Category: Science

Environmental laws in india

Either Stable burning in various states accrued the air pollution in Delhi and created a gas chamber around NCR ; SC came upon a committee to observe scenario , Or 4 industries inflicting stream pollution were shut down by Maharashtra pollution board . Everybody has responsive to environmental problems as higher than . The key solution for resilience to environmental issues are provided by government in various legislations , enactments and provisions on environment laws .


In republic of India environmental law is concern with the policy and law for protection of the environment . It aims for achieving carbon free economy through taking measures for reducing climate change. All the acts under this laws are safeguards in ensuring effective management of the environment and its multiple ecosystems . It provides for preventing environmental damage .


Natural resources in the earth were unscathed from millions of years. It were remain pure until the industrialized started . After the industrialization this resources have been exploited in Spain of 100 years only . From 19th century, the environment (air , water and land ) is directly exploited by rapidly growing population at alarming-rates.


environment includes water, air and land and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, microorganisms and property , as mentioned in section 2 of environmental protection Act of 1986 . Environment is a wide sphere , it consists of social, economically , political , religious dimensions .


Addressed area of environmental laws in India :

1. Quality of water : For the prevention and control of water pollution and to maintain or restore wholesomeness of water in the country the water act of 1974 was enacted. It further provides for the establishment of Boards ( CPCB and SPCB ) for the prevention and control of water pollution with a view to carry out the aforesaid purposes. This act prohibits the discharge of pollutants into water bodies beyond a given standard, it also lays down fine and penalties for non-compliance.

2. Reduction of air pollution and maintaining air quality : The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (the “Air Act”) is an act to provide for the prevention , protection and abatement of air pollution .It provides for establishment of Boards at the Central and State levels with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes.

3. Hazardous Waste management : legislations that directly or indirectly deal with hazardous waste management are the Factories Act, 1948, the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, the National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 and rules and notifications under the Environmental Act.

4. Containment cleanup, damage mitigation : preventing future damage to the environment is undeniably the primary objective of environmental law, mitigating and reducing existing damage is also important. This area most often deals with issues like toxic leaks and oil spills. The central objective of this branch of environmental law is deciding liability, planning an appropriate response, and also determining the best process of investigation and monitoring in the overall clean up process. This area also concerns itself with the study and assessment of risk in the long term, to better mitigate any future accidents and risks.

5. Sustainability of resources : United Nations has put great emphasis on ensuring the sustainability of resources. For this vision , it has advocated the formation of various legal principles and legislation. In this regards concept of environmental impact assessment introduced .

Noble legislations and enactments on environment law in India :


Laws on Forest and wild life protection:
• The Indian Forest Act, 1927 ; The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 ; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.


Laws on Water pollution :
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.


Laws on air pollution :
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (the “Air Act”)


Laws on hazardous waste management :
• Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 ; Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ; Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001 ; Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary) Rules, 2008 ; E – Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 .
Laws on wetlands


•Ramsar convention (1971) : This convention was initiated to push for greater conservation and sustainable use of wetlands ; Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017.
Constitutional provisions on environment laws


• Part IVA (Art 51A-Fundamental Duties) of the constitution casts a duty on every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.


• the Constitution of India under Part IV (Art 48A-Directive Principles of State Policies) stipulates that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

environment makes human life possible, and our cultural environment helps define who we are. It is therefore essential that our population and economic growth are environmentally sustainable.

WONDER OF SCIENCE

Science is a blessing to human beings. The role of science is very important in our everyday life. We cannot think of our life without science. The most important invention of science is Electricity. It is the most important thing to keep the wheel of progress running. The invention of electricity brings an incredible change in human civilization. Electricity helps us to run fa, air conditioners, trains, heavy machinery, industries, or other heavy wagons. Electric fans, lights, mobiles, Air conditioners have made our life more comfortable. All the scientific technologies rest on electricity have made our life ease.

Science is the base for preparing wonderful medicines which give us immediate relief. Science helped us to overcome many dangerous and deadly diseases. Many vaccinations and medicines have been discovered with the help of science to save humans from many diseases. Nowadays it is possible that we can transplant every part of the human body by the surgery.

