India is called the world’s largest democratic country. The power to make law exists with the Indian Parliament. The members of lower house of Parliament are elected from the direct election while the members of upper house are elected from the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of single transferable vote through proportional representation. The concept of parliamentary privilege in the Constitution of India has been taken from British Constitution. Parliamentary privileges are special rights, immunities, exceptions enjoyed by the members of the two houses of Parliament and their committees. The main motive of these privileges is to uphold the supremacy of the offence of the office of the Parliament and its members.
Who Enjoys Parliamentary Privileges
These rights are mainly for the members of both houses of Parliament. Apart from this, these rights are also given to those individuals who speak and participate in any committee of the Parliament, which includes the Attorney General of India and the Union Ministers. President, even if he is a part of Parliament, does not have parliamentary privileges.
Breach of Parliamentary Privileges
If any person or officer violates the individual or collective privileges of a Member of Parliament, such as, disrespect, abuse, attack, etc., such acts are comsidered as breach of Parliamentary Privileges which is punishable by the house.
Thus, the above facts make it clear that Parliamentary Privileges in India have been enforced so that the respect of the Parliament and its members can be ensured.
But it is observed that after winning the elections, these representatives do not respect the public while on the other hand they expect that the public should give them due respect. Apart from this, you may have noticed that the Parliamentarians are often seen misbehaving with the officials and the general public. This is called the misuse of parliamentary privileges.
Therefore, it is the need of the hour that if the government wants to maintain the dignity of the democracy then it should make appropriate changes in the parliamentary privileges because nobody can be superior to the general public.
Conclusion
The privileges are conferred on the members for smooth functioning of the Parliament. But, these rights should always be in conformity with the fundamental rights because they are our representatives and work for our welfare. If the privileges are not in accordance with the fundamental rights then the essence of democracy for the protection of the rights of the citizen will be lost. It is the duty of the Parliament not to violate any other rights which are guaranteed by constitution. The members should also use their privileges wisely and not misuse them. They should always keep in mind that the powers do not make them corrupt. The Parliament cannot adopt every privilege that is present in the house of commons but should adopt only those privileges that accordingly suits our Indian democracy.
Many big companies (like Apple and Google) claims we’re no more hiring on degree basis we’re hiring on skill basis. And that’s gonna impact on many people lives. And we already be seen there.
During the crisis, a lot of employees has lost their jobs and seeking out for a new job. Now, what does that indicate us?
In future, the changement of hiring process is different and a lot of more companies are already started to changing their hiring systems.
The whole economy is shifting from traditionally to digitally and most of us we adapted it and use in our daily lifes. Because of this digital world, where anyone and everyone can access information around the world. Our methods of working is completely different from traditionally to digitally.
The working time of people is reduced and many business owners have automate their business with the help of A.I. (Artificial Intelligence). According to CEO of freelancers of Upwork, says 75% of people who are doing freelancing work are making handsome amt. of money by just having a skills. others are still struggling with their piece of paper.
You can learn any type of skills by accessing FREE information from Internet, watching from Youtube videos, take a course from any big entrepreneur, so we developed more and make a change in yourself to make this world better.
To be sure, i’m not saying that college is waste of time and money for everyone. Of course it is, but having a so much resources available around everywhere where we can access in a bit of seconds, it will be more better option than a college degree.
But one thing can: The fastest-growing segment of the workforce — freelancers — have realized more than most that education doesn’t stop. It’s a lifelong process. Diploma or not, it’s a mindset worth embracing.
The COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The global outbreak of COVID-19 is still ongoing.
The current coronavirus pandemic is having a perplexing impact, not only on people’s health, but also on how they learn and work. The pandemic has introduced uncertainty into major aspects of society, including the education sector. Thousands of schools, colleges and other educational institutions are closed nationwide. This situation challenged the education system across the globe and forced institutions to shift to an online mode of teaching.
Schools and colleges have been impacted significantly by the rapid spread of the COVID-19 outbreak. Closures have pushed countries towards a modernized, digital style of teaching. However, this solution comes with its own unique set of challenges. Among the most important challenges created by the coronavirus is how to adapt to a system of online education.
There are various technological devices available for online education but sometimes they create a lot of problems. These difficulties and problems associated with modern technology range from downloading errors, installation issues , login problems, poor connectivity, etc. Sometimes student also finds online teaching to be boring. Students want face to face interaction which is not possible with online mode of learning
Universities across the globe have adjusted their courses in response to the spread of the coronavirus. Moving all the educational programs online may prove very challenging. While some universities or schools may already have strong online systems, smaller universities may struggle with the technology. Some students also don’t have reliable internet access or technology and they struggle to participate in online learning. This gap is seen across countries and between income brackets within countries.
Small children have low concentration power, and they don’t want to sit for a longer time in front of the blue screen.
The availability of internet to students living in rural areas.
Speed and cost of internet.
Spending long time in online learning makes the students lose their motivation to participate.
Lots of poor students do not have access to laptops, computers, tablets, cell phones, etc.
Less interactive.
Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown has affected the academic performance of most of the students with varying degrees. Online education helps the students with an opportunity for self-study. However many subjects need practical classes; therefore, it is not easy to understand all the subjects online. The learning process cannot reach its full potential until students practice what they learn. This may impact their career in the future.
