It is thin strands of pure glass which carry data over long distances. At very high speeds. The Fiber can be bent or twisted. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel without loss. Also, fibers are immune to the electromagnetic interference.
In an general optic fiber there is a core which is surrounded by cladding material which has lower refraction index than core.
Communication Systems
Basic Blocks
Transmitter : transmitter is one of the key elements of any fiber optic communications system and the choice of the correct one will depend upon the particular application that is envisaged.
Communication channel (medium) : A fiber-optic link (or fiber channel) is usually a part of an optical fiber communications system which provides a data connection between two points.
Communication channel
Wired
Wireless Glass
Destinations and Receiver : Fiber optic receivers convert light signals into electrical signals for use by equipment such as computer networks.
A commercial bank is that financial institution which accepts deposits from the people and offers loans for the purpose of consumption or investment.
The rate if interest charged by the commercial banks(for the loans the offer) is higher the the rate of interest paid by them (for the deposits the accept ).The difference between two rates is called ‘spread’, which is the source of profit for the banks.
BASIC FUNCTION OF COMMERCIAL BANKS
Commercial banks perform two basic function:
1.Aceepting deposits
2. Advancing loans.
CREDIT CREATION PROCESS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS
Commercial banks create credit on the basics of their cash reserve .
Let assume all banks in the economy receive cash deposit of RS.10000. The banks are guided by their historical experience that all the depositors never withdraw their deposits at a single time. Thus, the bank find it safe to keep cash reserve of only 10% of their demand deposit. That is RS. 10000.
Now , the banks can safely advance loans of RS.9000 and earned profit. The banks never offer loan on cash so the loan amount again returned back to banking system of an economy. Now the total deposit of bank is RS.10000+RS.9000= RS.19000.
By keeping 10%of secondary deposit that is RS.9000 of 9000 he again lend RS.8100 and this process is going to continue until all cash balance are not going to exhaust.
With the help of credit multiplier a bank can know maximum of credit creation .
• Collapse of international tourism -cost the world at least $4 trillion.
• Report -jointly released by UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and UN World Tourist Organization (UNWTO).
• India – 54% drop in tourist arrivals in 2020.
• Tourism is not expected to return to pre- COVID levels until 2023. Cost the world -$1.7 trillion and $2.4 trillion in 2021.
• Three scenarios. Optimistic. Pessimistic. Uneven roll-out of vaccines. • Developing countries -majority in losses due to the asymmetric roll-out of vaccines. • Tourism likely to pick up faster this summer
North America and Europe.
• Loss in tourism sector -Felt particularly by women and young people. • 100-120 million tourism jobs are at stake.
• Recommended quick roll-out of vaccines globally. • Appreciated The EU Digital COVID Certificate initiative. Facilitate safe free movement of citizens in the EU during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Recommended socio-economic measures to protect livelihoods.
• Grim warning -some tourism-related businesses would not survive even after restrictions are removed.
Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.
Globalization is driven by the convergence of political, cultural and economic systems that ultimately promote — and often necessitate — increased interaction, integration and dependency amongst nations.
The more that disparate regions of the world become intertwined politically, culturally and economically, the more globalized the world becomes.
These international interactions and dependencies are enabled and accelerated by advances in technology, especially in transportation and telecommunications. In general, money, technology, materials and even people flow more swiftly across national boundaries today than they ever have in the past. The flow of knowledge, ideas and cultures is expediated through Internet communications.
There are three types of globalization:
1. Economic globalization. This type focuses on the unification and integration of international financial markets, as well as multinational corporations that have a significant influence on international markets. 2. Political globalization. This type deals mainly with policies designed to facilitate international trade and commerce. It also deals with the institutions that implement these policies, which can include national governments as well as international institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization. 3. Cultural globalization. This type focuses on the social factors that cause cultures to converge — such as increased ease of communication and transportation, brought about by technology.
Ather and Ola are successful rivalries of the electric scooter market. Ola electric a unicorn company takes the smarter way by playing with the numbers. The company strongly believed that the price of electric scooters in India can be reduced only when the sales are as huge as 4000 units a year. They are strategically planning and working over the same.
Ather on the other hand is one of the early adopters of the Indian EV market. It had a slow and steady plan to capture the Indian market. Incubated at IITM in their early stage, they did a lot of brainstorming to achieve their design, range, and performance. As a result of this once it was introduced to the market people were awestruck with its design and came up with a question “Why not give it a try?”. Ather made sure that the try was worth the cost. Their service and support were well appreciated in the first place. Ather experience centres made a huge impact in its sales numbers. It made people realise that it’s more than just a ride.
