PLAY WITH RIDDLES

IN THIS WONDERFUL DAY , LETS MAKE OUR BRAIN CRISP AND SHARP BY SOLVING THESE RIDDLES.

NOTE: TRY TO SOLVE THEIS RIDDLES BY YOURSELF BEFORE SEEING THE ANSWERS IT WILL MAKE THIS READING INTERESTING.

1) I speak without a mouth and hear without ears. I have no body, but I come alive with wind. What am I? 

2)You measure my life in hours and I serve you by expiring. I’m quick when I’m thin and slow when I’m fat. The wind is my enemy. 

3)I have cities, but no houses. I have mountains, but no trees. I have water, but no fish. What am I? 

4)What English word has three consecutive double letters? 

5) I come from a mine and get surrounded by wood always. Everyone uses me. What am I? 

6)What disappears as soon as you say its name? 

7)This belongs to you, but everyone else uses it. 

8)First you eat me, then you get eaten. What am I?

ANSWERS:

1) An echo , 2) A candle , 3) A map , 4) Bookkeeper , 5) Pencil Lead , 6) Silence , 7) Your name , 8) A fishhook.

E-CONTRACTS- EXPLAINED

INTRODUCTION TO E-CONTRACT

Since the internet is no more secluded for just mere communication or computing and analysing of data, online contracts are now the order of the day and there are no differences between online and offline contracts. Hence, online contracts are still contracts and all the rules of contracts will still apply.

The online contract formation uses a communication technology which involves numerous intermediaries such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Imagine a contract that an Indian exporter and an American importer wish to enter into. One option would be that one party first pulls up two copies of the contract, signs them and couriers them to the other, who in turn signs both copies and couriers one copy back. The other option is that the two parties meet someplace and sign the contract.

In the electronic age, the whole contract can be completed in seconds, with both parties simply attaching their digital signatures to an electronic copy of the contract. There is no need for delayed couriers and additional travelling costs in such a situation. There was initially a hesitation amongst the legislatures to recognize this modern technology, but now many countries have passed laws to recognize electronic contracts.

WHAT IS E CONTRACT?

E-contract is any kind of contract formed in the course of e-commerce by the interaction of two or more individuals using electronic means, such as e-mail, the interaction of an individual with an electronic agent, such as a computer program, or the interaction of at least two electronic agents that are programmed to recognize the existence of a contract[3].

E-contract is a contract modelled, specified, executed and deployed by a software system[4].

The 2 main parties to an e-contract are- The Originator and the Addressee.

– Originator according to the IT Act, 2008 is a person who sends, generates, stores or transmits any electronic message to be sent, generated, stored or transmitted to any other person and does not include an Intermediary.

An Addressee according to the IT Act, 2008 is a person who is intended by the originator to receive the electronic record but does not include any Intermediary

NATURE OF E-CONTRACT

1. The parties do not, in most cases, meet physically.
2. There are no physical boundaries.
3. No handwritten signature and in most times, no hand writing is required.
4. Since there is no utmost security, risk factor is very high.
5. Jurisdictional issues are a major setback on e-contracts in case of breach.
6. There is no single authority to monitor the whole process especially in shrink wrap contracts.
7. Digital Signatures are used and electronic records are used as evidences in court n when need arises.
8. The three main methods of contracting electronically are e-mail, World Wide Web (www), and Cyber contracts (Click to agree/online contract).
9. The subject matter includes:

(A). Physical goods, where goods are ordered onlineand paid over internet and physical delivery is made.

(B). Digitised products such as software which can also be ordered for.

(C). Services like electronic banking, sale of shares, financial advice etc.

ELEMENTS OF E-CONTRACTS

Since electronic contracts are presently taken as seriously as offline contracts, the same principles which apply to a valid contract will apply here. The law already recognizes contracts formed using facsimile, telex and other similar technology. An agreement between parties is legally valid if it satisfies the requirements of the law regarding its formation, i.e. that the parties intended to create a contract primarily. This intention is evidenced by their compliance with 3 classical cornerstones i.e. offer, acceptance and consideration.

A. OFFER

Under section 2(a) of The Indian Contract Act, speaks of offer. “When one person signifies his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything with a view to obtain assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal[5] ”. Advertisement on website may or may not constitute an offer as offer and invitation to treat are two distinct concepts. Being an offer to unspecified person, it is probably an invitation to treat, unless a contrary intention is clearly expressed. The test is of intention whether by supplying the information, the person intends to be legally bound or not. When consumers respond through an e-mail or by filling in an online form, built into the web page, they make an Offer. The seller can accept this offer either by express confirmation or by conduct. When dealing with business websites, it is important to establish whether the content of that business website amounts to an “offer” or merely an “invitation to treat”. An invitation to treat is not capable of being turned into a binding contract by simply accepting its terms. Rather, it is an invitation to others to make an offer of their own. By contrast, an offer is an expression of willingness to enter into a binding contract with another party[6].

B. ACCEPTANCE.

One difficult task about entering electronic contract is to know when an agreement has been reached. Once an offer is accepted, a contract is concluded except the postal acceptance rule applies. The postal acceptance rule is an exception to the general rule that acceptance of a contract must be communicated to the offeror before a contract can be in existence. Under the rule, acceptance of a contract is said to occur at the time the acceptance is posted. Hence, the communication of acceptance is complete against the proposer when it is put in the course of transmission to him and as against the acceptor when it comes to the knowledge of the proposer, that is, when the acknowledgement enters into the into the designated computer resource. There is no disparity between Indian and Common law in this regard as seen in Lalman Shukla v. Gaurie Datta Sharma[7] where in spite of the fact that he found the boy whose uncle had promised Rs. 501 to anyone who finds was denied the reward seeing that he came to know only after finding the boy.