Formation of the Bishnoi sect— India’s original environmentalists
Bishnoism originated in the 1485AD by Saint Guru Jambheshwar in theThar Desert of Rajasthan, India. Long before the world came to know about the environmental crises, Bishnois have been cognizant of man’s relationship with nature and the importance to maintain its delicate balance. It is remarkable that these issues were considered, half a century ago by Bishnoi visionaries. No other secthas given this level of importance to environment value, protection and care.
Not many of us know that the concept of Tree Huggers and Tree-Hugging, have roots within theBishnoi community. The famous ‘Chipko Movement’ was inspired by a true story of a brave lady called Amrita Devi Bishnoi who refused to let the kingsmen cut the trees and sacrificed her life to save the trees.
Sundarlal Bahuguna
This sacrifice not only inspired the “Chipco Andoloan” by Sunder Lal Bahuguna but also the Indian government. The “Amrita Devi Bishnoi Smrithi Paryavaran Award” for contributing to environment conservation is given to those who have significantly contributed for environment conservation.
The Bishnois are one of the first organized communities that have collectively sought for eco-conservation, wildlife protection, and green living. The ideals and tenets of the bishnois and bishnoism mentioned in the 29 religious tenets are very crucial and relevant to our ever evolving world.
The social concern, in medieval Rajasthan, manifested itself in various forms. To unite the people for a common cause, Guru Jambheswar Ji advised 29 principles to become a Bishnoi. The word ‘Bishnoi’ stands for ‘bish’ which means 20 and ‘noi’ which means 9; derived from these 29 principles out of which 6 principles are dedicated to environmental protection and compassion for all living beings.
Of the 6 tenets that focus on protecting nature, the two most profound ones are:
Jeev Daya Palani – Be compassionate to all living beings.
Runkh Lila Nahi Ghave – Do not cut green trees.
Though these rules date back centuries, they still hold the morals and the beliefs for which the bishnois stand and are more than relevant to the environmental problems faced in today’s world.
Conservation as a practical necessity
In the arid and semi-arid regions of western Rajasthan, Bishnoism as a sect has over the ages has not only proposed, but also internalised their practices in an effort to usher in new practices of conservation ethics in Rajasthan. A majority of the Bishnoi rules suggested maintenance of harmony with the environment, like the prohibition on cutting green trees and animal slaughter. One plausible explanation is that the economy was primarily sustained by animal rearing. Hence, any slaughter, even during droughts, would have affected their means of livelihood.
Similarly, the cutting of green trees was prohibited, as it would scale back the availability of green fodder for the cattle, especially in the dry region where natural vegetation was very thin and sparse. Jambhoji’s teachings, which were in line with the interests of the folk, became immensely popular primarily in the arid regions of Bikaner and Jodhpur. The number of his followers increased manifold in these regions. His principles became so influential that the rulers of these states were forced to respect his teachings and sermons. The Bishnois have since long proposed for placing restrictions and punishments for cutting trees.
Rajasthan’s landscape demands dependence on agricultural and cattle-rearing practices. The conservation of natural vegetation of the region helped sustain superior breeds of cattle for export to other regions, exports such as sheep for wool, and camels for transport proved beneficial. Trade and commerce were also an important component of these economies as is evident in the nature of taxation where non-agricultural production was also taxed extensively (Kumar 2005).
Protection of wildlife and animals
The Bishnois consider the blackbucks as pavitra, or sacred. They follow what is perhaps the only environment-friendly religion in the world and recognise the rights of all kinds of birds, animals and trees and believe in living with peace and harmony with them. Reports show that in 2016, over 1,700 people who were involved in wildlife crimes in Rajasthan were arrested owing to the tireless efforts of the bishnoi community.
Some of their commandments mention to “provide shelters for abandoned animals to avoid them from being slaughtered in abattoirs,” making clear the Bishnoi’s reverence of all life on the planet.
The Khejarli massacre
Khejarli or Khejadli is a village situated in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, just 26 km southeast of the main city of Jodhpur. The name of the town is derived from khejri trees, which were in abundance in the village. In the year 1730 AD (Vardhan 2014), the king of Jodhpur sent-out his army to cut trees in order to build his palace. When his army started to cut down and log a Bishnoi forest, the bishnois organised a non-violent protest, offering their bodies as shields for the trees. The soldiers had warned that anyone intending to stand in their way would share the fate of Amrita (or Imarta/Imarti as she is often also referred to by the locals) and her three daughters who had taken the bold step of hugging trees following their mother’s action, and had been killed by the soldiers. Men, women and children from 83 different villages stepped forward, embraced the trees and sacrificed themselves one after the other.
The army’s axes had already slain 363 people, when the king, Maharaja Abhay Singh, hearing the whole incident and their perseverance and courage, halted the logging and declared the Khejarli region a preserve, issued a royal decree engraved on a tambra patra (a letter engraved on a copper plate), prohibiting the felling of trees and hunting in the Bishnoi areas. The Bishnois as well as non-Bishnois consider the tambra-patra declaration as a victory of the communities efforts at conservation.
Till date, the Bishnoi community commemorates and celebrates this collective sacrifice as a symbolic victory in Khejarli by maintaining the place as a heritage site. An annual fair is organised at the village near Jodhpur, which also maintains a functional temple. In 1988, the Government of India commemorated the massacre formally, by naming the Khejarli village as the first National Environmental Memorial (Clarke 1991). A cenotaph now stands at the site as a memorial to the Bishnoi lives lost at the massacre site, which is collectively maintained through community funding as well as by private donations.
