE CORD: the age OF VIDEO STREAMING
Remember once Netflix was a primarily a videodisc delivery company, transfer your favorite motion-picture show via mail? Back once binge-watching wasn’t a thing?

Today, folks square measure cutting the wire once it involves cable, choosing digital streaming and video services like Netflix, YouTube and Hulu. huge brands are attempting to stay up and vie, doing their best to one-up one another with original content, handiness and delivery channels (e.g. Apple TV, Amazon fireplace TV, Google TV, etc.). User-generated content could be a force to acknowledge furthermore. due to streaming choices like Facebook Live, Instagram Live and optical instrument, people and business square measure ready to broadcast their own videos and content.

In a shell, videos square measure stoning up all over and trending success. and that they thought talking footage would ne’er last…

TODAY’S school FORECAST: ICLOUDY DAYS AHEAD
More folks and firms square measure mistreatment cloud-based services for his or her business and store everything on-line rather than on one device. this modification can still have a colossal impact on the means business is finished, reworking our once-traditional workplace environments and the way folks move with corporations on an everyday basis. Flash drives square measure virtually extinct with the prevalence of cloud storage, like iCloud, Google Drive, Dropbox and FTP sites.

With such a lot of new technologies permeative the means folks access data and access one another, the forward momentum appearance promising for future technological developments.

THE FUTURE: rising TRENDS ON THE HORIZON
As additional existing technologies square measure stacked onto one another and developed into one thing larger, shoppers and businesses alike will expect to ascertain additional chance with future technology. Technology are quicker, have the flexibility to accomplish additional and everything can become additional efficient to form obtaining work done, easier.

While we have a tendency to don’t have the flexibility to predict the long run, we are able to provide speculations on technology’s evolution. we have a tendency to square measure perpetually seeing rising media and new trends in technology to follow. Here square measure a couple of trends to look at for within the returning years.

🌟On 10 May 1857 the Indian Rebellion started in Meerut; when news of this Reached Jhansi the Rani asked the British political officer, Captain Alexander Skene, for permission to raise a body of armed men for her own protection and Skene agreed to this. The city was relatively calm in the midst of unrest in the region but the Rani conducted a Haldi Kumkum ceremony with pomp in front of all the women of Jhansi to provide assurance to her subjects, [when?] And to convince them that British were cowards and not to be afraid of them.

🌟Till this point, Lakshmibai was reluctant to rebel against the British. In June 1857 a few men of the 12th Bengal Native Infantry seized the fort containing the treasure and magazine,and massacred the European offices of the Garrison along with their wives and Children. Her involvement in this massacre is still a subject of debate.

🇮🇳AUGUST 1857 – JUNE 1858🇮🇳

🌟From August 1857 to January 1858 Jhansi under Rani’s rule was at peace. The British had announced that troops would be sent there to maintain control but the fact that none arrived strengthened the position of a party of her advisers who wanted Independence from British rule. When the British forces finally arrived in March tech found it well defended and the fort had heavy guns which could fire over the town and nearyby countryside. Sir Hugh Rose, commending British forces, demanded the surrender of the city; if this was refused it would be destroyed. After due deliberation the Rani issued a proclamation: “We fight for Independence. In the words of Lord Krishna, we will if we are victorious, enjoy the fruits of victory, if defeated and killed on the field of battle, we shall surely earn eternal glory and salvation”. She defended Jhansi against British troops when Sir Rose besieged Jhansi on 23 March 1858.

🌟The bombardment began on 24 March but was met by heavy return fire and the damaged defences were repaired. The defenders sent appeals for help to Tatya Tope! an army of more than 20,000 headed by Tatya Tope, was sent to relieve Jhansi but they failed to do so when they fought the British on 31 March. During the battle with Tatya Tope’s forces part of the British forces continued the siege and by 2 April it was decided to launch an assault by a breach in the walls. Four columns assaulted the defense at different points and those attempting to scale the walls came under heavy fire. Two other columns had already entered the city and were apporaching the palace together. Determined resistance was encouraged in every Street and in every room of the palace. Street fighting continue into the following day and no quarter was given, even to women and children. “No maudlin clemency was to mark the fall of the city” wrote Thomas Lower. The Rani withdrew from the palace to the fort and after taking counsel decided that since resistance in the city was useless she must leave and join either Tatya Tope or Rao sahib (Nana Sahib’s nephew).