Science and surgery can give us eyes to see, ears to hear and legs to walk. Medical science is doing unbelievable improvements. Blood transfusion and organ transplantation have now become possible with the help of science. Now diagnosing the problem becomes much easier with the help of the invention of X-Ray, Ultrasonography, ECG, MRI, Penicillin, etc.

Inventions of science have made our traveling fast and comfortable. We can reach safely at any part of the world within a few hours. We can easily travel by bicycles, buses, cars, trains, ships, airplanes, and other vehicles. Also, these are used to transport goods.

Science also developed a way of communication. In past days we have to wait for a long time to get one’s letter but today we can talk to our relatives even if they are too far away from us. Not only talk to them but also we can even see them on our mobile phones. The invention of mobiles and the internet has reduced the distance between people.

Many innovations and discoveries of science help farmers grow a good quality crop. The Harvesting machines, Tractors, Manures, and good quality seeds are the gift of science to a farmer. In dairy and manufacturing business, types of machinery are helping to grow their business.

The first invention of science for entertainment was Radio. In the old days, the radio is used to listen to songs and news. But now science has changed everything with its new and wonderful innovations in the field of entertainment. Now, we can watch TV programs videos on mobiles, T.V and also on computers. These are now one of the most basic needs of humans.

Science also developed our education and trade sector. The invention of printing, typing, binding, etc. has boosted our education system. Similarly, the invention of the needle, scissors, and the sewing machine to the heavy industrial machinery has done huge progress in the industrial field. In one word we can’t live a minute without science.

OBESITY

Difference Between Obesity and Morbid Obesity | Difference Between

Nowadays, obesity has become an enormous as well as fatal health problems. This problem not only in India but in other countries also. Even in United States of America, one out in three adults and one out of five children and teenagers are facing the problems of obesity. In India also, we are sailing in the same boat. Most of the people since childhood fall prey to obesity is most of the countries of the world . In fact, ‘obesity is that condition of the body in which the amount of fat increases at extreme level.’ In other words, obesity can be defined as ‘the condition when an individual weighs 20 per cent or more than the ideal weight. ‘ A child weighing around 30 pounds (approximately 13.600 kg ) or more than the ideal body weight is usually considered an obese. In the state of obesity, the body weight of the individual is always more in comparison to height . Due to a number of health risks of obesity , it has been declared a disease . It has been observed that obese persons usually fall prey to diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, arthritis , osteoarthritis, flat foot, respiratory problems , varicose veins , liver malfunctions , etc .

Generally , the questions arises : What should be the ideal body weight of an individual ? Who is obese and who is not? Different methods are used in various countries to know the obesity of an individual .According to the first method , after having a glance over the shape of the body it can be observed whether he/she is obese or not . But this method cannot be called an appropriate method to know about obesity of an individual because the approval of a society about body shape changes with the passage of time . For example , plump females used to be liked by society in yester century in India . According to the second method , if an individual’s body weight is more than in proportion to height (according to height and weight chart) , the individual will be obese . But this method cannot be accepted as the best method. The third method is a more scientific method . In this method , the body fat percentage is calculated . If the body fat percentage of a person is more than the requirement , he/she will be an obese . This is the most accurate method to know the obesity but it is not easy to apply this method . In comparison to other methods , the weight and height chart is still preferred to know one’s obesity because it is easily available , cheap and easy to use . Another method to know the obesity is BMI (or Body Mass Index ). If you want to know your body mass index , then divide your body weight in kg by your height in meter square viz .

Obesity - Lompoc Valley Medical Center

Water

Water is the foundation of our lives. For daily survival, the human body requires water. We can survive for a week without any food, but we will not even survive three days without water. Also, 70 per cent of our body fluids is water. In turn, this helps our bodies to work usually. There are also significant health issues for human beings because of the shortage of adequate water or intake of polluted water. The water we drink, thus, is of substantial value to our physical wellbeing plus fitness.

Besides, without water, we do not carry out our daily activities. It is equally necessary whether we are thinking about brushing up early in the morning or preparing our meals. We depend very strongly on this transparent chemical in this domestic use of water.

