JUNK FOOD

Junk food is it food which are negligible nutrient value and are of 10 high affecting components such as salt, fat, sugar. Junk food or processed food consisting of high calories that are prepared in a way that they look appealing and enjoyable. It is often hard to resist and once you start munding away at some it’s even order to stop. In in junk foods shapes colours are are adolescent that makes hue to impair their ability to think learn and remember. It also make order to control impulsive behaviour. Junk food is easiest way to gain the weight. This food only looks and taste good other than that it as no any positive points in consuming junk foods. The amount of calories your body requires to stay fit is not fulfilled by the junk foods.

Fast food and fast food restaurants are often equated with with junk food all the fast food cannot be category described as junk food. Junk food that is targeted at children’s is continuous issue as many advertisements promote food aur junk food a high rate. In fact sugar and salt consumption of which should be limited as part of health diet in case of junk food is increasing the livelihood of overweight and obesity health problems such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Eating junk foods in regular basis leads to various diseases.

Ideally junk food in commercial products including salted snacks food gam candy sugar desserts fried fast food sweetened carbonated beverages have little nutrient value but high in calories and fat. For instance salad burger pizza and many alternated junk food create a imbalance between junk and healthy categories depending on the ingredients and process of manufacturing. An addiction to junk food it affects the brain in some ways as consuming addictive drugs even end up teens risk of depression and and anxiety. In fact age of 10 and 19 eating too much junk food can I am your body and your brain. The brain is the most fat rich Morgan we have at the same time teen brains get more buzz from rewards and like thief prefrontal constex the parts of the brain that make useful good when we do something pleasurable the fact of fast food are it as low in fiber high fat.

The side effects of junk foods are it offers a number of calories causes memory loss and learning problem cause fatigue hand weakness causes depression among teenagers fluctuation in blood sugar level increase the risk of heart diseases causes kidney diseases impacts your fertility increase your risk of Cancer increased obesity worsens appetite and digestion inadequate growth and development.

The popular diseases that are caused by consumption of junk food are are respiratory system damage central nervous system reproductive system skeletal system and also access the life cycle of human or or living creators and integumentary system all that are precious are sweet are not gold

Enrich your soft skills

What are soft skills and why do they take a prominent role in building & formulating a splendid career? How are soft skills interrelated with the work we do?

Many come up with similar questions when they face several challenges in an interview which is the most salient part to get placed in a job and some become obsessed with it when they are not able to grasp the opportunities due to the lack of soft skills. Soft skills play a vital part that makes you fit in a particular role at the workplace. It is the essence by which a person gets qualified for a job or an employee is been promoted/retained by the employer on this grounds. We cannot ace the interviews under the shadow of hard skills because the managing team hire individuals initially, on how the participants present and carry themselves in an interview. Every interview demands the parity of both hard and soft skills. Soft skills consistently deals with a person’s EQ ( Emotional Quotient), it is a combination of interpersonal traits, time management, team work, flexibility, public speaking, leadership qualities, basic etiquettes, critical thinking, communication skills etc. There should be an ultimate professionalism in the conversations that we have at our work place and that’s why soft skills play a major role. Soft skills doesn’t demand for some external course or trainings to acquire them. They are some of the innate qualities that we possess or need to develop for an engrossing career such as,

Expand your network and build a positive circle.

Broaden your mindset for a mindful learning.

Develop self esteem and embolden self reflection.

Get out of the comfort level and explore new horizons.

Strive to get along with people easily, be amiable and emphasize team work , by this you can promote the leadership qualities. Organize events, take up the lead roles and responsibilities to exhibit the inner leader in you.

Have a self assessment , be open to constructive criticisms, update yourself and don’t be reluctant to learn and gather knowledge.

Do not stand still, adapt to different circumstances which is the most eminent trait at a work place.

All these skills are very efficient because they make you stand out from others and aids you to ace in the career. Soft skills are the cluster of personal and professional qualities that the companies and firms look for value in their forces in today’s world. This increases the chances for employability that the proprietors consider because such skills are needed to get sideways with the colleagues and customers. Hard skills could be acquired by many as we all get a strong platform through universities and virtual courses to nourish it but soft skills is the abilities and qualities that we nurture on our own. Soft skills also helps us on a personal standard to formulate into a better person. Let us see some of the important soft skills in brief to pursue a triumphant career.

