Books are been our great friend for ages from Rome philosophers to modern novelists, comics, and manga or magazines! We as humans encounter so many changes with the evolution of books and their uses but what remains common in all of them is “books always feed us with information! Whether it is fun, important, tragic, or simply someone’s insights!”. Many people consider book their best friends (YES! we are bibliophiles . . . love for books called bibliophilism ) because it doesn’t behave different with others and always gives but never takes anything most importantly always be with you. Many fear what will happen with books as time goes and video and voice media starts replacing it in every zone books were used in profusion, but this fear is just a piece of fake news because now there is evident data on how books are more famous and popular than before! Thanks to e-books and these new video audio that are easily reachable to the masses and makes them curious so much so that they have to come to books at last resort to satisfy their curiosity, and there is no doubt books leave no stone unturned doing so!
Before the famous Gutenberg bible which is mass-produced by some metal type in Europe, each book used to be written by different people, and each book was uniquely written designed, and bound which used to give a lot more information about the ideological and religious beliefs of that period!
But this is the beginning of “what we call books” but to know how all this started we have to go back to clay tablet scrolls, and sheets of papyrus. Clay tablets were used by Mesopotamia back in the 3rd millennium BCE, they used to keep it very safe. To date, we have nearly found 20,000 such clay tablets. These tablets were used till the 19th century in some countries including Germany, Chile, the Philippines, and the Sahara Desert. From Egypt papyrus and clay tablets Romans used to write and erase through stylus !.in Asia people used to write on bones. Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about 105 CE and traditional printing started in the 15th century. One thing which throughout the time stick with books are get “ban” as they are very influential, so authorities always wanted to control it.
Books have fascinating subject through time one who studies books is called bibliophile. It is known as former us president Roosevelt used to read one book a day !. most expensive book in history is the codex from Leonardo da Vinci which is bought by Bill Gates. According to a study book, readers have very fewer chances of Alzheimer’s than any other person in old age
Books in our modern world today expanded their reach and places from paperback to e-books are excellent for nature too as it is said from one tree we can make 50 books! And innovation in the field of books like digital book designing, 3d books, etc. is such an example. We are seeing nowadays it’s an affirming factor saying books not going anywhere any soon!
hey! how you guys think about your best friend .. BOOKS 🙂 pls comment down below and tell us which book you loved the most or reading RN ! till the next time , sayonara :).
The Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) is the agency of India that deals with space Exploration and Astronomy. It was established in 1969.Its headquarters is at Bengaluru.ISRO has successfully completed 75vapacecraft missions in that 46 launch missions have been successfully by ISRO.ISRO was established by our former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The famous scientist Vikram Sarabhai was his assistant. He was the first chairman of ISRO. He was called the father of Indian Space Programme.The main aim of ISRO was to develop Space Technology to benefit the nation for various national tasks.
ISRO
Achievements on ISRO:
The first Indian satellite that was built by ISRO was Aryabhata, whose launching took place on April 19th, 1975. Furthermore, 1980 was another important year for ISRO because the launching of the Rohini satellite took place. Moreover, the successful placing of Rohini in the orbit took place by SLV-3.
Apart from technological capabilities, a lot of contribution has taken place by ISRO in the field of science. Furthermore, ISRO is in charge of its own Lunar and interplanetary missions. Moreover, ISRO controls various specific projects for the promotion of science education, and also to provide data to the scientific community.
The Mars Orbiter Mission was sent by ISRO on November 5th 2013, which made its entry into the orbit of Mars on September 24th 2014, thereby making India successful with its attempt to Mars.
A list of the most dangerous, effective, and most well-known malware strains that have been developed by the cyber-security units of various countries’ intelligence and military branches.
Regin
Regin, widely regarded as the most powerful malware family ever produced by a nation-state actor, was created by the NSA and shared with some of its Five Eyes allies (primarily with the GCHQ). Its existence was made public in 2014, however the first samples date back to 2011, with some suspecting that the virus was produced as early as 2003. Regin has been used in the wild in incidents involving Belgian telecom Belgacom, the German authorities, and, most recently, Russian search firm Yandex.
On a technological level, security researchers consider Regin to be the most complex malware framework to date, with modules covering tens of features, the majority of which are designed to perform surveillance activities and remain unnoticed on infected systems.
Flame
Flame was found in 2012, but security experts did not use the term “malware” to characterise it. Flame was so sophisticated at the time that the phrase “attack toolkit” was used to characterise its structure, which resembled that of its larger brother, Regin. Flame, as previously stated, is a collection of modules that function on top of the Flame architecture and are installed based on the capabilities that operators want. It was identified in 2012 by the MAHER Center of the Iranian National CERT in attacks on government entities in the nation. The finding emerged two years after the Stuxnet virus assaults and was instantly connected to the Equation Group, a codename for the US National Security Agency. It was eventually detected in attacks on other Middle Eastern governments as well. Flame’s Wikipedia page currently has the greatest summary of all Flame-related findings.
Stuxnet
Stuxnet is the only malware on this list with its own documentary film. The malware was co-developed in the 2000s by a joint effort between the US NSA and Israel’s Unit 8200, the Israeli military’s cyber division. It was deployed in 2010 in Iran, as part of a joint effort between the two countries to sabotage Iran’s nuclear program.
Stuxnet, which is said to have used four different zero-days at the time it was unleashed, had been specifically coded to target industrial control systems. Its role was to modify the settings of centrifuges used for nuclear enrichment operations by raising and lowering rotor speeds, with the purpose of inducing vibrations and destroying the machines. The malware was successful, and is said to have infected over 200,000 computers, and eventually ended up destroying nearly 1,000 centrifuges at Iran’s Natanz nuclear facility.
Shamoon
The first non-US developed malware on this list is Shamoon, a malware strain developed by Iran’s state hackers. It was first deployed in 2012 on the network of Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia’s largest oil producer. The malware, a data wiper, destroyed over 30,000 computers in the 2012 attack. It was deployed in a second attack in 2016, against the same target. Most recently, it’s been deployed against Italian oil and gas contractor Saipem, allegedly destroying 10% of the company’s PC fleet.
Triton
A more recent addition to this list is Triton (also known as Trisis). This malware is believed to have been developed by a Russian research laboratory. It was deployed in 2017. It was specifically engineered to interact with Schneider Electric’s Triconex Safety Instrumented System (SIS) controllers. According to technical reports from FireEye, Dragos, and Symantec, Triton was designed to either shut down a production process or allow TriconSIS-controlled machinery to work in an unsafe state. The malware’s code leaked and was eventually published on GitHub.