C. LAWFUL CONSIDERATION

The Indian Contract Act of 1872 reads that “

In the present scenario, once an item has been supplied and the price has been paid, the consideration is executed and the requirement is satisfied. Problems may arise at a time when the consideration is merely executory[10]. This arises when the seller’s computer has done no more than “promise” to supply that item. A key intention that lies behind such promises is, of course, the intention to be bound by that promise in other words, the intention to create legal relations. The Contract law cannot entirely apply in e-contracts as in sometimes when an autonomous computer is used.

D. LAWFUL OBJECT

The purpose of such contract must be a lawful one. Courts will not enforce contracts that are illegal or violate public policy. Such contracts are considered void. An agreement which calls for the commission of a crime is illegal and therefore void. For example, a person could not enforce an agreement with another party to burn a house down. Also, an agreement that calls for the commission of a civil wrong (such as a tort) is illegal and void.

E. COMPETENT PARTIES TO CONTRACT

It is generally accepted that both natural persons and legal persons are capable of entering contracts, Computers are clearly not natural persons ,and neither American nor English contract law, at present, deem them to be legal persons. Computers, therefore, are not capable of being parties to contracts. In our scenario, both the buyer and the seller are natural persons, and consequently, are capable of being parties to the transaction. The autonomous computer, however, clearly cannot be a contractual party as the law now stands.

F. FREE CONSENT

The consent of the both parties must be free from any deceit, mistake, fraud etc. E contracts can be broadly categorized into:

– Shrink Wrap Agreements
– Click Wrap Agreements

Shrink Wrap agreements are those which can only be read and accepted by the consumer after the opening of a particular product. The term is described after the shrink wrap plastic wrapping that is used to cover software or other boxes. Installing software from a CD into your PC is an example of a shrink wrap agreement.

Click Wrap agreements are mostly found in the software installation process. The user has to click either ‘Accept’ or ‘Decline’ to accept or reject the agreement respectively. These agreements lack a certain amount of bargain power. Choosing to make payments online or choosing to reject it is an example of using a click wrap agreement.

Either ways, the consent to such must be free. This is quite difficult to determine because sometimes the margin used to determine the strict rule of free consent gets narrower.

G. CERTAINTY OF TERMS

Keeping a record of the contract as agreed is vital. This can be difficult if there have been several email exchanges (perhaps each attaching documents intended to form part of the terms of the contract) including counter offers and negotiations between the contracting parties. As noted above, it may be difficult in such a scenario to determine who is the offeror and who has accepted the final offer, which may determine which party’s terms and conditions apply. In any event, it is important to ensure that the parties are clear on the content of the final contractual terms.

Rath Yatra: The world famous Cart Festival

Puri Jagannath Rath Yatra, 12 July, 2021

Rath Yatra, also known as “Car Festival” or “Chariot Festival” is an annual festival which takes place in Puri, Odisha, a state in India. It is famous for being a crowd puller. Every year millions of people arrive in the city to take part in the festival.

This Hindu festival is associated with Lord Jagannath, a form of Lord Vishnu (not to be confused with avatar).

Every year Lord Jagannath visits his birthplace- Gundicha temple, via Mausi Maa temple (maternal aunt’s temple).

The festival is about Lord Jagannath, his brother Lord Balaram, sister Goddess Subhadra along with the eternal wheel Sudarshan Chakra journey and visits to his birthplace. It is a seven days’ visit and on the last day when he returns home, he stops for a short while at his maternal aunt’s home, the Mausi Maa temple.

Each of the deities has a chariot of its own.

Lord Jagannath

Lord Jagannath’s Chariot is the largest of all with 16 wheels and 4 white horses.  The name of the chariot is Nandighosha, also known as Garudadhwaja and Kapiladhwaja. The Chariot is also recognised by its red and yellow colour which are most commonly associated with Lord Vishnu among the Hindus. The guardian of the chariot is Garuda and the name of the charioteer is Daruka. The gatekeepers are Jaya and Vijaya. The Lord is accompanied by the deity Madanmohan. Among all the chariots Lord Jagannath’s chariot is the tallest since he’s the most powerful one even if he’s the middle one. The emblem of his flag is the Sudarshana Chakra.

Nandigosha Rath

Lord Balabhadra

Lord Balabhadra is the second most powerful among the three siblings, hence the second-largest chariot. His chariot has 14 wheels and 4 horses. His chariot is recognised by the red and bluish-green colour combination and black horses. The emblem of the flag on His chariot is a palm tree. The guardian of his chariot is Vasudev and the charioteer is Matali. The gatekeepers are Nanda and Sunanda. His chariot is called Taladhwaja, also known as Langaladhwaja. He is accompanied by Ramakrishna.

Taladhwaja Rath

Goddess Subhadra

Goddess Subhadra is the sister. Along with her brothers, she too travels to Lord Jagannath’s birthplace in her red and black chariot, black being associated with the Goddess. Her chariot, Darpadalana, also known as Devadalana or Padmadhwaja has 12 wheels and 4 red horses. Her guardian is Jayadurga and charioteer is Arjun. She is accompanied by the eternal wheel, Sudarshana. The eternal wheel travels with Her, on Her chariot for Her safety. Her gatekeepers are Ganga and Jamuna.

Darpadalana Rath

The Yatra (The Journey)

The Rath Yatra takes place starts from a specific place and follows a fixed path. The procession progresses down the Bada Danda, a 3km long road. The chariots are drawn by the many devotees who assemble on this holy day at the Bada Danda. The deities reach their destination, the Gundicha temple, before nightfall. They stay in their respective chariots for the entire night and enter the temple the next day. For the following 7 days, they stay there after which they come back. On the day the deities return many rituals like Suna Besha take place.  

