Venus is the second planet from the Sun. in our Solar System. It is the brightest natural object in Earth’s night sky after the Moon. Venus is one of the four terrestrial planets in the Solar System, meaning that it is a rocky body like Earth. It is similar to Earth in size and mass, and is often described as Earth’s “sister” or “twin”. The diameter of Venus is 12,103.6 km (7,520.8 mi)—only 638.4 km (396.7 mi) less than Earth’s—and its mass is 81.5% of Earth’s. Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense atmosphere is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being nitrogen. The surface pressure is 9.3 megapascals and the surface temperature is 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F), above the critical points of both major constituents and making the surface atmosphere a supercritical fluid(distinct gaseous and liquid phases do not exist).
Some facts about Venus:
Diameter- 12,103.6 km
Orbital period- 224.7 days
Length of a day- 117 days
Axis tilt- 177.3 degrees
Distance from the Sun- 108 million km (0.72AU)
Moons- none
Atmosphere and climate
Venus has an extremely dense atmosphere composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen—both exist as supercritical fluids at the planet’s surface—and traces of other gases including sulfur dioxide. The mass of its atmosphere is 92 times that of Earth’s, whereas the pressure at its surface is about 93 times that at Earth’s—a pressure equivalent to that at a depth of nearly 1 km (5⁄8 mi) under Earth’s oceans.
Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus’ atmosphere could have been much more like the one surrounding the early Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface. After a period of 600 million to several billion years, solar forcing from rising luminosity of the Sun caused the evaporation of the original water. A runaway greenhouse effect was created once a critical level of greenhouse gases (including water) was added to its atmosphere. Although the surface conditions on Venus are no longer hospitable to any Earth-like life that may have formed before this event, there is speculation on the possibility that life exists in the upper cloud layers of Venus, 50 km (30 mi) up from the surface, where the temperature ranges between 303 and 353 K (30 and 80 °C; 86 and 176 °F) but the environment is acidic. The apparent detection of phosphine in Venus’ atmosphere, with no known pathway for abiotic production, led to speculation in September 2020 that there could be existing life currently present in the atmosphere.
Structure
The similarity in size and density between Venus and Earth suggests they share a similar internal structure: a core, mantle, and crust. Like that of Earth, the Venusian core is most likely at least partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling at about the same rate, although a completely solid core cannot be ruled out. The slightly smaller size of Venus means pressures are 24% lower in its deep interior than Earth’s. The predicted values for the moment of inertia based on planetary models suggest a core radius of 2,900–3,450 km.
Missions to Venus:
Many missions have been sent to Venus in the past decades. Venera 4 and 5, were the first to enter the atmosphere and send information. Venera 9 sent back the first images from Venus. Some other missions include- The Magellan Mission( a thirteen-year-long Venus radar mapping project ), The Pioneer Venus orbiters and Venus Express.
Career counselling provide correct and consolidate information to our young brigade by giving them whole basket of available option after school is par excellence.The exposure to technology ,Media and Social Networking on a larger scale has made our youth aware to a great extent ,but they are little aware of the authenticity of information which are exposed to on a regular basis .ITS VERY IMPORTANT for our young and dynamic students to have proper and worthy information which is only possible through proper and useful career counselling.
Free trade policy refers to a trade policy without any tariffs , quantitative restrictions and other devices obstructing the trade of goods between countries ..
According to Adam Smith, The policy of free trade is a system of commercial policy which draws no distinction between the domestic and foreign commodities and thus neither impose additional burden on the latter nor grants any special favour to the former “
The theoretical case for free trade is based on Adam Smith’s argument about absolute comparative advantage , that the division of labour among countries leads to specialization, greater efficiency, and higher aggregate production.
Free trade therefore , signifies a non discriminatory trade policy that places no artificial barriers upon free international movement of goods and services .
Definitions :-
Prof Jagdish defines free trade policy as , ” absence of tariffs , quotas, exchange restrictions , taxes , subsidies on production , factor use and consumption “
Prof Lipsey gives a very simple definition , “A world of free trade would be one with no tariffs and no restrictions of any kind on importing or exporting . In such a world a country would import all those commodities that it could buy from abroad at a delivered price lower than the cost of producing at home .”
In Haberler’s words , ” free trade is the external trade system of liberation which opposes every interference by the state with the free play of economic forces .”
Thus ,the policy of free trade means simply complete freedom of international trade without any restrictions on the movement of goods between countries.
Free trade, also called laissez-faire, a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports) or subsidies (to exports).
However sometimes, governments with generally free-trade policies still impose some measures to control imports and exports. For instance , in the United States, most industrialized nations negotiate “free trade agreements(FTA ),” or , with other nations which determine the tariffs, duties, and subsidies the countries can impose on their imports and exports.
Theories Of Free Trade :-
The years of debates over the benefits versus the costs of free trade policies to domestic industries, two predominant theories of free trade have emerged: mercantilism and comparative advantage.
Mercantilism
The theory of maximizing revenue through exporting goods and services is Mercantilism. High tariffs on imported manufactured goods are a common characteristic of mercantilist policy. Mercantilist policy helps governments avoid trade deficits, in which expenditures for imports exceeds revenue from exports. The goal of mercantilism is a favorable balance of trade, in which the value of the goods a country exports exceeds the value of goods it imports. Mercantilism lost its popularity as it often led to colonial expansion and wars.
Today many multinational organizations such as the WTO work to reduce tariffs globally, free trade agreements and non-tariff trade restrictions supersede mercantilist theory.
Comparative Advantage
David Ricardo in his book “Principles of Political Economy and Taxation,” 1817 , stated the law of comparative advantage which refers to a country’s ability to produce goods and provide services at a lower cost than other countries. The Comparative advantage theory is that worldwide openness in trade will improve the standard of living in all countries. Comparative advantage holds that all countries will always benefit from cooperation and participation in free trade.
Advantages ( pros ) of Free Trade Policy.