Industroyer
The Industroyer malware, also known as Crashoverride, is a malware framework developed by Russian state hackers and deployed in December 2016, in the cyber-attacks against Ukraine’s power grid.
The attack was successful and cut the power to a part of Kyiv, Ukraine’s capital, for an hour. The malware is considered an evolution of previous strains like Havex and BlackEnergy, which had also been used in attacks against Ukraine’s power grid. However, unlike Havex and BlackEnergy, which were more like generic Windows malware deployed against systems managing industrial systems, Industroyer contained components specifically designed to interact with Siemens power grid equipment.
Duqu
Believed to be the creation of Israel’s infamous Unit 8200 military cyber-unit, Duqu was discovered by Hungarian security researchers in 2011. A second version was discovered in 2015, and was codenamed Duqu 2.0. The first version was deployed to aid Stuxnet attacks, while the second was used to compromise the network of Russian antivirus firm Kaspersky Lab. Duqu 2.0 was also found on computers in hotels in Austria and Switzerland where the international negotiations between the US/EU and Iran took place, over its nuclear program and economic sanctions.
PlugX
PlugX is a remote access trojan (RAT) that was first seen in 2012, in attacks attributed to Chinese nation-state hackers. Since its discovery, Chinese hackers appear to have shared the malware with each other, and now it’s being widely used by most Chinese nation-state groups, making attribution to one group incredibly difficult. A good technical report on PlugX is available here.
Winnti
Winnti is very similar to PlugX. It’s another Chinese-made APT malware strain that was initially used by one group but was then shared among all the Chinese APTs as time went by. The malware has been around since 2011 and is described as a modular backdoor trojan. Security researchers recently discovered a Linux variant.
Uroburos
Uroburos was the rootkit developed by the Turla group, one of the world’s most advanced nation-state hacker groups, linked to the Russian government. According to a G DATA report, “the rootkit is able to take control of an infected machine, execute arbitrary commands and hide system activities.”
Uroburos (also referred to as the Turla or Snake rootkit) was widely deployed and was very efficient for the limited purpose it was being used for — to gain boot persistence and download other malware strains. It was the central piece of Turla APT attacks and had been seen on infected computers in Europe, the US, and the Middle East, as early as 2008. Targets usually included government entities. It was seen in 45 countries. A Linux variant was also discovered in 2014.
ICEFOG
Yet another piece of Chinese malware that was once used by one group, but was later shared and re-used by others. ICEFOG, first spotted in 2013, made a comeback in the last two years, with new variants, and even a Mac version.
WARRIOR PRIDE
The only mobile malware on this list, WARRIOR PRIDE is a tool jointly developed by the US’ NSA and the UK’s GCHQ. It works both on Android and iPhones and news of its existence came to be in 2014, during the Snowden leaks. As for capabilities, the iPhone variant was far more advanced than the Android one. It could retrieve any content from infected hosts, listen to nearby conversations by silently enabling the microphone, and could work even when the phone was in sleep mode.
Olympic Destroyer
The Olympic Destroyer malware was deployed in an attack that crippled internet connections during the Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony. TV stations and journalists were the ones mostly impacted by the attack. The malware was supposedly created by Russian hackers and deployed as payback for the International Olympic Committee banning Russian athletes from the Winter Olympics on doping charges or prohibiting someone from competing under the Russian flag.
The malware itself was an information stealer that dumped app passwords on infected systems, which hackers later used to escalate their access to other systems, from where they later triggered a data-wiping attack that brought down some servers and routers. New Olympic Destroyer versions were spotted in June 2018, months after the initial attacks.
VPNFilter
The only APT-developed malware on this list created to infect routers is VPNFilter. Developed by Russian state-hackers, the malware had been deployed in advance of the 2018 Champions League final that was being held in Kyiv, Ukraine. Supposed plans were to deploy the malware and damage routers during the live final’s live transmissions, similar to how the Olympic Destroyer malware was used to cripple internet connections during the opening ceremony at the Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics.
Fortunately, security researchers from Cisco Talos saw the VPNFilter botnet being assembled, and took it down with the help of the FBI. The malware was supposedly created by the Fancy Bear APT, according to the FBI.
WannaCry
All the three ransomware outbreaks of 2017 were malware strains developed by nation-state hackers, albeit for different reasons.
The first of these, the WannaCry ransomware, was developed by North Korean state hackers, for the sole purpose of infecting victims and collecting ransoms for the Pyongyang regime, which at the time, was under heavy economic sanctions. To lighten the impact of these sanctions, the regime was using state hackers to rob banks, mine cryptocurrency, or run ransomware operations to collect funds. However, errors in the WannaCry code made it so that instead of spreading to local networks only, the ransomware’s internal self-replicating (worm) component went haywire and infected everything in sight, causing a global outbreak.
NotPetya
Two months after WannaCry, a second ransomware outbreak hit the world. Called NotPetya, this ransomware was coded by Russia’s Fancy Bear (APT28) group, and was initially deployed only in Ukraine. However, due to shared networks and enterprise VPNs, the ransomware spread globally, akin to WannaCry, causing billions in damages. Just like WannaCry, NotPetya used the EternalBlue exploit as the centerpiece of its worm component. (see the last slide for more info on EternalBlue)
Bad Rabbit
The last global ransomware outbreak of 2017, was the work of state hackers. Just like NotPetya, Bad Rabbit was the work of Russian hackers, who similarly deployed it in Ukraine, but the ransomware spread worldwide, albeit with a smaller impact when compared to the first two, WannaCry and NotPetya. Unlike NotPetya, it didn’t use EternalBlue as its primary spreading mechanism, and also included lots of Game of Thrones references.
EternalBlue
EternalBlue may not be malware per-se, in the classical meaning of the word, being more of an exploit, but it was still developed by a nation-state entity and should fit on this list. It was created by the NSA and became public in April 2017, when a group of mysterious hackers known as The Shadow Brokers published the code online.