Once they return to their abode in Puri the Rath Yatra ends.  

Note: All images have been taken from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)

Overthinking (The Beauty and the Beast)

Mannat Sandhu

“Rule number one is, don’t sweat the small stuff. Rule number two is, it’s all small stuff.”
– Robert Eliot

Now imagine this , after a tiring day at work , you’re finally getting to sleep on that oh so soft mattress of yours. But wait , the moment you’re ready to surrender yourself to 6 hours of sleep ( if you’re lucky ! ) , you suddenly remember, “Did I turn off the gas stove ?” ” What if the entire house just explodes and there I am dreaming about how I am going to answer the questions at Koffee with Karan ( yes I also have a struggle to talk about ! ), and many such more fake,over the top scenarios are being flashed in front of your eyes.

Over-thinking Cartoons and Comics - funny pictures from CartoonStock

THE BEAST

This constant feeling of your head being constantly overburdened with unwanted thoughts, the ones you’re being involuntarily surrendered to , is my friend ,the beast.Often you put yourself under a lot of pressure , and you consider yourself responsible for every little thing happening around you. You overthink about a situation to such an extreme extent , that you’re no longer able to differentiate between reality and delusion.You want to stay in the reality but at the same time have one foot dangling in the realm of delusion.

Its that constant battle in your head between trying to stay the same and trying to stay sane.

THE BEAUTY

Sometimes thinking about any particular situation, whether in the past or future, helps you give a different perspective towards it and life as a whole.I mean the fact that Newton really over thought about a fallen apple, was pretty useful.But the key is to know when to stop.

I often think about a saying by Sylvia Plath

If i didn’t think, I’d be much happier.

and most of the times I resonate with it so much.This beautiful brain of yours which holds this massive power of creativity and imagination often turns into this beast you never could’ve expected.

THE PANACEA

1.Meditation

If I tell you that meditation is going to help you, I’d be only 50% correct. Just because you sit down, cross your legs and close your eyes , does not mean that you’re meditating; because your mind is still at loggerheads with your thoughts.So to begin with, whenever you feel like you need to calm down , take a deep breath and try to clear your mind. Then slowly try to give your mind enough space to breathe ( Yes it needs to! ). I know its easier said than done , but hey you got to begin somewhere.

2. Binge watch something

Well, well well..if it isn’t the solution to all our problems. I’m not even going to lie how many times I’ve resorted to this option ! And i just love it. Even if it temporarily helps you to distract your mind, then go for it.

3. Walk it out

Whether on your terrace, in your verandah or outside in a park, there’s nothing a quiet peaceful walk cannot solve .

4. Sleep it off

Sometimes i just feel ,I use this option as an excuse to get out of everything.

Feeling stressed ; Go to sleeep

Don’t feel like doing anything ; Go to sleep

There’s a fire ; Go to sl….NO WAIT..Buddy you got to run!

Maybe you’ll be at the same stage after you wake up , but hey at least you got a few hours of peaceful sleep, and boy that’s rare.

5. Call a friend

Sometimes talking to a friend really helps you either find a solution or help you take your mind off it.And if you don’y feel comfortable , you can seek professional help or contact at the official helplines.

Overthinking does not sound like a disorder , but don’t wait for it to become one.

6. Let go off things you cannot control

The most difficult one on the list yet the most effective. Take a minute and ask yourself, will I be able to do something to solve the situation,

If yes ; then work on a solution.

If no ; then remind yourself,

It is not your job to be everything to everyone.

– Paulo Coelho ( The Pilgrimage )

A penny for your thought ? If only it was a penny for every time I over thought, I’d be a millionaire, no wait a billionaire, no wait…you know what let me just go think about it.

Calming Mother Nature

Spending time in nature can improve memory, lower stress hormones, and reduce feelings of depression or anxiety, among other perks. Being in nature can help clear your head and bring you into the present moment, and is a great way to de-stress and relax.

Being in nature, or even viewing scenes of nature, reduces anger, fear, and stress and increases pleasant feelings. Exposure to nature not only makes you feel better emotionally, it contributes to your physical well being, reducing blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension, and the production of stress hormones.

Feel Better. If you’re able to, get back to nature to energize your mind and body. Depressed: If you’re feeling blue, try going outside to green, natural spaces. A stroll in the woods has been shown to help combat depression, and even just the view of the forest from a hospital room helps patients who are feeling down.

Spending time in nature has been found to help with mental health problems including anxiety and depression. For example, research into ecotherapy (a type of formal treatment which involves doing activities outside in nature) has shown it can help with mild to moderate depression.

The natural world is an incredible wonder that inspires us all. It underpins our economy, our society, indeed our very existence. Our forests, rivers, oceans and soils provide us with the food we eat, the air we breathe, the water we irrigate our crops with.

Earthworm-Vermiculture

As organic matter acts as both the substrate and food in vermicomposting, and soil is not involved, only earthworms can be used in vermiculture.The growth of industries,urban cities and the ever increasing human population have led to an increased accumulation of waste materials.Waste materials introduced into the environment are of two types namely non-degradablr and degradable wastes.The disposal of these solid wastes remains serious challenge in most of the countries.

Vermiculture

In recent years vermiculture has received much attention in many countries.The spiralling cost of fish meal and the low supply of soyabean meal are responsible for the utilization of earthworms as an alternative low cast protein meal in aquaculture and poultry industry.Further the worms also play an important role in waste disposal.They decompose natural organic wastes into rich compost fertilizer.A single earthworm can produce 1000-1500 offsprings in a year.2000 mature breeders can produce more than 1 million worms.