🌟The place for where Rani Lakshmibai jumped on her horse, Badal. According to tradition with Damodar Rao on her back she jumped on her horse Badal from the fort; they survived but the horse died(28) the Rani escaped in the night with her son, surrounded by guards.

🌟After her death a few local people cremated her body. The British captured the city if Gwalior after three days. In British report of this battle, Hugh Rose commented the Ram Lakshmibai is “personable, clever and beautiful” and she is “the most dangerous of all Indian leaders”. Rose reported that she had been buried “with great ceremony under a tamarind tree under the Rock of Gwalior, where I saw her bones and ashes”. Her tomb is in the phool Bagh area of Gwalior.

🌟Twenty years after her death Colonel Malleson to wrote the in the History of Indian Mutiny, vol.3; London,1878 whatever her faults in British eyes may have been, her countrymen will ever remember that she was driven by ill-treatment into rebellion, and that she lived and died for her country.

GANDHINAGAR CAPITAL STATION OVERVIEW

There is no need to tell anyone who is an Indian citizen that how a major and key role the Indian Railways plays in their life. From many decades, Indian Railways is working tirelessly day in and day out to provide its duties for a whopping more than 135 crore population. Indian Railways is considered as the cheapest means of transport in India. The fare of journey is kept low so as to provide rail facilities to even the small income families. Indian Railways has become an integral part of our society. But over the time it is felt that modernisation of Indian Railways is quite important with the changing world. Now rail coaches and railway stations are redeveloped as per the modern standards. One such station is the newly redeveloped Gandhinagar Capital Railway Station.

Gandhinagar Capital is a major station of Gujarat and is located in the city Gandhinagar. Its station code is GNC. It is managed by the Western Railway Zone of Indian Railways. It is located on 2 lines namely :- Ahmedabad-Delhi mainline and Khodiyar-Kalol section. It is the main station of capital of Gujarat that is Gandhinagar.

REDEVELOPMENT AT GANDHINAGAR CAPITAL RAILWAY STATION:-

• The foundation for its redevelopment was laid by Honourable PM of India Shri Narendra Modi in the year 2017 at an estimated cost of Rs. 250 crores.
• The stations has 3 platforms and 4 tracks. Each platform is equipped with all the basic facilities such as drinking water, food stalls and toilets for both men and women.

• A 5-star hotel is built inside the station premises to provide all the luxurious and modern facilities to the passengers and honourable guests. This hotel has 300 rooms for staying.

• As per the Western Railways, the parking area is designed to accommodate 1000 cars, 200 two-vehicles and 100 auto rickshaws.
• The stations building is equipped with 3 lifts and 2 escalators which will be quite useful for senior citizens and divyangs.
• There are two different subways to control the heavy traffic of passengers as one subway will serve as entrance and other will serve as exit.

• The hotel building is 77 metres tall. It also has a restaurant and a shopping mall.
• The station building is designed to provide tight security for both station and passengers. There are tunnels made to link platforms with each other. The outer boundary wall of the building will be long and tall so as to prevent any person from outside to enter in the station premises without ticket. CCTV cameras are installed at all major points for security purpose. Railway Police Force (RPF) is given the responsibility to safeguard the station.
• The station will be declared as a “Green Building” means it will emit zero carbon emission in its day to day processes. 100% electricity for performing various tasks will be generated using the solar panels installed on the roof of the station building.

• As per the Indian Railways Station Development Corporation (IRSDC) which is the nodal agency working on the redevelopment of the station, almost 100% work is completed and station is ready for serving the passengers of Indian Railways. It is reported that PM Narendra Modi will be the honourable guest at the inaugural ceremony of the magnificent Gandhinagar Capital Railway Station.

Links :-

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhinagar_Capital_railway_station

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/gandhinagar-railway-station-with-a-5-star-hotel-is-a-unique-indian-railways-project-check-10-cool-facts/1530134/lite/

https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/indian-railways-gandhinagar-station-to-get-an-airport-like-facelift/revamp-in-the-works/slideshow/77480705.cms

https://www.google.com/amp/s/m.patrika.com/amp-news/ahmedabad-news/gandhinagar-capital-railway-station-redevelopment-five-star-hotel-6365851/

The earth,our homeland,is a dynamic planet.The earth’s surface has lofty mountains,high plateaus, large plains and deep valleys etc.The earth’s surface is constantly undergoing changes inside and outside.Have you ever wondered what lies in the interior of the earth?what is the earth made up of?Let us learn about this in detail.

