Category: Courses

Education in the present

Education is very important in every individual’s life as it is very important for the living. The person who is educated will be well treated by the society and will you have good potential wherever he or she goes. Education as the extra energy to the individual’s life and a moles the individuals character into a good one. It is very important to be educated as the competition in the world is comparatively very high.

Online classes are the greatest and the biggest task to all the students. It is so difficult for all the students to understand the topics in a detailed manner. Even though the students try their level best to understand the topics during the online class, it is only the 50% of learning but the topics are not understood properly but the students and face lots of difficulties.

It is also equal difficult to conduct exams to all mine because it’s exams are connected through online then there is a chance formal practices. Basically, students commit malpractices during exams in a view to get good marks but not about the knowledge. So,many of the students commit malpractices.

Ways to improve the education system

* skill – based learning :

As of now , the education system is such that everyone is forced to study science and math. If this system can be revamped to identify the strengths of a student, then they can be given appropriate training in the chosen field. This will ensure that the child shines in that particular field.

* Rural Education :

As the sad thing about the Indian education system is the fact that its focus is only on urban clusters. There are hardly any decent centres of learning in the rural areas. This is especially true in terms of higher education. If a country has to actually develop, urban and rural development have to go hand in hand.

* Gender Neutral Education :

The education system has always favoured men over the fairer sex. The major change that must be brought about is to involve women in the same. Particularly subjects that are now considered to be the strength of men alone ( like carpentry, engineering, etc). Should be made more accessible to women. Pioneer women in these fileds should be given due encouragement and appreciation.

* Teacher Training :

India has a very good quality of dedicated teachers. However, the sad fact here is the fact that after they join this service, they receive little or no training. In such a situation, giving them periodic training will not just ensure that they are updated with the changing times, but will also improve the entire education scene of the country by leaps and bounds.

* Infrastructure :

As in every other sector, the indian education sector is one that suffers from the acute death of infrastructure. Most of the government schools do not even have proper chairs, tables, restrooms, let alone a playground, libraries and laboratories. Thus ,the first step in revamping the education scene in the country should begin with improving the infrastructure so that the students are given an evironment where they can learn to the best of their abilities.

* subsidising professional courses :

It is a sad reality that many meritorious students are not able to afford professional corses because of the sheer expense involved in the same. This is all the way truer in case of students from the general category who do not have access to many scholarships. In such a situation subsidising the cost professional education will ensure that the same is within the reach of deserving students from the lower and lower middle class strata of the Indian society.

* Basic computing In Rural Areas :

On one hand , India is a land of IT giants; on the other, rural India is completely digitally ill- equipped, in a sitiation like this, the first change that the education system must bring forward is to start free computing classes for skill development in rural areas. Only then will rural Indian move in the same pace as that of the urban Digital India and the country embark on the journey of development.

* Make sports compulsory :

One of the main reasons for the alarming rise in suicide amongst students in the country is the fact that they cannot handle stress. That in turn is because they are subjected to too much mental pressure. By making sports compusory it can be ensured that all the students indulge in some sort of some physical activity. This will lead to their mind performance better and enable them to grasp their theory lessons well.

* Educate parents :

Most of the times it is seen that the children’s woes centre atound that of their parents. In the Indian scenerio, parents are the ones who force their wards into a career they do not like. As a result students do not excel and upon failing to meet their parents expectations, they suffer from a number of mental health issues. To prevent such a thing from happening, the first step that must be taken is to educate the parents about the different carrer options that are available to the students and the possible scope of future in them.

* Remove The Reservation system :

The reservation system in India has been so obsessed with providing the best of opportunities to the reserved that it misses out on many opportunities for the ones who actually deserve the same. This results in not just personal loss for certain people but also brain drain for the entire country and fosters a massive loss to the nation’s economy.

Today’s education system may be good to score marks, but fails to retain the knowledge once students have completed their examinations. This leads to young minds being stifled at an age when they should be asking questions, learning and gaining knowledge, and developing a thirst for more knowledge.

DOPING

To continue the fight against doping - Fondazione Gianni Benzi Onlus

Doping is not new to the people . In ancient Greece, there were specialists who used to offer athletes nutritional ingredients in order to enhance their physical performance. Those specialists may be compared to the current sports medicine specialists . During the Olympic Games in the third century BC, the athletes tried to increase their sports performance by taking mushrooms and opium . In the Ist centaury AD, the Greek runners used to drink a herbal beverage to increase their strength and become capable to run long distance races. Gladiators are also reported to use various substances for enhancing strength . In the modern era , the use of performance enhancing substances and techniques by the top sportspersons across the world has been a presistent issue in the world of sports for nearly four decades. Since the beginning of the 21st century, many athletes have been engaged in taking such substances. Some of them have been tested positive such as Tim Montgomery, Marion Jones, swimmer Phelps, etc.

Concept of Doping

‘Doping’ is the word, which is used in the field of sports, to refer to the situation when athletes use prohibited substances or methods to unfairly improve their sporting performance. In general terms, doping is the use of performance enhancing substances or methods by athletes to gain an advantage over their competitors . In fact , some athletes take illegal substances to enhance their performance . This activity is known as ‘doping’ . Doping in sports is the deliberate or inadvertent use by an athlete of a substance or method banned by the International Olympic Committee. In fact, the ban or prohibition on such substances is necessary to protect the athletes from the unfair advantage which may be gained by those athletes who use prohibited substances or methods to enhance their performance and also from the possible harmful side effects which these substances or methods can produce. The following definitions of doping may help in understanding its exact meaning:

According to International Olympic Committee, ‘‘Doping is the use of any method or substance that might harm the athlete, in a quest to gain an unfair advantage, over his/her fellow competitors”. In fact, doping is the use of prohibited substances or methods designed to enhance an athlete’s physical or mental abilities or to mask the use of such substances or methods during preparation for or participation in a sports competition .

According to World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) ,” Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations set forth in Article 2.1 through Article 2.8 of the code.”

Scope of Biology

Biology is not only the study that unveils mysterious secrets of the world, but it is also a field of education and employment.