Free trade policy has many advantages for a country. The following are some pros of free trade policy :-
1: Maximum of Output :- Under free trade the country specialises in the production of those commodities which it is relatively best suited to produce and exports them in exchange for those imports which it can obtain more cheaply . This maximises the output of all the participating countries because all gain from trade which in turn , increases the real national income of the world economy . Thus free trade leads to the maximisation of output income and employment.
2: International Specialization :- Free trade causes international specialisation as it enables the different countries to produce those goods in which they have comparative advantage . International trade enables countries to obtain the advantage of specialisation . If there were no international trade many countries would have to go without some products .
3: Optimisation of Consumption :- Free trade secures the optimisation of consumption . In other words ,it benefits the consumers when they are able to buy a variety of commodities from abroad at the minimum possible prices . This results in raising their standard of living .
4:. Link with others Countries :- International trade and commercial relations often lead to an interchange of knowledge ,ideas and culture between nations . This often produces a better understanding among those countries and leads to amity and reduces the possibility of commercial rivalry and war .
5:. Prevent Monopolies :- Free trade prevents the establishment of monopolies . Under free trade, the country specialises in the production of a few commodities ,and the firms or industries are of the optimum size so that the cost of production of each commodity is the minimum . Thus , free trade ensures a lower price for exports as well as imports and the price mechanism under perfect competition prevents the formation of Monopolies.
6:. Higher Efficiency and optimum Utilisation of Resources :- Free trade stimulates home producers who face to foreign competition to put forth their best efforts and thus increase managerial efficiency . Again as under free trade each country produces those goods in which it has the best advantages , the resources of each country are utilised in the best possible manner.
7:. Best policy for Economic Development :- Haberler points out that “substantial free trade with marginal insubstantial corrections and deviations is the best policy from the point of view of economic development “ Besides the direct gains of free trade noted above , free trade fosters development in the following ways (a) it leads to the importation of capital goods , and raw material ; (b) it instills new ideas and brings technical know-how, skills , managerial talents and entrepreneurship to the developing countries ; (c) it facilitates the flow of foreign capital and fosters healthy competition and checks inefficient and exploitative monopolies.
Disadvantages ( cons ) of Free Trade
Despite having several advantages , there are certain theoretical and practical difficulties in following free trade policy .
Some of those disadvantages are :-
1: Excessive dependence :- Free Trade policy leads to unwanted dependence for goods among countries which leads to major problems in a countries economy if there is some conflicts between the Countries due to some matter .
2: Obstacles to Development of home Industries :- If foreign goods are imported freely , the domestic industries of the developing countries would not be able to develop rapidly due to the superior strength of foreign industries .
3: Empire Builder :- Under the free trade the foreign traders particularly the dominant ones may try to become empire builders in future . In the past it is see ,free trade gave rise to colonialism and imperialism.
4: Import of Expensive Harmful Goods :- With no restrictions it’s easy to import expensive harmful foreign goods . This leads to diminution of social welfare . Trade restrictions on import goods become necessary.
5: Less job opportunity :- While free of tariffs, products imported from foreign countries may be seemingly good for consumers, it makes it hard for local companies to compete, forcing them to reduce their workforce. It causes job loss through outsourcing: Tariffs tend to prevent job outsourcing by keeping product pricing at competitive levels. with lower wages cost less.
In conclusion , we can say that at present no country in the world follows the policy of free trade . Every country imposes some restrictions on the import and export of goods . T.Scitovsky has pointed out that free trade can be shown to be beneficial to the world as whole but has never been proved to be the best policy for a country .
However , poor countries that have adopted free-trade policies have experienced high economic growth, with China and India as prime examples. Free trade allows companies from rich countries to directly invest in poor countries, sharing their knowledge, providing capital and giving access to markets.
Drinking fresh juice is a great way to load up on your nutrients which aid in revving up metabolism. This way you’ll be able to burn more calories thus, promoting your weight loss goals. Here are some tasty juices that will boost up your immune system.
Amla juice
To manage weight, it is often suggested to drink Amla juice on an empty stomach. Add a drop of honey to keep you active throughout the day.
Bottle gourd juice
A summer superfood, it is well a known vegetable to cut down flab. It contains less calories with no fat and also keeps your body cool.
Pomegranate juice
It is good for your skin as well as promotes weight loss. It contains compounds that helps to burn fat and boosts metabolism.
Orange Juice
It is considered as a negative calorie fruit. It contains fewer calories than what your body requires to burn it. Simply, you burn more than you drink.
Cabbage juice
It helps in relieving a lot of stomach problems like indigestion and bloating and clears up your digestive tract. This juice also aids your weight loss process.
Watermelon Juice
This juicy fruit provides 30 calories per 100 grams and keeps you hydrated. It is rich in amino acid arginine which helps in weight loss.
Bitter gourd Juice
Drinking it daily stimulates the liver to secrete bile acids which are required for metabolizing fat. Moreover, this juice is very low in calories.
You don't have to eat less, you just have to eat right!
Learning lessons of management from business books is not the only option to gain knowledge about business but we can gain similar knowledge by exploring our Indian street markets where we encounter a wide variety of businesses and street vendors. We can learn something new point from every interaction on streets.
WHY INDIAN UNORGANIZED SECTOR GOT THAT MUCH POPULARITY IN MAKING ECONOMY?
The street markets (or) small businesses comes under unorganized or non-corporated sector. This sector has loin share in national income, manufacturing activities, employment, forex earnings etc.. Only unorganized sector itself comprises 92 percent of Indian workforce.
Street vendors every day thrive through many difficulties. The environment where they operate is dynamic and constantly changing. They used to adopt different strategies to sell their limited sources to the customers. Most of the small businesses or street vendors do not have permanent shops. Street vendors should set up shops every day and close them by evening.
For Example: When we come across a street markets, we can observe the prices of commodities cheaper when compared to the marts. This is because, they do not have to pay rent or electricity bills or fees to the government and there will be a large number of shops which sell the same goods. If some trader charge high on a particular commodity then people would move to the other shop where they can get same commodity under low price or where the buyer can bargain and bring the price down.
The above stated example shows us the scenario of the street markets and make us to understand the hectic competetive situation of the vendors.