After its release, it was first used in cryptocurrency mining campaigns, but it truly became a widely-known and recognizable term after it was embedded in the code of the three ransomware outbreaks of 2017, namely WannaCry, NetPetya, and Bad Rabbit. Since then, EternalBlue has refused to die and has been widely used by all sorts of cyber-criminal operations, all of whom use it as a mechanism for spreading to other systems inside compromised networks, by exploiting misconfigured SMBv1 clients on Windows computers.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi reshuffled his cabinet on 7th July 2021 for the first time since May 2019, bringing in some fresh faces and accommodating allies of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) A total of 43 MPs took oath as ministers in Rashtrapati Bhavan today including Narayan Rane , Sarbananda Sonowal , Jyotiraditya Scindia , Ajay Bhatt , Bhupender Yadav , Shobha Karandlaje , Sunita Duggal , Meenakshi Lekhi , among others. Seven ministers are promoted including Anurag Thakur , G kishan Reddy , paroshottam Rupala , kiren Rijiju , Hardeep Singh Puri , Manusukh Mandaviya and Raj Kumar Singh . Ahead of the mega reshuffle , a phone call led to the resignation of 12 ministers from the Modi Cabinet . Prime Minister Modi congratulated his colleagues who took the oath and wished them luck for their ministerial tenure . He also advised his ministers to be punctual and let work do all the talking. List of Cabinet Ministers of India 2021 1. Shri Narendra Modi – Ministry of Personnel , Public , Grievances , and Pensions 2. Shri Amit Shah – Ministry of Home Affairs , Ministry of Cooperation 3. Shri Rajnath Singh – Ministry of Defence 4. Shri Nitin Jairam Gadkari – Ministry of road Transport and Highways 5. Shri Narayan Tatu Rane – Ministry of of Micro , Small, Medium Enterprises 6. Smt . Nirmala Sitharaman – Ministry of Finance , Ministry of Corporate Affairs 7. Shri Narendra Singh Tomar – Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare 8. Shri Sarbanada Sonowal – Ministry of Ports, Shipping and 9. Dr. virendra Kumar – Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment 10. Dr . Subrahmanyam Jaishankar – Ministry of External Affairs 11. Shri Ramachandra Prasad – Ministry of Steel 12. Shri Arjun Munda – Ministry of Tribal Affairs 13. Smt. Smitri Zubin Irani – Ministry of women and child Development 14 . Mansukh Mandaviya – Ministry of health and Family Welfare , Ministry of Chemical Fertilizers 15. Shri Ashwini Vaishnav – Ministry of Railways , Ministry of Communications , Ministry Electronics and Information Technology 16. Shri Piyush Goyal – Ministry of Textiles , Ministry of Commerce and Industry , Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution 17. Shri Dharmendra Pradhan – Ministry of Education , Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 18. Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi – Ministry of Minority Affairs 19. Shri Pralhad Joshi – Ministry of Parliament Affairs , Ministry of Coals and Mines 20. Shri. Jyotiraditya M. scindia – Ministry of Civil Aviation 21. Shri Giriraj Singh -Ministry of Rural Development and Ministry of Panchayat Raj 22. Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat – Ministry of Jal Shakti 23. Shri Pashu Patu Kumar Paras – Ministry of Food Processing Industry 24. Shri Kiren Rijiju – Ministry of Law and Justice 25. Shri Raj Kumar Singh – Ministry of Power , Ministry of New and Renewable energy 26. Shri Hardeep Singh Puri – ministry of petroleum and natural gas , ministry of housing and urban affairs 27. Shri Bhupender Yadav – Ministry of Environment , Forest and Climate Chance , Ministry of Labour and Employment 28. Dr. Mahendra Nath Pandey – Ministry of Heavy Industries 29. Shri ParoshotTom Rupala – Ministry of Fisheries , Animal Husbandry and Dairying 30 . Shri G. Kishan Reddy – Ministry of culture , Ministry of Tourism , Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region 31. Shri Anurag Singh Thakur – Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports 32 . Ashwini Vaishnav – Cabinet Minister 33. Anupriya – Cabinet Minister .
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that no particle, even light cannot escape from it. Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicts that a sufficient compact mass can create a black hole anywhere in spacetime. The point from which nothing can escape is called as event horizon. This gigantic space monster is formed from a dying star. The gravitational pull is so strong because everything is compressed into tiny space.
Formation of Black Holes
Scientists believe that the smallest black hole was formed when the universe was created. Stellar or huge black holes are formed when the core of a huge star falls upon itself or collapses. When this happens, it creates a supernova. Supernova is an exploding star which blasts its outer part into the space. When a star has exhausted the thermal nuclear fuel in its core, it becomes highly unstable and gravitationally collapses upon itself.
The crushing weight of matter falling upon the star from all sides compresses the star to a point of no volume and infinite density. This point is called as the singularity. Singularity is the center of the black hole which is hidden by its surface which is the event horizon. The event horizon is the farthest place a particle can go while travelling towards the black hole. After that, there is the point of no return. This is because the escape velocity, the velocity needed to escape from the gravitational pull of a cosmic object, of a black hole is more than the speed of light.
Discovery of Black Holes
The first black hole ever discovered was Cygnus X-1, located within the Milky Way in the constellation of Cygnus. Astronomers saw the first signs of the black hole in 1964 via the gas it sucked away from a closely orbiting blue supergiant star. As this gas spiraled into the black hole, it became so hot it emitted high-energy X-rays and gamma-rays that satellites could detect. This black hole is about 7,240 light years away from Earth
Scientists detected that there is a supermassive black hole in the center of our galaxy, Milky Way. The black hole, Sagittarius A* is a massive black hole whose mass is equivalent to 4 million suns. In 2017 it was detected that every galaxy consists a super massive black hole in its center. As black holes are invisible, it is detected using special telescopes to study the things happening around the black hole. The Event Horizon telescope is used designed specially to detect black holes around the universe.
First Images of a Black Hole
The first direct visual evidence of a black hole has been revealed on 10 April 2019 by astronomers working on the Event Horizon Telescope. The image is of the supermassive black hole that lies at the center of the huge Messier 87 galaxy, in the Virgo galaxy cluster. Located 55 million light-years from Earth, the black hole has been determined to have a mass 6.5 billion times that of the Sun.
Though black holes are not visible, scientists and researchers managed to capture the boundary – the event horizon of the black hole. The size of the image of the black hole is almost equal to the size of the selfies taken by 10,000 people in their life time. This is considered as a huge achievement as this is the first time an image as clear as this has been captured.
Securing the needed amount of financing is one of the most important functions for starting a business. It highlights what sources of financing exists at various stages of venture development. So, depending on the industry and aspirations of the entrepreneur(s) has a need to attract money to fully commercialize their concepts. Thus they must find investors – such as their friends and family, a bank (or) an angel investors (or) a venture capitalist funds (or) through a public stock offering (or) some other source of financing.
When dealing with most classic sources of funding, entrepreneurs face numerous challenges like disagreeing to the business and financial plans, requests for large equity stakes, tight control and managerial influence and limited understanding of the characteristic of growth process that start-ups experience.At the initial stage , Bootstrapping is an effective way of start up financing but in order to stabilize the start up entrepreneurs should follow various fund raising methods to raise money.