Professional scopes are doctors, nurses, pharmacologists, scientists, research scholars, etc.

vocal sources include lecturers, teachers, professors, etc.

Research scientist, forensic scientist, biotechnologist, pharmacologist, biologist, ecologist, nature conservation officer are some careers that a biology student can choose according to his/her interest.

practical application of the scope of biology in different fields: 

Agriculture

It gives important useful information about fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides that must be used. It has great application in the development of disease-resistant varieties, better production of crops in terms of quality and quantity, etc. A major aspect of agriculture like maintenance of field and soil, nutrients requirements of various species of plants are also studied under biology. 

Medicine

It can be considered as a boon to medicine. Be it a simple disease or contagious disease. Drugs need to be there to cure it. It can be in the form of vaccines or steroids or drugs. For example, the current pandemic situation is being cured by detailed study of the virus and creating effective vaccines.

Industries

Various industries use plant and animal products as their raw material. So basically, it is the study of plants and animals that helps in running an industry. Major industries include dairy, food, leather, textile, paper, jute, etc.

Conservation of the Biosphere

Conserving our ecosystem is an important aspect of the present scenario.

It has become very important to maintain stability in the environment. The study of biology helps in preventing the extinction of flora and fauna by conserving the biological hotspots and other endemic places with the help of constructing botanical gardens, zoological parks, sanctuaries, etc

Art and Aesthetics

In the form of museums, art galleries, planetariums, exhibitions etc., the study of biology has never failed to prove its importance. Apart from these, there is a vast scope in sectors like biochemistry, biophysics, animal husbandry, etc. New technologies keep developing in every field and require biology as their primary source of knowledge.

Genetic Engineering

It is an advanced study that has gotten its fame recently. Right now, it is the most flourished scope of biology where recombinant DNA technology, somatic hybridisation, cloning, tissue culture etc., is getting advanced every day.

Anthropology

It includes learning about the history of human lives through archaeology to understand the biological and physiological characteristics of humans and also their evolution through different eras.

Scope of biology

BIOLOGY AND ITS RELATION WITH OTHER SCIENCE

Biochemistry

It is the study of chemical reactions, chemical composition, structural orientation, acid and base equilibrium.

Biostat

It is used to study the statistical data of living species, population density, ecological balance.

Sociology in Relation to Biology

It involves the study of human behaviour. It can only be done when one knows about the brain and nervous system in human beings and also about hormonal changes.

Geology in Relation to Biology

Many geological instances include biological factors.

For example, weathering of rocks happens only when there are biological factors like growth of lichens or growth of several microorganisms etc.

Role of Biology in Human Welfare

  • The study of human health and diseases is the most important criterion for humans, wholly dependent on biology. 
  • The strategies that are related to the enhancement of food is the second most important criterion.
  • The study of microorganisms under this subject plays a crucial role in decomposition, biogeochemical cycles, pharmaceutical needs, etc.
  • It is applied in several essential industrial processes like the production of enzymes, antibiotics and several other by-products.  
  • To understand the interdependence of biotic and abiotic factors of the environment and use this knowledge to maintain a balance between both.

Career Opportunities in the Field of Biology

  •  A student studying biology can work in various fields as a doctor, nurse or pharmacist, as a lecturer, as a scientist or a research scholar.
  •  A biologist can work in the food, dairy, leather industries, in biotechnological labs, airports, as a food quality manager and a lot more. 
  • Almost all the fields hire biology graduates as basic knowledge of the subject is one of the primary requirements in any field.

CAREER PATHS IN FASION INDUSTRY

Fashion industry is the colorful industry which encompasses various types of small and niche industries in it. Fashion industry is the industry of art and which changes itself very fast according to the demand. If you are focusing or thinking about your career in fashion industry then you must know about pros and cons of that priorly, so that you can come up to conclusion on the path that you want to choose.

For Youngsters, It is really important to Identify their Passion Clearly. We see many youngsters who pursue Fashion Design courses and later they join in a big fashions houses as Interns but within days or weeks they quit their job. When we speak to them about their decision, few of them mentioned that they were unable to undertake the pressure of bottle neck deadlines & Stressful working conditions and some of them replied that, their expectations about this industry went wrong.

Due to lack of guidance on fashion career paths most of the youngsters assume that their career would take a fairytale turn and be a part of celebrities like Manish Malhotra and Sabyasachi in social media. But they do not know the fact how stressful a designer life would be. It is important that these youngsters must also know in advance the dark side of the fashion Industry.

If a guy want to become as a fashion designer then he must know about the inner meaning of designing a collection. Yes, because designing is purely based on creativity of moulding a fabric that is given to a designer. For sure only a designer knows how much stress he has undergone to put forward a beautiful set of garments, as a next step of designing the designer must select materials for the garment which includes a stressful roaming on streets for few days & once the material is sourced it is important to communicate clearly to workers in making them understand these designs , dealing with illiterate artisans like dyers for dyeing the fabrics ,Masters for cutting, embroidery workers, Tailors ,and all this could be scrapped at any point and redone, now Marketing- this part involves photographing the garments with celebrity & conducting fashion shows to attract clients and then posting these photos in social media, finally when clients arrive with tight deadlines some even ask for hours & days , running with materials behind all those workers and delivering the garment to clients and if any measurement or miscommunication with workers would lead to failures and clients harsh words and money time and material wastes and redo all this again.

The above written para is just a simple example to show how hard to be as a fashion designer. Fashion institutes must share this knowledge to every student well in advance while joining in courses and they must also share the different career paths in fashion industry. So, that the student can choose their feasible path and let me share some career paths in fashion industry which are unknown to most of the people.

CAREER OPTIONS FOR FASHION DESIGNING COURSES ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Fashion Journalist, Fashion consultant, Fashion Illustrator, Fashion Designer, Fashion Stylist.

CAREER OPTIONS FOR MODELLING ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Walking on Ramp of fashion shows, modeling in fashion Photography, being part of ad campaigns, be a brand ambassador, acting and many more.