Incidentally, Imarta Devi, the first woman who died in defence of the khejri trees during the 1730 Khejarli massacre, uttered her last words as follows: Sar sāntey rūkh rahe to bhī sasto jān (even if one were to get their head severed to save a tree, still it is a cheap bargain).
“Let us not forget that the cultivation of the Earth is the most important labor of man. When tillage begins, other arts will follow. The farmer’s, therefore are the founders of the civilization.”
Daniel Webster
On August 9, 2020, Farmers from Punjab and Haryana laid siege to the national capital region. They are raising their voices against the recently passed farm bills. It has been five months since they have left their houses and have suffered hardships from the changed weather to farmer’s giving up and dying. But no beneficial approach has been taken for them, the fight continues to go on.
After 1947, the zamindari system was abolished in the nation. The farmlands were divided into smaller parts and the tiller became the owner of those parts but still they did not acquire bargaining power for their own crops which led to traders taking advantage of this drawback. Traders used to give credit then used to buy crops during the harvest season at lower prices. The farmer used to stay poor because he never got the good price for his crop production. To decide what the right price should be in the year 1960, when the country was going through the “Green Revolution”, APMC’S (Agriculture Produce Marketing Committees) were introduced which began to regulate the farm produce. Except the committee no one was allowed to buy produce from farmers. They will give traders a license and space to buy. In this system farmer is supposed to get different rates at which he wants to sell his production.
But, till today unfortunately the farmers don’t decide the price the traders do. Even today the farmer is a price taker and not a price maker. No matter who makes the laws or tries to raise their opinions and concerns the atrocities have to be faced by the farmer’s. As a result, they are dealing through several problems like lack of mechanization, soil erosion, agriculture marketing and so on. In India 76% of the farmer’s want to give up farming. The market needs to have a good buyer to pay a fair price.
Amidst protest from the opposition and farmers organization, the monsoon session of the Lok Sabha passed three agricultural bills which were: –
Farmer’s Produce Trade and Commerce (promotion and facilitation) Bill, 2020 – to create a system where farmers and traders have the freedom to sell and purchase outside APMC’s, to promote barrier free inter state farmer produce, reduce facilitative framework for electronic trading. If this is implemented the states will lose its revenue there are also chances that it may end the MSP based procurement system.
The Farmer (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020 – enable farmers too access modern technology, reduce cost marketing which will boost farmers income, effective dispute resolution. If this is implemented sponsors may not like to deal with small and marginal farmers, farmers who are into contract farming will get weak in terms of negotiating.
The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill, 2020- removing commodities like some important food items. Essential commodities, bring investment for farm infrastructure, help both farmers and consumers by bringing price stability. If this is implemented big companies will stock commodities, which means they will dictate whatever price they say.
Before helping the farmers, we should understand what problems they are facing. Firstly, we should strengthen the dispute redressal problem. There should be an intermediary body between the traders and the farmers. So, that they understand their rights and know what contract they are signing. They can get a guarantee for their crops and expand their growth if they have someone to help them. Secondly, they should have a bargaining power on what they have produced. This should be their basic right. Lastly if the government provides the farmers with people who can help them it will create massive trust on the government.
The success or failure of the bill depends on the implementation. It will be unfair if the farmers think that this bill is their biggest enemy which is supposed to be helping them in ways which will change the entire agricultural system of the country. If the government genuinely wants to take up an initiative to help the famers and to end the protest, they should hear the perspective of the farmers because at the end of the day it is their livelihood which is being talked about. An industry that feeds you is worth fighting for.
Five civilians, four soldiers and 40 armed attackers were killed Sunday in a clash in Niger’s restive southwest region near the border with Mali, the government said.
Around 100 heavily armed “terrorists” riding motorcycles attacked the Tchoma Bangou village, striking around 3 pm Sunday, Niger’s Ministry of Defence said in a statement read on public television that did not identify who it suspected was behind the latest deadly incident.
(FILES) In this file photo taken on March 26, 2018 a gas flare burns at the Batan flow station operated by Chevron under a joint-venture arrangement with the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) for the onshore and offshore assets in the Niger Delta region. – Nigeria’s parliament on July 1, 2021 voted to approve a long-delayed oil and gas law that aims to attract new foreign investment to the OPEC country’s petroleum industry.
The Petroleum Industry Bill or PIB had been under review in the National Assembly for nearly two decades, beset by disagreements, including over how much revenue should go to local communities in oil-producing regions. (Photo by PIUS UTOMI EKPEI / AFP)
The “prompt and vigorous reaction” by the Defense and Security Forces (FDS), “made it possible to repel the attack and inflict heavy losses on the enemy”, the ministry said, adding that its soldiers had seized motorcycles and a cache of weapons, including AK47s and machine guns, from the assailants.
Tchoma Bangou is located in the Tillaberi region, bordering Mali and Burkina Faso, an area known as “the three borders” that has been regularly targeted by jihadist groups.
Tillaberi has been under a state of emergency since 2017. The authorities have banned motorbike traffic night and day for a year and ordered the closure of certain markets suspected of supplying “terrorists”.
One of the poorest countries in the world, Niger has for years battled jihadist insurgencies on its southwestern flank with Mali, as well as Boko Haram on its southeastern border with Nigeria. The repeated attacks have claimed hundreds of lives and forced thousands to flee their homes.