Patrimony Automotive players like Hero Motorcorp, Bajaj Auto, TVS Auto came up with their own strategies and features to launch in the Indian market and they are blooming in the same. Bajaj Chetak has a terrific range of 95 kilometers on a single charge, which is more than enough for a user to switch from petrol to an Electric vehicle. The e-showroom on their website is made in such a way that users can get the feel of visiting a showroom and exploring the vehicle with a smartphone in their hands.
Apart from these startups like Ultroviolette, Ampere electric, Okinawa scooters are also trying to sustain a better place in the Indian Market. Ultraviolette bike is expected to have exceptional sales due to its breath-taking design and performance.
Passenger Electric Vehicles:
The passenger electric vehicles sales in India have not met their expected growth in sales. But the market is predicted to change in the upcoming years. The key players in electric passenger vehicles in India are as follows:
Tata – Nexon EV.
Hyundai – Kona EV.
Morris Garage – ZS EV.
Tata – Tigor EV.
Nexon EV has a range of about 312 km on a single charge while MG ZS EV and Kona EV have a promising range of about 419kms and 452kms respectively. The offered range is promising and sufficient for trips and travels. They have pretty good acceleration and drive modes.
Tesla, a prominent player in the EV market across the world, has entered the Indian market and things are anticipated to change. Headquartered in Bangalore(the city of EV growth), the company is making plans to reduce the battery cost and production cost. The charging infrastructure would become better due to the dashing intervention of Tesla.
The growth of EVs in India is mainly dependent on the charging infrastructure across the country and experts are Forecasting it to get better in the upcoming years.
The use of digital technology is growing, and people are becoming more aware of it, as well as the numerous benefits that technology provides. They are always connected, can contact almost anyone from anywhere, and carry the world’s most powerful information source in their pockets. People, on the other hand, appear to overlook one fact: how much data technology generates. And that’s where the issue of privacy comes into the picture and it is no secret that the modern use of the Internet and social media has a significant impact on people’s privacy. And our need for privacy is one of the characteristics that define us as human beings. Nobody like having their privacy invaded, whether it’s by someone looking over our shoulder or by a data breach. Every day, we come across headlines concerning privacy breaches that make us worry. The Internet is commonly regarded as a tool that has enabled people to write their own stories and share their experiences with a global network of people. As we continue to digitize every aspect of our lives, from gyms to vacation destinations, security and privacy protection will become increasingly more important in the coming years. As a result, it is growing easier to unintentionally give out sensitive information via email, social media, and other means these days. From internet service providers collecting user browsing history to software vendors gathering broad data about our personal life, there is a lot of data being collected about us. As a result, simple laws and regulations ensuring consumers’ ability to opt out of personal data collecting are urgently needed. In the digital era, this would go a long way toward safeguarding privacy.
Until 2021, the total sum of our personal information on the internet will be around 1.2 Million TBs, and it will undoubtedly rise in the future. Have we ever thought about how to keep it safe? If we continue to take this lightly, the day will come when digital privacy issues will attract an increase in cyber attacks, resulting in a loss of reputation, theft of sensitive documents, and a lack of confidence among users.
To emphasize the importance of data privacy in our lives, we should all take a look at the approaches or methods that can help us add value to data privacy.
Using technologies to effectively manage compliance and vulnerability in security.
Auditing security setups on a regular basis.
Staffs should be well-trained and educated on the ongoing threat of ransom ware.
Make the Privacy Procedures sound more effective by updating them.
Creating and restoring backup files with caution.
For reaching the unreachable updates, technology should be used.
Obtaining illegible H/W Channels from the attackers.
Also education has the duty of transferring awareness, attitudes, skills, and conduct from actual life domains such as home, school, and friends to young people.
From beginning till the end, it can be concluded that data privacy should not be overlooked. And what we should be doing right now is actively participating in the fight to make our lives more secure in this era of digitization.
Cyber stalking is a crime in which stalkers use the internet or another electronic device to stalk an individual. It is also known as online harassment or online abuse. It entails harassing or threatening an individual on a regular basis. Stalking can be done in the following ways such as to follow a person till his home or where he does his business, to cause destruction to a person’s property, leaving written messages or objects, or making harassing phone calls.