THE TECHNIQUES THAT WE CAN LEARN FROM THE STREET VENDORS ARE:
1) Most of the street vendors “work with limited resources” . They doesn’t any office setup to sell their products. They only look about how to sell their products using less resources.
2) Street vendors used to be customer centric: Yes, most of the street vendors truly apply the fact that ” customer is the king”. They take the initiative step to interact with the customers instead of waiting for the customers. Not only that most of the street vendors like to set up their shop where they can get the potential customers to sell their products.
3) Discipline and Consistency: Street vendors used to be focused to wards their work. They have to wake up early in the morning in order to get the stocks for that day and will return to their stay after every one has gone. They should maintain the same routine through out the year. This shows that discipline and consistency are the virtues that should be possessed by every entrepreneur in order to see profits in their business.
4) Symbiotic co-existence with customers : Street vendors possess a good collaborative skills with their competitors also. Though they sit next to each other and sell the same products also they used to help each other. This is one of the best thing that we can learn from vendors.
5)Adaptive nature: Street vendors used adapt different strategies to sell their goods as per the demand. At the same time they used to manage their business by changing the products to sell according to the season and demand.
CONCLUSTION:
Finally, when we start understanding the street markets or small businesses they teach us the other side of the coin. The one, who really want to get succeed as an entrepreneur (or) who want to learn tactics of the business then try to visit your local market places where you can learn many new principles that you can’t even get from your academics to execute your business wisely.
” THE KEY TO LEARN SOMETHING NEW IS TO OBSERVE THE THINGS AROUND YOU “
The 2019 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, who currently work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Michael Kremer of Harvard University. The Prize committee noted that these economists “introduced a new approach to obtaining reliable answers about the best ways to fight global poverty.” The new Nobel laureates are considered to be instrumental in using randomised controlled trials to test the effectiveness of various policy interventions to alleviate poverty.
So what is randomised control trial?
A randomised controlled trial is an experiment that is designed to isolate the influence that a certain intervention or variable has on an outcome or event. A social science researcher who wants to find the effect that employing more teachers in schools has on children’s learning outcomes, for instance, can conduct a randomised controlled trial to find the answer. The use of randomised controlled trials as a research tool was largely limited to fields such as biomedical sciences where the effectiveness of various drugs was gauged using this technique. Mr. Banerjee, Ms. Duflo and Mr. Kremer, however, applied RCT to the field of economics beginning in the 1990s. Mr. Kremer first used the technique to study the impact that free meals and books had on learning in Kenyan schools. Mr. Banerjee and Ms. Duflo later conducted similar experiments in India.
Why is randomised controlled trial so popular?
At any point in time, there are multiple factors that work in tandem to influence various social events. RCTs allow economists and other social science researchers to isolate the individual impact that a certain factor alone has on the overall event. For instance, to measure the impact that hiring more teachers can have on children’s learning, researchers must control for the effect that other factors such as intelligence, nutrition, climate, economic and social status etc., which may also influence learning outcomes to various degrees, have on the final event.Randomised controlled trials promise to overcome this problem through the use of randomly picked samples. Using these random samples researchers can then conduct experiments by carefully varying appropriate variables to find out the impact of these individual variables on the final event.
What are some criticisms of randomised controlled trials?
A popular critic of randomised controlled trials is economist Angus Deaton, who won the economics Nobel Prize in 2015. Mr. Deaton has contended in his works, including a paper titled “Understanding and misunderstanding randomised control trials” that simply choosing samples for an RCT experiment in a random manner does not really make these samples identical in their many characteristics.
While two randomly chosen samples might turn out to be similar in some cases, he argued, there are greater chances that most samples are not really similar to each other. Other economists have also contended that randomised controlled trials are more suited for research in the physical sciences where it may be easier to carry out controlled experiments. They argue that social science research, including research in the field of development economics, may be inherently unsuited for such controlled research since it may be humanly impossible to control for multiple factors that may influence social events.
Elie Wiesel’s Night is a personal account of the Holocaust. It narrates the experiences of a schoolboy in the camps of Auschwitz and Buchenwald. It is a poignant account of the cruelties imposed on man by man.
Elie Wiesel was a schoolboy who was born in Sighet and spent his life with his family. In 1944, he was taken to Auschwitz and then to Buchenwald. Immediately separated from his mother and sister, he is left with his father to work in the camp. The rest of the book recalls his experiences in the camp until he was released a year later. The book voices out the grief and despair of the inmates of the camp. The author successfully manages to express himself and provide a disturbing account of the Holocaust.
Eliezer Wiesel was a Holocaust Survivor who later became a writer, professor and an activist. He was born on September 30 in the year of 1928. He authored several book that bear witness to the experiences of concentration camps. He was honoured with the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 1986. He dedicated his whole life for Jewish causes and human rights causes. He died in the year 2016.
“Then came the march past the victims. The two men were no longer alive. Their tongues were hanging out, swollen and bluish. But the third rope was still moving: the child, too light, was still breathing… And so he remained for more than half an hour, lingering between life and death, writhing before our eyes. And we were forced to look at him at close range. He was still alive when I passed him. His tongue was still red, his eyes not yet extinguished.
Behind me, I heard the same man asking: “For God’s sake, where is God?” And from within me, I heard a voice answer: “Where He is? This is where–hanging here from this gallows…”
That night, the soup tasted of corpses.”
Forced out of silence by experiences such as these, the author manages to create an enduring account of what an inmate went through in the camp. Though the book is short and the writing sparse, it makes the reader relive the suffering experienced by the people in the camp. It makes the reader empathize with the author and feel his disgust at humanity after reading the book.
Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the small faces of the children whose bodies I saw transformed into smoke under a silent sky. Never shall I forget those flames that consumed my faith forever. Never shall I forget the nocturnal silence that deprived me for all eternity of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments that murdered my God and my soul and turned dreams to ashes. Never shall I forget those things, even were I condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never.
The pain that is contained in the words alone is sufficient to make one ponder about the absurdity and meaninglessness of inflicting pain upon fellow humans in the name of race, caste, or gender.