“American God’s” by “Neil Gaiman” the way the book has to been written the storyline is absolutely stunning. The protagonist of the book is shadow and just a few days before his release from the present his wife Laura dies in a mysterious car accident and it completely shatters him because he was going out of prison and meeting his wife and resuming their life together and be happy again because he had already wasted so many years of his life in the present because of a bank robbery that he committed in the past.
She was really helpful and he was really happy to see his wife Laura now while on its way back Shadow comes across come Mr. Wednesday in the airplane and Mr. Wednesdays character you don’t know anything about in his very enigmatic and he comes across his person who has really interesting stories to tell you this character is absolutely stunning and Shadow is like really not a place where he wants to get into any kind of conversation with anyone and Mr. Wednesday on the other hand want to talk business with him with absolutely Shadow of any way things happen that actually makes Shadow interested in whatever Mr. Wednesday has to offer and Mr. Wednesday want Shadow to become his Bodyguard to anyway lot of things happen and find leave Shadow protect.
The post of becoming the shadow protect the post of becoming the Bodyguard of Mr. Wednesday and then they go on this journey to America. Mr. Wednesday enigmatic and he introduces himself as one of the Gods and one of the forward Gods now we know America is a place where people from the entire world migrate and stay there so they kind of like take their relation to that place and store your going to find different God from different cultures traditions and right in there may be a few tries to Africa and they got there also introduced in the book to similarly God from our country Indian culture is also introduced in the book and you will find book and you will find that when you read the book and it’s fascinating when you find anything from culture in a book that is written by a foreign writer and needs a man has thus mastery at actually putting everything together and assembling all these things in a way that everything Falls into place and think to feel like believable and the best part about American Gods is that it is extremely real you are in the reality was seeing these.
It perfect and an amazing rate is not let you completely shifting towards his genera of mythology or anything as such you are in the reality you are reading this characters who are blood in flash and would not like Trichy Gods were not like Gods in a way that they tell you stories and lessons learned that the way these calls are flawed they have their battles to fight and that is the most amazing part of that these gods are not Gods in that way these goals are skill Masters and they preach skills and that and their skills make them the God Mr. Wednesday and Shadow travel across America and explore all these goals and their stories and it is interesting because everything just feels So vivid and illustrative that you are going to visualize Everything And Everything feels So the believable relationship that Shadow shared with his wife and that was pure love, I mean everything that happened in the book and shadows love for his wife Laura was and parallel it was unprecedented there was nothing that could affect his love for her and I think that was super cute you know this book is all about God Supernatural stuff away Ne man actualize love in such a real manner that melted my heart because it’s very rare when you see that kind of love which is unconditional which doesn’t have any grudges against each other and I think that is amazing and let’s just not even get to Mr. Wednesday’s the character was that character I was in the strict entire time I didn’t have any idea what was happening like who the hell was that person and even started to be honest so basically, when you’re reading the book you become shadow and all these are the characters are like these mysterious people you don’t understand what is happening but you are there what you are there are you trying to understand and by the end of the book you are like that was quite a bit of Revelation so I will just be ready to read everything in this book and will be to by the end of it and obviously will get the answers of all the questions and that the best thing I love about Neil Gaiman’s American Gods and read books for that a trailers and that have a mystery the quotient in them but you know what by the end of the book a lot of things are not explain in those books and that pisses me off a lot because I am sorry you actually built up so much mystery and you build up so much of trade and then you do not give all the answers to all those questions that will lead role was to the point where we are trying to get find to get around but did Neil Gaiman spoke you will get the answers of every small thing that you never told you if there is a mystery.
That has been built in the initial part of the book you will get the answer to that part in the end or by the end of the book you will get the answers of everything that the evidence and 2 weirdest most part that Neil Gaiman’s American Gods is that the first Publication like the first time that when the book was published cause I don’t know how many pages but after that he published a not the addition in which he wrote some of it in approximately12,000 more words like he added that win book I will hold us that lower does the time in authorized book effects ahead in the head I don’t care but he actually went ahead Rote 12000 in words and added to the book published it again and like I just wanted to make it more that he wanted to give better answer and its two amazing because he is so freaking dedicated to his stories it’s not like is doing it for money or he’s doing it for recommendations it’s very clear that he writes for inviting is absolutely free of any conditions it does not fit any specific ID like to write whatever he was right and that is the best part about him and I will love you for that was my weird review for the American Gods and I think it’s hard to be weird because the book in good fashion.
The ancient Greek Theophrastus (371–286 B.C.E.) is known as the father, or founder, of botany. He wrote two large books, On the History of Plants and On the Causes of Plants. … He also developed a theory of plant growth and wrote about how plants were structured. He identified and described 550 different
While Theophrastus studied very diverse issues, he is best known for his work with plants. He has often been referred to as the first scientific botanist, and two of his practical, yet influential, books on the subject have survived into modern times.
Theophrastus was one of the few Peripatetics who fully embraced Aristotle’s philosophy in all areas of metaphysics, physics, physiology, zoology, botany, ethics, politics, and history of culture. His general tendency was to strengthen the systematic unity of those subjects and to reduce the transcendental or Platonic elements of Aristotelianism as a whole. Of his few surviving works, the most important are Peri phytōn historia (“Inquiry into Plants”) and Peri phytōn aitiōn (“Growth of Plants”), comprising nine and six books, respectively. Of dubious origin are the smaller treatises attributed to him on fire, winds, signs of weather, scents, sensations, and other subjects. His notable Charaktēres (many English translations) consists of 30 brief and vigorous character sketches delineatingmoral types derived from studies that Aristotle had made for ethical and rhetorical purposes; this work later formed the basis for the masterpiece of Jean de La Bruyère, Les Caractères... (1699). In his ethical teachings, famous because of the assaults of the Stoic philosophers, Theophrastus reiterated Aristotle’s notion of a plurality of virtues with their relative vices and acknowledged a certain importance to external goods.