The industries also consume a great deal of water on a large scale. For almost every step of your process, you need water. The product that we use every day is essential to manufacture. If we look beyond human uses, water plays a vital role in every life of the living creatures. It is the birthplace of marine animals. Every organism needs water to survive, from a small insect to a whale. We thus see how water is required, not only for humans but also for plants and animals. To function the Earth depends on water. We cannot be egoistic and use it for our uses without taking care of the environment.

Water is necessary not only for our survival but also for a healthy and happy life. Everyone has seen the situation of water-deprived countries like Africa, where people lead miserable lives. All have to wake up to the urgent need for water conservation.

We all know it is important, and we all know we should be doing it. But do we know why? Well, for starters, water makes up 60 percent of your total body weight, and a startling 90 percent of brain weight. Adequate hydration is essential for your body to function at all, let alone optimally. But if that isn’t enough to convince you, here are five fantastic reasons water is important to your health:

1. Water boots energy. Water delivers important nutrients to all of our cells, especially muscle cells, postponing muscle fatigue.

2. Water helps weight loss. Water helps you feel full longer, without adding any additional calories. Drinking water or eating foods with a high water content can be a big help in managing your weight.

3. Water aids in digestion. Water aids in constipation and other abdominal issues, especially those suffering from IBS. Water helps to move the digestive process along and through the system.

4. Water detoxifies. Moves toxins through your system faster, and optimizes kidney function. Inadequate hydration means inadequate kidney function.

5. Water hydrates skin. Forget expensive creams and cure-alls, water is the best defense against aging and wrinkles in the skin.

The guideline recommended amount is eight glasses per day, though this varies from person to person. Those who exercise regularly, work outside, or have chronic medical conditions should consume more water to compensate for more water loss.

Remember, water is your friend, and proper hydration is a key to good health.

Guide for Solar Water Pumps

In today’s technology driven world, people are turning towards less harmful modes of electricity. For many years now, solar power, hydro power, and wind energy have been the main source of electricity across the globe. But now more advanced technology is known to the world and it is being used to create more effective methods. Scientists and engineers are devising methods to create such sources of energy which will reduce the use of conventional resources furthermore. Solar water pumps are another product of that technology. Many people are already enjoying its benefits. Why aren’t you? Are you searching for the best one? We are here to guide you through the whole of it. At the end of this, you will be able to choose the best solar water pump there is and you can enjoy it too.

What to Look For in a “Solar Water Pump”

  • Efficiency – Efficiency is the most critical factor to check in the solar water pump. The pump should provide great efficiency to work properly.
  • Flow rate – Flow rate defines how fast the water will flow through the pump. More the flow rate, the better. You must remember that the ideal instantaneous water flow rate of a pump must be equal to one-third of its daily consumption.
  • Head – The head of the pump represents the increase in energy accumulated by 1 liter of water. It is also an important factor to consider as it may reduce pressure loss.
  • Power – The power of the solar water pump should be considered properly. It depends on the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy.
  • Speed – Speed is the number of revolutions taken by the pump in a specific interval of time. You need to make sure that you have a high speed pump available.
  • NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) – Net Positive Suction Head is the main factor to keep in mind while buying a solar water pump. It indicates its inability to create absolute volume.
  • Raw material – You need to check the raw material used to make the solar water pump. It plays an important role in defining the lifetime of the pump. If the pump is made from weak raw materials, it will not last long and will cost you more for maintenance.
  • Quality – Quality is the first and most important factor you keep in mind while buying anything so it applies to solar water pumps too. The quality of a pump varies from company to company and is different for different manufacturers.
  • Size – The size of the pump should also be considered before buying it. It depends on your preference where you want to install the pump or for what purpose you are going to use it.

What do we mean by Solar Water Pump and how does it work?

Solar Water Pumps are also called Solar Photovoltaic Water pumping systems. They are designed like the old, traditional water pumps. But the difference is that they are powered by solar energy instead of fossil fuels.

Photo by eberhard grossgasteiger on Pexels.com

Why use a Solar Water Pump?

There are several purposes for using a solar water pump. Some of them are listed below:

  1. For pumping water for livestock
  2. Providing water for farms and residential areas
  3. For pumping water for crops and irrigation
  4. Providing water supply for general need in households
  5. May be used for water treatment
  6. For pumping fluids across a long distance

And of course, sunlight is free and abundant and water is essential for all living beings. So why not put it to use?