“If only I could get rid of this dead weight … Immediately I felt ashamed of myself, ashamed forever.”
“Here there are no fathers, no brothers, no friends”, a Kapo tells him. “Everyone lives and dies for himself alone.”
The book captures, with precision, the emotions of the human mind in the face of extreme suffering. Events such as doctors pulling out gold crown tooth, people who enjoyed watching people fight for a loaf of bread, a father abandoned by his son make one question about Faith and God just like the author.
“One day when I was able to get up, I decided to look at myself in the mirror on the opposite wall. I had not seen myself since the ghetto. From the depths of the mirror, a corpse was contemplating me. The look in his eyes as he gazed at me has never left me.”
After reading the last lines of this book, the reader’s mind is sure to be purged of trivialities and filled with a deep sense of empathy.
This Fissured Land is a book that provides an ecological interpretation of Indian history and a fresh theory of resource use. It is a book about the interaction between human and nature. Written by eminent scholars like Madhav Gadgil, an Indian Ecologist, and Ramachandra Guha, an Indian Historian, the book offers fresh insights and a different perspective on the history of India and environmental issues. The book is a compilation of the lifetime works of Madhav Gadgil and Ramachandra Guha.
Madhav Gadgil is an Indian ecologist and the founder of the Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science. He is know for heading the Western Ghats Ecology Experts Panel (WGEEP) of 2010, also known as Gadgil Commission. He was awarded with the Padma Shri in 1981 and the Padma Bhushan in 2006. Ramachandra Guha is an Indian Historian and a columnist. His notable works include India After Gandhi and Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World. He has been awarded with several accolades for his achievements in the field of history.
This book This Fissured Land looks at Indian history through an ecological lens and provides a proper account of environmental history. It studies the interaction between humans and nature and natural resources and the consequences of these interactions. It introduces us to an environmental dimension of history.
The book studies the conditions under which humans excercised prudence or profligacy in their use of nature. It classifies human habits under the categories of prudence and profligacy. The book also offers a new sociological framework for the analysis of resource use. It presents the theory of ‘modes of resource use’.
The theory of ‘modes of resource use’ classifies human societies based on their interaction with nature and natural resources. Understanding the shortcomings of Marx’s mode of production when trying to classify societies based on resource use and ecological context, the authors introduce the concept of modes of resource use. Their major criticisms of Marx’s mode of production are that it ignores natural contexts within which field and factory exist, places less importance on political structures and struggles, its lack of applicability outside Europe, and its little value when interpreting religious, ideological and cultural values of various societies and differences in them.
This concept of ‘modes of resource use’ includes natural resources in its domain of production. This concept is developed so that finding the characteristics of different modes, and estimates the environmental impact of different modes, and estimates the effects of these modes on the ecosystem and availability of natural resources become easier. When it comes to relation of productions, this concept inquires the types of property, control and management and forms of allocation and distribution. All these factors influence and guide the human societies and the periods of history in utilisation of natural resources. Regarding productive forces, it investigates the different technologies of resource exploitation, conversion and transportation that are typical of these human societies. This concept does not consider the socialist and capitalist societies as there are more similarities between them than differences in the ecological context. According to modes of resource use, human societies are classified into four historical modes. These are gathering(including shifting cultivation), nomadic pastoralism, settled cultivation or agriculture, and industrial mode of society. Each historical mode of society has a set of unique characteristics with respect to the aspects of technology, economy, social organization and ideology.
After introducing this concept of ‘modes of resource use’, the next section of the book focusses on the ecological history of India. It studies historical events from an environmental perspectives and offers its opinion regard the practices followed in the past by Indians. The theory of ‘modes of resource use’ is applied to Indian history prior to British rule. It explains the origins and the practice of caste system and religions from an ecological context. The next part part of the book analyses the impact after the advent of the British. It focusses on the use and abuse of forests under colonial rule. It is a history of Indian forest using the perspectives of the authors. It points the flaws in our current mode of resource use and provides the basis for creating a sustainable mode of resource use.
The month of June is observed as the Pride Month to honor the Stonewall Uprising of 1969 in Manhattan which marked a monumental turning point in the LGBTQ history of America. But today, it has grown much more than that and celebrates the richness and diversity of the LGBTQ community with parades, festivals and several other events. The pride march is a call for unity and togetherness in the community. With the 2021 pride month coming to an end, let’s take a look at what each day of the month celebrates.
Credits: Google Images
1. Gay Pride
June 1st celebrates Gay pride. It refers to people who are emotionally and sexually attracted to others of their own gender. Also commonly used to denote men or man aligned person who are attracted to other man-aligned people.
2. Lesbian Pride
June 2nd celebrates Lesbian Pride. It refers to women or woman-aligned person who are emotionally and sexually attracted to other women or women-aligned people.
3. Bisexual Pride
June 3rd celebrates Bisexual Pride. It refers to people who are emotionally and sexually attracted to two or more genders.
4. Polysexual Pride
June 4th celebrates Polysexual Pride. It refers to someone who is attracted to many or multiple genders but not all.
5. Pansexual Pride
June 5th celebrates Pansexual Pride. It refers to someone who is attracted to different kinds of people regardless of their gender identity. They are attracted to all genders.
6. Omnisexual Pride
June 6th celebrates Omnisexual Pride. It refers to someone who is attracted to all genders. But unlike Pansexuality, they are not gender-blind and recognise the other’s gender. Gender plays a role in one’s attraction.
7. Queer Pride
June 7th celebrates Queer pride. It refers to an identity and is regarded as an umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities, and people who fall outside of the cultural norms around sexuality and gender identity.
8. Demisexual Pride
June 8th celebrates Demisexual Pride. It refers to a sexual orientation which falls under the asexual spectrum. It is defined as someone who does not feel sexual attraction until they form a deep emotional bond with someone.
9. Greysexual Pride
June 9th celebrates Greysexual pride. It refers to a sexual orientation that falls under the asexual spectrum. It refers those who relate to asexuality, yet feel that there are parts of their experience that aren’t fully described by the word asexual.