Among Theophrastus’ other works is the Physikōn doxai (“Opinions of Natural Philosophers”). As reconstructed by Herman Diels in Doxographi Graeci (1879), it provides a foundation for the history of ancient philosophy
Theophrastus and his reasearches
Metaphysics (or On First Principles).
Enquiry into Plants: Books 1-5.
Enquiry into Plants: Books 6-9; Treatise on Odours; Concerning Weather Signs.
De Causis Plantarum. There are 3 volumes of this book .
On Sweat, On Dizziness and On Fatigue.
Theophrastus introduced his Physics with the proof that all natural existence, being corporeal and composite, requires principles,and first and foremost motion as the basis of all change.
Denying the substance of space, he seems to have regarded it, in opposition to Aristotle, as the mere arrangement and position (taxis and thesis) of bodies.Time he called an accident of motion, without, it seems, viewing it, with Aristotle, as the numerical determinant of motion. He attacked the doctrine of the four classical elements and challenged whether fire could be called a primary element when it appears to be compound, requiring, as it does, another material for its own nutriment.
Surely, then, if the life in animals does not need explanation or is to be explained only in this way, may it not be the case that in the heavens too, and in the heavenly bodies, movement does not need explanation or is to be explained in a special way? —Theophrastus, Metaphysics, 10a.16-29
Visuals show an overflowing river Manjhi river in Dharamshala, wiping away nearly 10 shops in the area. Meanwhile, three people were killed at a village in Uttarakhand after their house collapsed in a landslide.
As the southwest monsoon continues to elude Delhi, Punjab and Haryana, it is wreaking havoc in parts of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
In Himachal Pradesh’s Dharamshala, flood waters swept through the streets of Bhagsu Nag village, damaging parked vehicles. The district administration has instructed tourists to postpone their visit to Dharamsala in view of the heavy rains.
Flood water surges through a street amid heavy rain after a cloudburst, at Mcleodganj near Dharamshala, Monday, July 12, 2021.
Union Home Minister Amit Shah spoke to Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Jai Ram Thakur on Monday to take stock of the situation arising due to the floods in several districts of the state and assured him all possible help from the Centre.
Kullu: Villagers try to remove a car stuck in the rubble after heavy rains at Bajaura in Kullu district, Monday, July 12, 2021.
States such as Uttarakhand and Jammu and Kashmir, too, witnessed torrential rain. Visuals from ANI show debris from a landslide blocking the Rishikesh-Badrinath national highway number 7 near Chamoli. In a separate incident, three people, including an eight-year-old boy, were killed at a village in Uttarakhand after their house collapsed in a landslide caused due to heavy rains.
Money Heist LACASA DE PAPEL is one of the phenomenon series I have watched with never ending suspense, romance, crime and adventure. I literally binge-watched entire seasons non-stop with snack breaks. The Dali masked and red jumpsuits, had great impacts around the world symbol of “THE RESISTANCE”. Its hard to give an idea how captivating and binge-watch this show is.There are loads of surprising plots and twists to keep you on the edge.
This is a show about a group of robbers who take the near impossible task of robbing ” The Bank Of Spain”. Everything revolves around robbing the bank with ‘THE PERFECT PLAN’ by mastermind being “The Professor” [Alvaro Morte]. What makes this intresting is the depth of the characters with flaws but still you will make an instant emotional connection with them.
There are some good looking and wonderful actors, Alvaro Morte[The Professor], Alba Flores[Nairobi]. My personal favourite is Tokyo[Ursula Corbero], the most volatile character in the show. She seems like she is going to ruin the whole plan at any moment but she has her own ideas to make show more thrilling. She keeps you high and glued to edge of yor seat. She has a great suspense coming in every minurte.
There are two heist set which has push the bar to the heighest and the show is intriguing and more than worthy enough to watch.
SEASON 1: PART 1 AND 2 [2017]
It begins with a failed bank robbery by a woman “Tokyo” by ” Professor” saves her from police. The heist begins on the Royal Mint Of Spain in Madrid. The eight robbers are plced aby “Mastermind’ dressed in red jumpsuits and wearing a dali mask. Flashbacks througout series show the five month preparation in Toledo.The first season revolves around ROYAL MINT ,hostages,voilence,romance and mutiny. The season is about how will the robbers safe their life and escape from Royal Mint , will the professor will be caught. The drama and never ending suspense continues and hold you till end.
SEASON 2: PART 3 AND 4 [2019-20]
It begins with the story will the robbers live or die. It has great suspense about the life’s of robbers,hostages and the”Professor”. What is the story ahead of robbers and hostages, is the story of survival or revenge?.
There are some very emotional moments. Emotional moments does not mean sad but passionate anger, love making, anger, compassion, loosing someone dear, victory, failure, etc. There is this beautiful cheering song “Bella Ciao”. It is the soul of the show thats holds everything beautifully. It has a very catchy suspense that keeps lingering in your head. It is like songs that you can’t avoid while doing anything.
I can’t say anymore without revealing any spoilers. You don’t want me to do that, do you ? So, I would recommend you to watch this, if you haven’t, tell me your favourite character in comments below.
