ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE

David crystal is a British linguist,academic,and author.He was awarded the OBE and became a fellow of the British Academy in 2000.He is also a Founding Fellow of the Learned  Society of Wales.Crystal has authored,co authored and edited over 120 books on a wide variety of subjects.David Crysta’ls classic “English  as a Global Language” considers the history,present status and future of the English language, focusing on its role as the leading international language.

        Crystal states that a language achieves a genuinely global status when it develops a special role that is recognized in every country.  Such a role will be most evident in countries where large numbers of the people speak the language as a mother tongue – in the case of English, this would mean the USA, Canada, Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, several Caribbean countries and a sprinkling of other territories. To achieve such a status, a language has to be taken up by other countries around the world.  There are two main ways in which this can be done. Firstly, a language can be made the official language of a country, to be used as a medium of communication in such domains as government, the law courts, the media, and the educational system. Secondly, a language can be made a priority in a country’s foreign-language teaching, even though this language has no official status. , there is great variation in the reasons for choosing a particular language as a favoured foreign language: they include historical tradition, political expediency, and the desire for commercial, cultural or technological conta.

                        Why a language becomes a global language has little to do with the number of people who speak it. It is much more to do with who those speakers are. There must be something inherently beautiful or logical about the structure of English, in order to explain why it is now so widely used.  ‘English doesn’t have a lot of endings on its words, nor do we have to remember the difference between masculine, feminine, and neuter gender, so it must be easier to learn. A language may have certain properties which make it internationally appealing. A language does not become a global language because of its intrinsic structural properties, or because of the size of its vocabulary, or because it has been a vehicle of a great literature in the past, or because it was once associated with a great culture or religion. A language has traditionally become an international language for one chief reason: the power of its people – especially their political and military power.

      Crystal explains why do we need a global language. Translation has played a central  role in human interaction for thousands of years. The more a community is linguistically mixed, the less it can rely on individuals to ensure communication between different groups. In communities where only two or three languages are in contact, bilingualism (or trilingualism)  but in communities where there are many languages in contact, as in much of Africa and South-east Asia, such a natural solution does not readily apply. The problem has traditionally been solved by finding a language to act as a lingua franca, or ‘common language’. Sometimes, when communities begin to trade with each other, they communicate by adopting a simplified language, known as a pidgin, which combines elements of their different languages for example, West African Pidgin English is used extensively between several ethnic groups along the West African coast.

OF MARRIAGE AND SINGLE LIFE

AN ANALYSIS

        In  “Of Marriage and Single Life” ,Bacon highlights the differences between the married life and the single’s life and the various advantages and disadvantages of the same.Bacon starts his essay with a sudden statement. The statememt clearly depicts that marriage is an impediment to great fortune and luck.Bacon supports his argument by telling a fact that ; most of the works  that helps the society is done by  non-married or childless men.In response,these bachelors married public and endowed their affection and life to it.the burden of  married life according to Bacon, a married man has a family to raise and take care of.He is totally committed to providing security to them, but such commitment leaves him  unable to take up any enterprise whether good or bad,noble or wicked.There is another kind of men those who are unmarried yet,they spend their lives caring about themselves and they  are not apprehensive of future time.

            There is  a few people ,who are married but consider their wives and children  as mere bills of charges and as burden in their own freedom .There are also some wealthy people who wittingly decide to not to reproduce or have children in fear of losing their riches to their heirs.To them material possessions are more important than  having a family.They refuse to see the needs and benefits of  a family because  they are only influenced by the fears of losing their wealth.There are some foolish covetous men who believes that having no children is a pride and they consider themselves as richer.

            Bacon explores the themes of independence,liberty and marriage throughout his essay.He also comments on the liberty that being single provides individuals who wish to live free from the restraints and responsibilities of marriage.However most men choose to remain single for the sake of liberty that a single life allows. Bacon says that  unmarried men are best friends,best masters and best servants ,but they do not make the best citizens as they  have so great sense of freedom that they tend to run away from responsibilities.The single life is best suited for a clergy man because he can be more charitable as he does not have  any needs to satisfy. For magistrates the situation is indifffernt because if they are corrupted it makes them servants who are worse than wives.For soldiers it is often an emotional support  to think of wives and children before going in to battle .That is why bacon says that the dislike of marriage among Turks makes the vulgar soldiers even more so .

          It is one’s wife and children that provides them with a moral understanding of their behaviours  and conducts  whereas single men lack the empathetic and sensitive side that comes from genuine companionship therefore single men tend to be cruel and hard hearted .A grave man with traditional beliefs is often a loving husband they are not tempted by the pleasures of infidelity and remain honest and loyal to their wives and marriage.Here  bacon gives the example of Ulysses who valued his wife more than an immortal life.Women are often proud of their chastity and a wife will always remain chaste and obedient if she thinks that her husband is wise and not jealous.

