Our country launched a satellite Chandrayaan–1 (Meaning moon Vehicle) on 22nd October 2008 to study about the moon. It was launched from Sathish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh with the help of PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) rocket. It was put into the lunar orbit on 8th November 2008.

The spacecraft was orbiting around the moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface. It collected the chemical, the mineralogical and the geological information about the moon. This mission was a major boost for the Indian space programs and helped to develop its own technology to explore the moon. Chandrayaan–1 was operated for 312 days and achieved 95% of its objectives. The scientists lost their communication with the space craft on 28th August 2009. On the successful completion of all the major objectives, the mission was concluded.

ONJECTIVES OF CHANDRAYAAN – 1
To find the possibility of water on the Moon.
To find the elements of matter on the Moon.
To search for the existence of Helium – 3.
To make a 3-dimensional atlas of the Moon.
To study about the evolution of the solar system.

ACHIEVMENTS OF CHANDRAYAAN-1
The discovery of presence of water molecules in the lunar soil.
Chandrayaan–1 confirmed that the Moon was completely molten once.
Chandrayaan–1 has recorded images of the landing site of the US space-craft Apollo-15 and Apollo-11.
It has provided high-resolution spectral data on the mineralogy of the moon.
The existence of aluminium, magnesium and silicon were picked up the X-ray camera.
More than 40,000 images have been transmitted by the chandrayaan-1 camera in 75 days.
The acquired images of peaks and craters show that the Moon mostly consists of craters.
Chandrayaan-1 beamed back its first images of the Earth in its entirety.
Chandrayaan-1 has discovered large caves on the lunar surface that can act as human shelter on the Moon.

CHANDRAYAAN-2
ISRO has currently launched a follow on mission to Chandrayaan-1 named as Chandrayaan-2 on 22nd July 2019. Chandrayaan-2 mission is highly complex mission compared to previous missions of ISRO. It brought together an Orbiter, Lander and Rover. It aims to explore South pole of the moon because the surface area the south pole remines in shadow much larger than that of North Pole.

ORBITER
It revolves around the Moon and it is capable of communicating with Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) at Bylalu as well as Vikram Lander.

LANDER
It is named as Vikram in the memory of Dr.Vikram A.Sarabhai, the father of Indian space program.

ROVER
It is a six wheeled robotic vehicle named as ‘Pragyan’ (Sanskrit word) that means wisdom. Chandrayaan-2 was successfully inserted into the lunar orbit on 20th August 2019. In the final tage of the mission, just 2.1 km above the lunar surface, Lander ‘Vikram’ lost its communication with the ground station on 7th September 2019. But the Orbiter continues its work successfully.

Introduction

The expression “old is gold” has grown quite popular in your culture. On the surface, the statement appears to be highly subjective, and it certainly cannot be applied to every situation. People, on the other hand, have transformed this statement into a mantra to justify their conviction that everything was better in the past than it is now. They frequently prefer to reject that our contemporary civilization has anything nice or pure to offer.

The TRUE meaning

“Old is Gold” is a notion that encourages us to value something even if it is beyond its prime. This might be anything from a toy boat in the corner of one’s room to our grandparents or parents. The phrase serves as a reminder that just because something has aged substantially does not mean it is no longer valuable. With the passage of time, things can sometimes get better. The value of wine, for example, increases with age. “Old is Gold” takes a multiculturalist rather than a nationalistic perspective. We shouldn’t detest something that isn’t ours.

Setting the record straight

There are certain things from the past that would take years and years to replicate. That is undeniable. But the present has gifts, as impeccable as then. Women for example has better opportunities than they ever did in the past. In the past 1 out of 100 women would be allowed to pursue their dreams. The term “women” was used as a synonym for slaves and maids. Nowadays women has sored towards the sky like Shelly’s Skylark, and have their feet firmly planted in every field of life, ranging from education to sports. Dowry is no longer permitted. Thousands of families have died in the past as a result of their inability to pay the dowry. From a period when educational scope was extremely low, the school system has vastly improved. Education has evolved into a much larger notion, with students having a plethora of options to pursue. Superstations and its ill effects have slowly started to get wiped off the face of our society.

The one’s who misunderstand it

Those who misunderstand the notion are those who have not progressed. Couldn’t keep up with the fast pace of time. People who have slandered everything that the world has to offer. In their minds, they have conjured up a beautiful world. They imagined a future in which things are either infinitely better or exactly the same as they were in the past. However, this is not feasible. The world has changed.

