The modern Israel as its origin Zionism movement. Established in the late 19th century by Jews in the Russian Empire called for the establishment of a territory Jewish state after encluding persecution. Israel is a small country in the middle East about the size of New Jersey located on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean sea and bordered by Egypt. Jordan Lebanon and Syria when was World war 1 ended in 1918 with an allied victory the Ottoman Empire rule ended and great Britain to control over style the British controlled Palestine untile Israel in the years following the end of world war 2 became an independent state. Inmein 1948 style was officially declared an independent state while the historic event seemed to be a victory of Jews. It is also marked the beginning of more violence with the Arabs following the announcement of a independent Israel five Arab Nations like Egypt Jordan Syria sraq labanon immediately invaded the region.

The land of Israel also known as the holy land in the birth place of Jewish people. It contains sites scared by Judaism Islam Christianity Samaritan druze and the bahafaith. In its early decades the economy official was largely state controlled and shaped by social democratic ideas his trial in the central highlands as a cultural and probably political entity more and ethical group rather than an organised state. The Archeological evidence indicated a society of village like centres but with more limited resources of a small population the capital of Israel is Jerusalem and the official language is Hebrew. Israel as evidence of the early humans in the territory of modern Israel who lived in the area that is now Northern Israel 120000 years ago. Over the last decade large numbers of migrant workers from Romania Thailand China Africa and South America have settled in Israel. Israel as one official language Hebrew Arabic has been an official language of the state of Israel. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and spoken everyday by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by arab minority. Many Israel is communicate Reasonably well in English as many television programs are broadcasted in English with subtitles of their language is taught from the early Israel in elementary school.

Israel is a parliamentary democratic with universal suffrage. Member of parliament support by and parliamentary majority become the prime minister. Interaction between the political parties keeps the balance between state and religion largely as it existed during the British. The land itself is not considered part of his trial as well as consciously refrained from annexing the territory without ever relinquishing it’s legal claim to the land for defining a border with the area. The Israel defence forces (IDF) is the sole military wing of the trial security forces and is headed B chief of general staff. The IDF also draws upon the resources of the military intelligence directorate. The Israel defence forces have been involved in several major war and make it one of the most battle trained armed forces in the world.

The international community maintains that Israel does not have sovereignty in the west bank and consider israel’s control of the area to be the longest military occupation in modern history subsequent legislative act have resulted in full application of law within the golen heights and East Jerusalem the government Israel is unitary parliamentary constituency republic.

The atmosphere is thick near the earth surface and thins out until it eventually merges with space. The five atmospheric layers are:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere

TROPOSPHERE
The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the troposphere. The Greek word ‘tropos’ means ‘turn’ or change. The layer extends upto 8kms at the pole and upto 18kms at the Equator.

The temperature decreases with increasing height. Almost all weather phenomenon take place in this layer. Hence it is called weather making layer. The upper limit of the troposphere is called tropopause.

STRATOSPHERE
Stratosphere lies above the troposphere. It extends to a height of about 50km above Earth surface. Since this layer is a concentration of ozone molecules, it is also referred as ozonosphere.

The temperature increases with increase in height in this layer. Large jet planes normally fly here. The upper limit of the stratosphere is called as stratosphere.

MESOSPHERE
Mesosphere extends between 50km and 80km. The temperature decreases with increasing height.

Most of the meteors nearing the Earth, get burned here. The upper most limit of the mesosphere is the mesosphere.

THERMOSPHERE
Thermosphere exists above the mesosphere. It extends to about 600km. The composition of gases in the lower thermosphere is more or less uniform, hence it is called ‘Homosphere’. The upper portion of the thermosphere has uneven composition of gases and hence it is referred as ‘Heterosphere’.

Here the temperature increases with increasing height. Ionosphere is a layer of the thermosphere that contains Ions and free electrons. Radio waves transmitted from earth are reflected back to Earth from this layer.

EXOSPHERE
The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is called exosphere. This layer is extremely rarefied with gases and gradually merges with the outer space. This zone is characterized by aurora Australis and aurora borealis.

The trapping of energy from the sun by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leading to rise in Earth’s temperature is known as the green house effect.Greenhouse gases such as carbondioxide,methane, nitrous oxide and chloro fluoro carbon absorb and reflect infra red waves radiated by the earth causing increase in temperature.The effect is very similar to what happens inside a greenhouse.

