CONTRACT LAW.

contract law according to Indian contract act 1872 is an agreement enforceable by law and contract is agreement made between two or more parties which the law will enforce.

The essential elements of a valid contract are offers and acceptance it is one of the essential of valid contract that must be an offer from either side of the party without the offer a contract cannot be formed there must be an offer from one party and acceptance from the other party secondary legal relationship the parties to an agreement must create legal relationship agreements of a social or domestic nature do not create legal relations and as such cannot give rise to a contract early lawful consideration consideration is something in return consideration has been defined as the price paid to one party to the promise of the other fourth capacity of parties it means that the parties to an agreement must be competent to contract accountant by a person of unsound mind is void ab initio does and contact enter into by a minor or by a lunatic is void fifth free consent for a valid contract it is necessary that the consent of parties to the contract must be free sixth lawful object it is also necessary that agreement should be made for a lawful object every agreement of which the object or consideration is unlawful is illegal seventh certainty for a valid contract the terms and condition of agreement must be clear and certain 8 possibility of performance if the act is legally or physically impossible to perform the agreement cannot be enforceable at law ninth not expressly declared void agreement must not be one of those which has been expressly declared to be void by act certain agreements are declared void under the Indian contract act 1872 finally legal formalities according to contract act and contract may be oral or in writing. Although In practical it is always in the interest of parties that the contract should be made in writing so that it may be convenient to prove in the court.

The contract are classified on the following basis 1 on the basis of enforceability consisting of of valid contract voidable contract void agreement void contract enforceable contract express contract implied contract executed contract E-Commerce contract by letter contract. Valid contract is a contract which are enforceable in a court of law voidable contract if one party to the contract as the option of enforcing a contract by law but not at the option of the other it is and voidable contract void agreement agreement not enforceable by law void contract it is an agreement it may be enforceable at the time when it was entered into but later on due to certain reason impossibility or illegality of the contract it may become unenforceable express contract is a contract with the offer or acceptance of any promise is made in words the promise is said to be express unenforceable contract is a contract which as not properly fulfill the legal formalities that means unenforceable contract suffers from some technical defect like insufficient stamp executed contract is a contract with both the parties and perform their obligations bilateral contract is a contract with both the parties to perform their obligation E-Commerce contract is a contract basically done through online mode using internet.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

“Entrepreneurship is an activity that entails putting one’s own resources at risk in order to start a business or produce something with a commercial purpose.”
The act of starting a firm in order to make a profit is the basic definition of entrepreneurship. In today’s society, however, entrepreneurship has expanded to include the act of changing the world by solving large-scale problems. With the introduction of the internet, entrepreneurship now has the ability to effect social change by developing a service or product that has a good influence on individuals and addresses societal concerns with innovative solutions.
Entrepreneurship including land, labour, natural resources, and capital can yield a profit in economics. The entrepreneurial mindset is characterized by exploration and risk-taking, and it is an essential component of a country’s ability to compete in an ever-changing and increasingly competitive global marketplace.

What is an entrepreneur?

An entrepreneur is a person who starts a new firm, taking on the most of the risks and reaping the majority of the benefits. The entrepreneur is often thought of as a creator of new ideas, products, services, and business or methods. The entrepreneurs on this list hail from all over the world (from the United States to Europe to Asia) and operate in a wide range of fields (HR, digital, health, finance, entertainment, art, design, and so on), but they all have one thing in common: a passion for what they do.
Small or home-based businesses to global corporations are all types of businesses. An entrepreneur’s earnings are made through a combination of land, natural resources, labour, and capital, according to economic theory. In a word, an entrepreneur is someone who has the desire and determination to start a new business and is willing to take on all of the risks that come with it.

Characteristics of Entrepreneurship:

1.Self-motivation: One of the most important attributes of entrepreneurs is their ability to motivate themselves. Even if you don’t have an immediate source of revenue, you must stick to your plan and keep moving forward.

2.Job Creation: Entrepreneurship leads to the creation of jobs. It offers an entry-level role, which allows unskilled workers to gain experience and training.
3.Increased Standard of Living: Entrepreneurship helps to raise a person’s standard of living by raising his or her income. The term “standard of living” refers to a growth in a household’s consumption of various products and services through time.
4.Risk Bearing: The essence of entrepreneurship is the willingness to take risks, without which one cannot thrive. It occurs as a result of the development and implementation of new concepts. Because such ideas are sometimes speculative, the outcome may or may not be favourable and immediate.
5.Encourages research and development: Before introducing a new product or service, it must be thoroughly investigated and tested. As a result, entrepreneurship helps universities and research institutes to support research and development. This encourages economic growth, research, and development.
6.Be enthusiastic about your work: At the end of the day, successful entrepreneurs are driven by their passion. They are passionate about their product, service, or mission. When you’re feeling down, passion will help you discover inspiration and propel you forward. To keep going forward with your self-employment ideas, you’ll need passion.