            Bacon pays tribute to wives in his eassay as for a young man, a wife serves the purpose of a mistress,in the middle age she is a companion and to the old man she is a nurse.Bacon observes that bad husbands often have good wives.He says that this may be because it makes the husband’s kindness more valuable or because the wife takes pride in her patience in dealing with him.Therfore  a man can reasonably decide when he would like to get married.Bacon here quotes a philosopher and mathematician who answered the question of when a man should marry and said -”a young man not yet,an elder man not at all”.

           Bacon compares the advantages and disadvantages of single and married life through different view points.He puts forward the pros and cons of marriage in terms of how it is viewed by society and how it affects an individual.even though he enlists the burden and limitation of marriage he extols  the benefit of marriage and how it shaped a person.Bacon insists that having a family can make a man generous and merciful and it teaches a form that singlemen lack and thus are more cruel and reckless.

Car Market in India during Pandemic Covid-19

The impact of pandemic covid-19 in India has been vastly disruptive in terms of loss of life and economic movement.
Almost every sector has been adversely affected by the pandemic. Production cut due to decline in demand of cars during covid-19 also impacted employment growth negatively.


As the domestic demand and export stopped with some notable exceptions. Pandemic with the lockdown derived in shutting down of production in automobile industries and impacted car marketing in India. In addition, the reduction in the consumer demand for cars is also increased. The car market during covid-19 in India had the hardest hit.

With the statement of automobiles Manufacturers society, the car market registers a negative growth in sales. But that’s not equally true for all. Still, luxury car manufacture said they are seeing a boom in the demand despite the pandemic. While studying the car market trends during covid-19. Profits are been made on the kind of car being sold during pandemic covid-19. Overall car sales were down compared with the previous year. As lockdown is giving ease in some cities hence people are electing to buy cars rather then using public transport. The reason being behind is people are afraid of using public transport while concerning about their safety.
The main Impact that the car market during covid-19 submitted is the slowdown in the demand for new cars and increase in demand for used cars. Because Used cars are budget-friendly and the supply of new cars is slow. Nowadays, The supply and demand all are delivered online. The available option is more.


The picture is improving however, the manufacturers must start the production after relief from the second wave of the covid-19. Confirming the protection of its employees and customers. Following the social distancing and vaccination. In addition, the government has decided to support The car market during covid19 by its policies, such as decreasing the cost of raw material required and cutting down the tax rates on automobiles. All such measures can help the market to recover sooner and tougher.

International Conference on Business and Social Sciences 2021

Admin's avatarInternational Journal of Research (IJR)

International Conference on Business and Social Sciences 2021 will accept the papers in the fifteen thematic areas with multiple research approaches and methodologies. This includes the papers on specific management areas ranging from accounting through economics and banking to general management and marketing and the methodologies ranging from hypothetic-deductive approaches through qualitative case studies to critical theorisations.

Also, conference associated journals entertain the papers with trans-disciplinary flavors, including the ones addressing the issues in the areas ranging from education through psychology to political science and culture and society, and drawing on these each other’s discipline. Hence, the conference provides a platform for wide-ranging issues, which captures contemporary developments in business, management and the social sciences within which a wide range of networking opportunities can be nurtured for the advancement of future research and global collaboration. This approach is now vital in research endeavours as business, management and education practices are…

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REGARDING CORRECT CERTIFICATE FROM EDUINDEX

From few days I am writing emails to give me certificate of date 16 june to 16 july. since month of july i am doing so but AGAIN and AGAIN I am rcieving wrong certificate. I need to prepare summer internship report. i cant attach wrong certificate. This is my last option to write here. I am in a complusion otherwise I would have not written here.

Its my humble request to everyone who is reading it please like . So that it can come in front of the team.

And if team you are reading this please prepare a certificate from the 16 june to 16 july. In my offer letter too you have mentioned same date. COMMENT ME IF YOU HAVE PREPARED. I WILL SEND U DETAILS.

I am quite depressed with such an unlawful behaviour.

Good Vibes Only

Source: svgfiles.us

Vibes are natural. They can be so easily faked by certain overly positive phrases similar to the title, that it becomes more difficult for us to experience sadness as just another part of our lives. Sadness is a valid emotional state. Let no post, quote or smiling person tell you it’s not

You see, juices too have the tag ‘Natural’ written in front of the tetra packets with a huge list of ingredients at the back. Good vibes is sold in somewhat a similar manner. ‘Good vibes only’ written in the front with tons of unsolved situations, sadness, depression, melancholy hiding behind.