The structure of the earth may be compared to that of an apple.On the bais of the study of earthquake waves the spherical earth is found to be three concentric layers.
They are:
1. The crust,
2. The mantle and
3.The core

1. The crust

The crust is the outermost layer of the earth.Its thickness varies from 5 to 30km.It is about 35km on the continental masses and only 5 km on the ocean floors.Despite greater thickness,the continental crust is less dense than the Oceanic crust because it is made of both light and dense rock types.The oceanic crust is composed mostly of dense rocks such as basalt.The crust comprises two of distinct parts.The upper part consists of granite rocks and forms the continents.It has the main mineral constituents of silica and alumina.So it is referred to as sial.It has an average density of 2.7g/cm³.The lower part is a continuous zone of denser basaltic rocks forming the ocean floors.Comprising mainly of silica and magnisium.It is therefore called Sima.It has an average density of 3.0g/cm³.The sial and the sima together from the earth’s crust.Since the sial is lighter than the sima,the continents can be said to be ‘floating’ on a sea of denser sima.

2. The Mantle

The next layer beneath the crust is called the mantle.It is separated from the crust by a boundary called Mohorovicic discountinuity.The mantle is about 2,900 km thick.It is divided into two parts.(i) The upper mantle with a density of 3.4 – 4.4g/cm³ extents down to 700 km.(ii) The lower mantle having a density of 4.4 – 5.5g/cm³ extends from 700 to 2,900 km.

3. The Core

The innermost layer of the earth is called the core.It is also known as barysphere.It is separated from the mantle by a boundary called Weichart-Gutenberg discontinuity.The core is also divided into two parts.

(i) The outer core , which is rich in iron,is in liquid state.It extends between 2,900 – 5,150 km.
(ii) The inner core, composed of Nickel and Ferrous (Nife),is solid in state.The central core has very high temperature and pressure.It extends from 5,150 km to 6,370 km.The average density of core is 13.0g/cm³

The Earth Movements

The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as the lithosphere plates.Each plate, oceanic or continental moves independently over the asthenosphere.The movement of the tectonic movements.The energy required to move these plates is produced by the internal heat of the earth.These plates move in different directions at different speed.

At places ,these plates move away from each other creating wide rifts on the earth’s surface.At some plates,these plates come closer and collide.When an Oceanic plate collides with a continental plate,the denser oceanic plate is forced below the continental plate.As a result of the pressure from above the rocks heats up and melts.The molten rocks rise again forming volcanic mountains along the continental edge.Alternatively,a trench may be formed between two plates
In some cases when two continental plates converage, neither plate can be forced under the other.Instead,folds may be created.Great mountain ranges like the Himalayas have been formed in this way.
The movement of these plates causes changes on the surface of the earth.The earth movements are divided on the basis of the forces which cause them.The forces which act in the interior of the earth are called as Endogenic forces and the forces that work on the surface of the earth are called as Exogenic forces.
Endogenic forces produce sudden movements and Exogenic forces produce sudden movements and Exogenic forces produce slow movements.Endogenic movements produce earthquakes and volcanoes that cause mass destruction over the surface of the earth.

Earthquake

A sudden movement of a portion of the earth’s crust which produces a shaking or trembling is known as an earthquake.The point where these vibrations originate is called the focus of the earthquake.

The point of the earth’s surface directly above the focus is called the epicentre of the earthquake.From the focus,the earthquake vibrations travel in different directions in the form of Seismic waves.
The earthquake waves are recorded by an instrument known as Seismograph.The magnitude of an earthquake is measured by the Richter scale.The numbers on this scale range from 0 to 9.

Causes of Earthquake

The chief cause of earthquake is the sudden slipping of the portion of the earth’s crust along fractures or faults.The movement of the molten rocks underneath the rocks apart.The sudden shifting of landmass causes upheavals in the crust of the earth sending vibrations or waves into the surrounding portions of the earth.Sometimes the surface of the earth itself cracks.

Effects of Earthquake

Earthquake may cause changes in the earth’s surface.Vibrations often set landslides in mountainous regions.A greater danger in an earthquake is the falling of buildings.Most of the houses which collapsed were made of mud and bricks and proved to be death traps.Underground water system is naturally disturbed by such movements.Fire is another great danger.