The Cyber stalkers always think that they’re anonymous and can hide. In other words, the cyber stalker’s greatest power is their ability to rely on the anonymity that the internet offers them, allowing them to monitor their victim’s activities without their name being revealed. Thus, there is a need of efficient cyber tools to investigate cyber crimes and to be prepared to defend against them and to bring victims to justice.
Extreme narcissism, hatred, frustration, vengeance, jealousy, obsession, psychiatric disorder, power and control, sadistic fantasies, sexual predation, internet addiction, or religious bigotry are all psychological reasons for stalking. Some of them are discussed below:
Jealousy: Stalking can be motivated by jealousy, especially when it involves ex-lovers and present partners.
Obsession: Obsession could be another reason for stalking. The stalker may be drawn to the victim on a sexual or mental basis. The difference between admiring and stalking is very marginal.
Erotomania: It’s a type of belief in which the stalker believes the victim, who is usually a stranger or well-known figure, is in love with him.
Harassment: Cyber stalking is claimed to be motivated by this. This is due to the fact that the internet reflects actual life.
Revenge or Hate- Even though the victim is not the cause of the stalker’s feelings of hatred and revenge, he or she remains the stalker’s target. Based on the aforementioned causes for stalking, a stalker could be obsessed, outraged, psychotic, or crazy, and the Internet appears to be the most convenient venue for the stalker to vent his feelings of hatred and revenge.
In particular, there are three types of stalkers. Obsession stalkers are motivated by their fixation with sexual harassment and sometimes love, deluded stalkers are motivated by the urge to display their authority, and vengeful stalkers are motivated by the want to exact retribution.
The term cyber space means the environment where the communication takes place using internet. To put it another way, the internet has created a world. A global domain inside the digital landscape consisting of the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures, including the Internet, telecommunication systems, computer systems, and embedded processors can be classified as cyber space. Another term is the virtual environment in which worldwide PCs’ electronic data circulates. This is a hazy explanation of cyberspace. Its fundamental feature is that it is made up of many computer networks, switches, routers, servers, and so on. It consists of a collection of infrastructures including transportation, banking, finance, telecommunications, energy, and public health.
Cyber stalking is an activity in which a person, abuser, or stalker uses the internet or electronic media to stalk or harass another person or victim. In cyber stalking, a stalker may communicate with a victim via email, social media, messaging apps, or other forms of online communication. A stalker may use the internet to harass a person by posting messages, pictures, or information about them. Some also track location or online activities of individuals while stalking. Although cyber stalkers do not physically follow the person who has been wronged, they do so virtually. The cyber stalkers do adopt all types of technological and digital instruments assault but it is an emotional assault and harassment which is carried out by using electronic media. However, the provisions made for cyber stalking are not the same as those made for real-life scenarios.
Take a risk and keep testing, because what works today won’t work tomorrow, but what worked yesterday may work again.”- Amrita Sahasrabudhe.
Digital marketing is a canopy for marketing. It is all about marketing Products and services through digital technologies, overall the Internet, digital marketing involves all marketing weapon that requires an electronic device or the internet.
When small businesses get started, their focus is often on how to get their first group of customers through the door. They may rely on traditional forms of advertising, such as print ads and coupon mailers or even big signs on the side of the road. They may trust that since they know they offer a good product or service, it’s only a matter of time until customers will find their way to them.
This decade 2021, in just a three month whole world is facing new pandemic (covid19). As per government order we have to maintain social distancing and isolation. Every social gathering is canceled. Small business or any other company can take this situation as an opportunity. As everyone will be in there houses all they gonna do there is watch TV, laptop or stick to there phone. This will be best opportunity to show cast there product or company.
Nower day people tend to believe in digital marketing then the traditional one. It’s an psychology of people if their favorite or popular celebrity do promote the particular product they will bye it then the unknown face doing the same ad. They qualities of advertisement also plays an important role on consumers mind. ” popular the celebrity is the more costumer they will attract”.
The group of potential customers that are found online is a much larger group of people than you are likely to be able to attract locally. Using digital marketing, you can reach an enormous audience in a way that is both cost-effective and measurable.
41% of U.S. buyers search and buy on Amazon while 28% search on Google then buy on Amazon, so small business SEO is still crucial . 3.2 billion people or 42% of the world population uses social media today (Emersys, 2019). Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Reddit, and LinkedIn are the market leaders. LinkedIn offers 80% of social media B2B leads, for example. On average, these people spend 2 hours and 22 minutes on social media networks per day, 80% of the time is on mobile.