10. Asexual Pride
June 10th celebrates Asexual Pride. It refers to a sexual orientation which is defined by the lack of sexual attraction. Asexual experiences may also include: not wanting to have sex, not being interested in sex, not experiencing a sex drive/libido, or being repulsed by sex.
11. Polyamory Pride
June 11th celebrates Polyamorous pride. It is the capability or desire to be in a relationship with more than one person at once. Polyamorous can be used both as a description of a relationship with more than two people and as description of people who desire such relationships. Polyamorous relationships can be romantic, sexual, or both.
12. Intersex Pride
June 12th celebrates Intersex pride. Intersex is a term for those born with physical sex characteristics that cannot be traditionally classified as male or female. Variations may appear in a person’s chromosomes, natural hormones, genitalia, gonads, secondary sex characteristics, or some combination of these things.
13. Trans Women Pride
June 13th celebrates Trans Women pride. It refers to a woman who was assigned male at birth. Trans women may experience gender dysphoria and may transition. This process includes hormone replacement therapy and sometimes sex reassignment surgery.
14. Trans Men pride
June 14th celebrates Trans Men pride. It refers to a man who was assigned female at birth. Trans men may experience gender dysphoria and may transition. This process includes hormone replacement therapy and sometimes sex reassignment surgery.
15. Agender Pride
June 15th celebrates Agender pride. It is complete genderlessness, or the lack of gender. It is a non-binary identity in which one is not male, female, or any other gender. They may identify as most strongly as just a person, rather then as any given gender.
16. Genderfluid Pride
June 16th celebrates Genderfluid pride. Genderfluid refers to someone whose gender identity changes over time. A genderfluid person can identify as any gender, or combination of genders at any given time. Their gender can change at random or it may vary in response to different circumstances. One’s gender can change over the course of hours, days, weeks, months, or years.
17. Bigender Pride
June 17th celebrates Bigender pride. Bigender is a non-binary gender identity in which someone has two distinct gender identities. They could feel both genders at the same time or be fluid between them, in which case they may also identify as genderfluid. Bigender people can experience any two genders, including binary and non-binary genders.
18. Trigender Pride
June 18th celebrates Trigender Pride. Trigender is a form of multigender in which someone has three distinct gender identities. These three gender identities can be any genders, either binary or non-binary, so long as it is exactly three. Trigender people may experience these genders simultaneously or fluidly.
19. Pangender Pride
June 19th celebrates Pangender Pride. Pangender is a form of multigender in which someone experiences all genders. It is a non-binary gender which refers to a vast and diverse amount of genders in the same individual that can extend infinitely.
20. Genderqueer Pride
June 20th celebrates Genderqueer Pride. Genderqueer is a term for people who feel that they have a queer or non-normative experience with gender, either through their gender identity, their gender presentation, or other experiences of gender.
21. Demigirl Pride
June 21st celebrates Demigirl pride. It refers to a non-binary gender in which one is partially, but not fully, a girl or woman. They may or may not identify as another gender in addition to being partially a girl. The other part of one’s gender can be any gender or combination of genders, including a lack of gender.
22. Demiboy Pride
June 22nd celebrates Demiboy Pride. It refers to a non-binary gender in which one is partially, but not fully, a boy or man. They may or may not identify as another gender in addition to being partially a boy. The other part of one’s gender can be any gender or combination of genders, including a lack of gender.
23. Androgyne Pride
June 23rd celebrates Androgynous Pride. Androgyne is an identity under the non-binary umbrella. It is described as being simultaneously male and female or in between male and female, or as being simultaneously masculine and feminine or in between masculine and feminine.
24. Intergender Pride
June 24th celebrates Intergender pride. Intergender is a gender for intersex people only, referring to any gender identity that is fundamentally tied to one’s intersex identity. It denotes that being intersex has an important affect on one’s gender identity. It commonly involves a gender that is in between male and female or a gender that is partially male and/or female, but it does not necessarily have to.
25. Nonbinary Pride
June 25th celebrates Nonbinary Pride. It refers to someone whose gender does not fall strictly within the category of the binary genders. Non-binary can be a gender identity on its own, or it can be used as an umbrella term for anyone whose gender is something other than male or female.
26. Questioning Pride
June 26th celebrates Questioning pride. Questioning is the process of exploring, learning, or experimenting with what one’s gender, sexual orientation, romantic orientation, or another part of one’s identity is.
27. Homoromantic Pride
June 27th celebrates Homoromantic Pride. Homoromantic refers to the romantic attraction to the same gender or genders similar to one’s own. A homomantic person may or may not be sexually attracted to the same/similar gender(s).
28. Biromantic Pride
June 28th celebrates Biromantic Pride. It is a romantic orientation in which someone is romantically attracted to two or more genders.
29. Panromantic Pride
June 29th celebrates Panromantic Pride. Panromantic is the romantic attraction to people regardless of gender, and as a result, one is attracted to all genders.
30. Aromantic Pride
June 30th celebrates Aromantic Pride. It refers to a romantic orientation defined by a lack of romantic attraction.
