What is Software Testing ? Types of testing – Alpha, Beta, Acceptance

“Testing is the process of executing a program with the intent of finding faults.”

Testing is an important aspect of the software development life cycle. It is basically the process of testing the newly developed software, prior to its actual use. The program is executed with desired input(s) and the output(s) is/are observed accordingly. The observed output(s) is/are compared with expected output(s). If both are same, then the
program is said to be correct as per specifications, otherwise there is something wrong somewhere in the program. Testing is a very expensive process and consumes one-third to one-half of the cost of a typical development project. It is largely a systematic process but partly intuitive too. Hence, good testing process entails much more than just executing a program a few times to see its correctness.

Testing is the process of demonstrating that errors are not present.

The purpose of testing is to show that a program performs its intended functions correctly.

Testing is the process of establishing confidence that a program does what it is supposed to do.

Customers may use the software in different and strange ways. Their involvement in testing may help to understand their minds and may force developers to make necessary changes in the software. These three terms are related to the customer’s involvement in testing with different meanings.

Alpha Testing

These terms are used when the software is developed as a product for anonymous customers. Therefore, acceptance testing is not possible. The alpha tests are conducted at the developer’s site by the customer. These tests are conducted in a controlled environment and may start when the formal testing process is near completion.

Beta Testing

The beta tests are conducted by potential customers at their sites. Unlike alpha testing, the developer is not present here. It is carried out in an uncontrolled real life environment by many potential customers. Customers are expected to report failures, if any, to the company. These failure reports are studied by the developers and appropriate changes
are made in the software. Beta tests have shown their advantages in the past and releasing a beta version of the software to the potential customer has become a common practice. The company gets the feedback of many potential customers without making any payment.

Acceptance Testing

This term is used when the software is developed for a specific customer. The customer is involved during acceptance testing. He/she may design adhoc test cases or well planned test cases and execute them to see the correctness of the software. This type of testing is called acceptance testing and may be carried out for a few weeks or months. The discovered errors are fixed and modified and then the software is delivered to the customer.

Psychology as a career in India

By Satyansh Pathak | 13 July, 2021

Modern life is full of stress, expectations and so on. For many people stress and depression is so common that it has become a way of life. But the consequences can be hazardous. It can be life threatening and serious. Whenever our condition worsens then we ask doctors to help us and bring us back to normal. The same way when we are mentally unhealthy we visit a psychologist. Psychology is a vast subject and it has several opportunities to offer. Until and unless we are interested and looking for opportunities it doesn’t knock our door.
Since psychology is the study of human mind and behavior, it has numerous applications in all walks of life — work, family, relationships, sports, industries and in organizational spaces. We all should always choose a field as well as a career which interests us, make us feel confident and delighted. Psychology has numerous career opportunities. The following are – :
COUNSELLING (Counselling psychologists helps clients deal with personal and interpersonal problems that they face in daily life), SCHOOL and HEALTH COUNSELLORS help individuals in their
respective field, CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY (This field deals with the diagnosis, understanding and treatment of psychological disorders), INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS apply their knowledge and skills on workplace, DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (a field dedicated to the study of how human beings develop over the course of their lifetime), FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY (a field which deals with sensitive issues and legal proceedings) and SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY (impacts the performance of athletes and sports teams by motivating them which eventually enhances their performance).

Thus we can say that PSYCHOLOGY HAS A BRIGHT CAREER in INDIA, a country of billion people. In the coming few years India as a nation would need a number of psychologists and mental health professionals to help people deal with
mental illnesses. The FUTURE has GREAT OPPORTUNITIES  for those who are willing to pursue PSYCHOLOGY as a subject.

ECOSYSTEM

An ecosystem is a community, where all living organisms live and interact with one another and also with their non-living environment such as land, soil, air, water etc. Ecosystems range in size from the smallest units (Eg: bark of a tree) that can sustain life to the global ecosystem or ecosphere. (Eg: Cropland, Pond ecosystem, Forest ecosystem, Desert ecosystem etc.). Biosphere harbours all ecosystems on the earth and sustains life forms including mankind.

Components of Ecosystem

An ecosystem consists of three basic components, namely
✓Abiotic components
✓Biotic components
✓Energy components

Abiotic Components

Abiotic components include the non-living, inorganic, physical and chemical factors in the environment. Eg. Land, Air, Water, Calcium, Iron etc.