Child Labour

According to the International labour organisation(ILO) there are around 12.9 million Indian children engaged in work between ages of 7 to 17 years old.According to ILO, children up to the age limit of 15 should not be in job forcibly by the parents or masters in factories,offices or restaurants.

There are several reasons for child labour like poverty,irregular education,insufficient laws and rules etc.First of all the mindset of the society should be changed to emphasize that children must go to school and adults should be employed.Government should make stricter law to eradicate child labour.

How to prevent Child Labour

  • Children should be given first priority by their parents to take proper and regular education.
  • Every family must earn their minimum income to survive and prevent child labour.
  • Children work should be given to adults.In this way, an adult will get work and children are free from labour.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN INDIA

Fundamental rights are required for the all round development of a human being. They make the life of people meaningful by giving them rights like speech and to live in an area of their choice.

The fundamental rights are :
☆ Right to Equality
☆ Right to Freedom
☆ Right against Exploitation
☆ Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion.
☆ Cultural and Educational Rights for minorities.
☆ Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Right to Equality

It refers to equality before law and equal protection of law. Prohibition or discrimination on the grounds of religion, caste, races, gender or place of birth is offensive and one can seek justice from court.

Right to Freedom

Six different types of freedom are mentioned in the Constitution. They are :
✓Freedom of speech and expression.
✓Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms.
✓Freedom to form association and unions.
✓Freedom to reside and settle in any part of India.
✓Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.
✓Freedom to practice any profession and carry on any occupation, trade and business.

Right against Exploitation

It is against the law to employ children below 14 years of age in mines, factories or other occupations. Neither contractor nor an employer can force a worker to do a job against the their will.

Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion

This rights gives the citizens freedom to follow and practice a religion of their choice. All citizens have the freedom of conscience or ideas. The citizens also have the freedom to follow their own ways for practicing any religion.

Cultural and Educational Rights

The constitution gives us the right to preserve, protect and promote culture. We have the right to open schools, associations and societies to preserve and promote our tradition and culture. Similarly a group of people may open a school for imparting religious education to children. The government also promotes such activities by giving grants. However, such institutions cannot deny admission to anyone based on their caste, colour, creed or even religion.

Right to Constitutional Remedies

Fundamental Rights are guaranteed by the Constitution. By this right, a person can adopt Constitutional means and approach a court if he is denied the Fundamental Rights. The court then issues orders which are called ‘ Writs’ to the government to restore the rights to the citizen. The Constitutional Remedies put to right anything which may be wrong in terms of the Constitution. This right therefore protects and safeguards all other rights.

ISRAEL.

The modern Israel as its origin Zionism movement. Established in the late 19th century by Jews in the Russian Empire called for the establishment of a territory Jewish state after encluding persecution. Israel is a small country in the middle East about the size of New Jersey located on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean sea and bordered by Egypt. Jordan Lebanon and Syria when was World war 1 ended in 1918 with an allied victory the Ottoman Empire rule ended and great Britain to control over style the British controlled Palestine untile Israel in the years following the end of world war 2 became an independent state. Inmein 1948 style was officially declared an independent state while the historic event seemed to be a victory of Jews. It is also marked the beginning of more violence with the Arabs following the announcement of a independent Israel five Arab Nations like Egypt Jordan Syria sraq labanon immediately invaded the region.

The land of Israel also known as the holy land in the birth place of Jewish people. It contains sites scared by Judaism Islam Christianity Samaritan druze and the bahafaith. In its early decades the economy official was largely state controlled and shaped by social democratic ideas his trial in the central highlands as a cultural and probably political entity more and ethical group rather than an organised state. The Archeological evidence indicated a society of village like centres but with more limited resources of a small population the capital of Israel is Jerusalem and the official language is Hebrew. Israel as evidence of the early humans in the territory of modern Israel who lived in the area that is now Northern Israel 120000 years ago. Over the last decade large numbers of migrant workers from Romania Thailand China Africa and South America have settled in Israel. Israel as one official language Hebrew Arabic has been an official language of the state of Israel. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and spoken everyday by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by arab minority. Many Israel is communicate Reasonably well in English as many television programs are broadcasted in English with subtitles of their language is taught from the early Israel in elementary school.

Israel is a parliamentary democratic with universal suffrage. Member of parliament support by and parliamentary majority become the prime minister. Interaction between the political parties keeps the balance between state and religion largely as it existed during the British. The land itself is not considered part of his trial as well as consciously refrained from annexing the territory without ever relinquishing it’s legal claim to the land for defining a border with the area. The Israel defence forces (IDF) is the sole military wing of the trial security forces and is headed B chief of general staff. The IDF also draws upon the resources of the military intelligence directorate. The Israel defence forces have been involved in several major war and make it one of the most battle trained armed forces in the world.