But their Intentions are good,right?

Yes, just like the beauty brands which have good and pure intentions. Just like beauty brands want you to feel good and look good by using THEIR products, THEIR way and THEIR standards. Just like the whispering about how you should look to be perceived as glamourous behind the simple phrases like ‘Look good, feel good, be you’.
‘Good vibes only’ is a phrase which has become overly common on social media platforms. ‘Good Vibes’ are possible but ‘Only’ is less of a motivational advice and more of a ‘This is how you should feel’. On careful observation you will find it to be a sweet manipulation. And we buy it! So they sell it.
Just like we change ourselves little by little by falling for this fake goodness, we also remain unaware of the term called ‘mental health’. Even the well known writers were not born with good vibes pouring from them. It was their sadness, hurdles, frustrations,teenage,failures and gloomy days which had built them up.

Self Help Books promote good vibes too. What about them?

They promote good vibes while also putting forward the lesson that it cannot be achieved in a day. The writers often give a piece of their own past lifestyles while explaining the change in them or by mentioning the journey of some other renowned personality’s life. In the books it is often directly or indirectly mentioned how failures and hurdles help you understand the difference between wants and needs. Pleasure and purpose. Wrong and right. To be or to do.
The self help books are like a manual to an improved life. Sometimes our obsession to be positive makes us buy tons of self help books. But honestly, you need one, two or maximum three authors to know HOW to be positive. Such books are rather a process put forward which can help us be positive rather than a huge command asking us to BE POSTIVE straightaway.

So, we should be sad?

We should enjoy that emotion equally. In my previous article I had mentioned how you should accept your emotions. Its okay to feel how you feel. Its okay to have mental disorders. Its okay to be cynical. Its okay to be pessimist.
Feedback is necessary to improve yourselves. You get judged once, you ignore it and you may ignore it even after few more judgements regarding the same aspect of yours. But when many people will point that same aspect of yours again and again, you will know that there is indeed something wrong about it. That is how you understand where you need to improve. That is when you may start self introspection. Asking for feedback or getting unwanted feedbacks is not a pleasant experience. It never is. So what? You will cut them of? You will perceive them as someone who is jealous of you? Someone who eludes bad vibes?

In such a case you need to understand that your ‘good vibes’ is being fueled by ego. Surround yourself with people who do judge you. Sometimes you effortlessly get surrounded by such people. Sometimes, that is what even true friends do. They point it out on your face. We do need a second person’s perspective of us to know ourselves better.

Inferiority complex, depression, anxiety, panic attacks cannot be shut by putting a poster of ‘Good vibes only’ on your face. It will make you burst like an atom bomb.

Body Positivity

Body positivity is a real good campaign but imagine, a person who is sitting and chomping on food the entire day goes around singing slogans of body positivity and shouting at anyone who advices him to live a healthier lifestyle. That is how these posts effect us.
Accept yourself the way you are. True. Indeed. But improve yourself if there is truly a necessity. Be a better version of yourself. In the above example about the food chomper, the concept of ‘Body Is A Temple’ is a rather suitable advice.

Good vibes and Empathy

Good vibes is sympathy. When someone is sharing their story and if you put motivational speech in their head, they will either feel worse or leave you with your dearest vibes. Empathy is rather assuring them that its okay to feel the way they feel. Empathy is helping them to accept their situation,emotions,thoughts and present condition while sharing your own story to them. Everyone has a story. It’s the negative which makes the positive

Good Vibes and Happiness are same, right?

You mean, is mental peace and happiness same? Yes, they are. Being at peace with yourself takes years. It is a very difficult process. We are not saints. Once you are at peace with yourself, you will feel content. Self contention.
Happiness is not smiling and going here and there to tell everyone that ‘ Hey, I am positive. Feel my Vibes’. Happiness is enjoyment. It can be in public or private. Loud or quiet. A party or a book. A diamond or just a cup of tea. It depends. Happiness is based on your perspective. When you are content with yourself, you do elude positive vibes. You do not even need to wear a ‘Good Vibes Only’ t-shirt to communicate it to others.
Good vibes are not wrong. They are never wrong. But it is not achieved by hiding your pains, ignoring them or just imprisoning them behind your teeth while you put a big smile on your face

Large Hadron Collider-the world’s largest machine

The smallest thing that we can see with a light microscope is about 500 nano-meters. A typical atom is anywhere from 0.1 to 0.5 nano-meters in diameter. So we need an electron microscope to measure these atoms. The electron microscope was invented in 1931. Beams of electrons are focused on a sample. When they hit it, they are scattered, and this scattering is used to recreate an image. Then what about protons or neutrons? Or what about quarks? The quarks are the most fundamental building blocks of matter. So how did we find such small particles exist? The answer is a particle collider. A particle collider is a tool used to accelerate two beams of particles to collide since 1960s.