Biotic Components

Biotic components include plants, animals and micro organism. Biotic components can be classified into three categories

Producers

Producers are self nourishing components of the ecosystem. Hence they are called Autotrophs. They are found both on land and water. Eg. Plants, Algae, Bacteria etc.

Consumers

Consumers are those that depend on producers, directly or indirectly. Hence they are called Heterotrophs.

The common category of consumers are:

Primary Consumers

Primary consumers depend on producers for their food. They are exclusively herbivores. Eg. Zebra, goat etc.

Secondary Consumers

Secondary consumers are small carnivores i.e., they consume herbivores. Eg. Lion, Snake etc.

Tertiary Consumers

Tertiary consumers are top carnivores that prey on both herbivores and carnivores. Eg. Owl, Crocodile etc.

Decomposers

Decomposers are some organisms that are incapable of preparing its own food. They live on dead and decaying plants and animals. Hence they are called Saprotrophs. Eg. Fungus, Mushrooms etc.

Energy Components

All organisms in the biosphere use energy to work and convert one form of energy into another. The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for the biosphere as a whole. The solar energy gets transformed into other forms of energy through the various components in the ecosystem. The producers, consumers and the decomposers contribute a lot to the energy flow in an ecosystem.

Functions of an ecosystem

The living organisms form an interacting set of flora and fauna which are organized into trophic levels, food chains and food webs. The functioning of an ecosystem depends on the pattern of the energy flow, as it helps in the distribution and circulation of the organic and inorganic matter within an ecosystem. Energy flow generally takes place in a hierarchical order in an ecosystem through various levels. These levels are called trophic levels.

Questions to ask your girlfriend.

Preface:

You won’t deny that the most important thing in a relationship is communication. As declared by the relationship experts communication gap is the lead reason for breakups. You must have heard many stories around you where the relationships went sour because of a lack of communication. Communication doesn’t mean answering only to those things that your partner asked. One must show curiosity while talking to their partner. Making your partner feel special with your words doesn’t cost anything but your fondness towards them.
Honest conversations are always helpful to bring transparency, understanding, and affection to the relationship.

Following are the questions that can assist you to engage with your partner on a better notch.

A. Dirty question to ask your girlfriend.

Here is the list of the promising dirty questions that you can ask your girlfriend over text, phone calls, or on a candle night dinner. Remember one thing, always be respectful to her during the question and answer session.

  1. Do you think masturbating is fun?
  2. Do you love sleeping naked?
  3. Do you get horny while gazing at a hot guy?
  4. How lengthy should be foreplay?
  5. What your favorite sex toy?
  6. What is your favorite, watching porn or reading erotica?
  7. Would you mind being in a threesome?
  8. What is your favorite sex position?
  9. When was the first time you cuddled with a naked guy?
  10. Does dirty chats make you horny?
  11. Do you love having sex in the shower?
  12. Have you ever felt horny in a public place?

B. Deep questions to ask your girlfriend.
When you are in a relationship you must know about your partner very well. Talking about life, failures, past experiences is an incredible way to know about your girlfriend and make your relationship stronger.
Here is the list of some top deep questions you can ask your girlfriend.

  1. How much do you value our relationship?
  2. Will you support me in my failures?
  3. Do you get scared to lose me?
  4. That one effort from me that makes you happy?
  5. Do you think we are perfect for each other?
  6. That one wish you want to complete after marriage?
  7. How much do I matter in your life?
  8. That one secret you haven’t told me yet?
  9. What made you to fell in love with me?
  10. What is my priority in your life?

C. Funny questions to ask your girlfriend.
To give fuel to relationships humor is important like other feelings in the relationship. It pushes the relationship to the next level.
Here is a list of some funny questions that you can ask your girlfriend.

  1. Have you ever farted in public?
  2. What is the stupidest thing you have done to seek someone’s attention?
  3. Have you ever got seduced staring at a man’s boobs?
  4. Can you lick your nose?
  5. When did you know that you Mr. Bean can speak in real?
  6. Do you eat your nails or you use a nail cutter?
  7. If you had to marry an animal which animal would have been your partner?
  8. Do you ever thought that you could get someone sexy like me?
  9. Have you ever stolen something from a store?

D. Romantic questions to ask you, girlfriend.
You won’t deny that the conversation with our partners can become dull at times. Finding ways to rejuvenate it should be in our heads to maintain the spark in the relationship.
Here is a list of some romantic questions that you can ask your girlfriend.