MOST FORMAL SOURCES OF FUNDING :
SEED CAPITAL FINANCING: Seed capital financing is the earliest source of investment for a startup. The sources of this funding will from your family, friends, crowd funding or from your savings. Usually these amounts in this type of investing are not too high and are typically repaid through the loan (with or even without interest) or are invested in exchange for a small equity share in the company.
ANGEL INVESTOR FUNDING: When your startup needs to grow and it requires funds towards product development, marketing (or) just to expand your team to keep up the momentum then the angel investors comes into the picture as a solution for raising money.
VENTURE CAPITAL FINANCING: VC funding can provide resourcing for scaling the business to new business channels, customer segments or to increase marketing efforts for additional customer acquisition. At this stage of financing the startup either may run with profits or may get out of negative cash flows.
BRIDGE LOANS: At this stage of financing your startup may be with constant growth and looking to scale significantly with a commercially available product. The funds during this stage will be raised due to merge and acquisitions. At this stage the investors want to see the clear route map towards profits of the firm.
THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION ON GROWTH OF A FIRM
IPO( INITIAL PUBLIC OFFER): IPO is not the end goal for all the startup’s. However, in order to expand the firm further for raising money. At this stage the firm will be listed out in the stock market for going into public as an option of making money.
EQUITY FINANCING: In equity financing, from an entrepreneur perspective the cost of equity is considered as the loss of control over the venture as the founders must share the ownership of business now.
DEBT FINANCING: At this stage the version of an entrepreneur will be as, the cost of debt financing is the interest that they pay for the use of money that they barrowed, where as the perception from the investor side is obtaining the interest as a reward in addition to money that they have lend to an entrepreneur or borrower.
Finally, Capital raising challenge really begins once the MVP(Minimum Viable Product) phase is reached. This is the point where capital is required for product development , sales and market ,patent preparation etc… So, Every start up founder has a need to understand that MVP’s are not only for raising money but also helps to get data about potential customer of the start up. So, the founders of start up can raise money with a prototype GTM(Go-To-Market Strategy) plan.
Advertising is also one of the best way for start ups to make money because advertising increases the name of the firm within your industry and helps to attract partners to expand business which in turn increases profitability. So, these are some money making or financing methods which are followed by most of the firms to make money efficiently .
We’ve been debating for centuries about whether Mars had life or not. In fact, the astronomer Percival Lowell misinterpreted observations of “canali” — the Italian word for channels — on the planet as evidence of alien-made canals. It turned out Lowell’s observations were hampered by poor telescope optics of his day, and the canals he saw were optical illusions. That said, several spacecraft have spotted other signs of ancient water — channels grooved in the terrain and rocks that only could have formed in the presence of water, for example.
2.Mars Has Frozen Water Today:
We’re very interested in the question of water because it implies habitability; simply put, life as we know it is more likely to exist with water there. In fact, the Curiosity rover’s mandate on Mars right now is to search for habitable environments (in the past or present). Mars has a thin atmosphere that does not allow water to flow or remain in large quantities on the surface, but we know for sure that there is ice at the poles — and possibly frosty locations elsewhere on the planet. The question is if the ice is capable of melting enough water in the summer long enough to support any microbes.
3.Mars Used To Have A Thicker Atmosphere:
For water to flow in the past, the Red Planet needs more atmosphere. So something must have changed in the past few billion years. What? It is thought that the Sun’s energy striking the atmosphere must have “stripped” the lighter forms of hydrogen from the top, scattering the molecules into space. Over long periods of time, this would lessen the amount of atmosphere near Mars. This question is being investigated in more detail with NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft.
4.Mars Has Some Extreme Highs And Lows In Terrain:
The surface gravity of Mars is only 37% of what you would find on Earth, which makes it possible for volcanoes to be taller without collapsing. This is why we have Olympus Mons, the tallest volcano known on a planet in the Solar System. It’s 16 miles (25 kilometers) high and its diameter is approximately the same as the state of Arizona, according to NASA. But Mars also has a deep and wide canyon known as Valles Marineris, after the spacecraft (Mariner 9) that discovered it. In some parts, the canyon is 4 miles (7 kilometers) deep. According to NASA, the valley is as wide as the United States and is about 20% of the Red Planet’s diameter.
5.Mars Has Two Moons- And One Of Them Is Doomed:
The planet has two asteroid-like moons called Phobos and Deimos. Because they have compositions that are similar to asteroids found elsewhere in the Solar System, according to NASA, most scientists believe the Red Planet’s gravity snatched the moons long ago and forced them into orbit. But in the life of the Solar System, Phobos has a pretty short lifetime. In about 30 million to 50 million years, Phobos is going to crash into Mars’ surface or rip apart because the tidal force of the planet will prove too much to resist.
6.We Have Pieces Of Mars On Earth:
Remember the low gravity on Mars that we talked about? In the past, the planet has been hit by large asteroids — just like Earth. Most of the debris fell back on the planet, but some of it was ejected into space. That sparked an incredible journey where the debris moved around the Solar System and in some cases, landed on Earth. The technical name for these meteorites is called SNC (Shergottites, Nakhlites, Chassignites — types of geologic composition). Gases trapped in some of these meteorites has been practically identical to what NASA’s Viking landers sampled on the Red Planet in the 1970s and 1980s.
7.Mars Would Kill An Unprotected Astronaut Quickly:
There are a lot of unpleasant scenarios for somebody who took of their helmet. First, Mars is usually pretty cold; its average temperature is -50 degrees Fahrenheit (-45 degrees Celsius) at the mid-latitudes. Second, it has practically no atmosphere. The air pressure on Mars is only 1% of what we have (on average) on the Earth’s surface. And third, even if it did have atmosphere, the composition is not compatible with the nitrogen-oxygen mix humans require. Specifically, Mars has about 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon and a few other elements in its atmosphere.
8.In The Early Space Age,We Thought Mars Was Like The Moon:
The early NASA probes that flew by the Red Planet all, coincidentally, happened to image spots on the planets that had craters. This led some scientists to (mistakenly) believe that Mars has an environment similar to the moon: cratered and practically unchanging. This all changed when Mariner 9 arrived at the planet for an orbital mission in November 1971 and discovered the planet engulfed in a global dust storm. What’s more, odd features were poking out above the dust — features that turned out to be dormant volcanoes. And as mentioned earlier, Mariner 9 found the vast Valles Marineris. It changed our view of the planet forever.