Finally, Youngsters who desired to be a Model, it is important that they must know the difference between modeling and designing, Joining in a fashion designing course is not needed to be as a model, There are authorized agencies in which one must register and get trained with the agency to become as a model. The main thing that I want to convey through this article is, The post which is made on social media platform was just a minute of happiness but the background work behind that post will be under a stressful tight deadlines. Guys when you love creativity and like to keep your whole focus and determination on this field, then it would be a lovely field and all those pains seem nothing when we see a fruitful outcome.

Vitamins

Vitamins and minerals are very important for everyone to be fitter and healthier. It is very important to consume the food which is rich in vitamins and minerals. And there are many side effects of not consuming vitamins and minerals like vitamin deficiency. Vitamins and minerals are good source of energy.

Nutrients are very important to consume and have good cause. An individual must prefer nutritious food than the junk food. It is very important to eat the fruits and vegetables rather than eating the high calorie food.

Many of the people does not include those fruits and vegetables in their diet. When they do not include the fruits and vegetables it leads to the malnutrition sometimes.

Types of vitamins :

There are 13 essential vitamins. They are vitamins A,C,D,E,K, and the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid , biotin,B6, B12, and folate). Vitamins have different jobs to help keep the body working properly. Some vitamins help you resist infections and keep your nerves healthy, while others may help your body get energy from food or help your blood clot properly.

Food sources :

* vitaminD from fatty fish, fish liver oils, fortified milk products, and fortified cereals.

* vitamin B12 from meat, fish, poultry milk, and fortified breakfast cereals. Some people over age 50 have trouble absorbing the vitamin B12 found naturally in foods. They may need to take vitamin B12 supplements and eat foods fortified with this vitamin.

* calcium is a mineral that is important for strong bones and teeth, so there are special recommendations for older people who are at risk for bone lkss. You can get calicium from milk and other dairy, some forms of tofu, dark green leafy vegetables, soyabeans, canned sardines and salmon with bones, and calcium – fortified foods.

* Magnesium is found in foods containing dietary fiber, such as green leafy vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts and seeds. Breakfast cereals and other fortified foods often have added magnesium. It is also present in tap, mineral, or bottled drinking water.

* pottasium is found in fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy foods. Foods high in potassium include dried apricots, lentils and potatoes. Adults get a lot of their potassium from milk, coffee , tea and other nonalcoholic beverages.

* preparing your own meals at home without using a lot of processed foods or salts will allow you to control how much sodium you get.

* vitamin B6 is found in a wide variety of foods . The richest sources of vitamin B6 include fish, beef liver, potatoes and other starchy vegetables, and fruit ( other than citrus).

* vitamin A can be found in products such as eggs and milk. It can also be found in vegetables and fruits, like carrots and mangoes.

* vitamin C is found in some of the best fruits and vegetables. Citrus fruits, tomatoes, and potatoes can be large source of vitaminC

* vitamin E can be found in nuts like peanuts and almonds and can be found in vegetable oils, too. It can also be found in green vegetables, like broccoli and spinach.

* vitamin B1 in meat- especially pork- and fish. It’s also in whole grains and some fortified breads, cereals, and pastas.

* vitamin B2 in eggs and organ meat, such as liver and kidneys, and lean meat. It is found in green vegetables, like asparagus and broccoil.

* vitamin B3 can be found in some types of nuts, legumes, and grains. It can also be found in poultry , beef, and fish.

* vitamin K can be found in many foods including green leafy vegetables, like spinach and kale and in some fruits, such as blueberries and figs . It can also be found in cheese, eggs and different meats.

* Folate can be found in vegetables and fruit, such as broccoli brussel sprouts, spinach, and oranges. It can also be found in nuts ,

Most of the teenagers consume junk food instead of eating the healthy food that is the fruits and vegetables. The junk food contain some preservatives in it and they’re also rich in fats and carbohydrates which are not so good. Doing a mistake is acceptable but doing the mistake even after knowing the truth is a bad one. So, all the teenagers must know the need of the situation and must bring the awareness among the people who are addicted to the junk food. They must motivate the people who are in it all the time.

Machine Learning Algorithms

According to Arthur Samuel (1959), Machine Learning is a field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed.

Tom Mitchell (1998) Well-posed Learning Problem: A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to some task T and some performance measure P, if its performance on T, as measured by P, improves with experience E.

Machine learning algorithms

  1. Supervised learning
  2. Unsupervised learning
  3. Reinforcement learning

Supervised learning

It is machine learning task of at function that maps an input to on output based on example input-output pair. Basically Supervised learning is learning in which We teach or train the machine using data which is well labelled that means Some data is already tagged with correct answer. We pass data, train it and predict output.

Example 1 – House price prediction : In this data set can be given a which contain locality, size of house, age, no. of rooms, price at which it sell. In this are example locality, size of house are independent variables from which we can we predict house price. In this we can take prices of other houses to train our data. We take real prices map them and can predict price.

Example 2 – If we have different kinds of Fruits. To train the machine with all different Fruits one by one like shape of fruit, colour. Since machine has already learned from previous data this time it will classify fruit with its colour and shape and give output.

  • supervised learning allows collecting data and produce data output from previous experience.
  • It helps to solve various types of real world computation problems.

Unsupervised learning:

It is the training of machine using information that is neither classified nor labeled and allowing the algorithm to act on that without guidance. In this past data is pointless and we need to club similar data together. There is no way to measure similarity before we run the program. It is less accurate.

Example 1 – Google news : In google news, clustering where they use to club similar types of news together. They find some keywords, club similar news and show it on feed.

Example 2 – Feature selection : Assume that we want to predict how capable an applicant is of repaying a loan from the perspective of a bank now, we need to help the bank set up machine learning system so that each loan given to applicant who can repay the loan. So by gathering the Information about applicants average monthly income, debt credit & history we can predict this

Reinforcement learning

It means to establish & encourage a pattern of behavior. It is area of machine learning concerned with how software agent ought to take actions in an environment in order to maximize the notion of cumulative reward.