At last “It’s hard to find things that won’t sell online.” – Jeff Bezos
AS SOON AS A GIRL HITS PUBERTY, HER BODY GOES THROUGH A LOT OF CHANGES. ONE AMONGST THE CHANGES THAT TAKES PLACE IS: SHE BLEEDS EVERY MONTH . WHAT IS MENSTRUATION? EVERY MONTH THE UTERUS PREPARES ITSELF TO RECEIVE THE FERTILIZED EGG, IF THE EGG DOES NOT FERTILIZE, THE BED LIKE FORMATION OF BLOOD AND MUCUS, WHICH HAD BEEN PREPARED FOR THE PLACEMENT OF FERTILIZED EGG; BREAKS ITSELF AND THAT IS WHY A WOMEN BLEEDS.
FOR A LOT OF PEOPLE TALKING ABOUT MENSTRUATION IS A SHAME. WHY SO? JUST BECAUSE A WOMEN BLEEDS? THERE ARE MYTHS AND TABOOS EMBEDDED WITH IT. PEOPLE MAKE WOMEN FEEL DIRTY ON THE DAYS OF THEIR PERIODS. SOME CONSIDER IT TO BE GROSS AND SOME IMPURE.
IN A COUNTRY LIKE INDIA WHERE WE OFFER PRAYERS TO MAA DURGA, MAA LAKSHMI AND MAA SARASWATI ; HUMILIATING AND RIDICULING A WOMEN ON SOMETHING THAT IS NATURAL AND GOD GIVEN, PAINS MY HEART A LOT.
WOMENS ARE STRENGHTH OF THE FAMILY, THEY ARE THE BACKBONE. SUPPORT THEM, LOVE THEM AND TAKE CARE OF THEM WHEN THEY NEED YOU THE MOST. STOP SPREADING HATE! THIS ISNT IMPURE. THIS IS THE REASON WHY WE ARE HERE, IN THIS WORLD.
WOMENS ARE PRECIOUS GIFT OF THE ALMIGHTY. RESPECT HER ALWAYS!
A few group are bound to be business visionaries. From the time they get past school, or perhaps before that, they’re ravenous to begin a business and lead it to progress, and they’ll persevere relentlessly to make that fantasy a reality.
Additionally, Starting an online business is the least demanding approach to produce a decent measure of pay. You simply need to zero in on your item quality, promoting procedure, and delivery administrations.
beginning a business is a startling, scaring thought. There are an excessive number of questions to dive in. However, in case you’re thinking about turning into a business visionary, remember every one of the advantages that accompany it:
1-Call the shots. No one else will set the principles. You are.
2-Set your own cutoff times. Not any more extremely late hurrying except if you need to do it.
3-Sell how you need to sell. On the web? Face to face? Inbound? Outbound? It’s your call.
4-Create your own current circumstance. You can set the custom and culture of your association.
Make occupations. Work on the economy with new position openings.
5-Help individuals. Use items and administrations to work on individuals’ lives.
6-Become a specialist. Get familiar with everything of your industry through direct insight.
7-Invest in yourself. You face the challenge, and you’ll acquire the prizes.
8-Make more cash. On the off chance that you need a salary increase, you can give yourself one.
9-Create a resource. Give yourself something sellable to support your wagers.
10-Connect with your customers. Fashion genuine, individual associations.
11-Delegate exhausting undertakings. Try not to do anything you would prefer not to.
12-You can quit working. Work you appreciate doing can’t be portrayed as “work.”
13-The ability to give. Have the influence and adaptability to give time or cash to noble motivations.
14-Have the alternative for numerous endeavors. Start another business when you’re finished with this one.
15-Gain innovative experience. Being a business person makes you a superior expert in practically any position.
16-Get perceived. Begin procuring name acknowledgment and construct a standing.
The magnificence of business is that it allows you to seize on the opportunity to settle on your own choices and control your own predetermination such that regular positions don’t. Also, in settling on your own choices, you can make your own reasons.
In Indian culture, marriage is very important to raise a generation.It is believed that the only goal of girls is to be married to someone .Girls only know one thing that they have to go to someones home after getting married thought to be a good wife, good daughter in law. Just want their daughter to be good in their homes so that they should feel proud of them.Generally girls learn household work just only because one day they have to go to someones home as a wife and they have to do all those who work there
I think this thing is very wrong here if they have to learn household work then they have to learn for themselves then it is good. The first thinking of Gender inequality comes here in woman’s mind that the parents always forced them to do all these things just because they were female,. Why don’t they teach boys to do all those things?