9.Mars Has Methane In Its Atmosphere:
Methane can be interpreted as a sign of biological activity — microbes emit it — or even of geologic activity. And active planets, it is thought, are more likely to have life on them. So the question of methane on Mars is one that scientists are trying to figure out. The consensus? There is no consensus. Telescopic observations have had wildly different measurements over the years, and few spacecraft have been designed to probe for the element in detail. The Curiosity rover has detected tenfold spikes in methane in its area, but we don’t know where it came from and why the fluctuations are happening.
10.Mars Is A Popular Spacecraft Destination:
There have been so many spacecraft that attempted a Martian mission that it’s hard to pick notable ones in a short article. NASA’s Vikings were the first landers in 1976; in fact, NASA is the only agency that has managed to land on the planet so far. Some of its other missions include Pathfinder-Sojourner (the first lander-rover combination) in 1997, the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity in 2004, and the Curiosity rover of 2012. And this doesn’t even mention the fleet of orbiters that have mapped Mars over the years from the Soviet Union, NASA, the European Space Agency and India. And there are many more spacecraft to come in the next decade.
BUSINESS PLAN: A business plan is a written document that describes in detail about a business and it also defines its objectives and how the firm is going to achieve its goals. A business plan lays out a written roadmap for the firm in both financial and operational standpoints. So, Business plans typically include detailed information that can help improve the business’s chances of success, like a market analysis, competitive analysis, customer segmentation, marketing, logistics and operations plans, cash flow projections and an overall path to the long-term growth.
WHAT IS THE USE OF HAVING A BUSINESS PLAN?
These business plans help entrepreneurs to assume the exact position of the firm or startup and also they help business owners to see the plan ahead, make important decisions, and improve the overall likelihood of success. Formulation of a business plan should be the first thing done when starting a new business. Business plans are also important for attracting investors so that they can determine that whether your business is on the right path or not and worth investing money or not.
Building a business plan allows you to determine the answer to some of the most critical business decisions ahead of time. Without a business plan, objectives often become arbitrary. So, having a business plan can help make those benchmarks more intentional and consequential and it can also help founders of the firm to be accountable for the long-term vision and strategy, and we can also get the insights into how the applied strategy is coming together over time.
OUTLINE OF A BUSINESS PLAN : The below provided information show’s the step by step process of writing a business plan and highlights about the points that are to be included in each step.
STEP1- INTRODUCTORY PAGE:
Include Name & Address of the business, Nature of the business, Statement of financing needed.
INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS:
Write about, Future outlook & Trends
Analysis of competitors
Market segmentation
Forecast on Industry & Market
STEP2- DISCRIPTION OF VENTURE:
Introduce about Product(s), Services(s), Background of entrepreneur and size of business.
STEP3- PRODUCTION PLAN:
Include Manufacturing process
Physical plan
Write about needed Machinery & Equipment.
Write names of supplies of raw materials.
STEP4- OPERATIONS PLAN:
Describe flow of orders for goods (or) services
Technology utilization
Description of company operation.
STEP5- MARKET PLAN:
Describe about Pricing, Distribution, Promotion & Product forecast.
STEP6- FINANCIAL PLAN:
Include sources and applications of funds.
Assumptions
Cash flow projections
Break even point (Analysis)
Balance statement & Income statement
STEP7- ORGANISATIONAL PLAN:
Write clearly about Form of ownership
Identification of partners (or) Principal shareholders
Roles and responsibilities of members in the organization
So, the above described steps are the steps that have to be included while writing a business plan. Hope this article makes you to understand about the importance of business plan along with it’s out line structure.
Entrepreneurs are essential for the growth of any country. They usually set up something new on their own and create many jobs for others. They also play an important role in the economy. However, to choose the right path in entrepreneurship, we need to know about different types of entrepreneurs. Each type has its responsibilities, roles, functions, and more. In this article, we are discussing different types of entrepreneurs and their definitions.
Entrepreneurs are categorized into different types and these types usually vary depending on the country, region, and even sector. Here there are six categories of various entrepreneurs:
BASED ON BUSINESS:
TRADING ENTREPRENEUR: A trading entrepreneur refers to a person who undertakes business-related activities through trading. These types of entrepreneurs usually buy finished goods in bulk quantity from manufacturers with some discount and then they sell those products directly or with the help of retailers or vendors with profits. A trading entrepreneur usually acts as a mediator between manufacturers and customers. These trading entrepreneurs mostly be as wholesalers, retailers, dealers, etc.
MANUFACTURING ENTREPRENEUR: This type of entrepreneurs plays a main role in manufacturing products. Manufacturing entrepreneurs analyze market needs or customer needs and manufacture products to meet such needs using various resources or technologies. In simple words, manufacturing entrepreneurs transform raw materials into finished products according to the customer’s needs. Manufacturing entrepreneurs basically be in fields of manufacturing textile products, food products, industrial machinery and equipment etc..
AGRICULTURE ENTREPRENEUR: Agricultural entrepreneurs refer to the types of entrepreneurs who primarily practices with agricultural works. They are also called “Agric-entrepreneurs”. These entrepreneurs be within the agricultural sector who are engaged in the cultivation, production and marketing of agricultural products.
BASED ON TECHNOLOGY:
TECHNICAL ENTREPRENEUR: These are the entrepreneurs who used to start and continue industries primarily based on science and technology. These entrepreneurs develop new ideas and turn those ideas into technology-based inventions. They always work to create new methods of production in the fields of technology and science. Besides, they also manufacture products that can help ordinary citizens and other non-technical entrepreneurs for their enterprises. Example personalities of technical entrepreneurs are Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk, Bill Gates etc..
NON-TECHNICAL ENTREPRENEUR: These are the entrepreneurs who do not set up and run enterprises based on science and technology. In short, non-tech entrepreneurs are those who work for innovations using traditional methods. They typically use alternative and exemplary marketing methods and follow non-technical delivery strategies to engage directly with customers. Example personalities of non-technical entrepreneurs are Starbucks fame Howard Schultz, Reliance fame Dhirubhai Ambani etc..
BASED ON OWNERSHIP:
PRIVATE ENTREPRENEUR: When an entrepreneur starts something personal of his or her own, such as setting up an enterprise, he/she is called a private entrepreneur. A private entrepreneur is the only person who plays the sole proprietor role for a business venture and bears the risk associated with it. Examples of private entrepreneurship are Tesla, hospitals etc..
STATE ENTREPRENEUR: When a state or government does a business or industrial undertaking, it is referred to as a ‘state entrepreneur’. In this case, the government is the sole owner of the enterprise and will bear all the profits and losses involved with it.