Example 1 – Chess game : In chess game there are different types of pieces which can move differently. The next move will depend om opponent move or your previous. It is trial and error and decision is dependent.

Example 2 – Web system configuration : there are so many parameters in web system and the process of tuning the parameters requires a skilled operator. This can be automated by using reinforcement machine learning technique to learn from different trial & error phases.


Applications of Artificial Intelligence-I

What is AI?

Artificial Intelligence is the intelligence exhibited by machines based on the premise that intelligence is not ‘real’ or human’. It mimics cognitive functions exhibited by humans such as learning and problem-solving.

Artificial intelligence based on Natural intelligence

What is the scope of AI?

Jobs related to AI will increase exponentially in the coming days. It helps to find smart solutions to the problems in various fields in medicine, agriculture, education, security, and so on.

Three stages of Artificial Intelligence. We are near to the second stage.

Applications of AI

  • Machine Learning includes Deep Learning- Neural network
  • Vision includes Image & pattern recognition- Facial recognition
  • Hearing includes Voice and speech recognition
  • Natural Language Processing(NLP) includes Natural Language Understanding(NLU)- Natural Language Generation(NLG)
  • Robotics
  • Expert Systems

We are currently using the following AI-based applications:

  1. Image recognition: Recognizes objects, places, people, and actions in an image.
  2. Speech recognition: Allows humans to use their voices to communicate with the software.
  3. Language translation: Translates a word or sentence from one language to another. Ensure that the translated word is culturally and linguistically correct.
  4. Product analysis: Enables companies to leverage data to reveal user engagement with products or services and tracks the activities, likes, and dislikes of the user.
  5. A/B testing: Determines the version of a webpage and compares two versions and delivers better performance.
  6. Sentiment analysis: Analyze a piece of text to determine the writer’s attitude. It can be categorized as positive, negative, or neutral.

Let’s see few examples of Artificial Intelligence

  1. SIRI: Siri is a popular personal assistant offered by Apple which uses Machine Learning and Voice recognition.
  2. COGITO: It improves the intelligence of customer services by analyzing the human voice emotion and provides real-time guidance.
  3. NETFLIX: Uses predictive technology and provides the user with movie recommendations based on the user’s likes.

Use of Artificial Intelligence in society

“AI is a huge benefit to the society as it enhances the efficiency and throughput while creating new opportunities for revenue generation, cost savings, and job creation.”

-Anand Sampat(Datmo)

‘Robots and AI will destroy jobs’ is nothing but fiction and not fact. But instead, AI creates job opportunities in the market.

“The unparallel combination of human and machine will become the new normal in the workforce of the future”

– Matthew Lieberman

The presence of Artificial intelligence enhances our lifestyles and creates efficient businesses.

“Machine allows humans to do the most interpersonal and creative aspects of work”

 -Chalmers Brown(Due company)

AI platforms will provide real-time insights combined with the explosion of computer power.

“Smart homes will reduce energy usage and provide better security for humans. Marketing will be more targeted and health care will become more effective with smart devices”.

 – Naresh Soni

Start-ups using Artificial Intelligence 

  1. NEST: Alphabet Nest uses AI to learn a home owner’s habit resulting in a reduction of energy consumption. It adjusts the house temperature according to the weather hence energy consumption can be controlled.
  2. COMFY: Comfy offers services for reducing energy consumption in office buildings.
  3. PG&E: Pacific gas and electric company(PG&E) connected 200,000 solar customers, accounting for one in every four houses with solar rooftops.

AI benefits multiple Industries and society will be benefitted from the use of facial recognition, digital content analysis, accuracy in identifying patterns.

“AI risks are real if we don’t understand the quality of the incoming data and set AI rules which are making granular trade-off decisions at increasing computing speeds”

-Mark Butler

Facial recognition: Facial recognition is a biometric technology used to identify human faces and can be used for security purposes. 

Example: Snapchat

Snapchat differentiates between images of objects, pets, sports, and food. It suggests relevant borders and stickers. Identifies your location and suggests location-based filters.

Snapchat filters use Machine Learning and image classification techniques called Convolution Neural Networks(CNN).

Polynomials and identities

Photo by George Becker on Pexels.com

TO start with the topic first of all its necessary to know basic identities:-

a + b whole square is what? I.e a square +2ab+ b square. Similarly there are many more. TO begin with our basic topic we will try some questions and their approaches.

Q1. IF x +1/x = 4 then what is x2 +1/x2

So guys we are given value of x + 1/x =4. Now simply square both sides. You will get x2 + 2 + 1/x2 as 16. Now if you take to on RHS side it will be simply 16-2 i.e 14. Hence 14 is your answer. So dear reader you can follow a shortcut to solve orally that 4 square minus 2. I.e same 16-2 . Similarly if you have 9 instead of 4 in the question the answer would be 81-2 =79.

If now instead of this you need to find value of x4 +1/x4 . Then how would you solve. Just take out value of earlier one and square it and minus. For eg in first question as 14 was our answer subtract 2 from it and its your new answer .

Q2. If now in first question you need to find x3 +1/x3 (note its cube not three)

So you can use a shortcut i.e. p3 -3p. I.e. 4 cube -4×3 which will be 64-12=52.

Q3. If x-1/x =p then x3-1/x3 will be

Its easy just in above formula replace minus sign by plus . p3+3p.

Q4. If in first question I need to find x5+1/x5 then.

Here you need to know just the basic formula (xa )b = xa+b . Dear reader we now that 2+3=5 . So find the value in example 1 and 2. I.e 14 and 52 now multiply both of them and minus with value in question. 728-4=724.

For reference

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://byjus.com/maths/algebraic-identities/&ved=2ahUKEwiXnezZueLxAhWIxzgGHfbGChQQFnoECDMQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3kOAhEDrCdK4_MLjcyXg9U

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.vedantu.com/maths/algebraic-identities&ved=2ahUKEwiXnezZueLxAhWIxzgGHfbGChQQFnoECDQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3S4Vj2T2sw7UHmGmefLXFC

OLYMPIAD EXAMS .

Never put an age limit on your dreams.