LEADERSHIP

Leadership is the potential of an individual to lead and influence the other team members by their mission and vision. This is a very eminent attribute of individuals and those who exhibit this quality can ascend to many prestigious positions in life.

COMMUNICATION

The ability to communicate effectively is perhaps the most important of all soft skills. At its simplest it is the act of conveying ideas and information from one to the other. To have an effective communication the person should first listen and comprehend the opponents point of view and then share his/her views in a precise manner & clearly and should not be overlooked. This can help in every nuance of life from the professional stratum to the social gatherings.

CRITICAL THINKING

Critical thinking is the analysis of facts and ideas to arrive to a solution or judgement. It is the ability to think clearly and rationally, comprehending the logics inter connected with the ideas. It comprises of a set of skills like observation, interpretation, analysis, evaluation, problem solving and decision making ability.

INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY

Individuals should be able to adapt to the upcoming and the changing technologies and put forth their innovative ideas in problem solving. They should not be conservative with their ideas and should evolve with time. They should reach the solution for the different tasks and challenges posed on them in a new and different way.

TEAM WORK

Coordination is very vital among a set team members to envision ideas , to establish them in the finest way and to produce magnificent results. Effective communication is the foundation for team work. So we can come to know that all the soft skills are inter related with each other. The capability to put forward the point and truly interpret & understand what others say is the cornerstone of effective teamwork.

FLEXIBILITY

Flexibility is being able to adapt oneself to various situations, works and places and to fit in effectively. You should bend yourself to deal with unexpected challenges calmly and efficiently and then you would arrive at strategies to meet the ends.

Majuli, The heavenly island

The land between two parallel rivers surrounds by the divine Brahmaputra river, summed up with rich culture , varied heritage . The first largest river island of world been the first island district of country covering a 553 km2 area .It is the center point of  Neo-Vaishnavite culture, under the efforts of Srimanta Sankaradeva, Neo- Vaishnavite is a small part of Hinduism, brought by the reformation movement in old Hinduism, spreading the religion among the people through songs and folklore.

Majuli has been the capital of culture for the Assamese civilization from 16 th century. The main reason for its rich and colourful culture is its ethnic tribes, such as Brahmins, Kalitas, Kochs, Naths, Koibartas, Mishings, Deori, Sonowol Kacharis, Ahoms. Chutiyas, Suts.

it known for the creation of the Neo-Vaishnavism, such as satras or monasteries, the holy corer of the Ekasarana dharma, Satras been the center point of neo- vaishnavite culture, under the efforts of Srimanta Sankaradeva, followed up with opening of  64  satras, each having its own significance with unique history, but due to consequences of flood and erosion, Majuli left with 31 satras of worth watching or some shifted to safer places.

the Satras for once a visit are:

Samuguri Satra:

The satra is renowned for its fascinating mask-making culture or Mukha Samskriti.

Dakhinapat satra:

The center of art and culture exhibiting various forms of sculptures, paintings, and dances and it was patronized by the kings of the Ahom dynasty.

Garmur Satra:

Garmur Satra has been the divine venue for the organizing of cultural activities such like Raas Utsav or the Raas festival.

Kamalabari Satra :

It’s the center of culture, art, literature studies.

Raas Utsav:

The grand occasion of Majuli is the Raas Utsav, a celebration of 4 to 5 days in month of November every year , presenting the life of lord Krishan in rich artistic and cultural form by many experienced women and men artists.

Food culture :

Majuli food culture includes mixed authentic dishes of different tribes, such as Porag aapin (rice cooked in a leaf), vegetables, and Pamnam fish and chicken baked in banana leaf, or pork, chicken, or fish cooked in bamboo pipes.

Routes for arrival to Majuli:

• Take the ferry from the Neemati ghat, Jorhat to the kamalabari ghat, Majuli. Duration of 57 to 60 minutes.

•  By Air, Jorhat Airport is the nearest airport to Majuli, then take a ferry to reach Majuli, book a taxi from Jorhat to Neemati ghat, The last ferry depart at 3:00 pm everyday.