[2:29 PM, 6/30/2021] Priyanshi: Stagnation or improvement
We are living in a world where problems and solutions both exist. It’s the human tendency to always look for pleasure and hence nobody chooses the problems which are existing in the world. People always try to look out for a solution but now here the questions arise that whether we want a short-term solution or a long-term solution, whether we believe in stagnation or improvement. Let’s understand the concept by taking an example. If someone asks you that what would you prefer, a world with present humanity, intelligence, and all other things or the world that will be there after 100 years. Whose humanity would you like to prefer? The current one or the one after 100 years. Think the answer to this in your head and now let’s move on. Accepting the current world with whatever it has will come under stagnation and accepting the world that will be there after 100 years will lead to some improvements or we can say that at least there will be chances of improvement. Let’s understand this concept a little more briefly. We are not saying that the world that will be there after 100 years will be perfect but the thing that we need to understand here is that there will be more propensity for us to improve. For example, if we would have stopped 100 years before ,then can you imagine how the world would have looked like now. Let’s imagine, still, there would have been Sati Pratha, no rules would have come against the dowry system, child marriage, still, there would have been no normalising of the LGBTQ community. But why all these things didn’t happen because we believe in moving on and keep changing ourselves, fight for the discrimination and we didn’t believe in stagnation. And now here comes the need to know that why still we want to keep altering because still many issues are existing in the world which we don’t even know about, they need to be resolved. If we accept the world that is right now how will the issues get resolved. In-country like India still normalisation of the LGBTQ community doesn’t exist completely. This work which is in progress needs to keep going so that we can achieve the results that these struggling people deserve. So, we don’t prefer a perfect world but a world where chances of improvement always exist, where chances of self-growth always exist. If your mind ever tries to accept things as they are without looking at the propensity of improvement. Just let your mind remind of these examples and start working on them. Just let your mind be conscious of the after-effects of stagnation because we need to at least try to give a world to our future generation where the issues that exist right now don’t exist at their time. So that our future generation can focus on the improvements that their world will be having. Let’s give a chance to us , let’s give a chance to self- growth and let’s try to make this world a better place for us as well as our future generation.
Each and every move of my inhale and exhale, you are!
The day runs like osain boult when I’m WITH HER.Every time my thought of leaving her kills me, god I wish I would always be with her till my last breathe. My eye fails to see the revolution of the world, when I’m WITH HER.
The biggest asset I earned throughout my life is she, who never leave me like how I’m being left by others. Your heart says be honest to atleast yourself even if it didn’t work on others but I say I want only her to see my purest soul.
Everyday my good morning starts with her and my good night ends by her. Each and every smiles and emotions influenced by her. Every dream which I dreamt is with her. Everytime when I kiss my pillow assuming her. Everybody,I’m seeing will end with the search of her.Every word I’m speaking or spilling out of my mouth is filled with her.
Even everybody in the world left me, I don’t care I just let itself go only thing is I want her as my all.Each and everytime before and after blinking that 0.1 sec your picture plays in my mind and you runs through out me in my body like blood. I’m proud to say you’re my atom who builds me when I’m down.
Finally I’m with her.
WITH HER, I find my success. WITH HER, I find my mom. WITH HER, I find the world. WITH HER, even I find myself. The day, the night, the right, the wrong, the best, the worst, the laugh, the tears, the sun, the moon, the love, the life everything is WITH HER.
IN EVERYONE’S LIFE THERE’S A PERSON WHO WILL BE MOST AFFECTED WHEN ANYTHING HAPPENS TO THEM, IN MY LIFE THAT’S YOU AND I’LL BE THE MOST AFFECTED PERSON IF ANYTHING HAPPENS TO YOU.
The name Agni(meaning fire) was given after one of the 5 elements in nature(Agni, Vayu, Prithvi, Akash, Jala). Agni missiles are medium to intercontinental-range ballistic missiles, developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, INDIA. The family of missiles consists of AGNI I, AGNI II, AGNI III, AGNI IV, AGNI V, AGNI P, AGNI VI. And here is a brief description of each one of them.
India night-tests Agni-I missile
Agni I:
Agni I is an intermediate-range ballistic missile, it is 14.8 m long, with a diameter of 1.3 meters, and weighs 22,000 kgs. With a maximum payload of 1,000 kgs, the missile could extend its range up to 1,200 km of distance. Agni I is used by the SCF of the Indian Army. It is made of all-carbon composite materials to protect the payload during its re-entry stage. It is designed to be launched from Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicles, either by road or rail-mobile through transportation. The development of this missile began in 1999, and was first tested in January 2002 from a TEL vehicle at the Interim Test Range on Wheelers’ Island of India’s eastern coast. This missile has relatively high accuracy, simplicity, and due to its combination of an inertial guidance system with a terminal phase radar correlation targeting system on its warhead.
Agni II missile
Agni II:
Agni II is a medium-range, two-and-half-stage solid propellent ballistic missile, and is 20 m long, with a diameter of 1 m, and weighs around 26,000 kg. With a payload of 820-2,000 kgs, the missile could extend its range from 2,000 to 3,500 km. Agni II was first tested on 11th April 1999 at the Wheelers’ Island of the Odisha coast using IC-4 launch pad, over the range 2,000 to 2,200 km. The Agni II uses a combination of inertial navigation and GPS in its guidance module as well as dual-frequency radar correlation for terminal guidance. The 20-meter-long, two-stage ballistic missile has a strike range of 2,000 km to 3,000 km during the night trail of a nuclear-capable intermediate-range ballistic missile on 16th Nov 2019.
Agni-3 ballistic missile successfully launched by Indias Strategic Forces Command (SFC) from Wheeler Island, off the coast of Odisha on September 21, 2012.
Agni III:
Agni III is an intermediate-range, two-stage solid propellent ballistic missile, it is shorter (17 m and wider and 2 m in diameter) compared to other missiles (Agni I and Agni II), and weighs up to 44,000 kg. With a payload of 2,500 kg, Agni III could extend its range from 2,000 to 3,000 km. It is made using advanced carbon composite materials, while the second-stage booster is made of iron-based steel alloy. Agni-III was first tested on 9th July 2006 from Wheeler Island on the coast of the eastern state of Odisha, by Rail-mobile, possible road-based TEL( Transporter-Erector-Launcher). It was again tested on 12th April 2007 successfully, again from Wheeler Island. The third successive trail-test was fired on 7th May 2008 from Wheelers island, which had a range of 3,500 km,taking a warhead of 1.5 tonnes. It is the most accurate strategic ballistic missile which increases the “kill efficiency” of the weapon. It was reported that with a low payload Agni III and hit a target of over 3,500 km.