I hope you are staying safe, in your homes, stay strong anf lots of power to you.
Anatomy is the study of the shape and structure of the body of organisms or living beings. The word anatomy is derived from the Greek words ‘ ana ‘ and ‘ tomy ‘ where ‘ ana ‘ means ‘apart’ and ‘tomy ‘ means ‘to cut’. In physiology, the functions of various system such as respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, skeleton system and muscular system of organisms are studied. It can be said that physiology is the study of how the body and all its part function. It consists of two word, namely, ‘physio’ and ‘ ology’ where ‘physio’ means ‘nature ‘ and ‘ ology ‘ means ‘ study’. Here ,we will study human anatomy and human physiology.
Definition of Human Anatomy
Human Anatomy is the study of structure ,shape, size , weight and location of all the organs of human body. A detailed knowledge of the structure of various system of human body is provided in human anatomy . For example , the shape, size, weight, structure and location of all the organs of the excretory system such as lungs, kidneys, large intestine, liver, skin, etc. are studied in human anatomy. Human anatomy can be defined as the science dealing with human body structure and relationships among structures.
Importance of Anatomy
The importance of anatomy and physiology is mentioned below.
Anatomy Provides the Knowledge of Structures of Various Organs : Human anatomy provides the detailed knowledge of the structure of various organ body . We get the knowledge of structure, shape, size, location and weight of organs of all the systems of our body. We come to know about the length of various organs such as the length, size and shape of the bones. With the help of anatomy , we get the knowledge of the percentage of white fibres and red fibres present in an individual. As a result of such knowledge , the teacher and coaches working in the field of physical education and sports may easily select the suitable sports according to the traits of students. For example, weightlifting is more appropriate for short statured students, who have more percentage of white fibres i.e., fast twitch fibres in comparison to red fibers i.e., slow twitch fibres can perform better in sprinting events instead of endurance events.
“WATER” , the lifeline of all the living species on the Earth. Without water it is not possible to survive a single day whether you are a human being or if we take in account any other organisms. Even the plants and trees which provide us oxygen to breathe can not survive without water.
WATER – OUR LIFELINE
The molecular formula of water is H2O. It means it has two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen to form one molecule of water. More than 70% of the Earth surface is covered with water. Out of the total water present on Earth around 97% is saline water present in oceans and seas. This water is not fit for drinking. The other 2% water is in form of glaciers at the two poles – North and South. The only remaining 1% is fresh water which is available in rivers and lakes. Only this 1% water is used for drinking and other day to day activities.
Distribution of Water available on Earth (in %)
But due to rapid increasing population, urbanisation, industrialisation over the years, water pollution has become a great matter of concern for the world community.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION :-
Domestic savage is one of the reason for water pollution. People living near water bodies discharge the human wastes in the water. Also in many urban areas there are no sewage treatment plants which can detoxify human wastes before discharging it in the water bodies like rivers. This increases the concentration of harmful organisms in the water and the water becomes unfit for drinking.
Discharging of Sewage Water without Treatment
Discharge of industrial wastes by factories situated near water bodies is also a major cause of water pollution. Industrial wastes contains a lot of toxic elements like mercury and silicon. These elements contaminate the water and it is no longer fit for human use.
Excess use of fertilizers and pesticides also possesses a threat. These fertilizers and pesticides penetrates into the groundwater and makes it toxic. They also flow down into the water bodies and the flora and fauna which lives in these water bodies die in large numbers every year due to increase in water toxicity level.
Chemical Fertilizers Contaminate Ground Water
Global warming is another cause of water pollution. Due to global warming, the temperature of water in the water bodies increases rapidly. The flora and fauna living in these water bodies are not able to adapt themselves with this rapid increase in temperature and it results in a loss of large number of aquatic species.
REMEDIES TO COMBAT WATER POLLUTION :-
As far as possible, the effective implementation of 3R’s should be done. These 3R’s are Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
Majority of the industrial waste must be treated before discharging it in the water bodies.
Excess use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides should be banned and the use of biological and eco-friendly products must be used in agriculture.
Sewage treatment plants should be installed so that biological wastes does not be discharged in water bodies without proper treatment. Effective monitoring of these sewage treatment plants must be undertaken for proper functioning of them.
Functioning of Wastewater Treatment Plant
Global warming threat should be taken under consideration and effective measures should be taken to reduce the factors that are responsible for global warming.
Animal Farm by George Orwell tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy. Their first leader, a pig, Old Major, was kind and fair who knew animals should be equal. But when Napoleon, also a pig, became the leader, it was very unpleasant. Napoleon wanted more power. The rebellion is betrayed, and the farm ends up in a state worse than it was before, under the dictatorship of Napoleon. He made a rule that allowed the pigs to have better food and that forced all of the other animals to work very hard in dangerous working conditions every day and night while the pigs laid on the bed all day, drinking and living in luxury. Pigs could speak fluently in English unlike the other animals, and that gave them the power to be leaders. Little by little, the rules begin to mysteriously change, and the pigs seem to gain power little by little, making the rest of the animals question what society they were striving for in the first place and whether their new-found freedom is as liberating as they have hoped. The cleaver pigs had already taken advantage of the naïve animals, and by the time the animals realised what the pigs had done, it was too late.