It is changed in todays world but somewhere it is also the same as before.If boys just serve their own meal then a large argument starts in homes that why does their son serve their own meal. They have two sisters already.It is their job to serve everyone.
Just because of male dominance or patriarchal society. Women are not allowed to do what they like. Women are not allowed for studies just because parents think that if they study their expectations increases and parents faces many difficulties to discover a guy who is good for her.If women wants to go out of town for further studies they are not allowed just because of families in security or societal pressure at what if their daughters get attracted towards someone but why this is only for women? Men are always allowed to do what they want whether it’s a choice whether it’s the studies or whatever they want.It is all just due to thinking of everybody that girls have to do everything or they have to sacrifice their dreams, hobbies, likes and dislike just because they are female they have to go to someones home as a wife after marriage.
Just take an example – mom woke up early in the morning and from that time till late night they are busy in household work and It become daily routine because of this they forget how to enjoy their life.They sacrifice their dreams, hobbies, life for family. They don’t do anything for themselves because there has a lot of guilt attached with taking care of themselves, doing things for themselves. And we don’t even thinks about it. If we ask anyone Does your Mom eat something? Not only children her family members don’t know whether she take her meal or not.Just because we don’t notice this. why don’t we notice? It is just because of what we see from childhood.
In our culture, parents choose a guy for their daughters.How can two strangers live their whole life without knowing each other?
WEDDING MEANS LOVE, LAUGHTER AND HAPPILY EVER AFTER….
How can a normal marriage be?
All the proposal come through someone or other who tells the man’s family about lady or vice versa, then the man’s family would contact girl’s family or vice versa and then they ask for time and day to meet. Then match making occurs and then parents or family decide that both men and lady are made for each other.
Right???
Or what happens when this doesn’t work?
Women went through matrimonial hell. To meet random strangers and matchmakers, face a lot of judgements and criticism that leads to clinical depression and anxiety for them. They have to go through lots of rejection for just human beings.
How can anyone be judged by skin colour, body structure, body weight, height, & education?
And after all these women aren’t allowed to reject someone.If a guy is chosen by her family than women have to marry whether she wanted or not.
Everyone says women also have the right to choose their life partner, they are allowed to do what they want to do in their life. But in reality, just opposite is happening because we obey what parents want because this is what we see from our childhood.
It is not about matrimonial / marriage. It is about the Rights, wishes, likes and dislikes of a Woman who is been suppressed by either family or society. Just because of thinking…
Marriage is a very beautiful journey in everyone’s life. Just because of something we hate it or women thought that after marriage their life is going to hell. some women take it as a Golden cage or some take it as a most beautiful dream .so it depends upon how they think about it
Kilimanjaro is a snow – covered mountain that is 19,710 feet high and is said to be the highest mountain of Africa ……. close to the western summit there is the dried and frozen carcass of a leopard . No one has explained what the leopard was seeking at the altitude.
– Ernest Hemingway
In the above passage , two points draw the attention of the reader . First, the behaviour of the leopard was purposive – that he was trying to find out something by climbing on the snow -covered peak . Second, to understand the leapord’s behaviour , we would have to understand his purpose – what he was seeking . But one thing is sure that there was some force of motivation behind such action . Motivation is the main determinant of an individual’s behavior . The term ‘Motivation’ is derived from the word ‘Motive’ . Motive is a combination of of thought , feeling or condition that causes one to act . Motive can be for a short period or can be for a long longer one . If a child takes a colourful ball , he plays with the ball but if , in the meantime , he is attracted towards the other colourful ball , or toy, then we say that his motive for the first ball was a short period . But if a player wants to win gold medal at the international level and he/ she works hard for years to get the medal , we say that his/her motive is for longer period .
Human behavior is controlled , directed and modified through certain motives . When a person feels hungry and searches for food , we say that he/she is motivated by his/her drive , i.e. biological drive . When he/she gets food and is satisfied , we say that his/her drive for food has been fulfilled .
Motivation is one of the main psychological factors which affects performance . Motivation means to be inspired to do something . The definition of motivation is to give reason , enthusiasm or interest that causes a specific action or certain behaviour . Motivation is present in every function of life .
The following definitions may clarify the meaning of motivation more explicitly .