JOINT ENTREPRENEUR: When a business or industrial undertaking is established and operated jointly by the private entrepreneur and the government, it is called joint entrepreneurship. The parties involved are called joint entrepreneurs. In this case, risk and profits are shared by both parties. However, the sharing percentages generally depend on the type of business and the agreement between the two parties. Examples of joint ventures are ONGC, BHEL etc…
BASED ON SIZE OF THE ENTREPRENEUR:
SMALL SCALE ENTREPRENEUR: If an entrepreneur has invested up to a maximum of one crore in starting an enterprise, including plant and machinery, such entrepreneur is called Small Scale Entrepreneur.
MEDIUM SCALE ENTREPRENEUR: If an entrepreneur has invested a minimum of 1 crore to a maximum of 5 crores in starting an enterprise, including plant and machinery, then such entrepreneur is called Medium Scale Entrepreneur.
LARGE SCALE ENTREPRENEUR: If an entrepreneur has invested more than 5 crores in starting an enterprise, including plant and machinery, such an entrepreneur is called a large-scale entrepreneur. This includes any investment above 5 crores.
BASED ON SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS:
IMITATIVE ENTREPRENUERS: Imitative entrepreneurs are the one who mainly follow and adopt the innovative entrepreneurs’ who are in existing successful enterprise system. They do nothing new of their own. Imitative entrepreneurs apply strategy from other enterprises in a manner where all core fundamentals of the original business model are replicated, and all efficiencies are retained. These entrepreneurs help improve any product, production process or suggest the use of improved technology addressed by other enterprises. Imitative entrepreneurs are also called as Adoptive entrepreneurs.
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR: These type of entrepreneurs recognize the problems in society and try to reduce those problems by applying some entrepreneurial skills. Most of the social entrepreneurs don’t seek for profits they solely work on the controlling social problems.
FABIAN ENTREPRENEUR: Fabian entrepreneurs are defined as an entrepreneurs who generally do not seek to implement changes in their enterprise techniques. They are very careful in applying any approach and cautious in exercising any change. These entrepreneurs are known for not making sudden decisions. They imitate the change in their strategy only when they know that enterprise surely results in profit making.
DRONE ENTREPRENEUR: Drone entrepreneurs are defined as entrepreneurs who do not like to adopt any changes in their enterprise techniques. They strictly follow their traditional strategies or methods for development, production or marketing. These entrepreneurs feel or experience pride and tradition in the old ways of doing business. This is why drone entrepreneurs sometimes suffer losses, yet they do not adopt changes in their current methods.
ECO ENTREPRENEUR: Eco entrepreneurs are the one who spot the opportunities in the environment to start business which support sustainability. The innovations of eco entrepreneur are considered as green business innovations.
So, Guys I have tried my best to explain the various kinds of entrepreneurs. Now it’s your turn to let me know what type of entrepreneurial character you have in the above listed types through your comments.
Fiction is an illusion of the real world and the stories depict us as the reflection of the society, where the characters narrate somewhere in the minds of the readers and make them feel as if it’s their own story portrayed.
As an ardent bibliophile, I get fantasized reading those fictional books which have those themes of love, trust, rebounding, etc. certain books in popular fiction namely as such, Funny Boy, The Handmaid’s Tale, have these feministic approaches applied in it.
Profoundly, fiction and the fictional characters showcase in the books is the harsh reality of society which is dwelled up in sugary coated form and presented to the readers.
Whether it is taking the example of the well-known melancholic romantic classic novel: “The Wuthering Heights” where the story doesn’t only show us a typical class distinction love story but also gives us the real facts about the medieval 18th century of the Victorian age.
Factually the 18th-century novel is still loved by the readers and left an imprint of so-called the situation of women at that time.
Any fiction is a source of information of age and transfers the knowledge to the global readers of all generations. Decade by decade those stories remain like a classic grandma’s tale whoever reads it. Those fictional characters emotionally get connected with the readers and give them a sense of realization of their situation.
The depth of fictional stories is such that it gets attached to the readers and makes them feel that they are among them. The power of Arjie (in THE FUNNY BOY) made the readers feel that how a 12yr old Gay boy feels, how he was perplexed and abashed within his own identity and how Arjie made his readers feel his pain. Many readers like Arjie who battle with their identity crisis every day, got a realization that one must be never ashamed of themselves, rather one should be proud of who one is and their originality is the best and purest unique thing which makes them beautiful in there own way.
The youngsters in general, who live a non-plussed life, often prefer to live in these fictional worlds and engross themselves in these stories like a dreamer who wanders on an unknown island without any purpose but finds a destination end.
The readers live the story when they read those stories, the philanthropic deeds of the characters make a reader see the real world. Fictional stories have always been the best media through which writers sends this message to their readers that, the world is still a beautiful place to live and one must never lose hope like Harry Potter who had a miserable childhood but when he went to the school of Hogwarts, his life became beautiful and reason to live.
The inevitable vague ideas and situations are also portrayed beautifully. Fiction is like an ocean which is vast as such precious and the characters are the mermaid which is still a mystery and the stories are like pearls that are present somewhere but lost in the ocean.
Metaphor is that the relevancy of the fictional books is sometimes not conveyed to the outer world and misunderstood by many of the readers, but still, the beauty lies within the oceanic, fictional book.
Science and technology play a huge role in our society as well as in our lives. Nowadays we all are surrounded by technology and are dependent on it for everything we do. Especially after this pandemic everything is in virtual mode and is completely based on technology. We live in the technological era where gadgets are of outmost importance to us. A gadget is simply a human made device which is programmed to reduce human effort and does a piece of job easily without any hassle.
In this fast-growing world we human beings are always surrounded by machines and gadgets for every need of ours starting from the time we get up in the morning till we again go to bed we even use gadgets while we are asleep such as air conditioner, insect repellent and many more. Science is a boon for us, but in the other hand as everything has its own merits and demerits there are also people who do use science for a bad cause. Technology is good but it is advisable to keep this technology out of the reach of children as otherwise they will not tend to learn things and will prefer to take the help of science to solve a particular existing problem this may affect their growth.
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY :
Technology, science and knowledge are important in modern contemporary society. Essential questions include the following : How does science and technology produce new products, new ways of living and new nutritious? Why is new technology and knowledge so fundamental to us in the ways through which we imagine the future?
Technology, knowledge and science are fundamental in modern contemporary society. The understanding of how social, cultural and material elements influence the production of new practices, new ways of under of contemporary postmodern society. Studies of technology and science provides students with insight into how different processes of knowledge are initiated and progressed, and how innovative technological processes are developed employed and increase in importance. In this manner, students will be provided with the academic basis for working with detailed analyses of different forms of technologies and process of knowledge within business life or industry and commerce, research work , political development, management of knowledge and innovation.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY :
Science , technology and innovation each represent a successively larger category of activities which are highly interdependent but distinct. Science contributes to technology in at least six ways.