•By bus, there are many buses available from Guwahati to Majuli route of 13 to 14 hours.

Gandhiji And Freedom

Freedom from fear is more important than legal justice.

How did Gandhiji commit suicide?' Guj school exam shocker

Gandhiji in 1917, led the Civil Disobedience Movement spark in Champaran against the British rule, for the cause of poor peasants, who were crushed under the might and power of Britishers. Hence, he wanted to build a self-reliant, united and independent army of the peasants, emerging from their weakness, despair and suppression. Gandhiji led a protest march and rallies to usher in the independence and liberty from British rule. Hence, this politics was not intervened with complicated socio-economic problems but was of the day to day problems like education and healthcare.

Salt March - Wikipedia
Civil Disobedience Movement.

A true politician is like a scientist, who collects all the facts related to the problem, interconnects them and then arrive at a result. The politics of today, is fickle and hollow. The present situation of society lacks both, to be in law and order, a nation should have a good law followers as well as makers for fear to fade. Instead, today’s politics is intervened with corruption, blames games and agitate people to do wrong things and follow evil practices so as to gain utmost support. Truth and devotion for nation lacks within the politics followed today.

The law of today, indeed creates fear in the minds of the people and forces them to break the law and not abide it.

Therefore, good and visionary people are need of the hour today, to make countrymen free from fear.

Are online friends better than real ones?

We all at some points have been more closer to an online friend than our real-life friends. The world of social media made it easier for us to connect with people from any part of the world. We made these online friends through games, random comments, or social media. We still talk to them regularly and sometimes they know more about us than our real friends.

I remember a time in my life where I was struggling through issues, and I did not want to discuss them with the people around me. So, I messaged my online friends and honestly, they gave me some of the best advice. I also remember talking for hours to some of my online friends about political issues, world debates, random topics, etc. We had way more to talk about than I do with the friends who live near me.

A few reasons why online friends are great:

Trust: It is always easier sharing things with an online friend because they will not gossip around. Real friends tend to share the things we tell them to other people.

Honest: Real-life friends lie sometimes to make us feel good. But online friends mostly tell the truth. If they think a dress is ugly, they will not let you go out wearing it.

Judge: Online friends do not judge us for who we are. We can tell them about our darkest secrets, and they would still be supportive and understanding.

A great place for introverts: starting a conversation through online mediums is less stressful than making real-life friends.

Group chats: There are also various groups for people with similar interests where you can talk to people with similar views.

Flexible: online friends are more flexible compared to real friends. We can reply to online friends after a week and they won’t question us. We can talk whenever we want to without any complications.

Deep conversations: it is easy opening up to online friends in comparison to real friends. We are likely to have more deep conversations with online friends about things like mental illness.

Before you get too comfortable with your online friends make sure to not give them too much information about yourself. You can tell them the city you live in but not the area because it is very easy for people to catfish. We need to be safe and smart while making online friends.

The Internet can be a dark place, with all the hate comments, trolling, and cyber-bullying but it is also a place to connect with genuine people. Sometimes, we connect more to the people living miles away than the ones living near us.

Online friends are great you will get to learn so much about them and the places they are from. It is always fun connecting to new people. You do not have to leave all your real-life friends but once in a while it’s good to connect to people who live miles away from us.

Android mobile technology

Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software,designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.android is developed by a cosortium of developers known as the open handset alliance and comerically sponsored by Google.It was unvelied in November 2007,with first comerical Android device,the HTC dream, being launched in September 2008

History Android inc.was founded in Palo Alto,in California,in October 2003 by Andy Rubin , rich Miner,Nick Sears,and chirs white. Rubin discribed the Android project as having “tramandous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more aware of it’s owners location and preferences “. The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras ,and this was the basis of it’s pitch to investors in april2004. Then the company decided that the market for the cameras was not large enough for it’s goals , and five months later it had diverted its efforts and was pitching Android as a handset operating system that would rival sumbian and Microsoft Windows mobile…..

Android mobile development.. Android is developed by the Google untill the latest changes and updates are ready to be released ,at which point the source code is made avalible to the Android open source project (aosp) an open source initiative led by Google . TheAOSP code can be found without modification on select devices ,mainly the former Nexus and current Android one series of devices.