Culture of earthworms

The method of culturing earthworms can vary from place to place.A cultured worm must be able to adapt to substrates,grow fast and breed or multiply readily under controlled conditions.

A compost pile bed of 2.4 m long,1.2m wide and 0.6m deep appears to be very satisfactory for a population of more than 50,000 earthworms.The boxes can be made from wood to accommodate 5000 to 6000 worms.Soil, organic matter,manure,leaves,rice straw,dried water hyacinth,saw dust and any fermented substrate can be used as a culture medium to raise worms in boxes or containers.The worms in the worm beds can grow and reproduce faster if they are given sufficient food.Any decayed organic matter appears to be good food for worms but the feed should not be contaminated by detergents or insecticides.

Since the earthworms are rich in protein,fat, carbohydrate and Ash they are used as a feed component for fish,prawn and shrimp.They are also used as livestock feed in poultry industry.

Vermicompost

Many species of earthworms are easily adapted to agricultural wastes like after harvest strubble, sugarcane thrash,coir waste,dung of cow,horse,sheep and poultry droppings.The breakdown of these materials or the degrades of organic matter by worm activity is called ‘vermicompost’.It is a better source of organic manure.

The Flash Theory: Iris Brings Back The Arrowverse Multiverse Post-Crisis

Warning! Spoilers ahead for The Flash season 7 episode 16, “P.O.W.”

The Flash season 7 is barreling towards its two-part finale and Iris West-Allen’s latest storyline could bring back the Arrowverse’s multiverse following its collapse in Crisis on Infinite Earths. Time and interdimensional travel have been heavily utilized in the shared universe ever since The Flash unlocked the titular character’s abilities to move backwards and forwards in time. The team’s trip to Earth-2 opened up yet another gateway to traversing the multiverse. While Crisis on Infinite Earths changed that for good, Iris’ situation could unlock the multiverse once again. 

Iris has been noticeably absent from two episodes of The Flash. In season 7’s episode 15, Barry revealed she wasn’t feeling well and was recovering from a bout of illness at home. In the following episode, however, Iris confirmed what she was experiencing was far more than a regular cold; when she sneezed, her eyes briefly and startlingly flashed green before returning to their normal color afterward. Why the illness is affecting Iris in this way remains unclear, but her symptoms have led her molecules to become unstable, inducing headaches and time displacement.   

At the end of the episode, Nora West-Allen confirms that Iris will be okay, but there’s no telling when her symptoms will clear up or what will happen before they do. That said, it’s possible Iris moving in and out of the timeline could play a crucial role in the future of the multiverse and the reason for her predicament may be hiding in plain sight.

Iris Is Phasing In & Out Of The Timeline

Iris’ absence from The Flash season 7’s episode 15 was suspicious, especially since it involved a possible pregnancy storyline that was happening without her. In the following episode, however, fans learned why Iris has been absent. As it turns out, her cold wasn’t a normal one and it was somehow causing her to phase in and out of the timeline. It got so bad apparently that Deon, the Still Force, swooped in to protect Iris by using his abilities to stabilize her from phasing through various temporal planes, moving her to “pure temporal strains” to keep her alive. If it wasn’t for Deon, Iris would have fractured through time itself, which doesn’t sound very pleasant and could have unprecedented repercussions.

This subplot creates an interesting twist considering everything happening on The Flash right now. Between what’s going on with Iris, the Godspeed clones, August Heart — who originated as Godspeed in 2049 pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths — coming into the picture, and Barry dreaming about Nora telling him there seems to be something wrong in the future, Iris’ timeline instability may be the one thing connecting each of these separate storylines. That said, the reason why she’s suddenly phasing in and out of the timeline has yet to be confirmed on the show, but all roads seem to be leading back to one cause.  

Iris Being Pregnant Is Causing Her To Be Unstuck From Time

Barry and Iris have been trying to conceive for a few episodes now. After Barry dreamed about Nora the first time, he assumed Iris was pregnant only for the results of the test to come back negative. However, this could have been a false negative. Considering that Iris’ presence in the timeline has been unstable, it’s possible that she is already pregnant and doesn’t realize it. What’s more, being pregnant with speedster babies won’t follow the same patterns of a normal pregnancy and it’s possible that Iris carrying metahumans is causing her to be unstuck from time. Her phasing in and out of the timeline could be The Flash’s equivalent to morning sickness. 

This could also explain why she will be able to regain her speedster powers in the season 7 finale. In the comics, Iris phases back and forth in time because it’s revealed she is actually from the future and was sent back to the 20th century by her birth parents. The Flash showrunner Eric Wallace has teased this storyline coming into play, but like with all things that make their way onto the show, it will probably be a loose adaptation from the comics storyline it’s based on. Traveling between timelines because of a pregnancy might be the closest the series gets to this particular comics arc in this instance.

Jay Garrick’s The Flash Return Hints At Alternate Earths Connection

Jay Garrick (aka, The Flash of Earth-3) was last seen prior to Crisis on Infinite Earths, warning Barry of the impending doom facing the multiverse. However, the speedster didn’t participate in the crossover, nor was he confirmed to be alive in the aftermath that saw the multiverse rebooted and Earth-1 merge with others (including Supergirl’s Earth-38) to become Earth-Prime. Jay will be appearing in The Flash’s two-part season 7 finale to aid in the Godspeed clone war. How his reappearance will be explained remains to be seen, but it’s possible he will show up courtesy of Iris’ temporal phasing. Jay originally hails from Earth-3 and his return to The Flash coinciding with Iris being able to phase through time (and maybe dimensions) could be connected. Iris may be acting as the bridge between Earth-Prime and Jay’s world without even realizing, and the superhero series might confirm that he is now from Stargirl’s Earth-2 instead.