New knowledge which serves as a direct source of ideas of new technological possibilities.
Source from tools and techniques for more efficient engineering design and a knowledge based for evaluation of feasibility of designs
Research instrumentation, laboratory techniques and analytical methods used in research that eventually find their way into design or industrial practices, often through intermediate disciplines.
Practice of research as a source for development and assimilation of new human skill and capabilities eventually useful for technology.
Creation of a knowledge base that becomes increasingly important in the assessment of technology in terms of its wider social and environmental impacts
Knowledge base that enables more efficient strategies of applied research, development, and refinement of new technologies.
THe ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Teaching technological literacy, critical thinking and problem- solving through science education gives students the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in school and beyond.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY USED IN SOCIETY :
Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is growing. By making life easier, science has given an the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, education and justice to create cultures, and to improve human conditions.
The word “mindfulness” is talked about a lot lately, but really what exactly does it necessarily imply? Its origins may be traced back to Buddhist and Hindu beliefs, and it arose from the concepts of enlightenment and nirvana. It is defined as the practise of mindfulness and health of the body, mind, and soul. It is wellness in the sense that it extends beyond eating well and exercising; mental wellbeing, inner peace, sexual health, and so forth.
Everything seems to be quicker, noisier, and ruder nowadays. Everyone around us appears anxious and distracted, their eyes locked to their phones. In this fast-paced world, adopting mindfulness techniques on a regular basis may appear to be a difficult job, but it isn’t as far-fetched as it may appear.
Merely checking in with yourself for 10 seconds may educate us to gain clarity of body and mind, increase productivity all through the day, and empower us to take some responsibility for our mental health. Life might be difficult, but there is never too much happening on to treating yourself as a buddy to keep in touch with during the day.
Here are some ways to practice mindfulness in your everyday life:
Self-care is crucial
Self-care is a means of caring for oneself in the most fundamental ways: allowing yourself to recharge and loving yourself as you would a loved one. Everybody’s experience with mindfulness and mental clarity will differ. It could be meditation, exercising, getting a massage, writing, tidying, or something else.
This idea can also change depending on whether you are an introvert or extrovert. Knowing yourself, your tastes and preferences, and from where you draw your energy is a good first step in treating yourself as a friend.
Spend time with people who are driven and goal-oriented
Whenever it comes to becoming more conscious of your own emotional magnitude, aligning yourself with individuals who value similar habits is a wonderful place to start. Whether that’s around friends, family, or coworkers, the individuals you spend your time with have a greater effect on your everyday routines than you think. Trying to make mental check-ins a goal begins with you, but it can be a tough goal to achieve on your own.
Living mindfully benefits people near you as well as your loved ones. People can gain from exposure to this attitude if you regard yourself with care. Your good energy will wear off on them, regardless of whether they like it or not, and supply them with the compassion, love, and understanding they need.
Improve your work-life balance
When attempting to enhance your job performance, it is natural to get overly focused on your work and ignore your personal life. It is important to understand that you can seldom do better on the job if the other side is in disarray. You will feel anxious, and it will be difficult to concentrate on your task. A healthy work-life balance reduces stress and contributes to the development of a well-rounded individual.
Remember to include your personal hobbies and interests. Maintain a social life so that you have someone to share your trip with. In addition, expand or start a pastime. Taking care of plants, for example, is a fantastic way of spending time off from work. Being surrounded by nature is beneficial because it soothes the mind and stimulates creativity.
At Least 10 Minutes Every Day, Take a breath, Relax, and Repeat
Setting an alarm, pausing whatever I’m working on, closing my eyes, taking calm breaths, and using this time to really think about three things I’m thankful for on that particular day has been useful beginner-level mindfulness practices that I’ve done (and liked) in the past. It helps me to check in with myself, promotes clarity of mind, and generates a pleasant environment.
Regardless of what your views are, prayer may be a powerful technique for centering yourself, reducing stress, and assisting you in relinquishing control over things you can’t influence. It is comparable to meditation in that it demands a similar state of mind.
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball (approximately 9.4 inches (24 cm) in diameter) through the defender’s hoop (a basket 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter mounted 10 feet (3.048 m) high to a backboard at each end of the court) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop. A field goal is worth two points, unless made from behind the three-point line, when it is worth three. After a foul, timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one, two or three one-point free throws. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but if regulation play expires with the score tied, an additional period of play (overtime) is mandated.
The five players on each side fall into five playing positions. The tallest player is usually the center, the second-tallest and strongest is the power forward, a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward, and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard, who implements the coach’s game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays (player positioning). Informally, players may play three-on-three, two-on-two, and one-on-one.Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, basketball has evolved to become one of the world’s most popular and widely viewed sports.
Bball in India
In India, basketball is a popular sport, with a multi-tiered professional club league system, as well as men’s and women’s national teams.In India, the game of basketball started its journey in 1930 when it was played for the first time. The first Indian National Championship for men was conducted in 1934 in New Delhi. The Basketball Federation of India (BFI), which controls the game in India was formed in 1950. Throughout history, Indians learned to appreciate the game because of its fast scoring and intense activity from the beginning until the end.Basketball in India is played in most of the high schools, colleges and universities. There is considerable patronage for the game among the younger generation. Basketball in India is played by both men and women of all ages and ability. Many government institutions have professional basketball teams, who work for the institution and play for them. For example, ONGC in Uttarakhand, Indian Overaseas Bank in Tamil Nadu, Indian Bank in Karnataka, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited in New Delhi, Indian Railways, and Kerala State Electricity Board in Trivandrum play for their respective institution and state.
There are many championships for senior, junior, and youth levels for boys and girls.Being one of the earliest countries to adopt basketball, India has so far produced numerous talented basketball players, who have earned recognition in the international arena. Indian basketball players have also won several trophies for their country. Basketball in India is mainly being run and managed by a large number of national and state level associations, spread all over India. These basketball associations are working with a common view of popularizing the game in all parts of the country. Apart from that, developing the overall infrastructure for the game and uncovering new talent from the grass route level are some of the other principal objectives of the Indian basketball associations.
Professional leagues
List of major Basketball Tournaments in India:
UBA Pro League
National Championship
Federation Cup
ISBL and ICBL (Indian School Basketball League and Indian College Basketball League)
J.K Rowling’s story is one of the most famous insipirational failures to the success story of our time. She had failed in almost everything she attempted to do in her life and at one point she considers herself a major failure.