The international community maintains that Israel does not have sovereignty in the west bank and consider israel’s control of the area to be the longest military occupation in modern history subsequent legislative act have resulted in full application of law within the golen heights and East Jerusalem the government Israel is unitary parliamentary constituency republic.

Kamala Das: The Woman Who Broke Barriers

In an era where women were enclosed within the walls of customs and traditions, Kamala Das rose ferociously against the world. From expressing her relation struggles to her sexual desires Kamala Das is a writer who laid out her life in literature despite the criticisms she received for it.

Born in Punnayurkulam Kerala in 1934 Kamala Das was introduced to literature from a young age thanks to her parent’s literary background. However, Kamala spent her early years in Calcutta. She was married quite early, at 15, to a bank officer who was fairly older than her but encouraged her passion for writing. Kamala Das wrote in two languages, Malayalam (her native tongue) and English, and has expressed the criticisms she received for this in her poem, An Introduction;

Why not leave

Me alone, critics, friends, visiting cousins,

Every one of you? Why not let me speak in

Any language I like?

The language I speak

Becomes mine, its distortions, its queernesses,

All mine, mine alone. It is half English, half

Indian, funny perhaps, but it is honest,

It is human as I am human, don’t

You see?

Her most famous works include her poetry collections included in Summer in Calcutta (1965), The Descendants (1967), and The Old Playhouse, and Other Poems (1973). Her novel and short-stories such as “A Doll for the Child Prostitute” (1977) and her other Malayalam works were some of her most significant works. However, her most criticised work was her own autobiography My Story (1976) that invited harsh criticisms for her open and intimate sexual confessions.

The poet-author apart from her confessional poetry also sketched out the experiences of being a woman in India. The strong patriarchal opinions and her strong feministic yearnings make Kamala a woman who followed her own principles.

Apart from the negative lime-light Kamala’s literary art is one that speaks volume. Her poems are often filled with rich and intense imagery emotions with the verse outlined creatively to convey Kamala’s feelings and bring the experience of her abyss to her readers.

In her poem, Summer in Calcutta the beginning verse goes;

What is this drink but

The April sun, squeezed

Like an orange in

My glass? I sip the

Fire, I drink and drink

Again, I am drunk

The main idea of the poem is that Kamala Das is drunk on the summer vibes of Calcutta. She describes the April sun as an orange juice that is making her feel happy, satisfied and worry-free. She loves the heat of the sun and forgets all her pains of the past momentarily. One may assume Kamala to be drunk on alcohol while sitting in the sun although this cannot be true as Kamala re-iterates again and again that it is the sun that makes her drunk. The whole scene in the poem describes the transient happiness and pleasure that Kamala receives by being under the sun and away from her marital life.

In another poem, My Grandmother’s House, Kamala describes the sense of security she felt in her grandma’s house when she was young. She also explains how apart from being a haven how the house comforted her and made her felt proud for who she was. Her present life is so full of devastations that she now longs to go back to her past.

Kamala maybe majorly known for her explicit use of sexual imagery but her art always spoke for her, portrayed her emotions honestly and made her a woman who stood strong with her convictions.

Sexual Harassment

When we hear the word Sexual Harassment what we picture in our mind a girl or a woman getting harassed by a man! But sexual harassment is not a narrow term which we can use only with respect to girls or women. It is a broader term which includes harassment on all the gender.

What is the meaning of Sexual harassment?

The word sexual harassment means any form of unwelcome sexual behavior which is offensive, humiliating and intimidating. According to EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) sexual harassment is defined as : Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when

  • Submission to such conducts is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of individual’s employment,
  • Submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as a basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or
  • Such conduct has the purpose os effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.

Here, unwelcome does not mean “involuntary.” A victim may consent or agree to certain conduct and actively participate in it even though it is offensive and objectionable. Therefore, sexual conduct is unwelcome whenever the person subjected to it considers it unwelcome. Whether the person in fact welcomed a request for a date, sex-oriented comment, or joke depends on all the circumstances.    Source: Preventing Sexual Harassment (BNA Communications, Inc.) SDC IP .73 1992 manual

Types of Sexual Harassment

  1. Verbal or Written
  2. Non-verbal or Visual
  3. Physical

Verbal or Written

Here in the sense of sexual harassment verbal or written means saying, commenting, joking, or writing about someone in vulgar manner. We have often see on the road boys are shouting out to girls using words like doll, babe etc. Yes, this is also sexual harassing and that’s why it is called verbal. Following are some more examples:-

  • Referring someone using inappropriate or vulgar language.
  • Whistling at someone in an unwanted manner.
  • Making sexual comments on someone’s body
  • Making kissing sounds.
  • Repeatedly asking out someone who is not interested.
  • Spreading rumors about a person’s personal life.
  • Texting someone offensive joke.

Early these were very trivial matter on the roads and  now-a-days it can be widely and easily seen on social media.