– Dara Torres

Olympiad’s are competitive exams conducted all across the world to compare students performance of similar educational levels. These Olympiads are helpful for children to know about their capabilities .we are living in a world where we need to be exceptionally good at things we are doing , and for that confidence and creative skills are the two pillars. These Olympiads are doing the same thing , they are making you ready to face the world with your unbelievable ideas and thoughts . Olympiad exams helps you to think out of the box as it is held to test your skills .

The term Olympiad is associated with the Ancient Greek Olympic games. Olympiad’s first started in the summer of 776 BC. They started with different games and slowly the modern Olympiad are being held every four years. The first modern Olympiad started on January 1st ,1896 . Olympiads are all about your education .

what type of Olympiads are there ?

The Olympiad exams conducted in many sectors :

  • International maths Olympiad (IMO)
  • International science Olympiad (ISO)
  • English International Olympiad (EIO)
  • General Knowledge International Olympiad (GKIO)
  • International computer Olympiad (ICO)
  • International Drawing Olympiad (IDO)
  • International Social Studies Olympiad (ISSO)
  • National cyber Olympiad (NCO)
  • National science Olympiad (NSO) . etc.,

The Olympiad exams are conducted both in National and International wise . These are alot based on your educational aspects and they conduct these exams based on your age . so, it is easy for you to participate and understand the levels given in the exams . Another important point to be noted is that :the participants of lower grades can participate at any higher level they want to ,if they are selected for that . For this the participant need to prove themselves by submitting any work they did or by proving your level by the questions asked by them. But any higher grade participate is not permitted to participate in the exams held for lower grade participants .

Photo by Zen Chung on Pexels.com

Benefits of Olympiad’s:

  • Olympiad exam builds self-confidence in children ,gives the power to tackle more such challenges in the best way possible .
  • These exams encourage self-learning that goes a long way in students life .It enables to check their progress on a timely basis.
  • Olympiad exams require students to think creatively .Instead of taking reviews from others ,they will be habituated to see things differently and correct their lacks and to become a successful person in life.
  • It challenges children to come out of their comfort zone.It in-builds their desire to learn and seek more. It builds positive attitude and pusses their ability to perform well.
  • These exams helps you to find the better version of you ,as they get you plenty of experiences where you can learn through. These exams gather different regions children at a place whom you meet there ,so you can understand how things are done there .It not only makes knowledgeable but also makes you understand how the world works.

NOVAL APPROACHES TO BUILD A STRTUP TEAM FOR AN AGILE WORLD

Start ups are different from large established companies .So in order to thrive in technological world the corporate culture must be changed from traditional mind set to agile mind set. So, in order to change the traditional cultures of start ups they must need a perfect team which converts the entrepreneurial ideas into reality. Corporate culture has been changing extensively from the last two decades on wards with its instinctive technology, salary package and benefit factors. In todays competitive situations every startup or an established company must have a team with agile mindset.

WHAT IS AN AGILE MINDSET?

The Agile Mindset is a movement away from traditional, which avoids the bureaucratic leadership like which can involve office politics and a “whoever is loudest is right” mentality. Instead, the agile mindset keeps ego aside from the teams and focus on what is right, instead of who is right. This agile methodology was emerged in 2001 for the development of software practices by providing more reliable workspaces and improved management but now it is a globally embraced framework and mindset which enables business to be better in almost every field with its viability of vision.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AGILE MINDSET ARE AS FOLLOWS:

PRINCIPLES OF VISION TO VIABILITY FOR AN AGILE TEAM ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Keeping the above picturized principles in mind which can help a start up to build a perfect team to become more open-minded to the agile mindset approach. These are the core values which helps to nurture more efficiency in teamwork.  This methodology can be used for our personal development also, in order to determine the clear goals or achievements that we want to reach. Now, let’s have an idea about ” How to build an agile team ? “

THE SEVEN MAJOR VISIONARIES TO BUILD AN AGILE TEAM IS AS FOLLOWS:

1 ATTRACT AWSOME TALENT: Try to choose every individual with complementary skills who share the excitement for the company vision. So that they give their best for growth of the company.

2 CREATE FOCUSED & ALIGNED TEAMS: Companies should create the teams which concentrate on the key initiatives to meet the desired goals and achievements of the company.

3 CREATE A LEARNING ORGANISATION: The team must posses the flexibility to manage or make some adjustments to the plan to avoid un necessary risks.

4 BUILD A COHESIVE TEAM: Building a cohesive team adds a marks to the company because this type of team celebrates the collective win over the individual gain and learns from the failure.

5 BUILD A TEAM TO EMBRACE THE DIFFICULT DECISIONS: The team must address the mistakes that has been done previously or during the running project and should change them according to needs of project growth.

6 Foster a culture into the team which can embrace flexibility and also to thrive in good time or bad time.

7 Give an allow for both GEN Y and GEN Z categories in order to tap the high performance energy and fresh thinking ability.

Finally, founders or HR’s of the start ups must cross check all the abilities in hiring a person. Try to maintain some techniques while hiring a person i.e give priority to the aptitude over the experience because fresh thinking always enhances better results and look for the passion in the candidate who want’s to join in the company. Always remember that hiring persons from different cultures can give a strong grip to the foundation of a start up because diversity creates better decisions and the most important thing in hiring process is constantly polishing the way of hiring. Try to look for the culture “FIT” and always be recruiting so that we can form the best teams than the previous once which helps in the growth of the company.

What is World Trade Organisation ( WTO ) ? ( History , Objectives , Principles , Structure )

The World Trade Organisation is the successor of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades (GATT ).
The WTO Agreement is the Uruguay Round agreement where the original GATT is now part of the WTO Agreement which came into force from January 1,1995.

WTO is a multilateral organisation .It has its headquarter in Geneva , Switzerland. It is the central body that facilitates global trade .


It is the only international organization that deals with global rules of trade between nations.
It provides a framework for conduct of international trade in goods and services.


The fundamental objective of the rule-based system of international trade under the WTO is to ensure that international markets remain open and their access is not disrupted by the sudden and arbitrary imposition of import restrictions.