  1. Will you sleep with me under a bare sky and talk about life?
  2. How do you feel when I kiss your hands kneeling on my knees?
  3. Do you miss my presence when I’m out of town?
  4. Do you want to wake up around me for the rest of your life?
  5. Do you love the poems I write for you?
  6. What about a destination wedding?
  7. Do you still remember our first kiss?
  8. So you get goosebumps when I say “I love you” staring at your eyes?
  9. When was the first time you realized that I was into you?
  10. Can you hug me for so long that I forget all my sufferings?

E. Random questions to ask your girlfriend.
Randoms questions allow us to know our partner to the next level. Here is a list of some really amazing random questions that you can ask your ladylove.

  1. Which advice do you hate the most?
  2. Do you want a house on the moon?
  3. Do you love dancing in the rain?
  4. Have you ever put salt in your tea by mistake?
  5. Do you have faith in fortune?
  6. Have you lied to your best friend?
  7. What is your favorite animal to play with?
  8. Have you tried red wine?
  9. Do you like tomato sauce in Maggie?
  10. Can you eat boiled foods for a month?

F. Serious questions to ask your girlfriend.
As I told you earlier, making communication ease your relationship. Falling in love is not a big deal but maintaining the energy in the relationship is the actual necessity. Here is a list of some serious questions to ask your girl when you are falling short of words.

  1. How much is my importance in your life?
  2. Do believe in love at first sight?
  3. What is the one thing that you don’t like about me?
  4. Have you ever got cheated by a person you never anticipated?
  5. Who are those people who know you truly?
  6. Have you ever did something that disappointed your parents?
  7. That one thing you still regret about?
  8. On a scale of ten, how much you trust me?
  9. When was the last time you cried your heart out?
  10. Should we hate someone who hurts us?

G. Unique questions to ask your girlfriend.
We have already discussed a lot of interesting questions to ask your girlfriend. Now, I will discuss some questions that will compel your partner to think a little before answering them.
Here is the list.

  1. Will you cheat me if you get someone richer than me?
  2. So you hide anything from me?
  3. Do you think I’m perfect for you?
  4. Can you marry me right now?
  5. If you get a chance to become famous by sacrificing your love, will you?
  6. What are your thoughts about arranged marriages?
  7. What is your most important trait?
  8. Can you become a vegetarian/non-vegetarian for me?
  9. What are your thoughts about feminism?
  10. Have you ever dated someone for fun?

H. Some more serious questions to ask your girlfriend.

  1. What is your biggest nightmare?
  2. What is that moment you never want to memorize?
  3. What is more important for you, love or career?
  4. Do you think physical romance is essential in a relationship?
  5. Do you think candle night dinner is a waste of money?
  6. That one memory you want to wipe out from your life?
  7. Do you think unprotected sex is striking?
  8. Will you lose interest in me ever?
  9. Can you leave your hometown for us to be together?
  10. Do you cry when you make some error?

This is a great way to know your lady love. Don’t bombard these questions one after another, always look out for a favorable situation maybe your dinner date night or on your bed where these questions appear naturally occurring. All the best.

Digital Marketing

Digital marketing is an internet or remote area marketing where customer and dealer purchase and sell products. It is a marketing which can be done on our laptop , PC’s , Computer, Mobile. It consists of various types of marketing on social media like Facebook , Instagram , Twitter etc.

As technology increasing day by day , the way of online marketing also changes rapidly. Digital marketing is just a promotion of ads, brands to a potential customer who is willing to purchase a product. There are some various companies like Flip kart.com, Amazon.com , E-bay.com who did online marketing to sell their products to customer.

  • Digital Marketing

There are various types of marketing techniques which are similar as digital marketing. These are as following-:

Content Marketing

This is the marketing technique by which you can reach a customer by writing some content. Content marketing deals with the distribution of a valuable contents provide to a customer or customer is retaining or not. Content Marketing taught us how we can deliver our content to a customer so that customer becomes loyal towards us.

  • Content Marketing

Affiliate Marketing

Affiliate Marketing is a advertising technique where you can promote the products of a company in your websites or blogs to earn money. Many of the companies like Amazon , Walmart , Flip kart have affiliate programs that pay out millions of rupees or dollars who sell their products to remote area customers.

  • Affiliate Marketing

Social Media Marketing

Social Media Marketing is a technique by which we can promote brands or ads of a product in social media Facebook , Instagram , Twitter etc . to earn money.Using Social media marketing you can generate social trust and awareness among peoples. Peoples are very busy in social media for chatting , by using social media marketing they can utilize their time to earn some trust or money.This is a platform where you can provide availability of a product to a customer so that he/she can retaining your products and generate awareness among another customers.