Hardware of a Android mobile the main hardware development for the Android is ARM (the ARMv7 and ARMv8_A artitectures) ,with x86_64 artitectures are also supported In later versions of Android .the unofficial android_x86 project provided support for x86 artechitecture ahead of the official support.since 2012 , Android devices with Intel proceresss began to appear ,including phones and tablets .while gaining support for 64 bit platform ,Android was the first made to run on 64_bit x86 and then on ARM64 since Android 5.0 “lollipop”,64_bit variates of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32_bit variants . An unofficial experimental port of the operating system to the RISC_V artechitecture was released in2021.

From the above matter we concluded that there are different types of generation have in our Android mobile system

TECHNOLOGY.

Technology refers to science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent useful tools that use scientific knowledge to solve practical problems in case of industry and commerce. Technology consists of construction transportation energy power manufacturing communication BIO- related. Technology is important because it enables to have access to suppliers and technology makes feel more secure with every area in life both personal and business technology is ever growing by understanding how people shape technology and how technology shape people interactions with each other. Technology concerns itself with understanding how knowledge is creatively applied to organise task involving people and machine that meet sustainable goals.

Technology is about taking action to meet it a human needs rather than understanding the works of natures world which is the ultimate goal of science. The invention of microscope was driven by a need to look over the world of the small beyond our unaided vision. It uses much more than scientific knowledge and values as much as facts practical craft knowledge as much as theoretical knowledge. iPod where the physics of making a small device carry so much music which is creative indesign to make all iconic must have accessory. Technology in involves organised way of designing things that covers the interaction between products and the people and system madam use them or are are affected by them through various processes. When we speak about the technology used in car which are a equippede with that technology that can read out text messages latest news voice commands and to make phone calls and also a locating attention to others talks. Increasing vehicles come pre installed with technology that provides to improve our life and more productivity out of a journey. Digital Substances such as Alexa parking assistance system where we talk.

When we talk about the importance of technology in education all students life that provide easy to access information accelerated learning enables students to explore new subjects deepen their understanding of difficult concepts and also helps to learn fixable learning and experience as some students use YouTube video tutorial material that can find solution to difficult problems and activities to supplement their knowledge. Technology offers motivation to students to learn and explore things through websites videos apps and much more. Gives more opportunities for project based learning work in groups are as individuals buy Google classroom and provide feedback in real time Google feedback and slides and simultaneously create presentations or group papers

Deccan used a research to find solution in real time problem and also complete an assignment like making a blog video websites apps and programming. It also save money as they worth the investment in chromebooks iPads and computers are effective than paper. Many school nowadays what the bye-book which can be more convenient for students and upload their assignments through online. Technology is a tool that can improve in many ways it is a powerful assert in any modern classroom.

when will look Into the technology in future the dominant workplace with artificial intelligence and smart assistance will be common workplace. Everything will be smart converter the most possible invention maybe e superhuman clothing, hyperloop, space vacations, drone ecosystem, virtual reality, entire dependence on renewable resources, human robots rebirth of people , self driving cars and medical advancement

Let’s Review…

The story ‘On The Face Of It‘ by Susan Hill, reflects the ideology of the society towards deformed or disabled people by the characters Derek and Mr. Lamb.

Susan Hill: 'When you read a lot, you start writing your own stories' | |  The Guardian

Derek, a lad of fourteen, was a victim of inferiority complex, for he was having half face burnt with acid and was criticized by the society about his future. His mother kissed him on the good side of the face only which made Derek furious and agitated about his appearance. Mr. Lamb tries to understand his grievances and brings him out of his ideologies and isolation by quoting the example of Beauty and Beast, weeds, singing of bees. He says that, appearances are acceptive, at least Derry has two eyes, ears, hands, legs through which he can change his life. The bond of affection, amicability, binds the two despite of their deformity.

Derek already knew that handsome is as handsome does, but his mind and thoughts were overpowered, by the norms of the society, hence at least, wanted to play in Mr. Lamb’s garden, hear song of bees, make jelly, spend time with Mr. Lamb due to which he revisits him despite of his mother’s annoyance.