Greenhouse

A greenhouse is a structure of glass or plastic in which temperature and humidity can be controlled for the cultivation or growth of plants.

Greenhouse gases

⭐ Carbondioxide:It is the most abundant green house gas released by burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, respiration of animals, decaying of organic matter.

⭐ Methane:It is produced by the incomplete decomposition of organic compounds by methanogenic bacteria under anaerobic condition.It is also produced by the enteric fermentation in the cow and from flooded rice fields.

⭐ Nitrous oxide:It is released by the burning of fossil fuels, industrial processes and agricultural practices like ploughing.

⭐ Chlorofluorocarbons:These are coolant gases used in refrigerators, aerosols and solvents.

Effect of global warming

⭐The level of sea rises due to the melting of glaciers and thermal expansion of water.It can submerge coastal areas of countries.

⭐Due to global warming the rise in temperature could create unexpected changes in weather conditions, making some regions hotter and other colder.

⭐The rainfall pattern could also change causing drought in some areas and flooding in others.

⭐ Crops and forests may be affected by insects pests and plant diseases resulting in severe damage.

⭐It can also result in the loss of biodiversity due to the extinction of coral reefs and other key species.

Control measures

Global warming can be controlled by reducing the use of fossil fuels,afforestation,carbon sequestration, shifting to renewable sources of energy such as solar power, wind power and hydel power.

Things you can do to reduce global warming

⭐Use less heat and air conditioning

⭐Car pool,use bicycles and walk when you can

⭐Buy energy efficient products

⭐Use CFL bulbs

⭐ Reduce,reuse and recycle resources

⭐Switch off equipment when they are not in use

⭐Plant trees

⭐ Encourage others to conserve energy

OVERVIEW :-

Global Warming as the name suggests is the rapid increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s climate. The major reason for global warming is the industrial revolution of the late 18^th century. Carbon emission from automobiles is also a big contributer of greenhouse gases. Due to industrial revolution, the generation of greenhouse gases like CO₂ has increased in a significant amount in the Earth’s atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are those gases which are responsible for global warming. Since the industrial revolution, the average temperature of Earth’s surface has increased about 1 degree celsius.

The reason for global warming due to greenhouse gases is that when the solar energy from the sun strikes on the Earth’s surface then some percent of solar energy is reflected back into the atmosphere. But if there is a presence of high concentration of greenhouse gases then thus solar energy is not reflected back into the atmosphere but it is trapped and absorbed by greenhouse gases like CO₂ and other fine particulate matter. This results in an increase in the temperature of the Earth’s climate.

Effects of Global Warming :-

• Change in the pattern of rainfall is one of the major effect of global warming. Nowadays, it is widely seen that in one part of the country there is extreme rainfall and in other part of the country there is a severe draught.
• Extreme weather conditions are increasing every year. This includes a rapid rise in the number of cyclones, tornadoes, sandstorms, etc. throughout in the world. For example, India is now facing 3-4 tropical cyclones every year which used to be 0-2 every year just few years back.
• Change in the rainfall pattern has already affected the farming and agriculture in an adverse manner. Every year farmers have to bear heavy losses due to extreme rainfall or drought. In countries like India which is heavily depended on agriculture sector even one year of bad monsoon season can bring great loss to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

• As the temperature of Earth’s surface is rising every year, the water present in the form of large icebergs at the North and South Poles are melting at a speed more than the usual speed. Due to this, the water level of the oceans is rising at a threatening speed. As per the reports, areas near to the oceans will be completely submerged under sea water if the water level will rise in such a speed.
• The temperature of the water in the water bodies is also increasing due to global warming. The aquatic plants and animals are not able to adapt themselves with it and it has lead to large scale death of aquatic flora and fauna.

STEPS TO PREVENT GLOBAL WARMING :-

• Chimneys installed with filters should be made compulsory in every industries to prevent the exhaustion of particulate matter in the atmosphere.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and traditional light bulbs also cause global warming. Use of CFCs should be completely banned and LED light bulbs should be used as they save electricity as well as help in reducing global warming.

• Thermal generation of electricity should be eliminated as soon as possible. Instead of it other methods which uses renewable resources must be used to generate electricity.
• Deforestation of forests should be banned and afforestation should be undertaken with a fast pace.
• Instead of using fossil fuels like petroleum for automobiles (petroleum releases particulate matter) use of electric vehicles must be entertained.