Agni IV missile
Agni IV:
Agni IV is an intermediate-range, two-stage nuclear-capable ballistic missile, it is 20 m long, with a diameter of 1 m, and weighs up to 17,000 kg. It was previously called as Agni II prime. Agni IV was first tested on 15th November 2011 and on 19 September 2012 from Wheeler Island(Abdul Kalam Island) off the coast of the eastern state of Orissa. It could reach the target up to the range of 3,500–4,000 km with a payload of 800–1,000 kg. On 20th January 2014, that is during its third test, the missile was lifted off from the launcher and after reaching an altitude of over 800 km, and impacted near the target in the Indian ocean with a remarkable accuracy carrying a payload of 900 kg. Agni IV is equipped with state-of-the-art technologies, that include indigenously developed ring laser gyro and composite rocket motor.
Agni V missile
Agni V:
Agni V is an intercontinental-range, three-stage solid-fuel ballistic missile, it is 17 m long, with a diameter of 2 m, and weighs up to 50,000 kg, developed by the Defense Research and Development Organisation of India. It could reach a target of more than 5,500 km. It was first test-fired on 19th April 2012, from Abdul Kalam Island formerly known as Wheelers Island off the coast of Odisha. It is a canister launch missile system and ensures that it has the requisite operational flexibility and can be swiftly transported and fired from anywhere. The second test launch of Agni-V was completed on 15th September 2013 and the canisterized version was launched in January 2015.
Agni P missile
Agni P:
Agni prime is a medium-range, two-stage solid-fueled ballistic missile, it is half of the weight of Agni III, developed by the Defense Research and Development Organisation, India. Both the first and second stage of the missile was made of composite materials. It could extend its range up to 1,000-2,000 km. As per DRDO, Agni-Prime is a new generation advanced variant of the Agni family, launched on 28th June 2021. “Being a canister-launched missile, Agni-P will give the armed forces the requisite operational flexibility to swiftly transport and fire it from anywhere they want. The test at 10:55 met all mission objectives with a high level of accuracy,” says DRDO. This missile has followed the Textbook trajectory with a great level of accuracy.
Agni VI under development
Agni VI:
Agni VI will be a four-stage intercontinental ballistic missile, currently in the hardware development phase and expected to have a Multiple Independently targetable Reentry Vehicle(MIRV) as well as a Maneuverable Reentry Vehicle(MaRV). It is expected as the latest and most advanced version among the Agni Missiles.
Kalpana Chawla was an American astronaut and engineer, who was the first woman of Indian origin to go to space. She first flew on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. Her second flight was on STS-107, the final flight of Space Shuttle Columbia in 2003.
Born: March 17, 1962, in Karnal, India
Died: 1 February 2003, Texas, United States
Space missions: STS-107, STS-87
Spouse: Jean-Pierre Harrison (m. 1983–2003)
Education: University of Colorado Boulder (1988), University of Texas at Arlington (1982–1984).
Awards: Congressional Space Medal of Honor, NASA Space Flight Medal.
First Opportunity to fly
Second Opportunity to fly
On February 1, 2003, as the world waited for the return of the Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-107, it disintegrated over Texas during its re-entry into the earth’s atmosphere. The disaster killed a seven-member crew including Kalpana Chawla, the first Indian woman to have been to space.
Seventeen years later, her father, Banarasi Lal Chawla, says that Kalpana had one dream only – that no child, especially girls, should ever be deprived of education.
KALPANA’S DREAM
About pursuing a dream, Kalpana said that the path from dreams to success does exist. One needs to have the vision to find it, and the courage to get onto it. Yes, success is possible. Her life is an example of that.
DEATH
Chawla died on 1 February 2003, in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, along with the other six crew members, when the Columbia disintegrated over Texas during re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere, shortly before it was scheduled to conclude its 28th mission, STS-107.
National Doctor’s Day is a holiday honouring doctors. This day was designated as a special day to honour Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, a famous physician and West Bengal’s second prime minister. Doctor is the term, and the work they accomplish is on the level of a deity. People have realised the necessity of physicians as a result of the Pandemic. The tough circumstances surrounding COVID-19 have reminded us once again of the everyday efforts and sacrifices made by physicians and healthcare workers all across the world. Doctor’s Day is observed on various days across the world to honour this great profession. This year is committed once again to all of the doctors and healthcare workers who are risking their lives in these hard times, whether in primary or secondary care settings, or in dedicated COVID care facilities.
Tough Education
Being a doctor isn’t easy. A child has to set his/her mind in the way that doing hard work and practice is the only way towards success. Many students wish to pursue a career as a doctor. Doctors have a prominent social and professional life, allowing them to help a large number of people while also earning a good living. If you want to be a doctor, you should start planning and preparing for it as soon as possible after high school. If you’ve decided to pursue a career as a doctor, be aware that the road ahead will not be simple. To become a doctor, you must begin working diligently at an early age and make the necessary sacrifices for several years. A genuine concern in the well and happiness of others, as well as a desire to serve others, are two essential traits for a doctor.Physics, Chemistry, and Biology are required courses in secondary school or at the plus two level.
You must have completed 17 years but not be older than 25 years while applying for the MBBS programme through the general category.The bachelor’s degree in medicine (MBBS) is the first step toward becoming a doctor. This is your ticket to a medical profession. This is generally a five-and-a-half-year programme that culminates in a year of mandatory internship.
Those interested in pursuing a degree in MBBS, BDS, or Veterinary Science must take the NEET test. The Central Board of Secondary Education in India holds a single entrance examination every year to admit students to various medical institutions across the country. The colleges you can attend are determined by your NEET test score. There are particular courses available throughout your degree if you want to specialise in subjects like Ayurveda, Homeopathy, or Unani. The admission tests for JIPMER, AIIMS, Armed Force Medical College, Lady Hardinge Medical College, and Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College are held separately. Students who want to attend these universities must take these special examinations conducted by the colleges and do not have to go through the NEET process. JIPMER is one of India’s most prominent medical schools.
This is the Education one has to take to become a doctor.