Are they worth it over other conventional options?

Yes, the solar water pumps are worth more than the other conventional options. The main reason is that they are more eco-friendly as compared to the fossil fuels burning for electricity.

Should you just DIY a Solar Water Pump

If you want to experiment with your skills and have much free time on your hands, then you can make a DIY solar water pump at your home. Some of the crucial information you will need to do that is given below:

Main Components of Solar Water Pump

  1. Solar Cell Module –  Solar power generating device that directly converts solar energy into electrical energy.
  2. Solar Pump Inverter – most important equipment of the photovoltaic system. It controls and regulates the operation of the whole system.
  3. Water pump, pipeline, and reservoir – To pump, deliver and store water

Typical Design of Solar Water Pump

  1. Model selection process
  • Confirm head and flow rate of the pump
  • Confirm solar panel capacity
  • Confirm the power of the water pump
  • Confirm the inverter
  • Selection of cable specification
  1. Obtain user demand – Daily water demands, the diameter of the well, depth of the well, area to irrigate, average sunshine daily in the area.

Some Specifications of Solar Water Pumps

  1. Head: 110m
  2. Flow: 1000/（300*0.8*3.5）= 1.19 m3/h
  3. Pump selection: pump motor power 1.5kW, flow 1.2m3/H, head 115m
  4. 1.5KW water pump is equipped with 2.2KW solar pump inverter 
  5. The working voltage of the solar pump inverter is 200V-360V.

Steps of Construction

Step 1: Find a perfect location

  • Before building a solar water pump, the most important requirement is finding a perfect location where you want to lace the water pump. So go on the search right away and get back here to start building your solar water pump.

Step 2: Choose the size

  • The size of the pump is the main factor to look after while building a solar water pump. It is going to affect the amount of water that can be pulled from a water source. For this, you can use a power cord or simply install a solar panel for reducing any further costs.

Step 3: Assemble the pump

  • Assembling the main unit of the pump will be a tiresome job. But it can be easily done by following the instruction manual provided to you with the components of the pump. After you are done assembling the pump, move on to the next step.

Step 4: Add the solar panel

  • Now you are building a solar water pump all by yourself, which means you need to keep a check on your budget. So to ensure that you should install a solar panel instead of a power cord. Choose your solar panel properly. It should be large because you want to absorb as much sunlight as you can. In addition, place it at a proper angle, preferably facing the east or west to absorb light effectively during the day.
  • After installing the solar panel, attach it to the main unit of the pump so that you don’t have to use a power cord. 

Step 5: Cover the pump

  • The last important step you need to follow is to cover the pump so that it is not visible as it may not look good in the middle of the garden. If you don’t want it as decor then consider hiding it in a corner.

Step 6: Modify the pump

  • A solar water pump will be a feast to the eyes in the garden. To decorate it you can add some flowers, some tree leaves, or other things you want it to design it with. You can be creative and make an excellent piece of decor for your garden or pool in the backyard.

That’s it. You are done. In just these 6 simple steps you will have a perfect homemade solar water pump. You can use it to decorate your garden or place it in a pool.

Pros and Cons of Solar Water Pumps

If you are not sure how to decide about the solar water pumps, check out the listed advantages and disadvantages of the same. You will get a proper image of what to look for in a solar water pump before buying. These will help to change your mind about your preference or maybe make you sure of what you want. 

Advantages

  1. Zero fuel cost – Solar water pumps are powered by solar energy so it does not require fuels to operate. Fuel adds a significant cost to the cost of the whole solar water pump system.
  2. Installation costs only – Once you install the solar water pump system, then it only requires sunlight. That means after installation it is free.
  3. Less labor and maintenance – Solar water pumps require very little labor to operate properly. It also does not require much maintenance. In addition, it reduces the time taken to irrigate the farm.
  4.  Environment friendly – They are sustainable and use non conventional energy sources.

Disadvantages

  1. Can’t pump when it’s dark – However great solar water pumps are but they do need sunlight to operate. So this is the biggest disadvantage of them. They can’t operate when it’s dark.
  2. High upfront costs – This may be the reason why it is not much use for the farmers because it is not as easily affordable.