Distribution of Earthquake

The world’s distribution of earthquakes coincide very closely with that of volcanoes.Regoins of greatest sesimicity are circum-pacific areas,with the epicenters and the most frequent occurrences along the Pacific Ring of Fire.It is said that about 68% of earthquakes occur in this belt.Remaining 31%of earthquakes take place in the Mediterranean-Himalayan belt including Asia Minor,the Himalayas and parts of norh-West China.The remaining percent of earthquakes occur in Northern Africa and Rift valley areas of the Red sea and Dead sea.In India,the Himalayan region and the Ganga-Brahmaputra valley are prone to earthquakes.A number earthquakes have been experienced in this region.Some of them were very severe and caused extensive damage,e.g., the earthquake if Uttar Kashi in 1991 and Chamoli in 1999.The Deccan Plateau,which was supposed to be comparatively free from the dangers of the earthquakes,has experienced two severe earthquakes in the past,the Koyna(Maharashtra) earthquake in 1967 and the Latur earthquake in 1993.

Volcanoes

A volcano is vent or an opening in the earth’s crust through which hot magma erupts from deep below the surface.The opening is usually circular in form.volcanic eruptions may also take place through a long crack or fissure through which steam and other materials flow out.
The molten rock material within the earth, together with gases, is called magma.after it rises to the surface,it is called as lava.

In course of time,lava and other materials flow out of a volcano accumulate around the opening and form a conial hill or a mountain vent is an opening or mouth of a volcano.The top of this cone is usually marked by a funnel-shaped depression,which is called a crater.If the crater of a volcano is of great size and is shaped like a basin,it is called a caldera.Calderas are caused by violent explosions which blow away entire tops of great cones.

Causes of volcanic Activity

The temperature increases as the depth increases at the rate of 1°C for every 32 metres.There is also great pressure.At a depth of about 15 km the pressure is about 5 tonnes per cm² of rock.Under these circumstances,the interior of the earth is in a semi-molten state called magma.The magma,under great pressure has the capacity to dissolve great pressure has the capacity to dissolve great volume of gas;some gases are also combustible.This makes volcanic Material burst forth through the weak spots in the earth’s crust.

Types of volcano

Volcanoes are classified according to their periodicity of eruptions and state of activity such as
1. Active volcano
2. Dormant vaolcano
3. Extinct volcano

Active volcano

Valcanoes that erupt frequently are called active volcanoes.Most of the active volcanoes lie in the Pacific Ring of Fire belt which lies along the Pacific coast.There are about 600 active volcanoes in the world,such as Mt.Stromboli in Mediterranean sea,st.Helens in USA,pinatubo in philipines.Mauna Loa in Hawaii is the world’s biggest active volcano.

Dormant volcano

These volcanoes have shown no sign of activity for many years but they may become active at any time.These are called sleeping volcanoes.Vesuvius mountain of Italy,Mt Fujiyama of Japan,Mt.Krakatoa of Indonesia are famous examples of this types.

Extinct volcano

A Volcano has not erupted in past 1000 years is often listed as Extinct Volcanoes.The top of extinct Volcanic mountains have been eroded.Mt Popa of Myanmar and Mt.Kilimajaro and Mt.Kenya of Africa are examples of extinct volcanoes.

Italy defeated England 3-2 in the penalty shootout denying the home team its first title after a gap of 55 years.

Italy continued their 34-match winning streak as it defeated England in the final of Uefa European Championship (Euro 2020) that went into a penalty shootout after a 1-1 scoreline after extra time at the Wembley Stadium in London on Monday. England missed three penalties in the shootout as Italy defeated England 3-2 in the Euro 2020 final. The loss for the home team meant their search for a second major title after their 1966 World Cup, 55 years ago, and first European title continues.

The 2020 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2020, or simply Euro 2020, was the 16th UEFA European Championship, the quadrennial international men’s football championship of Europe organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA).

The tournament, held in 11 cities in 11 UEFA countries, was originally scheduled from 12 June to 12 July 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe and rescheduled for 11 June to 11 July 2021. It retained the name UEFA Euro 2020. Portugal were the defending champions, having won the 2016 competition in France, but were eliminated in the round of 16 by Belgium. The video assistant referee (VAR) system was introduced at the European Championship in this tournament.