Mr. Lamb made Derry’s eye watch, which he earlier see only, he made him realize the difference between alive and living.

Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana

The Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana was launched on 17th September 2015 for the welfare of the people and areas affected by mining operations. Funds for this scheme are generated by District Mineral Foundations (DMFs). And most of these areas are occupied and inhabited by the scheduled tribes. In all the districts that are affected by the mining, District Mineral Foundations (DMFs) under the Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015, the Central Government has fixed rates payable by miners to the District Mineral Foundations. An amount of 30% of royalty has to be paid by the miner if the lease executed dates before 12th January 2015 and for the mining leases after 12th January 2015, it is 10% of the royalty payable. These Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) (MMDR) funds are then used for the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana. The directly and indirectly affected people (as specified by the government) by such mining or excavation activities should be covered under this scheme. The list of such directly and indirectly affected people and local communities should be maintained and updated by the District Mineral Foundations (DMFs). People having legal or traditional rights over the land on which mining, excavation, or any such activity is performed come under the list of affected people or traditional communities. The families which get displaced because of these mining activities need to be rehabilitated by the authorities. At least 60% of MMDR funds are required to be utilized in the following ‘High Priority Areas’:

• Health Care – Implementation of Group Insurance Scheme for the mining-affected people should be taken care of. Primary or secondary health facilities should be provided in consideration to the existing available health facilities of the central government, state, or any local bodies to the people of the mining-affected areas. While preparing for such infrastructure the knowledge available with the ‘National Institute of Miner’s Health’ should be included for taking care of diseases and illnesses related to mining.
• Drinking Water – Water purification facilities, drinking water facilities, and water connection pipes should be taken care of.
• Education – Construction of school buildings, hostels for students as well as teachers in remote areas, classrooms, labs, toilets, transportation facilities, and such more education-related resources should be considered.
• Sanitation – Proper collection and disposal of mining waste and fecal sludge, cleaning of public places, and construction of toilets.
• Development of Women and Children – Special programs can be carried out for spreading awareness for maternity-related issues, infections, malnutrition, and child health issues.
• Skill Development – Developing skills of the willing and deserving local people by setting up centers, providing training, and to the Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for generation of economic activities among the backward.
• Safeguard of Old and Disabled – Organizing programs for the welfare of the old and people with disabilities.
• Pollution Control and Environment Preservation – Opting for environment-friendly and sustainable mining techniques, prevention of lakes, ponds, groundwater, and other water resources, prevention of air pollution due to mining, and proper drainage system for mining dump.
Utilization of up to 40% MMDR funds in the following ‘Other Priority Areas’:
• Irrigation – Opting for sustainable and advanced irrigation techniques.
• Watershed and Energy – Establishing rainwater harvesting systems and alternative sources of energy.
• Infrastructure – Developing required infrastructure such as – roads, railways, and water projects.
• And more such measures for sustainable resources and improved environmental conditions in mining districts.

The vulnerable and marginalized communities such as the tribal are empowered through this scheme. It is said, annually Rs 6000 crore is utilized for the development of people and areas affected by mining activities. According to the reports of the ministry, till now an amount of Rs 22,999 crore has been approved out of which an amount of Rs 6,944 has been utilized.

UV Disinfection of waste water

Used alone, UV radiation does not improve the taste, odor, or clarity of water. UV light is a very effective disinfectant, although the disinfection can only occur inside the unit. There is no residual disinfection in the water to inactivate bacteria that may survive or may be introduced after the water passes by the light source. The percentage of microorganisms destroyed depends on the intensity of the UV light,  the contact time, raw water quality, and proper maintenance of the equipment.  If material builds up on the glass sleeve or the particle load is high, the light intensity and the effectiveness of treatment are reduced.  At sufficiently high doses, all waterborne enteric pathogens are inactivated by UV radiation. The general order of microbial resistance (from least to most) and corresponding UV doses for extensive (>99.9%) inactivation are: vegetative bacteria and the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia at low doses (1-10 mJ/cm2) and enteric viruses and bacterial spores at high doses (30-150 mJ/cm2). Most low-pressure mercury lamp UV disinfection systems can readily achieve UV radiation doses of 50-150 mJ/cm2 in high quality water, and therefore efficiently disinfect essentially all waterborne pathogens. However, dissolved organic matter, such as natural organic matter, certain inorganic solutes, such as iron, sulfites and nitrites, and suspended matter (particulates or turbidity) will absorb UV radiation or shield microbes from UV radiation, resulting in lower delivered UV doses and reduced microbial disinfection. Another concern about disinfecting microbes with lower doses of UV radiation is the ability of bacteria and other cellular microbes to repair UV-induced damage and restore infectivity, a phenomenon known as reactivation. 