The largest machine built by man, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a particle accelerator occupying an enormous circular tunnel of 27 kilometres in circumference, ranging from 165 to 575 feet below ground. It was situated near Genoa, Switzerland. It is so large that over the course of its circumference crosses the border between France and Switzerland. That’s the giant collaboration going on between over 100 countries and 10,000 scientists. The tunnel itself was constructed between 1983 and 1988 to house another particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider, which operated until 2000, its replacement, the LHC, was approved in 1995, and was finally switched on in September 2008.

The Larger Hadron Collider (LHC) covers the circumference of 27 kilometres

Working of the Large Hadron Collider

 The LHC is the most powerful particle accelerator ever built and has designed to explore the limits of what physicists refer to as the standard Model, which deals with fundamental sub-atomic particles. There are two vacuum pipes are installed inside the tunnel which intersects in some places and 1,232 main magnets are connected to the pipe. For proper operation, the collider magnets need to be cooled to -271.3 °C. To attain this temperature, 120 tons of liquid helium is poured into the LHC. These powerful magnets can accelerate protons near the speed of light, so they can complete a circuit in less than 90 millionths of a second. Two beams operate in opposite directions around the ring. At four separate points the two beams cross, causing protons to smash into each other at enormous energies, with their destruction being witnessed by super-sensitive instruments. But it’s not that easy to do this experiment. Each beam consists of bunches of protons and most of the protons just miss each other and carry on around the ring and do they it again. Because, atoms are mostly empty space, so getting them to collide is incredibly difficult. It’s like colliding a needle into a needle, provided that the distance between them is 10 kilometres.

Collision of protons at near the speed of light

The aim of these collisions is to produce countless new particles that stimulate, on a micro scale, some of the conditions postulated in the Big Bang at the birth of the universe. Higgs Boson was discovered with the help of LHC. This so called ‘God Particle’ that could be responsible for the very existence of mass. If it disappeared, all particles in the universe will become absolutely weightless and fly around the universe in the speed of light (299,792,458 m/s). that means we can reach our moon in 1.3 seconds from earth.

“When you look at a vacuum in a quantum theory of fields, it isn’t exactly nothing.” – Peter Higgs

Violence Against Women

By – Supriya

Women have always been the most vulnerable and off – exploited section of the society in any age, time, place and society. They have been, since ages, victims of humiliation, torture, exploitation and violence. Violence does not merely mean application of physical force,it can be mental, psychological and emotional as well. Violence, in its broadest sense, has been described as ” an act of a person which encroaches upon the freedom of another”. Violence can be an overt threat or an overt application of force which aims at harming or destroying a person or his reputation. Even the intent of causing harm and injury to someone is considered as an act of violence. Violence against women can be categorised under three broad categories of (1) Criminal Violence as rape , abduction or murder;(2) Domestic Violence which includes dowry-deaths,wife battering, sexual abuse, maltreatment of widows or elderly women, and lastly (3) Social Violence which includes forcing a wife or daughter-in-law to go for female foeticide , eve- teasing , refusing to give a share to women in property, forcing a woman to commit sati, forcing her into marriage for business interests or family honour or harassing a woman for any other reason. The Police Research Bureau, Delhi divides crime against women under two categories – crimes under the Indian Penal Code(IPC) , seven crimes such as rape , kidnapping , abduction, homicide for dowry , physical as well as mental torture, molestation and eve – teasing are covered. Forcing sati, harassment for dowry, immoral trafficking and indecent representation of women fall under local and special laws.
Considering the cases of violence against women we see that most of the time the women who feel helpless and depressed and suffer from poor self- image, and those who are emotionally vulnerable, or live in stressful family situations, or sociologically abnormal families, who lack social maturity or social interaction skills or whose husbands are alcoholic etc are the ones susceptible to violence and easy victimization. In fact, women are abused and victimized mostly by men they know. According to a recent survey, India is the fourth – most dangerous place for women in the world, primarily due to high number of female foeticide, infanticide and human trafficking cases in India.As per the UN population Fund, up to 50 million girls were thought to be ‘missing’ from the country over the past century due to female infanticide and foeticide. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (India) statistics on crime against women in india , a total of 185312 incidents of crime against women (both under IPC and other laws) were reported in the country during 2007 as compared to 164765 during 2006, recording an increase of 12.5%. Out of 20737 reported rape cases in the country ,9.5%( 1972) of the total victims were girls under 15 years of age, while 15.2%(3152) were teenaged girls (15-18 years). Nearly two-third (11984) (57.7%) were women in the age – group 18 – 30 years, 3530 victims (17.0%) were in the age – group of 30-50 years while 0.6% (133) were over 50 years of age. Offenders were known to the victims in as many as 19188 (92.5%) cases. The number of sexual harassment cases has increased by 9.9% over the previous year’s 10950 cases and the number of dowry death cases soared high by 6.2% over the previous year’s 7618 cases.