Non-verbal or visual

Well, this is the most trivial and probably the hardest to spot because it’s most subjective and one have to put in the shoes of the other person. For example:-

  • Looking a person with elevator eyes (up & down).
  • Staring at someone.
  • Following someone.
  • Making sexual gestures with hands or trough body movements.
  • Making facial expressions such as winking, throwing kisses etc.

Physical

It seems that this is very easy to recognize but it is also too complex. Many time people get confused about physical touch. Here are some examples:-

  • Touching someone sexually around other people.
  • Hugging, kissing , stroking.
  • Actual or attempted rape.
  • Touching someone’s clothing, hair, or bodily assault.

Now-a-days sexual harassment is very common in workplaces and even in educational institutions. Cases about these things can be seen frequently. For example recently in Calicut University an Mphil student leveled sexual harassment charges against an assistant professor, Haris Kodampuzha from English department. As per complaint, he used to send sensual message to the student and for this he was suspended.

There are laws all over world which protects people from sexual harassment. In there is “The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal ) Act, 2013” that seeks to protect women from sexual harassment at their place of work. The Act came into force from 9 December 2013. In India, the legislations talk only about sexual harassment and rape of women. Then the question is who will protect men from harassments. There is no law to shield males from the bloodthirsty act of harassment and rape. Under Indian law, there is only one section 377 of Indian Penal Code which talks about “sodomy”. 377.  it is written that “Unnatural offences: Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.” Explanation: Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section. Except this all other laws and sections are meant only for females.

While the sexual harassment of females has consistently declined in the past few years as government has made some very effective legislations in India. But sexual harassment of men is increasing day by day. Hence it is important to demand equal accesses  to justice for both males as well as females. For this the legislation of government has to make laws which protect the male from various kinds of harassments and assaults at different areas. There is also a need to educate and aware people especially children and students about sexual harassment. So if they suffer from any such act then they will be able to approach to any authority or any elder person rather than suffering.

Mental Health amidst Covid

Mental health is health too.

The pandemic has taken a toll on mental health across the globe. Cases of depression and suicide have increased manifold ever since this coronavirus abruptly interfered with our daily life, and left us on house arrest with never-ending thoughts and endless fear. This speck of RNA has changed the entire outlook of the dynamic world we live in. Be it trade, finance, education or tourism everything seems to stand still for a while, as a consequence of which unemployment skyrocketed, which leads to utter despair and curtailed hope even further. History has never witnessed such a destructive catastrophe till date.

It was just the first wave summarised so far because the damage done by the second wave in India is nothing less than a nightmare in which hundreds and thousands of people lost their lives and scarcity of oxygen came into the picture. With deaths comes grief, anxiety, pain etc that is detrimental to mental health beyond the scope of one’s imagination.

Here are some ways to look after your mental health in these trying times:

Priorities Yourself:

Give yourself priority and listen to your instincts. Do not let others set a line for you because you’re the one who knows yourself the best. But it doesn’t mean to turn a blind eye towards others. It okay to be in your little bubble for a while. Take your time and relax.

Express your Feelings:

It’s not necessary to be expressive all the time, but try to communicate if there is something inside your head that is eating you alive. Communication is the key. Express your feelings in whatever way you want to. Be a loner but don’t be lonely.

Rebuild your routine:

Since we are still stuck with the online education situation, it’s necessary to have a profound morning routine. It will help you to align for the rest of the day and less likely to have a chance to sit ideally and overthink.

Control Overthinking:

Thinking before making any decision is appreciable but continuously thinking about something in endless circles is exhausting.
While everyone thinks over a certain point of time, but “What if and should” dominates the thinking of chronic overthinkers which is mentally draining and can put your health and total well-being at risk.
Rather than getting lost in the thoughts of what you could have, would have and should have done differently, try to become self-aware and connect to your immediate world.

Ask for help:

Be strong enough to ask for help. There are lots of counsellors and therapists available online. They will hear you out and validate your emotions. All you need to do is to summon your courage and accept yourself.

HISTORY OF LAKSHADWEEP.

Lakshadweep is one of India 8th union territory. Local traditional attribute the the settlement on this islands to the period of Cheraman Perumal, The last king of Kerala. The principal islands in the territory are minical and those in the amindivi group. Lakshadweep means one lakh islands in Malayalam the official as well as the the widely spoken native language in the territory. The region forms a single Indian district with 10 subdivisions the island are the The northernmost of the Lakshadweep Maldives chagos group of islands which are the top of a watched under sea bridge mountain range the chagos Lakshadweep.

There are reference to the control of the islands by the Charas in the Sangam patirrupattur local traditional and legends attribute the first settlement on these islands the oldest inhabited Islands in the group are Amini, lalpeni, Andetto, Kavararti and Agatti. Most people of Lakshadweep are descendants of migrants from the Malabar coast of Southwest India and the islands are ethically e similar to coastal Kerala Malayali people the South most and second largest Islands of minicoy has and ethically e e population that are native to the Maldives it is believed that after is conversion to Islam at the behest of sono Arab merchants the present day kodungallor old as our town Kochi. It is believed that one of this sailing boats of Raja of cannanore was stuck by a fierce strong and they were shipwrecked on the island now known as bangaarama. The advent of Islam dates back to the seventh century around the year 41 hijra even after the convention of the entire Islands to Islam sovereignty remained in the ends of The Hindu rajah of chirakkal for some years later the administration of ireland’s passed onto the Muslim house of arakkal of cannanore around the middle of the 16 century.