UV inactivates microbes primarily by chemically altering nucleic acids. However, the UV-induced chemical lesions can be repaired by cellular enzymatic mechanisms, some of which are independent of light (dark repair) and others of which require visible light (photorepair or photoreactivation). Therefore, achieving optimum UV disinfection of water requires delivering a sufficient UV dose to induce greater levels of nucleic acid damage and thereby overcome or overwhelm DNA repair mechanisms.

UV Irradiation Pretreatment

Either sediment filtration or activated carbon filtration should take place before water passes through the unit. Particulate matter, color, and turbidity affect the transmission of light to the microorganisms and must be removed for successful disinfection.

UV is often the last device in a treatment train (a series of treatment devices), following reverse osmosis, water softening, or filtration. The UV unit should be located as close as possible to the point-of-use since any part of the plumbing system could be contaminated with bacteria. It is recommended that the entire plumbing system be disinfected with chlorine prior to initial use of a UV system.

Types of UV Disinfection Devices:;

The typical UV treatment device consists, of a cylindrical chamber housing the UV bulb along its central axis. A quartz glass sleeve encases the bulb; water flow is parallel to the bulb, which requires electrical power. A flow control device prevents the water from passing too quickly past the bulb, assuring appropriate radiation contact time with the flowing water. It has been reported that turbulent (agitated) water flow provides more complete exposure of the organism to UV radiation.

A UV system housing should be of stainless steel to protect any electronic parts from corrosion. To assure they will be contaminant-free, all welds in the system should be plasma-fused and purged with argon gas. The major differences in UV treatment units are in capacity and optional features. Some are equipped with UV emission detectors that warn the user when the unit needs cleaning or when the light source is failing. This feature is extremely important to assurance of a safe water supply. A detector that emits a sound or shuts off the water flow is preferable to a warning light, especially if the system might be located where a warning light would not be noticed immediately.

Reviewing The Summary Of…

Should Wizard Hit Mommy‘, is a story within story by John Updike, reflects evils of society. Society is a mental concept in which individuals reside and support each other, but neglect the have-nots or unprivileged like Roger Skunk, who was neglected and unaccepted due to his obnoxious smell.

John Updike (Author of Rabbit, Run)

Jack, narrates the story of Roger Skunk, to his daughter, Jo. Skunk was always left alienated by all the Woodland creatures due to his foul smell. He decided to change his identity by accepting the smell of roses and thereafter he was accepted by society. Roger Skunk’s mother didn’t like the smell of roses and hit the wizard. Jo, as a child, was unable to accept the ending of the story of wizard being hit by mommy and rebelled against his father.

Jack, through the story of Roger Skunk, wanted to make Jo understand the trivialities of the society and one’s identity is pertinent for him. One should accept what nature has bestowed us with and elders are always right in their perspectives, for they are experienced.

Jack was not completely a good story teller, for, he always had the same creatures with a slight variation in the plot, but tried his best by putting expressions, sounds and gestures to make his story realistic.

SHOULD WIZARD HIT MOMMY ? By JOHN UPDIKE (In hindi) - YouTube

PLASTIC.