UEFA President Michel Platini said in 2012 that the tournament was to be hosted in several nations as a “romantic” one-off event to celebrate the 60th “birthday” of the European Championship competition. Having the largest capacity of any of the stadiums entered for the competition, Wembley Stadium in London hosted the semi-finals and final for the second time, having done so before at the 1996 tournament in the stadium’s former incarnation. The Stadio Olimpico in Rome was chosen to host the opening match, between Turkey and Italy. Originally to be played at 13 venues, two hosts were later removed: Brussels in December 2017 due to the abandonment of building the Eurostadium, and Dublin in April 2021 as there was no guarantee that spectators could attend. Spain also changed their host city from Bilbao to Seville to allow for spectators at matches.

POSTPONEMENT OF THE TOURNAMENT DUE TO COVID-19

In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe triggered concerns regarding its potential impact on players, staff and visitors to the twelve host cities of the tournament. At the UEFA Congress in early March, UEFA president Aleksander Čeferin said the organisation was confident that the situation could be dealt with, while general secretary Theodore Theodoridis stated that UEFA was maintaining contact with the World Health Organization and national governments regarding the coronavirus. The impact on football grew later that month, as numerous domestic and UEFA competition matches began taking place behind closed doors. By 13 March 2020, upcoming UEFA competition fixtures were postponed, while major European leagues were suspended, including the Bundesliga, La Liga, Ligue 1, Premier League and Serie A.

UEFA held a videoconference on 17 March 2020 with representatives of its 55 member associations, along with a FIFPro representative and the boards of the European Club Association and European Leagues, to discuss the response to the outbreak for domestic and European competitions, including Euro 2020. At the meeting, UEFA announced that the tournament would be postponed to the following year, proposing that it take place from 11 June to 11 July 2021. The postponement allowed for pressure to be reduced on the public services in affected countries, while also providing space in the calendar for domestic European leagues that had been suspended to complete their seasons. On the following day, the Bureau of the FIFA Council approved the date change in the FIFA International Match Calendar. As a result, the expanded FIFA Club World Cup, due to take place in June and July 2021, was postponed. On 23 April 2020, UEFA confirmed that the tournament would still be known as UEFA Euro 2020.

CHANGES IN RULES OF THE TOURNAMENT

On 31 March 2021, the UEFA Executive Committee approved the use of a maximum of five substitutions in matches at the tournament (with a sixth allowed in extra time). However, each team are only given three opportunities to make substitutions, with a fourth opportunity allowed in extra time, excluding substitutions made at half-time, before the start of extra time and at half-time in extra time. The use of five substitutes has been permitted by IFAB during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the resulting fixture congestion, which has created a greater burden on players.

At the start of April 2021, UEFA also said they were considering allowing tournament squads to be expanded from the usual 23 players, following calls from national team managers in case of a possible COVID outbreak in a team, as well as to reduce player fatigue caused by the fixture congestion of the prior season. On 27 April, it was reported that the UEFA National Team Competitions Committee had approved the expansion of squads to 26 players, subject to confirmation by the UEFA Executive Committee. On 4 May 2021, the executive committee confirmed the use of 26-player squads. However, teams still may only name a maximum of 23 players on the match sheet for each tournament fixture (of which 12 are substitutes), in line with the Laws of the Game. These 23 must include three goalkeepers. It was also announced that after each team’s first match, goalkeepers may still be replaced due to physical incapacity, even if the other goalkeepers from the squad are still available. Water breaks were permitted so that players could drink from their own personal bottles. Cooling breaks, first seen at the 2014 FIFA World Cup were also permitted for games played in higher temperatures.

FINAL OF EURO 2020

The final of Euro 2020 was played between Italy and England on 11 July 2021. England took the lead with a Luke Shaw strike in the 2nd minute, the quickest ever goal in an Euro final. Leonardo Bonucci scored the equaliser for Italy in the 67th minute. The score remained 1-1 at the end of 90 minutes as well as after Extra-Time. Italy won 3-2 on penalties.

AWARDS WON BY PLAYERS

1. Cristiano Ronaldo-Golden Boot Award with 5 goals and 1 assist in 4 matches
2. Gianluigi Donnarumma-Player of the tournament(Golden Ball)
3. Pedri-Young Player of the tournament