  • Social Media Marketing

Email Marketing

Email Marketing is a platform of marketing where you can touch with your customers by sending emails to generate awareness among customers. There are many people’s who are confused by unsolicited emails or spams , this is not what Email marketing does. By using Email Marketing we can send the information about products to a customer , if customer wants to purchase the product they can send mail .

  • Email Marketing

Pay Per Click Marketing

The primary goal of this marketing is the paid ads. Pay per Click Marketing is a technique which is used to drive traffic to a websites in which an advertiser pays a publisher when the ad is clicked. Marketers can set PPC on Instagram, Facebook , P interest and show the ads to the people to purchase the products.

  • Pay Per Click Marketing

Digital Marketing Challenges/Issues

  • The challenge which a Digital Marketer faces is to generate traffic of the number of individuals who is coming in your website and how long they are staying. More a traffic more customers can purchase a products.
  • Another challenge is that the content which you can showcase in your social media or a channel whether a customer can stay in your channel or not.
  • The challenge is that you can know the technology which are changing from day to day to life.
  • Digital Marketers must convence their brands and ads to people’s to earn money.
  • Digital marketer first take care of that what customer needs, according to customers needs , questions , concerns digital marketer takes decision.

Pros/Cons of Digital Marketing

Pros of Digital Marketing

  • Digital Marketing is Cost Effective as compared to Traditional Market.
  • Digital Marketing is measurable i.e how many peoples reach website, click website, post like, post share,audience retention rate etc.
  • By Digital Marketing we can reach our business globally around the world by sitting at home.
  • Digital Marketing is personalized i.e we have data of customer like email,address,mobile no.

Cons of Digital Marketing

  • Digital Marketing Requires skills to grow a business electronically or digitally without skills you cannot perform digital marketing.
  • Digital Marketing is time consuming i.e it takes time to grow your skills, business etc.
  • In Digital Marketing there is High Competition to reach globally in a world.
  • In Digital Marketing customer can complain to a social media that his brand is not so good ,their may be chances of negative responses from customers then ratings of product decreases.

EFFECTS OF PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF FOOD

Some vitamins are more stable than others. Water soluble vitamins are more unstable than fat soluble vitamins during food processing and storage.

The most unstable vitamins include:

folate
thiamine
vitamin c

The most stable vitamins include:

niacin
vitamin k
vitamin d
biotin
panthothenic acid

PROCESS AFFECTING FOOD NUTRIENT CONTENT:

A variety of things can happen during the growing, harvesting, storage and preparing of food that can affect its nutritional content. Process that expose foods to high levels of heat, light or oxygen cause the greatest nutrient loss.

FERTILIZERS: Most plant crops are produced with the aid of fertilized soils. High use of nitrogen fertilizers tends to reduce Vitamin C content in many fruit and vegetable crops. It does not seem to make any difference to the plant’s nutrient value whether the fertilizer is organic or not

BLANCHING: Before the food is canned or frozen, it is usually heated very quickly with steam or water. The water soluble vitamins, including vitamin C and B complex, are sensitive and easily destroyed by blanching.

CANNING: Food is heated inside the can to kill any dangerous micro-organisms and extend the food’s shelf life. Some type of micro-organisms require severe heat treatment and this may affect the taste and texture of the food. Making it less appealing. Preservatives are generally not needed or used in canned foods. Water soluble vitamins are particularly sensitive to high temperature. Many people believe that canned foods are not as nutritious as their fresh counterparts, but this is not always the case, as fresh food often deteriorates more rapidly than canned foods.

FREEZING: The nutrient value of a food is retained when it is frozen. Any nutrient losses are due to the processing prior to freezing and the cooking once the frozen food is thawed.

DEHYDRATING: Drying out foods such as fruits can reduce the amount of Vitamin C they’re eating, but it can also concentrate other nutrients, particularly fiber in plant foods. Dehydrating food also makes food products more energy dense, which may contribute to weight gain. If a dehydrated food is reconstituted and cooked with water, further nutrients are leached out of the food and lost in the cooking water.

MILLING: Cereals such as wheat can be ground to remove the fibrous husks. The husks contain most of the plant’s dietary fiber, B-Group vitamins, phytochemicals and some minerals. That is why products such as white bread are less nutritious than whole meal varieties, even if they have been artificially fortified with some of the nutrients that were lost after milling.