It lays down the rights and obligations of governments in the set of multilateral agreements.
It also covers a wide range of issues related to international trade, such as protection of intellectual property rights and dispute settlement, and prescribes disciplines for governments in formulation of rules, procedures, and practices in these areas.


Structure of WTO

The structure of WTO is headed by the Ministerial Conference composed of representatives of all members which meet at least once every two years.
It carries out the functions of the WTO and takes actions necessary to this effect .

The Ministerial Conference is the supreme authority of the WTO .
The Ministerial Conference operations by different authority bodies.

General Council composed of representatives of all members to oversee the operation of the WTO Agreement and ministerial decisions on a regular basis. It also acts as a Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) and a trade policy review body (TPRB) ,each having its own Chairman.

The Director General , who is the secretariat head of WTO . The Ministerial Conference appoints the Director General and sets out his power duties , conditions of services and term of office. The Director General appoints the members of Staff of the Secretariat and determines their duties in accordance with the regulations adopted by the Ministerial Conference.

There is the Council of Trade in goods , The council for Trade in Services and the Council for Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right (TRIPs) which operates under the General Council .

Principle of WTO

Five important principles of WTO are :-

Non-discrimination
Reciprocity
Binding and enforceable commitments
Transparency
Safety values

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Objectives

The Preamble of the organisation , The Agreement establishing the WTO lays down the following objectives :-

• It’s relation in the field and economic endeavour shall be conducted with a view to raising standards of living , ensuring full employment and large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand and expanding the production and trade in goods and services.

• To allow for the optional use of the world’s resources in accordance with the objectives of sustainable development , to protect the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development.

• To make positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries , especially the least developed among them , secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development.

• To achieve these objectives by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements directed towards substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international trade relations.

• To develop an integrated , more viable and durable multilateral trading system encompassing the GATT , the results of past liberalisation efforts and all the results of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations .

• To ensure linkages between trade policies , environment policies and sustainable development.

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Functions :-

The main functions of WTO are :-

1. To facilitate implementation, administration and operations of the objectives of the Agreement and of the Ministerial Trade Agreement.

2. To provide the forum for negotiations among its members concerning their multilateral trade relations , in matters relating to the agreements .

3. To provide a framework for implementation, administration and operation of multilateral and bilateral agreements of world trade.

4. To administer the understanding of rules and Procedures governing the Settlement of dispute .

5. To ensure the optimum use of world resources.

6. To assist international organizations such as, IMF and IBRD for establishing coherence in Universal Economic Policy determination.

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WTO Agreements

The Agreement establishing WTO consists of the following :-

1: Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods :

The general agreement on trade in goods defines the GATT 1994 and includes various agreements dealing with Different aspects related to trade in goods.

• GATT Rules 1994
,•Agreement on Agriculture
•Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
•Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
• Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Investment Measures ( TRIMs)
• Agreement on Anti – Dumping


2: General Agreement on Trade in Services .

This agreement covers all Internationally traded services .It also sets out special conditions relating to individual sectors .

In financial services , it establishes the right of governments to take appropriate measures for the protection of investors , depositors and policy holders to ensure integrity and stability of the financial system.

In telecommunications ,the Agreement requires a Member to establish , construct , acquires ,lease , operate or supply telecommunications transport networks and services and make it available to the public

The GATS also contains consultations and dispute settlement and the establishment of a Council on Services.


3: Agreement on Trade – Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right ( TRIPs) .

The TRIPs covers seven categories of intellectual property –

• Copyright and Related Rights.
• Trademarks
• Geographical Indications
• Industrial Design
• Patents
• Integrated Circuits
• Trade Secrets

This agreement refers to controls of anti competitive practices for developed countries to bring their legislation and practices into conformity for the implementation of TRIPs.


4:. Understanding on Rules and Procedures governing the Settlement of Disputes.

This agreement applies to consultations and the settlement of disputes between Members concerning their rights and obligations under the provisions of the Agreement establishing the WTO .
For this, a Dispute Settlement System was established .


5: Plurilateral Trade Agreement .

This agreement consists of the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft , Agreement on Government Procurement , International Dairy Agreement and International Bovine Meat Agreement . The first Agreement was made at Geneva in April 1979, as subsequently modified , rectified or amended . The latter three Agreements were done at Marrakesh on April 15,1994.



6: Trade Policy Review Mechanism.

The TPRM aims to carry out reviews of the trade policies and practices under the Multilateral Trade Agreements and the Plurilateral Trade Agreements for the smoother functioning of the multilateral trading system.To operate this purpose , Trade Policy Review Body ( TPRB) was established. For better transparency each member reports regularly to the Trade Policy Review Body about the trade policies and practices pursued by it .

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Cyber Bullying

What is Cyber Bullying?

When a young person uses the Internet or technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person, this person is called a cyberbullying. Typically, cyberbullying involves tweens and teens; but it’s not uncommon for adults to experience cyberbullying and public shaming as well. Even if someone deletes a mean post, chances are it’s still available in some form such as in a screenshot or a shared text message. Worse yet, those targeted by cyberbullies often don’t know who is bullying them, so they often have no way to bring it to an end.

Impact of Cyberbullying

If your child is being targeted by cyberbullying, it’s important that you work with them to report the cyberbullying and do everything you can to get the victimization to stop. Additionally, you should talk to their pediatrician or a mental health professional about what your child is experiencing. Expecting your child to cope with the cyberbullying on their own is not realistic. Cyberbullying also can lead to increasing levels of anxiety and depression. One study found that as many as 93% of kids victimized by cyberbullies reported feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and powerlessness.

Coping with Cyberbullying

  • Encourage your child to reclaim control. Cyberbullying can make teens feel like their lives are out of control. For this reason, you want to give them opportunities where they feel like they have some control. One way to do this is to encourage your child to use what they have experienced and turn it into something good like helping others going through the same thing.
  • Focus on learning from the experience. Whether your child needs a boost to their self-esteem or they need to learn to think positively, help your child identify what they can learn from this experience. You also can help them reframe their experience and focus on the good that has come from it rather than the pain that it caused.