As soon the animals got freedom over the farm, they came up with a set of seven rules that will be the base of the Animal Farm. One of which was “All animals are equal”. This fair and just rule was later modified by the corrupt rulers into “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others”. With this the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which were supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans and preventing animals from following the humans’ evil doings, is ruined and it demonstrates how even the best of us can be corrupt when power lies in our hands.
Author Orwell said that the book was based on the events of Russia’s Bolshevik revolution and the betrayal of the cause by Joseph Stalin. Published in 1945, this book still stays relevant in today’s world, even after 76 years. It highlights the demons within every human; jealousy, greed, laziness and cruelty. Animal Farm is bitter reminder from history warning us that no good will come to us or anybody unless we set aside our egos and greed to help and support each other selflessly when the whole world is against us.
On July 2, U.S. troops departed from the Bagram Air Base that coordinated the 20-year-long war in Afghanistan, effectively ending their military operations in the country. The exit is part of President Joe Biden’s plan to withdraw American troops from Afghanistan by September 11, the 20th anniversary of the terrorist attack on the twin towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Ever since the remaining U.S. troops began pulling out on May 1, the Taliban have made rapid territorial advances. If the Taliban had controlled 73 of Afghanistan’s 407 districts before May 1, the number of districts went up to 157 in two months as of June 29. They contest another 151 districts, which leaves 79 districts firmly in the hands of the government. The Taliban’s military offensive is focussed on the northern districts, far away from their southern strongholds, and several provincial capitals are under threat.
Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan?
Weeks after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, U.S. President George W. Bush declared war on Afghanistan, which was then ruled by the Taliban. Mr. Bush said the Taliban regime had turned down his demand to hand over al-Qaeda leaders, including Osama bin Laden, who plotted the attacks. Inside Afghanistan, the NATO coalition troops led by the U.S. quickly dislodged the Taliban regime and established a transitional government. Al-Qaeda’s leaders and key operatives fled to safe havens in Pakistan. The U.S. rejected an offer from the Taliban to surrender and vowed to defeat the insurgents in every corner of Afghanistan. In May 2003, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld announced that major military operations in the country were over. The U.S. focus shifted to the Iraq invasion, while in Afghanistan, western powers helped build a centralised democratic system and institutions. But that neither ended the war nor stabilised the country.
Why is the U.S. pulling back?
The U.S. had reached the conclusion long ago that the war was unwinnable. Presidents, starting with Barack Obama, had promised to bring American troops back home from Afghanistan. But the U.S. wanted a face-saving exit. In July 2015, the Obama administration had sent a representative to the first-ever meeting between the Taliban and the Afghan government that was hosted by Pakistan in Murree. The Murree talks did not progress as the Afghan government disclosed after the first round that Taliban leader Mullah Omar had died two years earlier.
Later, President Donald Trump appointed a special envoy for Afghanistan, Zalmay Khalilzad, with a mandate to directly negotiate with the Taliban. Mr. Khalilzad and his team held talks with Taliban representatives in Doha that led to the February 2020 agreement between the U.S. and the insurgents. In the agreement, the Trump administration promised that it would withdraw all American troops from Afghanistan by May 1, 2021. President Joe Biden endorsed the Trump-Taliban deal, but pushed the deadline for withdrawal to September 11. Mr. Biden said on Friday, “We’re on track, exactly where we expected to be.”
What are the terms of the Trump-Taliban deal?
Before the Doha talks started, the Taliban had maintained that they would hold direct talks only with the U.S., and not with the Kabul government, which they did not recognise. The U.S. effectively accepted this demand when they cut the Afghan government off the process and entered direct talks with the insurgents. The February deal dealt with four aspects of the conflict — violence, foreign troops, intra-Afghan peace talks and the use of Afghan soil by terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda and the Islamic State (the IS has an Afghan unit, the Islamic State Khorasan Province, or ISKP, which largely operates from Nangarhar in eastern Afghanistan). According to the agreement, the Taliban promised to reduce violence, join intra-Afghan peace talks and cut all ties with foreign terrorist groups, while the U.S. pledged to withdraw all its troops, roughly 12,000 at the time of the signing of the agreement in February 2020, by May 1, 2021.
After the agreement was signed, the U.S. put pressure on the Afghan government to release thousands of Taliban prisoners — a key Taliban precondition for starting intra-Afghan talks. Talks between Taliban representatives and the Afghan government began in Doha in September 2020 but did not reach any breakthrough. At present, the peace process is frozen. The Taliban reduced hostilities against foreign troops but continued to attack Afghan forces even after the agreement was signed. Afghanistan also saw a series of targeted killings of journalists, activists and other civil society figures over the past many months, which the Afghan government says is a Taliban act. Kabul maintains that the Pakistan support for the Taliban is allowing the insurgents to overcome military pressure and carry forward with their agenda.
Is the Afghanistan government doomed?
The American intelligence community has concluded, according to The Wall Street Journal, that Kabul could fall within six months. None of the American leaders, from General Austin Miller to President Biden, is certain about the survival of the Afghan government. When Mr. Biden was asked this question on Friday, he didn’t say that the government would survive, but said, “They have the capacity to sustain the government”. One thing is certain — the American withdrawal has turned the balance of power in the battleground in favour of the Taliban. They are already making rapid advances, and could launch a major offensive targeting the city centres and provincial capitals once the Americans are out.