Theory: Iris’ Temporal Phasing Brings Back The Multiverse

In The Flash season 6, Nash Wells detected particles of Eternium, an interdimensional (and multiversal) element, on Iris prior to the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths. At the time, nothing much came of it, just another tease that seemed to lead nowhere. However, this could come back into play now that Iris is phasing through temporal planes in season 7. It’s possible the combination of Eternium and her moving in and out of time now allows her to connect to not only different time periods on Earth-Prime, but alternate universes as well. Perhaps before she is finally stabilized, Iris will indeed fracture through time and that’s what breaks the barrier separating Earth-Prime from the rest of the multiverse, which has remained a secret post-Crisis.

Namely, Iris’ temporal instability could alert her and The Flash to the fact there are still other worlds out there despite the collapse of the multiverse during Crisis. After all, Stargirl exists on the rebooted Earth-2 and it’s been confirmed that Jay Garrick will make an appearance on the series in its sophomore season. And so Iris’ temporal imbalance could open the gateway to interdimensional travel once more, reestablishing the connection between Earth-Prime and other earths. There has to be a reason for why Nash detected Eternium on her. All of this could also be setting up The Flash’s five-episode crossover event in the fall. Whatever the reasons behind Iris’ phasing in and out of time, the introduction of this storyline for her could finally tie together so many loose plot threads for The Flash and the Arrowverse at large. 

CASE ANALYSIS-THE SABARIMALA CASE[Indian Young Lawyers Association and Ors vs. The State of Kerala and Ors.]

INTRODUCTION

Sabarimala temple is situated at Sabarimala in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala. It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Ayyappa and their followers Ayyappan. This temple is managed and administered by statutory body Travancore Devaswom Board created under the Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious Insitution Act, 1950. In the past women devotees between age of 10 to 50 years were not permitted to exercise their right to worship[1] in this temple.

This restriction on women is justified on the ground that Lord Ayyappa is ‘Naishtik Brahmachari’ and for preservation of character of deity Ayyappa it is necessary. So, as per notification by Travancore Devaswom Board, women belonging to age of 10 to 50 years are not permitted to enter into the temple. On the other hand, some gender right activist thinks that this exclusionary practice which is based upon the biological factor exclusive to the female gender amount to discrimination and violates various fundamental right guaranteed under Indian Constitution.

Sabarimala Temple row is all about the conflict between tradition and women rights. As per traditions and customs, women between 10 and 50 years of age were not allowed to enter into Sabarimala Temple but this restriction is not in accordance with the constitutional morality. Constitutional morality and Individual or social morality is different things. In a democratic country like India, if there is any conflict between constitutional morality and societal morality, farmer should prevail over later.

FACTS OF THE CASE


In 1990, a petition was filed in Kerala High Court seeking a ban on entry of women inside the Sabarimala temple. The Kerala High Court had upheld the restriction of women of certain age entry inside the holy shrine of Lord Ayyappa. In 2006, A petition under Art 32 of Indian Constitution was filed in the Supreme Court by the registered association of Indian Young Lawyers seeking entry of women between 10 to 50 years.

In 2008 after two years matter was referred to three-judge bench. In January 2016 Supreme Court of India raise questions against such restriction and said that this is not in accordance with constitutional morality. In April 2016, Kerala government replied that it is under obligation to protect the right to practice the religion[2] of Sabarimala devotees. In 2017 Supreme Court of India referred the case to Constitutional bench.

In writ petition it was argued that Rule 3(b) of Kerala Hindu places of public worship (authorisation of entry) rules, 1965 (hereinafter referred as 1965 rules) framed in exercise of the powers conferred by section 4 of the Kerala Hindu places of public worship (authorisation of entry) act, 1965 (hereinafter referred as 1965 Act) is unconstitutional because it violates Articles 14,15,25 and 51A(e) of Indian Constitution.

CONCLUSION


There is a sharp distinction between the societal morality/individual morality and constitutional morality. I case where, there is violation of fundamental right, we should have to focus on the constitutional morality. Whether any practise is essential part of the religion or not? It can be found out only through the documentary evidences. So, as Indu Malhotra j. right observed that this case involves the mix question of fact and law and question of fact can not be decided in writ petition hearing.

Question of fact need to be solved by competent court of civil jurisdiction. There is also lack of documentary evidences with regard to the question whether devotees of Lord Ayyappa constitute a religious denomination under art 26 or not? So there are various lacuna in this judgment, so review petition was filed later and 5 judge bench (3:2) referred this matter to 7 judge bench.

Artichoke

The artichoke is a flavoursome vegetable and also a superb ornamental garden plant thanks to its lovely purple flowers. It is eaten raw or cooked depending on the variety, hot or cold, alone or as a side dish.

Mediterranean origins

Originating in the Mediterranean basin, artichokes were probably first cultivated in Andalusia or Tunisia. They undoubtedly reappeared in Italy during the Renaissance (mid-15th century), and had pride of place on all the finest tables in Europe. The Spanish and French colonists developed its cultivation in America, in California and Louisiana respectively.