Blood relations:logical reasoning

This is an important topic if you are preparing for any of the competitive exam. To solve such type of questions break the question into generations. For eg I and my brother will belong to one generation. My father and my mother will belong yo3 one generation and so on.

You need to use arrows and represnt Male and females differently. For eg you can use plus sign for males and minus for females. Lets understand with example.

POINTING TO RAJA RANI SAID “HIS MOTHER’S BROTHER IS THE FATHER OF MY SON RAJKUMAR.”HOENIS RAJA RELATED TO RANI. This simplifies that raja ‘s mother’s brother is father of my son. That means rani s husband is uncle of raja. Hence raja is nephew.

eg 2. Amit pointing a photo of girl says she is daughter of only son of my grandfather.

This means the girl is daughter of only son of my grandfather means his father’s daughter is that girl and girl is sister of amit.

eg3. Pointing to a man :-his only brother is the father of my daughter’s father.

My daughter’s father means me and my father’s brother. Now how I am related to my father’s brother Its easy I am his nephew.

Also you can get some questions like p+q means p is brother of q. p-q means p is sister of q.

a+b-c. a is brother of b and b is sister of c.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.indiabix.com/verbal-reasoning/blood-relation-test/&ved=2ahUKEwj1ztjFteDxAhXU73MBHfI-C7IQFnoECAQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0MgoIJWqewxjffJsJzcQZL

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://byjus.com/govt-exams/blood-relations-logical-reasoning/&ved=2ahUKEwj1ztjFteDxAhXU73MBHfI-C7IQtwJ6BAgnEAE&usg=AOvVaw1L3I0xndZBU6CMGDQZsoVh

What is The International Monetary Fund ?

Intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) have always played a very important role in the global economy . These groups are generally created through the enactment of a treaty and are composed of a group with member states . The goal of individual IGOs depends on their genre of function and membership . Some of the most common and widely known IGOs include the United Nations , the World Bank and International Monetary Fund ( IMF)

International Monetary Fund () IMF also called The Fund , based in Washington ,D.C. is an international monetary institution established by 44 nations under the Bretton Woods Agreement of July 1994.

The IMF was established to promote economic and financial cooperation among its members in order to facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of world trade . It started functioning from March 1,1947 , the Fund has currently 189 member countries each of which has representation on the IMF ‘s executive board in proportion to its financial importance .

IMF is an international organisation that promotes global economic growth and financial stability, encourages international trade and reduces poverty Quotas of member countries .

IMF ‘s mission is

“To foster global Monetary cooperation ,secure financial stability , facilitate international trade , promote high employment and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty around the world.”

Origin :-

IMF was originally created in 1945 ,as part of the Bretton Woods Agreement, which attempted to encourage international which attempted to encourage international financial cooperation .

The principal aim was to avoid the economic mistakes of the 1920s and 1930s . The attempts of many countries to return to the old gold system after the First World War failed miserably.

The World Depression of the thirties forced every country to abandon the gold standard .This led to adoption of nationalist policies which marked decline in world trade and extension of depression.

44 nations assembled at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire from July 1 to July 22,1944 and established The International Monetary Fund .

The Article of Agreement of the IMF provided the basis of the international monetary system .


Structure of The Fund



The structure of The Fund consists of a Board of Governors , an Executive Board , A Managing Director, a Council and a staff with its headquarters in Washington DC, USA.

The Board of Governors is the top in the structure of The Fund . They are decision making organs of the Fund..They exercise power and make decisions that are binding on members and the Fund .

The board of the Governors, which now has 24 members ,meets annually in which details of the Fund activities for the previous year are presented.

Other members include :-

The Executive Board , which has 21 members at present . Five Executive Directors are appointed by the five members ( USA , UK , Germany., France and Japan ) having longest quotas .

The Managing Director is elected by the Executive Directors .He is usually political or any other international official.

The Interim Committee (now IMFC ) , is established to advise the Board of Governors on supervising the management and adoption of international monetary policy .

The Development Committee advises and reports to the Board of Governors on all aspects of the transfer of real resources to developing countries .


Objectives :-

The fundamental purposes and objectives of the Fund had been laid down in Article 1 of the original Articles of Agreement . The major six objectives of IMF are :-

1: To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent Institution which provides the machinery for consumption and collaboration in international monetary problems.

2: To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade, and to
contribute thereby to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and
real income and to the development of the productive resources of all members as
primary objective of economic policy.

3: To promote exchange stability, to maintain orderly exchange arrangements among
members, and to avoid competitive exchange depreciation.

4: To assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments in respect of
current transactions between members and in the elimination of foreign exchange
restrictions which hamper the growth of world trade.

5: To give confidence to members by making the general resources of the Fund temporarily available to them under adequate safeguards, thus providing them with the
opportunity to correct maladjustments in their balance of payments, without resorting
to measure destruction of national or international prosperity.

6: In accordance with the above, to shorten the duration and lessen the degree of dis –
equilibrium in the international balance of payments of members.
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Functions of IMF

The principal function of the IMF is to supervise the international monetary system.
Several other functions performed by the IMF .
Three major functions of IMF are :-


Surveillance over Members Economic Policies :-

The IMF closely monitors each member’s country’s economic and financial development . The IMF holds a conference with member countries on a regular basis Usually once each year to assess its economic conditions with a view to providing policy recommendations .


Financial Assistance :-

IMF functions as an agency of providing resources to meet short term and medium term
. It lends to its member countries facing BOP disequilibrium .

IMF loan is usually provided under an “arrangement ” requiring a borrowing country to undertake the specific policies and measures to resolve it’s balance of payments problem as specified in a “Letter of Intent ” .
Most IMF loans are primarily financed by its member countries through payment of quotas .


Consultative Function:

It functions as a centre for international cooperation and a source of counsel and
technical assistance to its members.IMF provides technical assistance to help member countries strengthen their capacity to design and implement effective policies in four areas :- monetary and Financial policy ; fiscal policy; statistics ; and economic and financial legislation.