So, there could be three scenarios, according to experts. One, there could be a political settlement in which the Taliban and the government agree to some power-sharing mechanism and jointly shape the future of Afghanistan. As of now, this looks like a remote possibility. Two, an all-out civil war may be possible, in which the government, economically backed and militarily trained by the West, holds on to its positions in key cities and the Taliban expand its reach in the countryside, while other ethnic militias fight for their fiefs. This is already unfolding. A third scenario would be of the Taliban taking over the country.
Its been 4 years since Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced! How much do we know about it?
What is GST
The GST is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold for domestic consumption.
The GST is paid by consumers, but it is remitted to the government by the businesses selling the goods and services.
GST, which subsumed almost all domestic indirect taxes (petroleum, alcoholic beverages and stamp duty are the major exceptions) under one head, is perhaps the biggest tax reform in the history of independent India. It was launched into operation on the midnight of 1st July 2017.
What is special about GST?
Applicable on Supply Side: GST is applicable on ‘supply’ of goods or services as against the old concept on the manufacture of goods or on sale of goods or on provision of services.
Destination based Taxation: GST is based on the principle of destination-based consumption taxation as against the principle of origin-based taxation.
Dual GST: It is a dual GST with the Centre and the States simultaneously levying tax on a common base. The GST to be levied by the Centre is called Central GST (CGST) and that to be levied by the States is called State GST (SGST).
Import of goods or services would be treated as inter-state supplies and would be subject to Integrated Goods & Services Tax (IGST) in addition to the applicable customs duties.
GST rates to be mutually decided: CGST, SGST & IGST are levied at rates to be mutually agreed upon by the Centre and the States. The rates are notified on the recommendation of the GST Council.
Multiple Rates: GST is levied at four rates viz. 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%. The schedule or list of items that would fall under these multiple slabs are worked out by the GST council.This is apart from the tax on gold that is kept at 3% and rough precious and semi-precious stones that are placed at a special rate of 0.25% under GST.
The GST Council
It is a constitutional body (Article 279A) for making recommendations to the Union and State Government on issues related to GST.
The GST Council is chaired by the Union Finance Minister and other members are the Union State Minister of Revenue or Finance and Ministers in-charge of Finance or Taxation of all the States.
It is considered as a federal body where both the centre and the states get due representation.
GST – Reform?
Creation of a common national market: By amalgamating a large number of Central and State taxes into a single tax.
Mitigation of cascading effect:
The GST that a merchant pays to procure goods or services (i.e. on inputs) can be set off later against the tax applicable on supply of final goods and services. The set off tax is called input tax credit.
The GST thus avoids cascading effect or tax on tax which increases the tax burden on the end consumer.
Reduction in Tax burden: From the consumers’ point of view, the biggest advantage is in terms of reduction in the overall tax burden on goods.
Making Indian products more competitive: Introduction of GST is making Indian products more competitive in the domestic and international markets owing to the full neutralization of input taxes across the value chain of production.
What are the achievements of GST
Automated Indirect Tax Ecosystem:
The introduction of e-way bills coupled with the crackdown on fake invoicing has helped in bringing in a substantial portion of GST revenues, which were either being evaded or under-reported.
E-invoicing system would also usher the taxpayers into a fully automated compliance regime wherein the computation of tax liabilities and matching of input tax credit would become very simple.
Simplification of Compliance:
Various initiatives like linking the customs portal with GST portal for credit availability on imports, making available proper means for matching input tax credit, increased automation of the refund procedure to seamless operation of the Invoice Registry Portal, helped simplify tax compliance.
Functioning of GST Council:
The GST Council made corrections to law, issued clarifications on complex issues, rationalized GST rates and introduced relaxations for dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic, which establishes that the GST Council structure has been very functional and agile.
Example to the World:
India has served as an example to the world by successfully implementing one of the most complex tax transformation projects for the country.
Criticisms of GST
Fiscal Federalism:
This issue became controversial when GST collections fell because of the pandemic.
Because GST entailed a bigger surrender of taxation powers for the states – states do not levy direct taxes or customs duties – a guaranteed revenue growth of 14% for a period of five years was offered to them by the centre to get them to agree.
Issues Highlighted by the 15th Finance Commission:
The 15th Finance Commission has highlighted several areas of concern in the GST regime relating to multiplicity of tax rates, shortfall in GST collections vis-à-vis the forecast, high volatility in GST collections, inconsistency in filing of returns, dependence of States on the compensation from Centre and so on.
Large Businesses vs Small Businesses:
The fundamental principles on which the GST law was built were seamless flow of input credits and ease of compliance has been impaired by IT glitches.
Indirect taxes, unlike direct taxes such as income tax, do not differentiate between the rich and the poor and therefore put a bigger burden on the later.
Further, small and medium businesses are still grappling to adapt to the tech-enabled regime.
What are some suggestions by experts?
With oil prices sky-rocketing across the country, the policymakers need to contemplate the inclusion of petroleum and related products within the GST net.
It is vital to finally constitute the GST Appellate Tribunal as it is obvious that all taxpayers do not have the finances or means to approach the High Court for every practical difficulty faced.
Streamlining of anti-profiteering measures and simplification of compliance procedures also needs to be revisited to ensure that the cost efficiency and reduction in prices envisaged under GST law finally reaches the common man.
Conclusion
In the four years of GST, It has undoubtedly been successful in many areas but the pandemic has exposed several problems in its structure and implementation. The law is still a ‘work-in-progress’, and the process of evolution, in such a complex journey, cannot be eliminated. The Government is taking several measures to make it resilient. We can definitely hope for a Good and Simple tax in the times to come.
Eduindex 
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