5 BEST ANDROID GAMES OF 2021

How do you like to chill out? Ya, I’m sure you wanna have that fun gaming life. Here are the names of the top 5 Android games of 2021 and everyone is excited to play:

Pokémon go:

Published by Niantic in collaboration with Nintendo and the Pokémon company, this augmented reality-based mobile app that lets you discover Pokémon in the real world. Who knows if a Pokémon is hiding behind you! You can grab the Pokémon by throwing a ball on it. It’s exactly how it happens in the Pokémon: the series. Just with access to your current location let’s GET UP AND GO!!

Among us:

 An online multiplayer developed by American game studio Inner sloth social deduction game where each player uncovers the hidden role of others.  Up to three players will be chosen as an imposter in a spaceship called “The Skeld” a headquarters building called “Mira HQ” a planet base called “The Airship”. If you are a crewmate you are supposed to find the imposter and complete the tasks. But if you are an imposter then you have to kill the crewmates.

Garena Free Fire:

Developed by 111 dots studio published by Garena is a quick free-to-play battle royale game consisting of 50 players falling from parachutes, landing on an island searching for weapons and utility items. Players must make sure that they fall away from the enemies.  All the player has to do is survive and conquer till the end. Apart from CoD and PUBG, Free Fire is the most optimized game to run on low-end smartphones.

Call of duty: 

A massive new combat experience of war and adventure, developed by TiMi studios. You can play Battle Royale or a Multiplayer game. Multiplayer mode is the basic first-person shooter, the game includes “Scorestreaks” which are special weapons that are available when the player reaches certain points. Battle royale mode features up to 100 players where you can choose to be in a squad or single. After you jump out of the plane the game begins, you will only have a knife with you, the zone begins to shrink so you have to kill other teams to survive. 

  • Clash of clans: An online multiplayer war game, developed by Supercell. The players are provided with a social network of live chat so it will be easy to connect with their team and form communities called clans, you can be the clan leader, train the troops to attack others to earn the resources. There are four resources called GOLD, ELIXIR, DARK ELIXIR, GEMS. All you have to do is to protect your castle and destroy others. These resources are also used to train and upgrade your troops and spells.

credits to the right owners of the images used

NCC Experience

NCC- National Cadet Corps had been my acquaintance for 3 years and I have gained so much from that organisation which I don’t think could have been achieved from any other institution. My journey started when I took admission in Graphic Era Hill University. I have always been inclined towards sports and extra curriculum from my school so when I joined college, I opted NCC for taking my first step towards joining the defence forces.

NCC has given so much which has prepared me for my life. During my first year I felt totally different as I got introduced to different things like Drill, Ragda (Punishment), a uniform which only a few were able to dawn. I had never come across to these things before in my life. When I wore that uniform, I used to get a feeling of pride and fulfilment.  The most important values that I learned in NCC are Discipline, Punctuality and Unity. In my first year I attended CATC camp where several competitions were held like Public speaking, Dance competition, Group song, Drill selection test and many more, this camp made me realize that NCC is not just about being physically active rather it’s about the overall development of a person. Those 10 days of CATC can never be forgotten.

After completing my 1st year, I was promoted to the rank of corporal in my 2nd year which was my 1st step towards knowing what leadership is all about. Various rallies and walkathon were organized by us to make mass aware of various concerned issues like cancer, blood donation, Drugs, cleanliness and “Beti bachao beti padhao” initiative. Cadets used to walk long distances to spread the awareness. The 2nd year was a two-sided opportunity where I got trained as well as trained my juniors.

When I got into my 3rd year I was promoted to the rank of sergeant. My mates and I did selection of new cadets and it gave us a sense of responsibility. In the CATC camp I was the Master of Ceremony. After that I attended Advance Leadership Camp which was held at Malout, Punjab by 6 (Pb.) girls battalion for 12 days, 5 cadets from Dehradun were selected and I got the opportunity to be in that group of 5. Cadets from different states of India participated in the camp and we all made a great bond with one another. There were training sessions on leadership as well as SSB. Activities like lecturette and Group Discussions were organized in groups. Cultural competition was also held in which Uttarakhand directorate won 1st and 2nd prize in dance and singing competition respectively. In Tug of war Uttarakhand Directorate stood 2nd. It was overall a worldliness camp where I represented my State, my unit and my college and it was so overwhelming for me to leave that camp with so much of experience, it gave me a sense of pride.

This was all about my journey in NCC. I passed out with Alpha grading in my ‘C’ certificate examination and most importantly I became a self-confident, an outspoken and a learned person who aspires to touch the sky with glory.