Problems occurred during Covid-19 service
In the fight against COVID-19, doctors and healthcare professionals who are reacting to a worldwide health catastrophe have become unintentional targets. Several incidents of such violence against them have been reported in India during this epidemic period. Doctors have been spit on, abused, and driven away, according to reports. Due to a scarcity of personal protective equipment, this is the case (PPE). Doctors blame the rise in violence against healthcare professionals on a combination of misinformation and fear, which has been exacerbated by the pandemic. Patients are unable to obtain healthcare due to transportation stoppage, fear of law enforcement, and dissatisfaction as a result of quarantine or containment zone limitations, all of which have worsened the situation. During their work, up to 75% of doctors are subjected to violence. The reasons for violence against healthcare workers may vary from fear, anxiety, panic, misinformation and mistrust. Government hospitals in India are inundated in such a public health crisis with lack of adequate facilities, equipment and infrastructure. People are panicked about catching COVID-19 from medical workers or being stigmatised for having contracted it themselves. The situation is being made more difficult as health units and professionals in some government hospitals highlight shortage of PPE but receive hostile response from hostile hospital administration.
Overcome these Problems.
A better and timely communication with the aggrieved patients and their family members is the key to avoid violence and untoward incidents. Due to shortage of time and to maintain social distancing norms, often the verbal and direct communication between doctors and patients is lacking during this pandemic. The hospitals should designate some social workers and counsellors to coordinate with them on a regular basis to allay any fears.
The widespread news coverage about COVID-19 has heightened anxiety and fear among the Indian public. Social media platforms can play a positive role in the current pandemic collaborating with Government agencies to educate the public about the diagnosis, spread, containment and prevention strategies against transmission. The uptake of ‘Aarogya Setu’—Indian government’s contact tracing application can be promoted by smart phone technology companies and web providers to minimise the spread of COvid-19. This will help to safely reduce lockdown measures.
Violence against doctors is underreported in India, perhaps because the doctors fear for their personal safety and harassment from the public, administration and law enforcement system. Recently, doctors and government institutions have started to take steps to protect themselves against violence. Marshalls have been posted at large central government hospitals in Delhi in their accident and emergency department. At places, doctors have had to evaluate patients from a distance to avoid assault.
The Indian government has recently issued an ordinance that makes violence against healthcare workers a non-bailable offence, punishable by up to 7 years imprisonment. The Ordinance seeks to protect doctors, nurses, and paramedic and community health workers from harassment or physical injury. It has been welcomed by all quarters to rein in violence and punish the wrongdoers.
Telehealth has been a game changer and one of the good outcomes of the COVID-19 outbreak. Patients will have less face-to-face interaction with doctors as a result of telehealth, which may minimise physical attack on doctors to some level. The prospect of telemedicine services being recorded may compel patients and their carers to act correctly.
Time has to identify effective ways and means to improve and strengthen public health education and practice, says Dr. Ravi Agrawal. Establishment of better primary healthcare facilities such as Delhi’s Mohalla (community) and Mumbai’s Swasth (health) clinics is one of the right ways forward to access local healthcare. Doctors and healthcare workers need to be supported in carrying out their fight against global health crises such as COVID-19 pandemic.
At last I would like to say “Doctors are humans not Gods so stop blaming them.”
Brahadeeswara Temple The year 2010 celebrated the thousand years of cultural and historical, heritage of the Brahadeeswarar Temple.
The 1000-years old Timeless Heritage 🛕🕉🛕:
King Rajaraja cholesterol constructed the Brahadeewarar Temple, commonly known as the Big Temple by the natives of Tanjore . It's architecture marvel,fine proportions and intricate carvings and grandeur make it a symbol of cultural and sculptural expertise. Tanjore " The Granary of Tamilnadu", is also the seat of Carnatic music,dance,traditional handicrafts and stylized bronze work. Hence, the Chola's made it their capital.
Visit to the Nayak Palace🛕🛕:
With a great thirst for Indian culture ,the author visited the palace complex which was built by the Nayaks in the 16 th Century. The Martha's had renovated it later. The Royal Muslim here has a collection of urns,drums,manuscripts,gifts, jewellery weapons and other belongings of the Maratha. A painting of Maratha King welcomes one to the Durbar Hall. An array of pallava and chola on the craftsmanship of their Era.
The 11th century Brahadeeswarar Temple🛕🕉🛕 :
The magnificent structure of the Big Temple, situated in an area of 750 feet by 400 feet surrounded by a moat welcomed him. Its marvellous engineering technology could be judge by the vimanam. The towering vimanam is built up with stones with bonding and notching and without the use of mortar. It is baffling to note how the topmost stone of 80 tons was placed without modern of the divine mount Kailash. The sculpture and structure is incomparable. The shrine for lord Muruga is an integral part of the Temple. It is an elaborately carved stone structure, a designer's delight. It would take weeks if not months to copy the unrepeated designs on each of the short pillars of this shrine. The chiseled would have indeed taken months to complete each shapes.
The magnanimous King Rajaraja Chola🛕🛕:
The author stood in awe,astonishment and reverence when he saw a walled fortress inside -a standing testimony of the Chola's opulence and vision . The huge statues reflect their steadfast reverence to Lord Shiva. Rajaraja, his sisters and his queens donated gold and silver to build this Temple.
The intricate carvings and murals🛕🕉🛕:
The delicate carvings on the pillars and the inscriptions on the walls of the temple are delight to a historian's sense. The deities and Shiva Linda's in the pillaged cloisters are worthy to be admired. The huge Shiva Linga in the sanctum sanatorium and the Nandhi Statue depict the large heartedness of Cholas , who did not hesitate to spend large sums of money. The sculpture and engineering technology of this 11th century Temple is truly admirable. The huge granite stones had been interlocked so perfectly with a harmonious bonding that they can withstand rains ,wind and heat down the centuries.
The might vimanam🛕🛕:
Unlike many Temple the 58m tall and 13-storyed vimanam makes the Gopurams. In its splendid idea ,it's impressive vision, its displays of the mighty effort of construction-it stands as a testimony for centuries to come.
It’s Dedication🛕🕉🛕:
Among all the temples dedicated to all suites, this is the only Temple which has been dedicated to Brahadeeswarar. When the devotee king anointed it with holy water from all the sacred rivers of India, little did he think that the Big Temple would stand for 1000 years and forever. The big Temple will live as long as Indian history lives.
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