Conclusion

Humans are distinguished from other beings by their ability to “grow.” We grow, we learn, we love, we go on, and we let go. The world will never grow if things stay the same forever. It would lose the gifts that have been given to it. It would rob mankind of the ability to learn, comprehend, love, and progress forward via the use of senses. Humanity is defined by our ability to accept and improve. Mourning over what’s gone and what’s could be, wouldn’t improve what it is. As the great Mahatma Gandhi once said “Be the change you want to see in the world”.

If you want to give light as like a sun then burn yourself like a sun

                                                                                                ……. A.P.J Abdul Kalam

“Wings Of Fire” these 3 words is enough to recognize the person about whom this writing is.

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was a former scientist of ISRO and he served as the 11^th president of India from 2002 to 2007. APJ Abdul Kalam was born on 15^th  oct, 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pambam Islan, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen Marakayar was a boat owner and Imamof a local mosque;his mother Ashiamma was a housewife. Kalam was the youngest among his brothers and sisters.

In School year, Kalam was an average student but he described himself as a hard working student with a great desire of learning new things. His favourite subject was Mathematics and he spent a lots of time in maths. He completed his school life from  Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joshep’s College, Tiruchirappalli, then affiliated with the University Of Madras, from where he graduated in Physics in 1954. Then he moved to Madras for Aerospace Engineering from Madras Institute Of Technology.

After completion of Graduation from Madras Institution of Technology in 1960 and joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the DRDO.In 1996 Kalam moved to ISRO(Indian Space Research Organisation) where he appointed as a project director of Indian First Satellite launch mission(SLV-III) and he become successful in this project. Kalam known as Missile Man Of India because in DRDO Kalam work in the integrated Guided Missile Development Program.

 Personal Life:

Kalam lead a very normal and simple life style and had a very good habit of rising at 6.30-7.00 in morning. Through out of his life religions and spirituality made a great impact. Kalam was a Muslim and his father was a Imam of a Mosque in Rameswaram. Kalam was a proud and practising Muslim, daily Namaz and whole day fasting during Ramadan were integral to Kalam’s life.  Young kalam had a great nack in spirituality. In his Book named “Wings Of Fire” he wrote that his father and Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, head priest of Rameswaram Temple were used to sit together and discuss about the spituality and it shows the harmony between them.

A.P.J Abdul Kalam was a former president of India from 2002 to 2007. On 10 June 22002, the National Democratic Alliance(NDA)  expressed that they would nominated Kalam for the post of president.

On 27 July 2015, Kalam delivered a speech in Shillong and after 5 min of this speech he collapsed. He was rushed to nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical situation and the doctors confirmed that he was died for a cardiac arrest. Then Kalam Body was airlifted by IAF from Shillong to Guwahati, from where it was flown to New Delhi on morning of 28 July in an air force C-130J Hercules. On 30 July, the formar scientist and president was laid to rest at Rameswaram ‘s pei Karumbu Ground With Full State Honours.

A.P.J Abdul Kalam was a great personality and a great man in Indian History and is a great example of that is hard work is the main key of success and nothing is difficult

Arcadia is a play written by the English playwright Tom Stoppard which was published in 1993. It is among the most popular works written by Stoppard along with Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead, The Real Inspector Hound, and Hapgood. Most of his works deals with several post-modern themes like science, time, and exploration of reality in pursuit of intellectual and philosophical knowledge. In its truest post-modern sense, the play is a celebration of the intermingling of science and literature using the eternal thread of time.

Stoppard is known for his ingenious ways in which he plays with time to create magic on stage and Arcadia is no exception. Along with several other binaries like order and chaos, or the thirst of intellectual knowledge and the sexual knowledge, Arcadia juxtaposes two binaries of time, namely: the past and the present. The play is set in two different time periods with each scene alternating between both. On one hand, it features the Sidley Park and its occupants in the early 1800s and on the other, it follows the lives of their modern-day counterparts. The narrative of the play intertwines the past and the present, ultimately leading to a concluding scene which features them both simultaneously. As Paul Edwards puts it, “The brilliantly conceived structure of Arcadia enables the audience to witness the effects of time in Sidley Park, since the play is set in two different periods, but in the same garden room of the stately home.”