The term plastic is used to classify a wide variety of synthetic or semi-synthetic material. Plastic are organic material just like wood, paper or woll. We use plastic products in clothes we wear, house we dwell, mode if transportation we travel in, toys were kids play, the screen we watch. The raw material used to produce plastic are cellulose, coal, natural gas, salt, and crude oil they are corrosion resistant to many substances which attack other materials. The relatively low density and advantages is light weight, have excellent thermal and electrical insulation properties . They can easily be moulded into complex shapes, allowing other materials into it ,it balances the properties that can be modified with the addition of reinforcing fillers, colours foaming agents, plasticisers etc. As a result of these attractive properties plastics are being used in many of the places such as packing building and construction healthcare agriculture sports mobility and transportation. Plastic polymeric material that as the capacity of being molded and shaped. Many chemicals namely better known as PET, PVC polyethyleneterephthalate and polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and, poly methyl methacrylate are known by their trademark name. Commodities resins are plastics that are produced at my volume and low cost that is disposable and durable. Member of the plastic speciality resins is the thermoplastic elastomers, polymers that I have the elastic property known for rubber. The plastic can be categorised based on chemical composition one is polymer having only aliphatic carbon atoms in their backbone chain and other is heterochain polymers which contains atom such as oxygen nitrogen or sulfur backbone chain. It is important to that for each polymer there are many subtypes about 20 to 30 variation

How plastic effects environment? They are threatens food safety and quality human health coastal tourism and most importantly contribution to climate change. The plastic pollution is concerned with plastic objects particles in earth environment or earth surface that affects wildlife wildlife habitat or humans. Plastic are inexpensive and durable in making them very adaptable for different users. The chemical structure of most plastics render them resistance to many natural process of degradation and result in slow degrade. It is Estimated that 1.1 to 8.8 million of plastic waste enters the ocean some researchers suggest that there could be more plastic than fish in oceans by weight. In some areas there have been in significant efforts to reduce the the prominence free range plastic pollution through reducing plastic consumption.

countries importing the plastic waste often lack the capacity to process all the material. There are three forms of plastic microplastic which have highest density is concentrated around urban centres and water fronts. Plastic can be found of the coast of some islands because of current earning the debris mega macro plastic are found in packing footwear and other domestic items. Primary plastic are in original form when collected but secondary plastic account for smaller plastic that have resulted from degradation of primary plastic.microdebris are plastic pieces between two to 5 mm in size commonly called nurdles which are recycle to make new plastic items and end up breaking into the environment during production smaller causes.

AS a result plastic is affecting the earth and all creators so say No to plastic

Principles of UV Disinfection – Home Water Treatment

UV radiation has three wavelength zones: UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C, and it is this last region, the shortwave UV-C, that has germicidal properties for disinfection.  A low-pressure mercury arc lamp resembling a fluorescent lamp produces the UV light in the range of 254 manometers (nm).   A nm is one billionth of a meter (10^-9 meter). These lamps contain elemental mercury and an inert gas, such as argon, in a UV-transmitting tube, usually quartz. Traditionally, most mercury arc UV lamps have been the so-called “low pressure” type, because they operate at relatively low partial pressure of mercury, low overall vapor pressure (about 2 mbar), low external temperature (50-100oC) and low power. These lamps emit nearly monochromatic UV radiation at a wavelength of 254 nm, which is in the optimum range for UV energy absorption by nucleic acids (about 240-280 nm).

In recent years medium pressure UV lamps that operate at much higher pressures, temperatures and power levels and emit a broad spectrum of higher UV energy between 200 and 320 nm have become commercially available. However, for UV disinfection of home drinking water at the household level, the low-pressure lamps and systems are entirely adequate and even preferred to medium pressure lamps and systems. This is because they operate at lower power, lower temperature, and lower cost while being highly effective in disinfecting more than enough water for daily household use. An essential requirement for UV disinfection with lamp systems is an available and reliable source of electricity. While the power requirements of low-pressure mercury UV lamp disinfection systems are modest, they are essential for lamp operation to disinfect water. Since most microorganisms are affected by radiation around 260 nm, UV radiation is in the appropriate range for germicidal activity. There are UV lamps that produce radiation in the range of 185 nm that are effective on microorganisms and will also reduce the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the water.  For typical UV system, approximately 95 percent of the radiation passes through a quartz glass sleeve and into the untreated water.  The water is flowing as a thin film over the lamp.  The glass sleeve is designed to keep the lamp at an ideal temperature of approximately 104 °F.