Palestine Crisis and India’s Stance

The Israeli- Palestinian conflict is one of the world’s enduring conflicts, with the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip reaching 54 years of conflict. Various attempts have been made to resolve the conflict as part of the Israeli- Palestinian peace process. India has condemned the Israeli attack on Palestine territory describing it as crimes against humanity that should no longer take place in 21st century.

As state of conscience and advocates for universal human rights, India condemn the recent Israeli state-sponsored attacks against Palestinian life, land and property in Jerusalem and Gaza.

India reminds Israel of withdrawing forces from Gaza and opening the detention centre andnot
hindering any Human Rights of the people. India Considers Jerusalem as an international city under
the control of United Nations to protect and to preserve the unique spiritual and religious interests
located in the city ofthe three faiths, Christian, Jewish and Muslim to ensure that order and peace,
andespecially religious peace, reign in Jerusalem.

As a third world country, India affirms that Jerusalem is a sacred space and a holy city for the vast majority of the world’s population that follow the Abrahamic faith.
The Israeli state-sponsored attempts to evict and remove Palestinian residents from their ancestral and legally-owned homes in Jerusalem, specifically in the neighborhood of Sheikh Jarrah. International law affirms that the forced eviction and home removal meted on Palestinians is categorically illegal and is viewed by the international community as one of the main deterrents in ending Israeli apartheid and settler colonialism.

‘The Forest of Enchantments’ – A Sitayan

“Sita’s story haunted me. Because it was one of the first stories I was told, and because I sensed there was a disconnect between the truth of Sita and the way Indian popular culture thought of her. I sensed that Sita was more than what we took her to be. But who she was I didn’t yet know.”

   Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni has made a well-written Author’s note right before the prologue to the novel begins. She tells us one big truth which is to a great extent a commonality among three-fourth of the world’s population who is familiar with the great epic ‘Ramayana’ – who real Sita is, is untold.

      Despite Sita being considered as the incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi herself, she is often regarded as a meek woman who is an epitome of sacrifice and unending love, with no temper or hatred. The ‘ideal-woman concept’ idolizes Sita for she is considered the perfect wife with silent stoicism and the ability to long endure without whimpering. This is of course a prominent reason why many name their daughters ‘Sita’ and asks them to look up to the goddess to learn subservience, sacrifice and ‘perfection’. Sita is indeed to be idolized but not in a way most people perceive.

                     ‘The Forest of Enchantments’ is brilliantly feministic in writing. It retells Ramayana through Sita’s eyes, making us analyse the story through a gynocentric perspective. Thus, it indubitably makes Ramayan a ‘Sitayan’.  The author sets to bring out the version of Sita nobody knows, a Sita who is much more than a mere daughter, a loyal wife and a loving mother, a Sita who is a woman, an equal to Ram, one who refuses to give her dignity away even for love. Chitra Banarjee also tries to sympathize with some of the other female characters of Ramayana, who we consider evil, flawed or obnoxious, through Sita. We see Sita musing about whether Shurpanaka had deserved to get mutilated by Ram just for declaring her love for him. Similarly Sita chats with Ahalya asking her a question that most of us would’ve asked if gotten an opportunity to meet Ahalya in real- ‘why did she forgive Gautam?’. Sita is left answerless by Ahalya but it is quiet clear from her countenance that it is what women are supposed to do, forgive and endure.  Sita herself had to go through a similar situation, when Ram refused to accept her, doubting her chastity after Ravan abducted her, she performed the agni-pareeksha and the gods itself declared her innocence. Sita got the answer as to why Ahalya forgave her husband when she found herself forgiving Ram inspite of how cruel he had been to her. The author draws a picture of how women are taught to endure and forgive when men are never blamed for their actions. She also points out how love can be blinding. Ram’s consecutive injustices to Sita like abandoning her while she’s pregnant and making her do fire test is often celebrated by people as the spirit of kingship and the duty of a husband but ‘The Forest of Enchantments’ questions Ram on how he’s going to pay for his actions. The epilogue to the novel is heart-wrenching, especially for the female audience, for it shows how extreme a woman can get insulted, how her dignity is at stake and her indecisiveness whether to choose love or self-respect. Sita lets go the love of her life and chooses to be dignified and decides not to settle for anything less.

             Chitra Banerjee’s ‘Sita’ is what every woman should be. Loving, caring yet resilient and dignified. The author walks us through every little detail on ‘How to be a Sita’, not the stoic one but the strong one. The book is indeed a must-read if you are ever asked to be like Sita.

Resurgent TALIBAN ?