Regarded as one of the best Science-related works ever written, Arcadia gives equal attention to the scientific advancements of the time as it does to the various nuances of a narrative play. Of the many scientific theories, nonlinear dynamics, theory of deterministic chaos, principles of entropy, bifurcation and fractals are a some of the concepts explored through the play. Deterministic Chaos is a set of principles grounded in nonlinear mathematics that suggest that even carefully calculated equations can lead to uncertain future. This crucial feature of time is highlighted when Hannah discovers that it is the rakish intellectual tutor Septimus Hodge who ended up being the revered hermit of Sidley Park. Nonlinear dynamic systems are processes that may appear chaotic or unpredictable. Although they may seem random, these behaviours are in fact, not random. Arcadia is structured in a similar way to embody this phenomenon. The time periods, although juxtaposed and disorderly, carries a solid order for the sequence of the scenes. This narrative technique is also reflective of entropy, which is the gradual decline of a system from a state of order to disorder. The order of the alternating scenes is disrupted in the final scene of disorder where the time periods and characters overlap with one another. Stoppard himself comments that “The play bifurcates two or three times and then goes into the last section which is all mixed up. So, it’s very chaos structured” (Demastes and Kelly 5).

Fractals are defined as infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar across different scales and are created out of feedback loops. This can be viewed as another feature of time wherein it is predicted that despite the infinite complexities, situations and actions repeat themselves over time. This self-similarity of actions is reflected in several props, dialogues, and characters in Arcadia. For instance, most of the characters in the future seem to have a direct or at least an indirect counterpart in the past. The most obvious one is that of Gus and Agustus, who are both played by the same actor. They alternate between the different scenes until the last scene where Gus appears on stage with regency era clothing, eerily connecting both the time periods. Similarly, Chloe asks Valentine “Do you think I’m the first person to think of this?” (Stoppard 76) not knowing that nearly a century ago, one of her ancestors, Thomasina, had asked the very same question. Where Chloe is obsessed with sexual knowledge, Thomasina’s is merely an innocent curiosity. Thomasina’s thirst for intellectual knowledge is mirrored in the present-day character Hannah. Similarly, one can draw parallels between the intellectuals Septimus and Valentine who have both at one point questioned Thomasina’s intellect.

Stoppard makes great use of props and stage setting to similar extent. Enock Brater observes that the play “relied on its design elements of set, costume and music to track and trace the fluidity of time built into the script.” (164) Few of the props like a tortoise, apple, notebooks, and an old-fashioned theodolite appear in both the time periods becomes a bridge between the two eras. Each of these props carry a symbolic significance throughout the play. For instance, it is the drawing of Septimus along with his tortoise Plautus that helps Hannah confirm that he is the Hermit of the Sidley Park. The Regency era costume also serve as a symbol of time. In the final scene, as the two couples waltz in these costumes, there’s an attempt to blur the lines between the past and the present and it explicitly shows the two eras as parallels. Certain other significant objects in Arcadia are more than just coincidental props. For instance, the signed copy of Chater’s ‘Couch of Eros’, Thomasina’s sketch of Septimus, the game book, and even Sidley Park itself might all just be ‘evidence’ to the modern generation, but they are more than that. These objects are all testaments of time. Characters like Bernard have attempted to manipulate them in order to try and twist the past, but these objects have withstood the troubles of time and they alone carry the truth of the past within them.  

One of the major conflicts that is unravelled through time is the conflict between the changing outlooks of the different time periods, namely between Romanticism and Classism. These opposites arise from the inherent tendency of each generation to break away from the past. In the olden age, the characters who followed the Classic ideals long to have a more Romantic outlook while the modern age attempts to go back to Classism. This constant changing of the beliefs and systems can been seen as another feature of time. While the present glorify some aspects of the past, there are some aspects which are seen as outdated. For example, Valentine initially looks down on the theories of Thomasina because he finds it hard to believe that she could have thought of something as innovative during those ages. Valentine later realises that Thomasina had in fact thought of iteration way before the modern technologies which is the very concept that he uses for his research paper.

Almost all the characters in Arcadia are obsessed with knowledge of some kind. In their attempts to uncover these knowledges, they make use of time as a tool. Through her intellect, Thomasina is eager to know more about the future, although she doesn’t have the technology to assist her. Their modern counterparts on the other hand, look back to the past for knowledge. This thirst for historical knowledge can be seen as an obsession with time, especially for Hannah and Bernard. Where Bernard uses time for manipulation, Hannah uses it to disapprove him. Even though the characters desperately seek to travel back and forth in time, they are unable to do so. But due to Stoppard’s ingenious narrative, the audience gets a glimpse of what it is like to travel across time.