A tasty surprise

Although they are spread across the five continents, the biggest artichoke producers are still concentrated in the Mediterranean basin. Italy, Spain and Egypt alone produce more than half of the 1600 tonnes harvested around the world every year. Artichoke cultivation takes up a large amount of space. Artichoke heads are still harvested by hand and, since this depends on their ripening, this may span several weeks. This leads to particularly high production costs, making artichokes among the most expensive vegetables on the market (at equivalent edible quantities). They are harvested in Europe from June to November and in California from March to May. Artichoke heads are eaten raw or cooked. However, care must be taken to remove the choke (for the largest specimens) and the outermost ‘leaves’ or bracts, which are too tough and rather bitter. The small, purple poivrade artichoke is eaten whole, or peeled and cooked for a short time. Some Italian varieties of purple artichokes are especially eaten raw, thinly sliced, with salt, lemon juice and olive oil. Artichokes can be boiled in salted water, steamed, microwaved, roasted or braised, etc.

Health Benefits

Artichoke extract is sometimes used to treat a variety of health conditions. For example, some consumers use the extract to treat hangovers, high blood pressure, anemia, arthritis, kidney problems, liver problems, snake bites, water retention, and other concerns. There is not enough evidence to support the use of artichoke leaf extract for these health benefits.

There is research, however, to support the use of artichoke leaf extract to treat indigestion and high cholesterol with studies about cholesterol gaining interest.

Healthiest way to prepare an artichoke:

Grab a steamer pot, and add a small amount of water with a squeeze of lemon juice.

Add one tablespoon of salt and bring to a boil.

Trim the spiky leaves, then place the artichokes stem-side up in the steamer basket after having trimmed their spiky leaves.

Cover pot, steam for 25 to 30 minutes, until heart is tender when pierced with a knife and inner leaves pull out easily.

India Vs Sri Lanka

The squad for India tour of Sri Lanka is announced a month ago and players flew to Sri Lanka, were in quarantine and now they are practicing for the games. The schedule that was first released was changed due to Covid-19 spread for some Sri Lanka players who came from England. Previously Sri Lanka toured England for T20Is and ODIs and completed the tour without any pandemic spread for the team and crew members. But after the completion of the tour, some players and coaches were reported that they have Covid-19. Then they were quarantined and now the situation is fine. Due to this, now the schedule is changed. Previously the first ODI match was planned to happen on July 17 (Saturday) but now it is rescheduled to July 18 (Sunday).

The tour was planned to have 3 ODIs and 3 T20Is. Indian management have sent a bulk team with more than 15 players for the tour. A pack of experienced players and youngsters were sent. Now they are playing practice matches and pumping themselves up for the game. They are also getting themselves adapted to the weather of Sri Lanka. It is too hot there. Players are using wet towels and ice to cool themselves after every session of practice. The squad is same for T20s and ODIs.

Players: Shikhar Dhawan (c), Prithvi Shaw, Devdutt Padikkal, Ruturaj Gaikwad, Suryakumar Yadav, Manish Pandey, Hardik Pandya, Nitish Rana, Ishan Kishan (wk), Sanju Samson (wk), Yuzvendra Chahal, Rahul Chahar, K Gowtham, Krunal Pandya, Kuldeep Yadav, Varun Chakravarthy, Bhuvneshwar Kumar (v/c), Deepak Chahar, Navdeep Saini, Chetan Sakariya.
Net Bowlers: Ishan Porel, Sandeep Warrier, Arshdeep Singh, Sai Kishore, Simarjeet Singh.

Players who impressed the selectors by their IPL performance and Syed Mushtak Ali trophy performance were selected. It is a pride for the nation to play two international series at the same time with 2 different teams. It is hard for any nation to do so.

As the head coach Ravi Shastri and other coaches are busy with the test team that was sent to England, new coaches were appointed for the Sri Lanka tour. Rahul Dravid was appointed as the head coach. He worked as the Director of National Cricket Academy previously. He also has an immense experience with the youngsters who are in the new team as they all played under his coaching during their Under-19 World cup stages. He also has a good relationship with them and also the captain Shikhar Dhawan. They both assured that they would provide a few options for the selection committee to choose for the upcoming World T20 cup in November.

The selection of openers will definitely be a tough task for the coach and the captain. Four impressive batsmen are there to open the innings. Dhawan being the captain will definitely play every game. For the next one spot in opening, 3 youngsters are competing. Prithvi Shaw, Ruturaj Gaikwad and Devdutt Padikal are those. Prithvi Shaw has a good experience in International cricket compared to other two. Padikkal and Gaikwad showed promise by their performance in last two IPL editions. Gaikwad also had played many India-A matches previously. Let’s wait and watch the series.

#stayhomestaysafe

10 Amazing Tips For Terrace Gardening

Introduction

Even though the modern lifestyle hardly leaves us with any time, we all love to have soothing hobbies for those rare times. For some it’s reading and for others it’s gardening. Unlike some other hobbies, gardening requires a lot of time, effort and a lot of empty space. While most of us would love to have a huge garden filled with greenery, not all of us can. One of the drawbacks of living in metropolitan cities is that you can’t ever have enough space, especially for your dream garden. This is where terrace farming comes in handy. Whether it’s plants, herbs or vegetables, you can literally grow anything on your terrace itself. Here are some terrace gardening tips that will be useful for people living in small urban spaces. You can even try these home terrace farming techniques in your balconies!

1. Construct Shade

The terrace mostly receives a good amount of sunlight. However, depending on the plants that you want to grow, you will need to monitor the sunlight. On an average, your terrace should get at least 4 hours of direct sunlight. If you receive more than 6 hours of direct sunlight, make sure you arrange for some shade. Too much sun isn’t good for the plants either.

2. Selecting suitable pots and planters

They make your garden bigger: Growing plants in containers is a great way to expand your garden space. Pots can go anywhere: on pavement, a window sill, a deck, up a flight of steps. Allows you to control the soil your plants grow in. Your garden soil may not be the greatest but when you plant in a pot, you control the soil and can provide excellent growing conditions that the soil in your garden may not have.