The departure of US Forces will see as catastrophe in Central Asia.

Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com

The Land of Afghanistan is Graveyard of Empires.

Anonymous

The Afghanistan is Significant chapter in USA foreign police since 1979.it contribute almost Half of US deplomatic Subject.After the withdrawl of USSR in May 15 1988 and Return of NATO collision,Taliban militia emerges as main contender in Kabul and almost capture the afghan 90% in 1999.But its only after 9/11 Blast US return in afghan lead to vanish Taliban dream of Monopoly over Kabul.

Finally After long standing haul Peace held between US-Taliban on 20th Feb 2020.

US ready to depart from kabul in return Taliban militia prevent afghan soil from ISIS, AL-Queda etc. to attack on US & its allies.US administration under President Biden confirm it will quite whole afghan in september 2021.Due to which many Expert think this time Taliban militia Emerge as more strong than ever have, and the small step for democracy and peace will Disapear in no time if taliban again capture afghan soils. The Human Rights Violation, the women safety and their developement seems to be illusionary under Islamic Sharia Law if implemented. Mean while the Net security of Whole Region will undermine, the ISIS will again ready to onslaught and create chaos in country like India and China’s peace and security, Specially in India at J&K .

Messi ends wait for international trophy as Argentina wins Copa America

It finally ended with a lots of celebration, as the Lionel Messi’s long wait to earn a major trophy gets fulfilled after Argentina beats Brazil by 1-0 in Copa America finals.  

Angel Di Maria earns the title of matchwinner at Maracana in Rio as finally Messi’s dream to won something with his country Argentina in what was his 10th major tournament. Messi overwhelmingly fell to the ground in joy at full-time, while  some players like Neymar were in tears after he was unable to inspire Brazil to victory. 

After helping Argentina end their 28-year wait since they last won the Copa America, Messi was named player of the tournament after his four goals in the competition. The 34-year-old had previously been a beaten finalist on four separate occasions with Argentina – three times in the Copa America and once in the World Cup. 

Di Maria scored the winner midway through in the first half with a superb lob over Manchester City goalkeeper Ederson following a perfect pass from Rodrigo De Paul. 

Brazil were poor throughout the match and struggled to test Emiliano Martinez at the other end. 

Messi will now face questions about his immediate future, given he is currently a free agent after his contract at Barcelona expired two weeks ago. 

There is also the prospect of Messi going for what would likely be his last chance of winning the World Cup in 2022, should he lead his country out in Qatar at the age of 35.  
Since Lionel Messi’s contract at Barcelona has officially expired he is free to be taken in any other club. 

The Argentine superstar’s current deal lapsed at midnight in Spain on Tuesday, which was 11pm BST. 

Messi’s contract was reportedly worth an eye-watering £476million over four years, which works out at around £119m per season. 

The signing-on fee was £99m alone, with a further £67m due as a loyalty bonus, according to reports in Spain. 

Barcelona’s financial situation is said to be in a poor state, with the coronavirus pandemic hitting revenues hard.

Negotiations over an extension are reportedly ongoing, but as yet no official confirmation has been made.

As it stands, for the first time since 2000, Messi is no longer under contract with Barcelona.

The 34-year-old made clear his desire to leave the club last summer, only to be convinced to stay for at least another year.

He kept up his stunning form with 30 goals in 35 La Liga appearances to win the Pichichi for an eighth time.

Genetically Modified Rice For more Vitamin A intake

Rice is one of the most consumed food across the globe, mostly because it is one of the cheapest food. Yearly consumption of it is more than 400 million tons. The human body requires all the nutrients in the proper amount to remain healthy. . In an era with more than 700 million people living below the poverty line, it was very difficult for them to get proper nutrients. One of the nutrients is vitamin a Despite containing a lot of carbohydrates rice grain lacks Carotene which is transformed to Vitamin A by our body which is one of the major concerns.

The Need

Vitamin A deficiency approximately affects one-third of children around the world. Its deficiency leads to skin diseases blindness and growth retardation in children. It can also lead to infertility. In underdeveloped and developing countries where rice is the staple food the lack of vitamin A consumption by people is a point of great concern. Other food supplements that contain vitamin A like milk butterfish are usually expensive and for poor people. Thus it was very vital to improve the quality of rice grain for proper nourishment of our body.