Despite all the obsession and conflict that the characters share with time, the fact remains that they are all ultimately subjected to its tyranny. Anything that is created will perish in the course of time. Due to the fire, Thomasina passes away before she has enough time to tap the potential of her intellect. She simply didn’t have enough time to manually do the equation, and Septimus lives out the rest of his life trying to do so. Valentine on the other hand has the luxury of advanced technologies which does the same equation in mere seconds. Knowledge also gets lost in the course of time, a feat that troubles both the time periods alike. Here, time takes on the part of a villainous character that destroys everything in its ruthless flow. 

At the same time, the play also resonates the belief that perhaps knowledge and art will piece itself back together in the course of time, an idea that Bernard desperately tries to prove. John Fleming observes “In part, Bernard suggests that great art is timeless, a view that coincides with his desire for a mechanistic universe, i.e., the laws of the Newtonian universe are insensitive to time.” Stoppard manages to bring together two of these conflicting ideologies of science and art into a single masterpiece. The play exhibits one of the cleverest uses of time as a tool to bring together these diverse ideas on stage. If Bernard’s stance on great art is indeed true, Arcadia is bound to stand the test of time.

Reference Links:

• http://www.jstor.org/stable/41154167. Accessed 24 Apr. 2021
• http://www.jstor.org/stable/41154273. Accessed 24 Apr.

Paddy-fish system

• An integrated rice field or rice field and pond complex .

• Fishes are grown concurrently or alternately
with rice .

• Fish – deliberately introduces/ fishes may enter
fields naturally from surrounding waters when
flooding occurs/ mix of both. • Allows the production of fish and other aquatic
animals, from the same rice field area without causing reductions in rice yields

Advantages .

• Readily available paddy fields can be utilized .

• Can serves as an off season occupation for farmer .

• Fish serves as an excellent agent for integrated Pest Management (IPM) .

• Fish – increase soil productivity and boost
the production of paddy.

• boosts productivity and income from unit area
Rabha tribe .

• Scheduled tribes of India.

• Mainly inhabit Assam and West Bengal .

• Live in small, isolated groups commonly called
as Rabha Basti .

• Indian journal of medical science
 HbE – a haemoglobin variant, is found in
high incidence among the Rabha tribes
(PS – For Anthropology optional)

Open acess is a set of principles and a range of practices through which research outputs are distributed online, free of cost or other access barriers. with open access strictly defined, or libre open access, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an open license for copyright. the main focus of the open access movement is peer reviewed research literature. historically this has centered mainly on print based academic journals. whereas conventional journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, site licenses or pay per view charges, open access journals are characterised by funding models which do not require the reader to pay to pay to read the journals contents or they relay on public funding. open access can be applied to all the forms of published research output, including peer reviewed and non peer reviewed academic journal articles, conference papers, theses, book chapters, monographs, research reports and images.

FEATURES

The emergence of open science or open research has brought to light a number of controversial and hotly debated topics. scholarly publishing invokes various positions and passions. for example, authors may spend hours struggling with diverse article submission systems, often converting document formatting between a multitude of journal and conference styles, and sometimes spend months waiting for peer review results. the drawn out and often contentious societal and technological transition to open access and open science particularly across north america and europe has led to increasingly entrenched positions and much debate. the area scholarly practices increasingly see a role for policy makers and research funders. giving focus to issues such as carrer incentives, research evaluation and business models for publicly funded research. subscription based publishing typically requires transfer of copyright from authors to the publisher so that later can monetise the process via dessimination and reproduction of the work with oa publishing typically authors retain copyright to their work, and license its reproduction to the publisher

FUNDING:

Since open access publication does not charge readers there are many financial models used to cover costs by other means. open access can be provided by commercial pubishers who may publish open access as well as subscription based journals, or dedicated open access publishers such as public library of science and biomed central. another source of funding for open access can be institutional subscribers. advantages and disadvantages of open access have generated considerable discussion amoungst researchers, academics, librarians, university administrators, funding agencies and government officials. reactions of existing publishers to open access journal publishing have ranged from moving with enthusiasm to a new open access business model, to experiments with providing as much free or open access as possible to active lobbying against open access proposals.