According to Crooks and Stein,“ Any condition , that might energies and direct our actions” is called motivation.
According to Sage,“ The drive to strive ” is called motivation .
According to Alderman,“ Motivation is the general level of arousal to action in an individual .”
“Motivation is the inclination to persue and persist in activities related to one’s sports .”
Language has a number of inherent properties or characteristics . These properties distinguish human language from any non-human communicative system.
1.DUALITY
Each language has a fixed number of sound units called phonemes. These constitute the system of sounds. When these phonemes are combined in a particular manner meaningful units called morphemes are formed . These constitute the system of meanings . Thus language has two levels of structure or patterning .The organization of sounds into two layers ,one of phonemes and another of morphemes is called duality or double articulation .In other words ,there are two sub-systems in any language, one of sounds and the other of meanings .Units of sounds are grouped into units of meaning. These units of meaning are grouped and regrouped into an infinite number of larger utterance. Animal communication lacks this sort of systematic pattern-making at the level of sounds and meanings .
2.CREATIVITY
One of the most important distinctive features of human language is creativity . Human beings use their linguistic resources to produce new expressions and new sentences. They arrange and rearrange phonemes ,morphemes ,words and phrases.to create new modes of expression . In other words ,a relatively small group of sounds is used to form hundreds of thousands of words ,which in turn can be combined to produce a virtually endless number of sentences. This property of the language is called creativity or productivity. Some linguists describe this property in terms of open -endedness because new items can be added to the already-existing ones in a language. Non-human communicative system is inflexible and invariable .It is a closed system .Animals cannot produce new vocal signals to communicate novel events or experience or concepts.
3.DISPLACEMENT
Language is characterized by displacement .Human beings can talk about real or imagined situations ,places and objects far removed from their present surroundings and time .That is ,human language is context-free .They can refer to past and future time and to other locations .This property of human language is called displacement .
4.ARBITRARINESS
Language is arbitrary .We can hardly find any natural or iconic connection between the linguistic form and its meaning .That is there is no direct relationship between the sound of a word and the thing or idea it represents .an element of arbitrariness can be observed even in the case of onomatopoeic words.
5.INTERCHANGEABILITY
Any speaker of a language is a listener too. He is theoretically capable of saying anything he is able to understand when someone else says it.
6.CULTURAL TRANSMISSION
We acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes. The process of passing on language from one generation to the next is called cultural transmission.
7.LANGUAGE IS HUMAN SPECIFIC
Human beings alone are endowed with the gift of language .The physical aspects of human teeth ,larynx and so on are not shared by other creatures and may explain why only human beings have the capacity for speech .
8.LANGUAGE IS A SYMBOL SYSTEM
Language is really a group of symbols .Words that constitute any language stand for objects or concepts. The word pen for example stands for a tool with which we write .Freedom is word that projects the idea of liberty. Language uses words essentially as symbols and not as signs for the concepts represented by them.
9.LANGUAGE IS SYSTEMATIC
Language emerges through combinations of sounds .Sounds are combined in a systematic order to make meaningful units called words .Words are put together in a certain manner to from meaningful utterances called sentences .
10.SPECIALISATION
The sound waves of speech have no function other than to signal meaning unlike , for example ,the audible panting of dogs ,which has a biological purpose
The standard of living for Romanian orphans is still problematic despite vast improvements since their conditions were leaked to the west after the fall of communist government 1899.
Under Nicholae Ceausescu, both abortion and contraception were forbidden. Ceausescu believed that population growth would lead to economic growth. Birth rates especially rose during the years of 1967,1968, and 1969.
This increase in the number of births resulted in many children being abandoned in orphanages which were also occupied by people with disabilities and mental illness. Together, these vulnerable groups were subjected to institutionalised neglect, physical and sexual abuse , and drug use to control behaviour.
“A disabled and orphaned Romanian child lies in his bed on November 24, 2009, at the Targu Jiu orphanage, southwestern Romania, after being transfered from Bilteni’s orphanage, which was considered to be the worst place for children under the dictatorship of former Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu.”
The U.S. consul in Bucharest at the time, Virginia Carson Young, noted that many of the children were not actually orphans, but were infact children who had parents unable to afford such large families, with such a situation being created by the mandated natalist requirements.
The parents had placed them in orphanages,often with the intention of picking them up at a older age. There were a high percentage of Roma (Gypsy) children in the orphanages who were often left in an institution until they were old enough t help earn a living, and then parents would claim them again.