Its traditional system of administration was treated by the English as something of miss government but they were more interested in their own political and economic interest that was the good government of the island. The soils of Lakshadweep agentry Sandy derived from the coral. The economic of Lakshadweep is agriculture and fishing coconut plums are the agriculture mainstay of Lakshadweep copra is produced and exported to the mainland and the cultivation of bananas vegetable fruit edible root crops and millet. The fishing is a continuous and ancient tradition of Skilled navigation among the territory. Other manufacturing activities coir coconut nosiery production fibre production weaving and boat building. The tourism promotes the industry which is closely monitored to guard against negative moment. The Government sponsored tour package available. The transportation to Lakshadweep is connected to the Indian mainland by sea and air there is and airport on the island of Agatti which has regular plane service to and from Kochi there are only a few miles of roads in Lakshadweep.

most of the Lakshadweep Islands speak Malayalam which is skin to old Sinhalese to safeguard indias vital shipping lanes to the middle East and Indian Navy base INS Dweeprakshak was commissioned on Kavararti Island.

STRUCTURE AND LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE

The atmosphere is thick near the earth surface and thins out until it eventually merges with space. The five atmospheric layers are:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere

TROPOSPHERE
The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the troposphere. The Greek word ‘tropos’ means ‘turn’ or change. The layer extends upto 8kms at the pole and upto 18kms at the Equator.

The temperature decreases with increasing height. Almost all weather phenomenon take place in this layer. Hence it is called weather making layer. The upper limit of the troposphere is called tropopause.

STRATOSPHERE
Stratosphere lies above the troposphere. It extends to a height of about 50km above Earth surface. Since this layer is a concentration of ozone molecules, it is also referred as ozonosphere.

The temperature increases with increase in height in this layer. Large jet planes normally fly here. The upper limit of the stratosphere is called as stratosphere.

MESOSPHERE
Mesosphere extends between 50km and 80km. The temperature decreases with increasing height.

Most of the meteors nearing the Earth, get burned here. The upper most limit of the mesosphere is the mesosphere.

THERMOSPHERE
Thermosphere exists above the mesosphere. It extends to about 600km. The composition of gases in the lower thermosphere is more or less uniform, hence it is called ‘Homosphere’. The upper portion of the thermosphere has uneven composition of gases and hence it is referred as ‘Heterosphere’.

Here the temperature increases with increasing height. Ionosphere is a layer of the thermosphere that contains Ions and free electrons. Radio waves transmitted from earth are reflected back to Earth from this layer.

EXOSPHERE
The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is called exosphere. This layer is extremely rarefied with gases and gradually merges with the outer space. This zone is characterized by aurora Australis and aurora borealis.

Movie Review: Interstellar

In Interstellar, the final frontier is not outer space but the fifth dimension, which exists beyond the three dimensions of space and the time dimension of relativity. This is not surprising: director Christopher Nolan conducted ambitious experiments with space and time in his prior films Memento and Inception. Here he returns to the set with a hypothesis that rests somewhat uneasily on both the hardheaded persistence of science and the earnest vulnerability of the human condition. For instance, it is noteworthy that Kip Thorne, a theoretical physicist who specializes in gravitational physics, served as a consultant and executive producer. Yet, Interstellar is a movie where “love” is uttered in the same breath as explanations for Einstein’s theory of relativity, and the formula to break the space-time continuum can be found in a child’s bedroom. What Nolan conveys is that the problem, the drive that pushes mankind to explore space is connected—inseparable, even—to the spaces of interiority we inhabit as individuals, and the solution lies beyond the perceptions cast in three dimensions.

What distinguishes Interstellar from his prior work is the way that Nolan tackles the consequences of the very same pleasure found in the technological offerings in his other films like The Dark Knight trilogy and The Prestige. Accordingly, his latest movie builds off these premises: that humans have exhausted all resources within 3D Earth, technology has accelerated its obliteration, and time is pushing the planet forward to ruin. The Atlantic’s Noah Gittell writes that when it comes to addressing the effects that technological fallout may have on the environment, “Hollywood has yet to adequately address [it]… When faced with unpleasant [End Page 92] realities, we all prefer a fantasy.”1 This is a movie that explores ways to escape Earth, and the protagonist Cooper (Matthew McConaughey), is charged with carrying out an undercover NASA mission to find a suitable planetary replacement. Cooper agrees to the mission after discovering NASA’s underground headquarters and meeting its de facto head Brand (Michael Caine), who spells dire consequences for Earth. This imperative pushes mankind out of the dust and out into the stars.