Links :-

https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/united_in_science

https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101

A disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems.Obesity often results from taking in more calories than are burned by exercise and normal daily activities.

Addiction to rich food can lead to obesity.It is defined as an excessive accumulation of fat in the body.It will lead to increased health problems.Lethargy, sluggishness and difficulty in carrying out the activities of daily living are some of the adverse effects of obesity.The causes of obesity are unhealthy dietary habits,lack of physical activity,genetic susceptibility, endocrine disorders and some medicines.

Prevention of obesity

In order to avoid obesity,we can make dietary and lifestyle changes,some of which are listed below:

⭐ Eat plenty of food rich in fibre such as fruits and green leafy vegetables.Intake of steamed and oil free foods like idli,idiyappam and putti is recommended.

⭐Nuts, whole grains,seasonal fruits and vegetables can be consumed.

⭐ Eating fish twice a week helps to prevent formation of blood clots in arteries,as it contains omega-3 fatty acids.

⭐Eat less red meat(mutton, beef) and fried foods(chips, samosas) because they raise the blood cholesterol levels.

⭐Milk and milk products (ghee,butter,cheese) are a good source of calcium,but excessive amount of creamy,fatty milk leads to obesity.

⭐ Avoid high calorie fast foods like pizzas,burgers and french fries.

⭐ Reduce dietary sugars(sweets,sugary drinks, chocolates) and salt(pickles,pappads) in the diet.

⭐Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption should be avoided.

Physical activities

⭐ Reduce or limit the time of watching television, using computer and playing video games.

⭐Increase physical activity to burn calories which in turn enhances optimal blood circulation.e.g.Walking an hour every day,playing outdoor games, jogging, running, cycling, swimming or dancing.

⭐Aim for ideal weight by following appropriate dietary habits and adequate physical activity.

The online racial abuse of some England players following Sunday’s Euro 2020 final defeat by Italy has been described by the team’s manager Gareth Southgate as “unforgivable” and “just not what we stand for.”Marcus Rashford, Jadon Sancho and Bukayo Saka were targeted on social media after they missed penalties in the 3-2 shootout defeat at Wembley Stadium.”For some of them to be abused is unforgivable,” said Southgate, who was speaking at a virtual press conference on Monday. “Some of it has come from abroad, we have been told this, but some of it is from this country.

“We have been a beacon of light to bring people together and the national team stands for everybody. We felt the energy and positivity from the fans and I’m incredibly proud of that,” Southgate added.

Before and during the Euro 2020 tournament, the England players have knelt before each of their matches in a display of unity in the fight against racism and inequality.That was an act that caused anger among sections of the England fanbase, with some supporters choosing to boo as the players knelt.London’s Metropolitan Police said it was investigating the “unacceptable” social media comments on both Instagram and Twitter, while UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson also condemned the racist abuse.England’s Jadon Sancho and Marcus Rashford get ready to come onto the pitch during the Euro 2020 final between England and Italy.”This England team deserve to be lauded as heroes, not racially abused on social media,” Johnson said on Twitter.”Those responsible for this appalling abuse should be ashamed of themselves.”In recent weeks, Johnson — along with other lawmakers in his government such as Home Secretary Priti Patel — have been specifically asked to condemn the England fans who have booed players taking the knee before kick-off but failed to do so.Gary Neville, former England international, criticized Johnson for not condemning those who booed the players in their battle for equality when he had the chance.”Gareth Southgate and the players a few weeks ago, about five days on the trot told us that they were taking the knee to promote equality and it was against racism,” Neville told Sky News.”The Prime Minister said it was ok for the population of this country to boo those players who are trying to promote equality and defend against racism.”It starts at the very top.””The fact of the matter is, there is an issue obviously in football, there is an issue in society where we feel it’s acceptable basically to criticize players for sporting actions because of the color of their skin,” added Neville.Ahead of Euro 2020, Southgate penned an open letter to the country, outlining why he thought it was important for players to continue using their voice for good.”This is a special group. Humble, proud and liberated in being their true selves,” wrote Southgate in the Players Tribune.Prince William said he was “sickened” by the discriminatory abuse while the Football Association in England said in a statement it was “appalled.”The English national team’s Twitter account tweeted its support for the players on Monday.”We’re disgusted that some of our squad — who have given everything for the shirt this summer — have been subjected to discriminatory abuse online after tonight’s game. We stand with our players.”