Frequently Asked Questions

Here are some of the important frequently asked questions about solar water pumps.

  1. How does a solar water pump work?
  • It works like any other water pump. The only difference is that it is operated by sunlight.
  1. What is the use of solar water pumps?
  • A solar water pump is useful in irrigation for farms and for extracting water from wells and ponds.
  1. What are the different types of solar water pumps?
  • There are several types of solar water pumps:
  • Submersible pump
  • Surface pumps
  • DC pumps
  • AC pumps
  1. Can a solar water pump be relocated?
  • The system once installed can be relocated but it is not recommended. The process is expensive and can cause severe damage to the system.

Psychological facts that you don’t know?

What are some psychological facts that people don’t know?

Research shows we are more interested in learning about psychological facts that we can use to improve our understanding of our surroundings or can relate to our every day experience. So learning an intriguing psychological fact that I can’t connect to my life, can’t understand easily or explain to my friends is something I consider less important. So here go the facts that are no way something out of the universe and people don’t know. They are rather facts that we all know but we just need to be told once again to be amused!!!

1-you dream TOO MUCH about becoming something, you may lose the motivation. This is because dreaming too much makes the destination all too familiar and achievable.

2:If girls like you, they like you even when you see them staring.

3Talking with someone for a long time increases your chances of falling in love with him.

4If the friendship lasts more than 7 years, it has a high probability of lasting a lifetime.

5Our fashion and dressing understanding is directly related to our brain. Our confidence increases when we wear nice clothes.

6.People who eat a lot of vows are more honest and loyal with their friends.

7.According to many research, children born in the month of May are heavier in weight than children born in other months.

8.Money can give happiness to a person but only to a certain extent. Studies show that when our income increases to a certain point, we feel happier. After that point money does not matter that much.

9.Research shows that we are more satisfied when we spend money on experiences (such as travel, movies, sports, etc.) rather than buying property. Spending money on experiences makes us feel more sociable and stress-free.

10.You can only remember 3-4 things at a time.

.Being alone for a long time or smoking 15 cigarettes a day, both are equally dangerous.

.When you start missing a loved one, your mind suddenly starts to become depressed.

.People who react rapidly to Stupid questions or situations are more intelligent by nature.

.Online dating companies and online shopping companies use the same type of psychological pattern.Humans think the same when choosing objects and partners.

.People who get angry very fast are under deep stress at that time and they need love and belonging immediately.

.People who talk to themselves are smart by nature.People with sharp intelligence and high IQ levels are more likely to sleep late at night.

.When people talk in groups, 80% decide that they are complaining about someone’s evil or complaint.
.Our mind feels any kind of rejections (non-acceptance) as physical pain.
.According to an American study, about two serial killers are born in November more than any other month.
.People seem more attractive when they speak with full confidence and truth.


.When people want to leave a discussion or conversation, they repeatedly move their feet back and forth, or start moving their legs around.
.When you like someone wholeheartedly, it is almost impossible to lie in front of him.
.When we sleep too much, we start sleeping more.
.When we constantly think negative things, our body starts feeling like sick.
.We keep ourselves happy by keeping ourselves busy with work. The reason is because when we are busy, our brain prevents us from thinking about the negative things in our lives.


.The addiction of eating chocolate and shopping online is also dangerous than smoking, drugs and sex addiction.
.Restaurants use red, orange and yellow colors in their branding because these colors make us feel hungry.
.People who are adept at lying are also adept at detecting the lies of others.
.Our brain does not consider those works which are too long to be completed. Our brain gives priority to the works whose time limit is above the head.
.Most people speak the truth when talking late at night because being tired, the brain does not think much and respond honestly.
.We feel relaxed and refreshed when someone hugs. When someone hugs you for more than 20 seconds, we start trusting that person more.

.To laugh at a joke our brain has to work in five different parts.

.Marrying your best friend reduces the risk of divorce by up to 70% and increases the likelihood that this marriage will last a lifetime.

.When people who speak more than one language change their language from one language to another, their gestures also change with it.

When we see something as our right, then it is more likely that we buy it.Women whose friends have more number of men are more cool and in good mood.