“At three weeks old, Izidor was abandoned at a state-run hospital for “unsalvageables” in Nicolae Ceaușescu’s Romania — left behind by his family because one of his legs was deformed. “
The orphanages which were for the disabled children, treated the children very badly in there. Those orphanages lacked both medicines and washing facilities and physical and sexual abuse if children was reported to be common.
Sometimes, the children were often tied to their own beds or dangerously restrained in their own clothing,because the staff had failed to put clothes on them,the children would spend their day naked and be left sitting in their own feces and urine.
They were abused by the nurses and the older children used to beat the younger ones. All children, including girls, had their heads shaved, with made it difficult to differentiate one another.
Physical needs were not met, as many children died of minor illness or injuries such as cataracts or anemia. Many would starve to death. Some children in the orphanages were infected with HIV/AIDS due to the practice of using unsterilised instruments. Also they have to shift themselves from one orphanage to another. It is estimated that about 500,000 children were raised in orphanages.
“Estimates say that under Ceaușescu’s regime, 170,000 babies, children, and teens lived in “child gulags” subsisting on thin gruel, often in filthy, horrific conditions.”
“Deprived of loving care of any kind, those that lived were often under-developed physically and mentally, and found it difficult to form attachments with other people.”
After the Romanian Revolution, the number of street children was very high. Some ran away or were thrown out of orphanages or abusive homes and were often seen begging, inhaling “aurolac” from sniffing bags and roaming around.
Along with fund-raisers, westerners and Europeans adopted many Romanian children after the exploitation of their conditions. However strict led prevented many adoptions and the process of adoption became complex. Because of the neglect the children suffered, many grew up with physical and mental delays.
Even after being adopted, children had problems forming attachments to their new parents. Additionally to physical effects , the legal attributes of being disowned include a loss of legal surname, in addition to first names being assigned as numbers. Young children brought to orphanages typically cannot remember their names and because of this are named by their caretakers.
“Like all the boys and girls who lived in the hospital for “irrecoverables,” Izidor was served nearly inedible, watered-down food at long tables where naked children on benches banged their tin bowls. He grew up in overcrowded rooms where his fellow orphans endlessly rocked, or punched themselves in the face, or shrieked. “
“Out-of-control children were dosed with adult tranquilizers, administered through unsterilized needles, while many who fell ill received transfusions of unscreened blood. Hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS ravaged the Romanian orphanages.”
Webtoon is a webtoon publishing portal launched by Naver Corporation in South Korea in 2004. The platform is called Naver Webtoon in Korean, LINE Manga in Japanese, both Dongman Manhua and Webtoon in Chinese, and simply Webtoon in English, French, Indonesian, Spanish, Thai, and German. A lot of youth are now investing their time in reading these fun comics that are available in various genres.
Here are some of the webtoons that I am hooked on, with genres such as romcoms, drama, and slice of life!
1) TRUE BEAUTY
Thia webtoon covers a story of a shy comic book fan girl who masters the art of makeup and gain people’s attention by being named as the high school’s prettiest girl. Will this status be short-lived? How long can she hide her true face from the world? And what will she do when that cute guy falls in love with her?
2) AGE MATTERS
The story about a hopeless romantic who is turning 30 and is not very happy about it as she lost the first love of her life, to who she was engaged to. She meets a handsome CEO who is in search of a secretary and as days pass he starts liking her. Will they be able to write a new future together? Will they be able to get the best deals for the company?
3) TO LOVE YOUR ENEMY
Yeonhee Bae lies throught her life trying to hid her past and also some huge flaws. She starts fresh from college but there she meets a guy who happened to recognize her, who knows her past. Her hope of a perfect life starts to crumble. Amid college gossips, crushes, and jealousy, can the two set aside their differences and embrace each other for who they really are?
4) LORE OLYMPUS
Do you ever wonder what the gods do after the dark? Their is friendship with lies, the gossips and the wildest parties, and of course, a forbidden love. It turns out that the gods aren’t that different from us after all.This is one of the greatest mythology stories with unique art style.
5)I LOVE YOO
Shin-Ae wants nothing to do with people or romance as she is burdened with tons of pains and misfortune from the very start of her life. Even though her life was lifeless, it all turns crazy when she happened to ruin someone’s clothes at a party. Watch her life go on unexpected turns, with a bunch of cool friends that she always chills with.
Eduindex 
You must be logged in to post a comment.