Other functions :-

• Stabilizing Economics
• Maintaining Balance between demand and supply of member countries.
• Maintenance of Liquidity .
• Reducing tariffs.
• General watch .
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Financial Resources of The Fund :-

The bulk of financial assistance performed by the IMF has its financial resources from two sources .


(i) Subscription or quota of the member nations :-

Each member country is required to subscribe to an amount equivalent to its quota. It is
the quota on which payment obligations, credit facilities, and voting right of members
are determined. As soon as a country joins the Fund, it is assigned a quota which is
expressed in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs).


(ii) Borrowings :-

The Fund is authorised to borrow in special circumstances if its own resources prove to
be insufficient. It sells gold to member countries to replenish currency holdings. It is
entitled to borrow even from the international capital market. Though the Articles of
Agreement permits the Fund to borrow from the private capital market.

The IMF has two accounts of
operation—the General Account and the Special Drawing Account.
The Fund burrows under the General Arrangements to Borrow in order to forestall or cope with an impairment of the international monetary system.
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Credit Tranches :-

To meet the severe BOP disequilibrium , the Fund has been gradually raising the limit of borrowing by its members under the credit tranche.
Since the 1960s , the Fund has created several credit facilities for its members.

Some borrowing facility provided by the Fund are :-

(i) Stand-by Arrangements:
The term “stand-by” here
means that, subject to conditionality, a member has a right to draw the money made available, if needed.
This method of borrowing has become the most normal form of assistance by the Fund.
Under this form of borrowing, a member state obtains the assurance of the Fund that,
usually over 12-18 months, requests for drawings of foreign exchange (i.e., to meet
short- term BOP problems) up to a certain amount will be allowed if the country
concerned wishes.
However, the stand-by arrangements can be extended up to 3 years while repayments
are required to be made within 3-5 years of each drawing.


(ii) Extended Fund Facility (EFF):
Stand-by arrangements to stabilise a member’s BOP run usually for a period of 12-18
months. Developing countries suffer from chronic BOP problems which could not be
remedied in the short run. EFF provides credit upto a period of 10 years and loan upto 300 percent of a member’s Quotas are allowed.


(iii) Compensatory Financing Facility (CFF):
Apart from the ordinary drawing rights, there are some ‘special finances’ windows to
assist the developing countries to tide over BOP difficulties. CFF, introduced in 1963, is
one such special drawing provision.
It can now draw up to 45 p.c. Since the mid- 1990s, this has been the least-used facility.


(iv) Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) and the Enhanced SAF (ESAF):
In 1986 a new facility—the SAF—was introduced for the benefit of low income
countries.
Under it, credit facilities for economic reform programmes are available at a low
interest rate of 0.5 p. c compared to 6 p.c. for most Fund facilities. Loans are for 10
years with a grace period of five and a half years.
SAF provides to undertake medium-term structural
adjustment programmes to foster economic growth and improve BOP conditions
The ESAF has been replaced
by a new facility, called Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility in 1999.


(v) Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF):
The PRGF that replaced the ESAF in November 1999 provides concessional lending to
help the poorest member countries with the aim of making poverty reduction and
economic growth —the central objectives of policy programmes.


(vi) Supplemental Reserve Facility (SRF):
This instrument provides additional short-term financing to member countries facing
exceptional BOP difficulties because of a sudden and disruptive loss of market
confidence reflected in capital outflows of countries concerned. Consequent upon the
After the eruption of the East Asian financial crisis, the SRF was introduced in 1997.

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India And The IMF

India is one of the founder members of the IMF . It signed the Fund Agreement on 27 December , 1945 . Till 1970 India ‘s Quotas in the Fund was the fifth and it had the power to appoint permanent Executive Directors.


With increase in the Fund Quotas of other countries like Canada , Italy , Japan etc . India ceased to hold a permanent position as Executive Directors .
With the Eleventh Review of Quotas , India’s quota in the IMF declined from 2.09 per cent . As a result , India’s position in the Fund quota came down to 13th .

The current IMF data shows India’s position at seventh .


India has been benefited in certain ways by the IMF by receiving loans to meet the deficit in its balance payment in several years .India has been getting advisory help from the Fund under the Fund surveillance conditionality .
Hence , as a member India has gained much help from the IMF to have an economically stable system.

Chartered Accountant

Chartered Accountants were the first Accountants to form a professional accounting body initially established in Scotland in 1854.

An Accountant is a person who specialises in the field of accounting. Chartered Accountants are Accountants for hire. They work in various sectors of the economy,managing the finance of an entity, providing financial advice and helping out with money management.

Chartered Accountancy has been one of the most popular career choices in India. There is no fixed time to complete chartered Accountancy. In this career your hard work decides your destination. There is no colleges for Chartered Accountancy. CA aspirants can approach any Institutes and work as per the instruction given by the Institutes.

Exam structure:

The Institute of Chartered Accountancy of India divided CA courses into four levels: CA foundation/CPT, CA intermediate/IPCC, 3 years of Article ship training and CA final. Each level tests students on different paper pattern based on their level and maturity.

Eligibility:

The one who passed class 12 can appeal for CPT(Common Proficiency Test) /foundation level in CA.

The degree holder can directly appeal for IPCC(Integrated Professional Competence Course) /intermediate level.

Roles of chartered Accountant:

Cost Accountant:

Collecting cost information and maintaining an expenses database. Constructing data accumulating systems

Financial controller:

Financial controller is a company’s lead Accountant. They oversee accounting activities and ensure that ledger accurately reflect money coming on and out of the company.

Auditor:

An Auditor is an authorized person who reviews and verifies the accuracy of financial records and ensures that companies comply with tax norms.

Accounts Clerk:

The responsibility of accounts clerk is to keep financial records updated, preparing reports and reconciliation statement.

Chief Financial Officer:

Chief Financial Officer is the senior executive responsible for managing the financial actions of a company. The CFO’s duties include tracking cash flow and financial planning as well as analysing the company’s financial strengths and weaknesses.