In the world of Interstellar, if man is contesting his place under the sun, then where does technology fall? Computers no longer serve as totemic objects; rather, they appear in a home-worn ubiquitous way, much in the same vein as Her, Gravity, and other recent sci-fi films. In Interstellar, technology is no longer representational—it does not appear as glitzy gadgetry that typically serve as plot gimmicks nor as the focus of cyborgian suspicion like with Ridley Scott’s David in Prometheus or Spike Jonze’s Samantha in Her. The film’s droids come in the form of TARS and CASE, and the former, voiced with deadpan humor by Bill Irwin, portrays none of the tension that arises from artificial sentience the way that his predecessors do. In fact, most of the technology looks worn: the ship is called the Endurance and the images of the team’s take-off look like they were pulled from footage of Cold War era space missions. Man’s greatest endeavors are meant to look fragile. At a moment of grave miscalculation, Cooper rages at Brand, the professor’s daughter and a scientist of her own right (Anne Hathaway): “We’re not prepared for this.” Movie critic A.O. Scott observes, “The Nolans cleverly conflate scientific denialism with technophobia, imagining a fatalistic society that has traded large ambition for small-scale problem solving and ultimate resignation.”2 The movie occupies half of its screen time in dust-baked American farmland. By juxtaposing scenery evocative of the 1930s Dustbowl with televised memorials of elderly Americans recounting the blight with an innocuous black laptop on a kitchen table collecting dust, the film subtly jolts viewers back to the movie’s futuristic premise.

PLASTIC POLLUTION!

— A hazardous problem for our nation

Photo by Magda Ehlers on Pexels.com

I have realized that i’m living in a world ,where : rivers are filled with pollutants , air is filled up with toxic gases , soil is polluted with waste materials , and humans are habituated to turn a blind eye upon these by the name of technology and development, expect for some people.

The major factor of this pollution is plastic , Do you know : More than 99% of plastics are produced from chemicals derived from oil,natural gas and coal -all of which are non-renewable resources. only 9%of all plastic waste ever produced has been recycled , About 12% incinerated & the rest 79% used in land fills ,dumps etc,. so , please understand the seriousness of this and start using eco-friendly items.

plastic: the common factor for all pollutions.

Plastic waste is something which is not eco-friendly , non-renewable particles . Plastic pollution is nothing but a harmful accumulation of synthetic plastic production in the environment. Basically , plastic pollution is nothing but pollution caused by the plastic in different kinds of ways . Alot of plastic waste is dumped in the dumping areas not only causing the soil pollution but also making the land non-usable .

Photo by Tom Fisk on Pexels.com

-> This land can be used for the poor people from slum areas . India consists 2,216,533 of population who are living in slums . By decreasing the usage of plastic makes the land useful by providing the people to get a place to live.

-> Plastic waste also makes the land infertile and makes the land useful for farming which decreases the production of crops.

-> By dumping the plastic waste in oceans and rivers creates water pollution . It even causes a problem for the livelihood of marine animals . 100 million marine animals die each year from plastic waste in oceans. “This is only in the records , out of the records don’t even know”. and 100,000 marine animals die from getting entangled in plastic waste.

Photo by Yogendra Singh on Pexels.com

-> Coming to the water pollution , Chlorinated plastic can release harmful chemicals into the surrounding soil, which can then seep into groundwater or other surrounding water sources, and also the ecosystem. The long stay of plastic in water can stimulate the plastic and combine some of its nature into water which makes water unreliable to drink and use .

->By burning the plastic , the toxic gases get released causing air pollution . The chemicals which get released ,pollute the air and affect the surrounding areas by making the air un-breathable . The smoke which comes is so hazardous ,it remains in air for longer time and causing the damage for ozone layer : which is protecting us from the direct hit of sunlight . The direct hit of sunlight can shatter the livelihood of humans cause we cannot bare the heat it produces. Though there are many other initials where poisonous gases are producing which causes air pollution. one of the main cause is plastic.

summary

so , guys its high time . so many people changed their way about using plastic in their lives .We also need to change and make earth a better place to live . Lets struggle at first to enjoy the tang of better planet . Don’t you guys want to feel the smell of fresh air where pollution is not present anywhere ,see the stars where the sky can create mysteries with the insane nature it has . I hope one day we can see plastic free world.

Bioterrorism

From the past two decades , it is stated that the threat of biological warfare is not a myth but a harsh reality of the world . Due to the outbreak , we can recognise the high risk and consequences of bioterrorism.

This editorial provides you the overview of bioterrorism , it’s symptoms , causes , measures and impact on humans in present scenario .

Introduction

A bioterrorism attack is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs to cause illness or death. These germs are often found in nature. But they can sometimes be made more harmful by increasing their ability to cause disease, spread, or resist medical treatment.