3. Add Home Decor Elements

Gardening is sort of an extension of home decor. It adds to the beauty of the home and terrace too. This is why our next home gardening tip is to add aesthetic lighting and some garden furniture. If you are thinking about growing a beautiful terrace garden, you should be able to spend time there. Trust us, it will become the most popular spot of your home for hosting or otherwise. 

4. Don’t Keep Plants Too Close

This terrace gardening tip stands true for most types of farming and gardening. You don’t want to plant the seeds too close. They will compete for sunlight, water and other nutrients and thus, might not mature at an even rate. Also, for home terrace farming, you should opt for creepers since they are huge in volume and grow fast without much effort.

5. Choose Air Purifying Plants

This terrace gardening tip is a very useful one for people living in urban spaces. The air is filled with pollutants that affect our health in ways we don’t even know. While you’re at it, why not plant some air purifying plants. Generally, these plants are great for indoors but if you keep them away from harsh, direct sunlight, they will prosper even on your terrace. Most of them also release oxygen at night, which is an added bonus!

6.  Let Sunshine be Your Guide

Each plant thrives in different amounts of sunlight. While some prefer shade, others grow well in prolonged exposure to bright sunlight. In a terrace garden, you have to make sure your plants get both, especially shade. One tip to keep rotating the plant frequently so that all the branches will have buds growing on them. 

7. Prune The Infections Away

Prune (trim) the flowering plants regularly with a rust-free scissor/cutter to ensure bushy growth with lots of flowers. Also, cover the pruned tip of the stem with some soil to protect it from infections. Add some compost to the soil immediately after pruning to boost the growth of the plant.

8. Strength in Unity    

Plants must be grouped together, instead of isolating them from one another. In a terrace garden, it is easier how you want to group your plants as we use pots and planters. It is important to strategically cluster houseplants together, just as they do naturally in the wild, according to their growth requirements.

9. Unity in Diversity

A healthy garden must have a variety of plants. Biodiversity attracts essential pollinators. “For example, plant a few flowering plants in your vegetable garden to attract pollinators (insects that move pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of a flower).”

 10. Patience is The Key

Gardening needs patience. Do not rush your gardening activities. Patience is a virtue in many aspects of life, but particularly so in gardening. Plants take their own sweet time to bloom, to produce fruit, to become mature. So gardeners must be patient.

Conclusion

Patience is a virtue in many aspects of life, but particularly so in gardening. Plants take their own sweet time to bloom, to produce fruit, to become mature. So gardeners must be patient.

THE POWER OF YOUR MIND

YOUR MIND CAN DO FOR YOU MORE THAN YOU CAN EVEN THINK OF. IT CAN HELP YOU SAIL YOUR BOAT THROUGH THE MOST DISASTEROUS SITUATIONS AND IT CAN DROWN YOUR BOAT IN THE OCEAN .

IT ACTS LIKE A GINNIE. IF YOU SAY ” I AM SICK ” OR ” I HAVE LOST EVERYTHING ” , IT WILL SAY “YOUR WISH , MY COMMAND”. THIS IS WHAT IS GOING TO GET MANIFESTED. YOU SHALL GET IN A SITUATION WHEREIN, YOU WILL FACE ISSUES.

ON THE OTHER HAND IF YOU SAY, ” I HAVE EVERYTHING ” OR ” I AM HEALTHY”. NO MATTER IN WHAT SITUATION YOU ARE, YOU SHALL SURELY BE ABLE TO OVERCOME IT AND BE IN A STATE OF COMFORT.

creativity

YOUR MIND AND UNIVERSE ACT LIKE A MAGNET. THEY ATTRACT EACH OTHER.

THINK GOOD, ATTRACT GOOD

FIND THE GOOD IN BAD

YOU SHALL ACHIEVE WHAT YOU WANT

POPULATION GROWTH

‘It is easy to add but difficult to maintain’
Population is a dynamic phenomenon where the number, distribution and composition are constantly changing. Human population increases as babies are born and decreases as people die. For most of human history, births have only slightly exceeded deaths every year. As a result, human population grew slowly. About the time of Industrial Revolution, it began to increase rapidly.

Natural increase

Natural increase of population is the difference between the birth rate and death rate. In fact population is always increasing but only in very rare cases it may decrease through natural or man-made disasters such as famine, landslides, earthquakes, tsunami, epidemics, extreme weather conditions and war.

Population change

Population change refers to an increase or decrease in the population of an area influenced by the number of births, deaths and migration. The population of the world doubled from 500 million in 1650 to 1000 million in 1850. The projected population for 2025 and 2050 is about 8 billion and 9 billion respectively.

Population growth

Population growth refers to an increase in the number of people who reside in a particular area during a particular period.

Population increases when there are more births and immigration. It decreases when there are more deaths and emigration.

Distribution of Population

Population distribution refers to the way in which people are spread out across the earth’s surface.

The world population is not uniformly distributed, owing to the following factors.

Physical Factors

Physical factors include temperature, rainfall, soil, relief, water, natural vegetation, distribution of minerals and availability of energy resources.

Historical Factors

Regions with historical importance (river valley civilization), war and Constant invasions fall under historical factors responsible for population distribution.

Economic Factors

Educational institutions, employment opportunities, manufacturing industries, luxurious amenities, trade and commerce and other facilities encourage dense population in an area.

Density of Population

Density of population refers to the number of people living per square kilometre. An area is said to be sparsely populated when it has a large area with less number of people. Similarly, smaller the area with a large number of people, is said to be densely populated.

Population Density = Total Population/Total land area

The world’s population density is divided into three main groups.

Areas of high density (above 50 people per sq.km)

East Asia, South Asia, North West Europe and Eastern North America.