Most of the people only know her as a woman writer who created Harry Potter, but what people don’t know about the struggle she faces before reaching the stardom.
BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD :
Joanne Rowling was born on 31st July 1965 in yate, Gloucestershire, England to Peter James Rowling and Anne Rowling. Her father was a Rolls- Royce aircraft engineer and mother was a science technician She had one little sister, Dianne, as a child Rowling loves to write fantasy stories and read them to her younger sister. When she was a teenager she got a chance to read Jessica Mitford ‘s autobiography, from then on Mitford become her heroine and after that, she read all her books.
BOOK INSPIRATION AND MOTHER ‘S DEATH :
After working for Amnesty International as a researcher and bilingual secretary in London, Rowling moved to Manchester with her then- boyfriend where she worked at chamber of commerce. In1990, Rowling first had the idea for Harry Potter, a story of a young boy who attends a school of wizards, while she was on a 4 hour delayed train trip from Manchester to London. While travelling the idea fully formed in her mind and when she reached her flat she began writing furiously. However, in December 1990 her mother died after 10 years of complications from Mutiplr sclerosis Mother’s death heavily affects Rowling and leave her extremely distraught and upset. Later she channelled her own feelings of her loss by writing about Harry’s feelings in her first book.
MARRIAGE, DIVORCE AND SINGLE MOTHER:
After a few months of her mother’s death, she moved to Portugal to teach the English language. There she met a man, fall in love with him, got married and gave birth to her daughter. In 1993 her marriage ended in Divorce and she with her infant daughter moved to Edinburgh Scotland to be closer to her sister. This is the most struggling time for Rowling and she saw herself as a complete failure. She was divorced, jobless, no money and a dependent child. Because of all this, she suffered bouts of depression and contemplated suicide. Eventually, she signed for Government-assisted welfare describing her economic status as poor. It was a really difficult time in her life but she kept going on and put all her energy on completing her novel.
HARRY POTTER :
In 1995 Rowling completes her manuscript for Harry Potter and the philosopher’s stone on an old manual type writer. She was so poor at that time she could not afford a computer or even the cost of photocopying the novel, so she manually typed each copy and submitted to twelve publishing house in London. The manuscript was rejected almost dozens time until she was finally given chance with £1,500 advance by a small London publisher, Bloomsbury after the company’s CEO little 8 years old daughter fell in love with it after reading the first chapter of the book.
In July 1997 Bloomsbury published first 1000 copies of Harry Potter series out of which 500 copies were distributed to libraries. Just five months later the book won Nestlé smarties Book prize it’s first award . In early 1998 an auction was held in America for the printing rights to publish the novel. Scholastic INC won the auction for USB 105, 000, later Rowling said in a interview that she nearly died when she heard the news of this amount for printing her novel. Today Harry Potter is a global brand worth an estimated 15 billion dollars. The last four Harry Potter books have set the records for the fastest selling books in history. The Harry Potter series to talking 4, 195 pages have been translated either in whole or in part into 65 languages. The Harry Potter books series have also gained recognition for creating an interest in reading among the children’s at a time when they were more inclined towards the Internet, computers and television.
FINANCIAL SUCCESS :
In 2001 J.K ROWLING purchased a 19th century killiechassie House, an estate house on the banks of the river tay in Perth. She also owns a £ 4.5 million Georgian house in West London. In 2004 , Forbes named Rowling as the first person to become a us dollar billionaire by only writing books.In 2017, according to Sunday times, Richard list Rowling net worth was approx. £ 650 million.
PERSONAL LIFE :
Rowling and her second husband Neil Murray were married on 26th December 2001. They live in Edinburgh with their 3 children. Rowling was a runner up in 2007. Time’s annual person of the year issue after Russia’s president Vladimir putin.
Psychological tests are verbal or written assessments conducted by psychologists or trained professionals to evaluate a person’s behaviour. Although it has multiple uses and can be used in many fields, it is now a popular step in the recruitment process to look for traits, values and behaviour in potential candidates that the ideal person for the job must have according to the Job Specification.
Psychological tests are usually standardised, which means that there is a standard format used for all candidates to get valid and reliable results. They should be non-discriminatory and according to the test norms.
Objectives of Psychological Tests
To assess mental abilities
Measure aptitude
Recruitment and Selection
Diagnose disorders
Learning disability
Research
Determine strengths and weaknesses
Career Counselling
Methods
Questioning/Interview
Examination of work: Historical data or past work is examined to measure performance.
Written/Recorded examination
Direct observation: Usually, the supervisor observes the behaviour or performance of his/her subordinates.
Group Discussion
Types of Psychological tests
The different types of Psychological tests are based on different functions and help in assessing different things. For example, Personality tests helps gain insights into the candidate’s personality (traits) and behaviour.
Aptitude test: An aptitude test measures a person’s ability to perform different kinds of tasks. This is done to determine the areas in which their skills are the strongest. Some people may be better with quantitative tasks that require math and logical reasoning skills, some at language, and some at creative thinking.
Intelligence/Cognitive test: A cognitive test measures a person’s cognitive abilities— problem solving, reasoning, vocabulary, comprehension, and memory. They are more commonly known as intelligence or IQ tests.
Interest test: Interests tests help you define your interests and determine what you like most.
Personality test: A personality test focuses on the personality traits of an individual. It helps evaluate if a person is more introverted or extroverted, cautious or spontaneous, and how they may react or respond to various life situations. It can help in assessing if a person has leadership qualities and is capable of being a Manager or Group Leader.
Achievement/Educational test: Educational testing is conducted to test how much an individual has progressed in learning a specific subject—like mathematics, reading comprehension—to identify any difficulties they may have had in it. Achievement tests are the examinations that students take in schools and colleges.
Emotional Intelligence test: An Emotional Intelligence test taps various emotions through situations presented to the test-taker. An emotional intelligence test requires a person’s honesty in it to accurately evaluate a person’s EQ [Emotional Quotient] and suggest ways to improve it. It is often noted that people who have higher EQ are much more content and successful than people otherwise. Even though emotional intelligence can overlap with other aspects like personality or genetic compositions, Emotional Intelligence of a person tends to fluctuate or change. It often requires constant consciousness in your actions and evaluation of its consequences.
Depending on the nature of the job and the level of management and responsibility that comes with the job, different combinations of the tests mentioned above can be used to assess if the candidate is the right person for the job. For example, for the position of a Middle level Finance Manager, an Intelligence, Aptitude and Personality test can be taken to determine the candidate’s skill set, intelligence and leadership traits.
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