Biological agents spread through the air, water, or in food. Some can also spread from person to person. They can be very hard to detect. They don’t cause illness for several hours or days. Scientists worry that anthrax, botulism, Ebola and other hemorrhagic fever viruses, plague, or smallpox could be used as biological agents.

Despite patchy intelligence, France started its own biological weapons programme in the early 1920s. It was headed by Auguste Trillat, an inventive German-educated chemist who envisioned and tested the sustained virulence of airborne pathogens.

The goal of bioterrorism is usually to create fear and/or intimidate governments or societies for the purpose of gaining political, religious, or ideological goals. Bioterrorism may have a different effect on societies than would weapons such as explosives.

Symptoms

The symptoms of exposure to a biological agent might include sore throat, fever, double or blurred vision, rash or skin blisters, exhaustion, difficulty talking, confusion, descending muscle weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and coughing.

History

Historically, biological weapons have been a threat to humans for many centuries. At those times, very crude methods such as fecal matter, animal carcasses, etc. were used to contaminate water sources, but now the concentrated forms of biological agents such as dried spores and genetically modified organisms are available, which are fatal even in minute quantity.

During the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965, a scrub typhus outbreak in north-eastern India came under suspicion. India’s defense and intelligence outfits were alert to the outbreak of pneumonic plague – well known in biological warfare – in Surat and Bubonic plague in Beed in 1994, which caused several deaths and sizeable economic loss.

Prevention

There are some points that you need to consider during the outbreak :

  • If you become aware of a suspicious substance, quickly get away.
  • Cover your mouth and nose with layers of fabric that can filter the air but still allow breathing. Examples include two to three layers of cotton such as a t-shirt, handkerchief or towel.
  • Depending on the situation, wear a face mask to reduce inhaling or spreading germs.
  • If you have been exposed to a biological agent, remove and bag your clothes and personal items.
  • Follow official instructions for disposal of contaminated items.
  • Wash yourself with soap and water and put on clean clothes.
  • Contact authorities and seek medical assistance. You may be advised to stay away from others or even to quarantine.
  • If your symptoms match those described and you are in the group considered at risk, immediately seek emergency medical attention.
  • Follow the instructions of doctors and other public health officials.
    Avoid crowds.
  • Wash your hands with soap and water frequently.
  • Do not share food or utensils.

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How AI will shape our future

Artificial intelligence has had a huge impact on many industries in recent years and will continue to benefit them in the future. The pandemic-induced acceleration of technology adoption has led many sectors, both private and public to leverage AI for their advantage and growth. In the last few years, AI has enabled many innovations and driven the proliferation of technologies like IoT, robotics, analytics, and voice assistants. According to a report, AI topped the patent filings in 2020. This is not new, AI has been securing a large number of patents in the last few years.

Impact of AI

Artificial Intelligence has had huge impacts in the healthcare sector, especially since the pandemic last year. AI and other disruptive technologies powered a patient-centered healthcare system. This new care scenario is all digital and highlights the importance of data and analytics. Predictive analytics, machine learning, and AI played a pivotal role in drug discovery and vaccine development. In the coming years, the use of these advanced technologies will become the norm, and easily accessible electronic medical records will simplify diagnostics. AI will enable healthcare systems to track and monitor patients in real-time, gain genetic data, and each person’s lifestyle. Algorithms will take up the charge of diagnosing health conditions and prescribing suitable treatments.AI has a lot to offer to the transportation and manufacturing sectors. In the coming years, we might witness the perfect evolution and commercialization of smart and autonomous vehicles. Self-driving cars are already available today, but by the next two to three decades, the world will witness more people using them. The manufacturing sector will also gain benefits from AI. Increased use of robots in factories and predictive analytics in the sector will enhance the quality of products and streamline the logistics and supply chain. Other potential impacts of AI would be in elder care systems, education, finance and business,  customer services, media, space exploration, smart cities, and smart homes.

Will AI Dismantle the Human Workforce?

his fear has always been looming on artificial intelligence. Experts and tech giants like Elon Musk and Stephen Hawkings have warned humans against the adverse consequences and threats of the technology. One of the widely claimed consequences is AI taking over the human workforce and causing massive job losses. This claim is highly overblown and researchers agree that although AI might displace humans from some job roles, it will not replace the whole workforce. AI is likely to replace routine jobs and repetitive tasks like picking and packaging goods, separating and segregating materials, responding to repetitive customer queries, etc. Even today some of these functions are still done by humans and AI will take over these tasks in the future. Thus, the human workforce engaged in these simple and routine jobs should be upskilled and trained to perform new skills. As we are very far from reaching artificial general intelligence, the current technology cannot augment human intelligence fully. This is the reason people should be trained to do high-skilled tasks like programming, coding, and others that are essential for the future. The transition from the old to the new job should be smoothened to reduce the massive impacts.

Should we fear Apocalypse?