Indian women are equally vulnerable to domestic violence. While a total of 75930 cases were reported in the country in 2007 with an increase of 20.3% over 2006, the world statistics of domestic violence reveals around 960000 incidents of violence, against current or former partners every year. The statistics are alarming and smoking . One must remember that these are the reported cases. There are a host of other instances of violence which go unreported due to fear of further violence, social stigma or even death. Violent crimes against women have been on an increase especially in the capital city – Delhi.

With passage of time, the society is now awakening to its responsibility towards women. It is ionical that in a land where goddesses are worshipped , the crime rate against women is so high. Thus various agencies and organisations have come up to raise the issue of women’s dignity , protection and rights.Mahila Courts, Family Courts and various NGOs are now supporting the women’s cause and are working for women. Cases of domestic of women. Most of the victimized women don’t even know that they are victims of violence and they are oblivious to their rights. Thus, if we want to stop crimes against women , we must first educate women. The age old concept of a ‘ women’s destiny’ or ‘ naseeb apna apna’ has to be changed. This can be done only by educating women and giving them their sense of dignity which they have lost over the ages by making them aware of their rights. It is only by creating awareness among women and society at large that the growing rate of violence against women can be stopped.

THANKYOU

WHAT IS CRYPTOCURRENCY?

 Cryptocurrency
is basically a virtual currency that is not possible to imitate. The
‘cryptocurrency’ is derived from the encryption techniques. These
cryptocurrencies are based on blockchain technologies. A blockchain, in simple
words, means a database to keep records about the holders of the currency.
Because these currencies are digitally operated and not issued by any
government agents or authorities, there is eventually no political interference
or manipulation.

 The first even blockchain launched
cryptocurrency was Bitcoin which till date is the most famous crypto. Apart
from that, there are various other currencies with different functions
available in the market now that it has become such a hot topic.

Bitcoin was
launched in 2009 by a group known as ‘Satoshi Nakamoto’. Over 18.8 Million
crypto are being circulated in the market with a total market cap of $858.9
Billion as of August 2021 and there are only 21 Million currencies available
leading to the reduction of chances of both inflation and manipulation. Some of
the other alternate currencies include Litecoin, Peercoin, Namecoin, Ethereum,
Cardano and Eos.

Crypto
generally allow for safe payments online which are referred as ‘tokens’ and the
ledger entries of these exchange of tokens are stored digitally. Many investors
make money out of these currencies by selling them to other investors at a
profit.

Cryptocurrencies
claim that it makes it easier for financial transactions between two parties as
it does not require any third party that needs to be trusted with their money.
These transactions are secured by a private key. A private key is one that is
only known by the owner of the account and is used by him to sign away
transactions. This uses the least of transaction fees unlike the banks and
other financial institutions which charge a certain amount for wire transfer.

A downside
of these currency is that it is partially anonymous which makes it easier for
illegal business like tax evasion and money laundering. However, this anonymity
is highly valued by some individuals considering it acts like a protection for
those activists who live under a repressive government.

The market
price of any product depends upon its demand and supply and similar theory
applies to cryptocurrency. The rate at which one currency can be exchanged for
another can fluctuate widely which makes it a risky business to invest in. The
cost of producing a crypto, especially Bitcoin, which is an extremely large
amount, depends upon its market price.

It is also a
fact that only the blockchain of these currencies are digitally secured. The
other aspects of it like ‘wallets’ and ‘exchanges’ are not highly secured. They
are still prone to hacking and in the past 10 years, there have been cases of
millions of dollars being stolen via hacking of some mere coins.

The fact
cannot be ignored that cryptocurrency has only been in the market for 10 years.
It is not some gold or a piece of land that can be bought and guarantee you a
profit in future. It is a completely different and new technology that needs
knowledge and awareness. Just like stock market, one needs to be fully educated
before investing their valuable money into this business.