Areas of moderate density (10 to 50 people per sq.km)

The sub tropical regions like Angola, Congo, Nigeria and Zambia in Africa.

Areas of low density (less than 10 people per sq.km)

Central Africa, Western Australia, Northern Russia, Canada, etc…

CSR INITIATIVES BY INFOSYS FOUNDATION

Image Source: google.com

Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational information technology company that provides business consulting, information technology, and outsourcing services. The company was founded in Pune and is headquartered in Bangalore. The company changed its name to Infosys Technologies Private Limited in April 1992 and to Infosys Technologies Limited when it became a public limited company in June 1992. Infosys has been an early adopter of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an integral part of the standard business models for many companies, serving as a platform for businesses to give back to society and create social value, especially within the industry and community in which they function in. Infosys foundation was established in 1996 with a vision for boosting CSR initiatives.

It is a non-profit organization with Sudha Murthy as the chairman of Infosys foundation in India. It also partners with various non-government organizations (NGOs) to make a difference along with local communities. The company has always aimed at contributing to the sustainable development of society and the environment for the betterment of planet earth. The CSR committee comprises two independent directors and the COO and Whole-time Director. The members of the CSR committee are – Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Chairperson; U.B. Pravin Rao and Dr. Punita Kumar-Sinha.

Infosys foundation supports programs in areas of Education, Rural Development, Healthcare, Arts & Culture, and Destitute care. It has implemented many programs across various states of India. During the last financial year 2019-2020, it supported COVID-19 PAN India by contributing to the PM CARES fund. This helped hospitals, the destitute, daily wage workers, and underprivileged sections of the society. Also, it took part in the Construction of a Dharamshala at AIIMS, Jhajjar, and providing training to teachers in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.

The foundation provides access to primary healthcare, awareness of basic hygiene, and treatment for underprivileged patients. It organizes health camps in rural India and also has donated medicines and medical equipment to hospitals. It partners with schools in rural India to enhance and education and library facilities, and promote primary education among underprivileged children. It promotes traditional art, crafts, and dance. They offer financial assistance to underprivileged artists and authors to promote their art. It supports programs of NGOs in the rural areas across India. It also provides vocational training to help the destitute to live with dignity and earn a livelihood. It undertakes programs to improve the welfare of people in rural India. It conducts livelihood projects awareness campaigns on hygiene, sanitation, vocational training, and entrepreneurship.

Recently, Infosys foundation donated 4,000 PPE kits to Mysuru City Corporation. Due to a shortage of PPE kits, the MCC had appealed to Infosys Foundation to donate the kits under its CSR. Infosys Mysuru Manager Anant Bondade handed over the kits to MCC Health Officer Dr. M.S. Jayanth at the MCC Office. Through CSR, the company promotes change and progress throughout the world.

There are myriad reasons why Infosys foundation inspires others. It adds to the prosperity of society. They provide an opportunity to the people who require it and thus subsequently making a positive effect on them and society, in general. Moreover, it inspires people in their surroundings to do the same.

Normal People or not so Normal People.

“Life offers up these moments of joy despite everything,”

Sally Rooney, Normal People.

About the book:

Author: Sally Rooney

Published on: 28th August 2018

Publisher: Faber and Faber

Genre: Literary fiction.

My rating: 3.5/5

The Plot:

The story follows the lives of two teenagers, each unique in their own way and personality. We have Marianne, who is very private, lonely, proud and studious and always looking for a good conversation, you can sometimes also call her pretentious and then there’s Connell, the popular football star who is well-liked by everyone. Their lives are intertwined in many ways, with them attending the school and Connell’s mother working at her house, they see each other every day and the only conversation they have are pleasantries. However, something shifts and a connection forms, one that both are determined to keep secret.
After school, Marianne and Connell are studying at Trinity College in Dublin. Marianne has a whole new social circle to explore, while Connell has gone into his shell. However, as their college life begins they come together and together on a path of self-destruction each acting as a black hole, taking each other with them. With new opportunities coming their way, each having to choose an option.

Review:

This book received too much hype among the GenZ and Millennial groups, a lot of people were either recommending it or posting stories on various social media about it. Nowadays a lot of us, rely a lot on social media, and the things that we’ve seen too many times, we regard the same as the gold standard. So I went into this book, with so much enthusiasm and expectation, however, after reading it, the book did not live up to the amount of hype for me. However, this book paints a very realistic depiction of what teenagers are and how we think and that the only thing we cared about is how society perceives us, and judges us for who or what we are doing and how awkward and flawed we are! The book also addresses issues about the anxiety of moving to a new place, and the idea of not fitting in makes us feel. The thing about Sally Rooney’s writing is that she does not use quotation marks, which takes a while to get accustomed to. The thing about Sally Rooney’s this novel, makes me feel like all the fan-fiction I have read, however, that doesn’t mean I didn’t like this book, I honestly did and but would I re-read it again? Maybe.

Trigger Warning: sexual assault; domestic abuse; drug use; casual racism (called out); depression; anxiety; suicide and suicidal ideation.

“Life is the thing you bring with you inside your own head.” 

Sally Rooney, Normal People.

About the author:

Sally Rooney is an Irish author and screenwriter, with her debut novel, ‘Conversations with Friends‘ which was published in 2017. It was nominated for various prizes like Folio Prize, International Dylan Thomas Prize and many others. Her debut novel won the 2017 Sunday Times/Peters Fraser & Dunlop Young Writer of the Year Award. ‘Normal People‘ was also nominated for various prizes and an adaptation of the same novel was premiered in the year 2020. Her upcoming work,’ Beautiful World, Where Are You‘, is set to be published in September of this year (2021).