Recently, a paper published by researchers at AMOLF’s Soft Robotic Matter group, exhibited how self-learning robots can easily adapt to changing circumstances. These small robotic units were connected to each other for them to learn on their own to move. The future will harness the hidden capabilities of AI and encourage the creation of self-learning robots. Reinforcement learning and training algorithms based on Generative Adversarial Networks will be explored. AI will also prove a flagbearer for sustainable technologies and will be used against fighting climate change by reducing pollution levels and encouraging green AI research. Another threat posed by AI is the violation of human rights by impacting privacy. For example, voice assistants like Alexa and technologies like facial recognition have been blamed for invading the privacy of humans and probably eavesdropping into their lives. These technologies are feared to be used by the powerful state and federal authorities against specific minorities and will curtail the freedom of speech and expression. Thus, AI needs to evolve much to move ahead of these criticisms and enable an ethical and trustworthy system in the future.

Hence, AI as such might not become a threat to human existence. However, there are chances that humans might misuse the capabilities of the technology for causing harm. The scenario of war robots being used to feed harmful motives through their algorithms can be an example. Therefore, in the years ahead, it is necessary to develop an ethical AI ecosystem without human biases and this might alleviate the potential risks of AI in the future.

Star Wars II Explained

Let’s pick up where we left off the last time. Palpatine rose to the position of Chacelor, Qui-Gon Died and Anakin was accepted in the Jedi Order as Obi-Wan’s apprentice. A Sith threat looms in the distance. The story is set 10 years after the battle of Naboo.

The Galactic Republic faces a new threat in the form of a separatist movement organised by former Jedi Knight Count Dooku. Dooku is the former student of Grand Master Yoda and master of the now deceased Qui-Gon Jin, known for his excellent combative prowess and being egotistical. Queen Padme now a senator wishes to form an army to help Jedi combat the threat, she narrowly avoids an attempt on her life on Coruscant. Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi and his apprentice Anakin Skywalker are assigned to protect the senator, after thwarting another attempt on the senators life Obi-Wan is asked to find the mysterious bounty hunter responsible in the death of the assassin.

Obi-Wan’s search leads him to Kamino a planet known for its cloning facilities. There Obi-Wan finds out that clones are being made in the name of the Republic on the orders of Sifo Dyas. Sifo Dyas was gifted with the power of foresight wihch showed him the possibility of a war. Sifo Dyas died before the order could be completed and the order was funded by darth Sidious who used bounty hunter Jango Fett as the genetic template for the clones. Obi-Wan interested in Jango meets him and discovers that a man known as Darth Tyranus suggested Jango being the genetic templet. Obi-Wan notices the helmet stored in Jangos room and realises him to be the same bounty hunter that killed the assassin. After a brief battle against Obi-Wan, Jango escapes with his son Boba to the planet Genosis.

Anakin begins experiencing visions of his mother Shmi, in those visions she seems to be in a lot of pain. He decides to return to Tatooine his home world to check up on her. The slave trader Watto reveals that he sold Shmi to a moisture farmer, after tracking the farmer Anakin finds out that Shmi was abtucted by the tusken Raiders. Hell bent on saving his mother Anakin ventures into the camp to find Shmi barely alive, she dies in his arms. Anakin overcome with anger massacres the entire tribe of the Tusken Raiders only to realise what he did after a while. Feelings like anger, fear, hatred and jealousy are considered to be the seeds of the Dark side as they cloud our judgement.

Obi-Wan discovers the separatist movement organised by count Dooku on Genosis and is caught before he could relay his findings to the Jedi order. Count Dooku visits the captured Obi-Wan and reveals himself to be working with the mysterious Darth Sidious against the galactic republic. The message that Obi-Wan sent reached Anakin who along with Padme decide to save Obi-Wan, they are caught by Jango and sentenced to death along with Obi-Wan.

The trio manages to fend off the creatures set to kill them and stay alive until a clone army led by Grand Master Yoda, Master Mace Windu and other Jedi arrive on Genosis after receiving the retransmitted message from Anakin. Windu kills Jango Fett in the ensuing battle against the droid armies, Obi-Wan and Anakin intercept Dooku that tries to escape. They engage in a light saber duel against Count Dooku but loose after a brief battle due to Dooku being a skilled duellist. They are about to be killed but Yoda intercepts and defends them, Dooku knowing he could never defeat his old master uses the force to distract Yoda by making him choose between saving the young Jedi or letting Dooku go. Yoda decides to save the young Jedi and Dooku uses this opportunity to escape.

Senate representative Jar-Jar Binks proposes a successful vote to give the chancellor emergency powers completely authorizing the creation of the clone army. The Jedi council now more wary of the oncoming threat is baffled by the claim Dooku made, that the senate is controlled by Sidious. Anakin secretly marries Padme which is against the Jedi rules, Jedi claim attachments to be a path that could lead to the dark side.

We shall pick up the next part soon so stay tuned. Until then May the Force be with you