UV Radiation (How it Works)

UV radiation affects microorganisms by altering the DNA in the cells and impeding reproduction. UV treatment does not remove organisms from the water, it merely inactivates them. The effectiveness of this process is related to exposure time and lamp intensity as well as general water quality parameters.  The exposure time is reported as “microwatt-seconds per square centimeter” (uwatt-sec/cm^2), and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has established a minimum exposure of 16,000 µwatt-sec/cm^2 for UV disinfection systems.  Most manufacturers provide a lamp intensity of 30,000-50,000µwatt-sec/cm^2.  In general, coliform bacteria, for example, are destroyed at 7,000 µwatt-sec/cm^2.  Since lamp intensity decreases over time with use, lamp replacement and proper pretreatment are key to the success of  UV disinfection. In addition, UV systems should be equipped with a warning device to alert the owner when lamp intensity falls below the germicidal range.

Drinking Water Treatment with UV Irradiation

Ultraviolet (UV) rays are part of the light that comes from the sun. The UV spectrum is higher in frequency than visible light and lower in frequency compared to x-rays. This also means that the UV spectrum has a larger wavelength than x-rays and a smaller wavelength than visible light and the order of energy, from low to high, is visible light, UV, than x-rays. As a water treatment technique, UV is known to be an effective disinfectant due to its strong germicidal (inactivating) ability. UV disinfects water containing bacteria and viruses and can be effective against protozoans like, Giardia lamblia cysts or Cryptosporidium oocysts. UV has been used commercially for many years in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, beverage, and electronics industries, especially in Europe. In the US, it was used for drinking water disinfection and treatment in the early 1900s but was abandoned due to high operating costs, unreliable equipment, and the expanding popularity of disinfection by chlorination.

Because of safety issues associated with the reliance of chlorination and improvement in the UV technology, UV has experienced increased acceptance in both municipal and household drinking water treatment systems. There are few large-scale UV water treatment plants in the United States although there are more than 2,000 such plants in Europe. There are two classes of disinfection systems certified and classified by the NSF under Standard 55 – Class A and Class B Units.

Class A — These ultraviolet water treatment systems must have an ‘intensity & saturation’ rating of at least 40,000 uwsec/cm2 and possess designs that will allow them to disinfect and/or remove microorganisms from contaminated water. Affected contaminants should include bacteria and viruses
“Class A point-of-entry and point-of-use systems covered by this Standard are designed to inactivate and/or remove microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cysts, from contaminated water. Systems covered by this standard are not intended for the treatment of water that has obvious contamination or intentional source such as raw sewage, nor are systems intended to convert wastewater to drinking water. The systems are intended to be installed on visually clear water.”

Class B — These ultraviolet water treatment systems must have an ‘intensity & saturation’ rating of at least 16,000 uw-sec/cm2 and possess designs that will allow them to provide supplemental bactericidal treatment of water already deemed ‘safe’. i.e., no elevated levels of E. coli. or a standard plate count of less than 500 colonies per 1 ml. NSF Standard 55 “Class B” UV systems are designed to operate at a minimum dosage and are intended to “reduce normally occurring non-pathogenic or nuisance microorganisms only.” The “Class B” or similar non-rated UV systems are not intended for the disinfection of “microbiologically unsafe water.”

Therefore, the type of unit depends on your situation, source of water, and your drinking water quality. Transmitted UV light dosage is affected by water clarity. Drinking water treatment devices are dependent on the quality of the raw water. When turbidity is 5 NTU or greater and/or total suspended solids are greater than 10 ppm, pre-filtration of the water is highly recommended. Normally, it is advisable to install a 5 to 20 micron filter prior to a UV disinfection system.

News

107 LIVE SPIDERS SMUGGLED FROM POLAND TO CHENNAI

These smuggled spiders were caught in chennai international airport. And they were siezed under customs act 1962

This parcel is from Poland to chennai on the name of arupukottai who lives in chennai. There were 107 spider which were packed in the thermocol box and were wrapped by silver foils and cotton and there spider were kept in 107 vials

To identify these species officials from the wild life crime control bureau (WCCB) As well as scientists from the zoological survey of India’s souther region center in chennai were attended. The morphological examined that the spiders were of genus phonopelma and brachypelma. And also said that these species native at South, Central America, and mexico

And due to there is no directorate general of foreign trade(DGFT) licence and health related documents. And they were imported back to Poland

Now chennai government started to enquire why these spiders were smuggled from Poland.