Research

Peter Bramley was the first to discover the phytoene desaturase gene could produce lycopene, which then can be converted to b carotene. These details were published in 2000 by Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer The rice formed was termed golden rice. In 2005 Syngenta researchers produced Golden Rice 2 by fusing phytoene synthase gene from maize with crt1 from the previously developed golden rice, which produced over 20 times more carotenoids than previous rice. US Food and Drug Administration approved for use of golden rice for human consumption in 2018.

One of the reasons why rice grain lacks vitamin a is that it does not contain carotene but only contains a precursor molecule for it. Organisms like the bacterium Erwina and plants like daffodil contain enzymes that convert this precursor into carotene. Scientists isolated the 2 types of genes for the pathway of carotene from bacterium and daffodil and then added each gene to rice with the help of Ti plasmid vector. Not only Vitamin A a lot of research is going on and has been done to enrich rice grain with other nutrients like iron

The need for the improvement in the nutritional factors of rice was very crucial for human beings to sustain Improvement especially in rice grain was very important as it is one of the most consumed commodities. Golden Rice 2 contains enough vitamin A to sustain the daily requirement of around 75g. The research found that the b-carotene present in golden rice is equivalent to that in oil and better than that in spinach at providing vitamin A to children.

MAKE IN INDIA

make in india is the BJP – led NDA government’s flagship campaign intended to boost the domestic manufacturing industry and attract foreign investors to invest into the indian economy. the Indian prime minister, Mr.Narendra Modi first mentioned the key phrase in his maiden independence day address from the ramparts of the Redfort and over a month later launched the campaign in September 2014 with an intention of reviving manufacturing businesses and emphasizing key sectors in India amidst growing concerns that most entrepreneurs are moving out of the country due to its low rank in ease of doing business ratings. Manufacturing currently contributes just over 15% to the national GDP. The aim of this campaign is to grow this to a 25% contribution as seen with other developing nations of Asia. In the process the government expects to generate jobs, attract much foreign direct investment, and transform India into a manufacturing hub preferred around the globe. The logo for the make in India campaign is an elegant lion, inspired by the Ashoka Chakra and designed to represent India’s success in all spears. The campaign was dedicated by the prime minister to the eminent patriot, philosopher and political personality, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya who had been born on the same date in 1916. The prime minister called for all those associated with the campaign, especially the entrepreneurs and the corporates, to step and discharge their duties as Indian nationals by first developing India and for investors to endow the country with foreign direct investments. The prime minister also promised that his administration would aid the investors by making India a pleasant experience and that his government considered overall development of the nation. An article of faith rather than a political agenda. He also laid robust foundation for his vision of technology – savvy digital India as complementary to make in India. He stressed on the employment generation and poverty alleviation that would inevitably accompany the success of campaign.

BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES OF MAKE IN INDIA:

India is a country rich in natural resources. Labor is a plenty and skilled labor is easily available given the high rates of unemployment among the educated class of the country. With Asia developing as the outsourcing hub of the world, India is soon becoming the preferred manufacturing destination of most investors across the globe. Mae in India is the Indian’s government’s effort to harness this demand and boost the Indian economy. India ranks low on the ease of doing business index. Labor laws in the country are still not conductive to the make in India campaign. This is one of the universally noted disadvantages of manufacturing and investing in India

Antibiotics and microbes

Antibiotics produced by microbes are regarded as one of the most significant discoveries of the twentieth century and have greatly contributed towards the welfare of the human society.

“Anti is a Greek word that means ‘against’ , and bio means ‘life’, together they mean ‘against life'( in the context of disease causing organisms).”

Antibiotics are chemical substances, which are produced by some microbes and van kill or retard the growth of other disease casing microbes.

“Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered by Alexander Fleming while working on Staphylococcus bacteria”

He observed a mould growing in one of his unwashed culture plates around which Staphylococcus could not grow. He found out that it was due to chemical produced by the mould and he named it Penicillin after the mould Penicillium notatum.

However, it’s full potential as an effective antibiotic was established much later by Ernest Chain and Howard Florey. This antibiotic was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II.

Antibiotics have greatly improved our capacity to treat deadly diseases such as plague, whooping cough( Kali khansi) , diptheria(gal ghotu) and leprosy (kusht rog), which used to kill millions all over the globe.

“Vaccines and antibiotics have made many infectious diseases a thing of the past; we’ve come to expect that public health and modern science can conquer all microbes. But nature is a formidable adversary.”

“When antibiotics became industrially produced following World War II, our quality of life and our longevity improved enormously. No one thought bacteria were going to become resistant.”

https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/bonnie_bassler_547883?src=t_antibiotics

https://medlineplus.gov/antibiotics.html