.If you repeatedly talk about your goals, it reduces the chances of that goal being successful.This is because you lose motivation…….Sometimes we are more happy thinking about something than doing something………People who spontaneously criticize or criticize others lack self-respect.

.As soon as people get power or power in their hands, they start ignoring other people.

.Strengths teach any human being not to care about others.

.Our brain turns a boring job into a fun job in a moment. If we really want to do that work.

.About 68% of people suffer from Phantom Vibration Syndrome. In this we feel vibrating our phone while the phone is not actually vibrating.

.The person who keeps everyone happy is usually lonely and unhappy in himself.

.You cannot remember how your dream started after trying so much.Our mind cannot see unknown faces in dreams. We have directly or indirectly experienced all the faces seen in our dreams.

.When we are happy we get less sleep.Holding the hand of a loved one can reduce our stress and make us feel more calm and happy.If a person sleeps a lot, he may feel sad and lonely.

.The kind of music we listen to, the world starts to look the same to us.

.When we do not have full confidence in anything we say, we start defending it.

.A person who pretends not to care usually cares the most.Our brain always tries to find problems because it is designed to solve them. This is the main reason why we have to face problems again and again.It is very difficult to keep your mind or mind stable or calm in one place. Our mind wanders 30% of the time.

.People who have good ability to understand humor or satire. They are also adept at reading people’s minds.It has been observed that people quickly believe a rumor more than a true incident.

.Being optimistic about the future can reduce the likelihood of future anxiety and illness.

.The length of our tongue is directly related to our sexual curiosity or sexual curiosity.

.Negative Thinking can also be the result of a zene from your parents.

.The way people treat restaurant employees reveals a lot about their personality and character

.Men are not more funny than women. Men only make more jokes, they don’t care whether someone likes jokes or not.

.Our brains prefer information written in short and interesting ways instead of long boring articles. This is why articles like Top-10 Lists, Amazing Facts quickly go viral. This post is an example of this.
.70% of the time our brain keeps trying to create a good environment with the help of nostalgia.

.Some people fall in love in just 4 minutes. This thing has been proved psychologically.
.When people say that ‘you have changed’, they mean that you no longer do the work that you need. The rest has not changed anything else in you.
.People who laugh more have more ability to bear the pain.
.We can never make our mind 100% careless. Some part of the mind is always alert to itself.

.Love is an example of chemical reactions taking place in the brain.
.Comedians and satirists are more sad and lonely than ordinary people.
.We can easily express the things or events that make us uncomfortable, by writing them to speak.
.We can cry more easily at night than during daytime.
.People with high IQ levels have difficulty falling in love with someone.


.Many studies have shown that on average women cannot keep any secret talk for more than 47 hours and 15 minutes.
.We feel calm, relaxed, and happy by listening to loud tunes and fast music.
.If you make your favorite song your alarm then you start disliking it.


.Researchers found that Phobia (fear of a particular thing or condition) can be genetic. Phobia and fear may transfer from your parents to you.
.These interesting psychological facts are not necessarily true, different people may behave differently in different situations. Psychology is a complex thing and it changes with every human mind.

CONCEPT OF EMOTIONS

List of Emotions: 54 Ways to Say What You're Feeling

The word ‘emotion‘ is derived from a Latin word ‘emovere’ which means ‘to stirr up ‘ , ‘ to agitate ‘ or ‘excite ‘. Emotions play a very significant role in human life . These are related with internal needs of human beings . Emotions stimulate the mind and as a result emotions became intense . During the stage of emotion an individual appears to feel impatience which enhances physical and mental readiness . To understand the clear cut meaning of emotion , the following definitions may be beneficial :

  • According to Mc Dougall , ”Emotion is a moved or stirred up state of feeling in an individual, linked with some tendency. There are physiological changes associated with each emotion frequently of a muscular or glandular nature”.
  • According to Gates , ‘‘Emotions are episodes in which the individual is moved or excited”.
  • According to Woodworth, ”It is a moved or stirred up state of an organism. It is a disturbed muscular and glandular activity”.

In simple words , emotions is any strong agitation of the feelings actuated by experiencing love, hate, fear, etc., and usually accompanied by certain physiological changes, as increased heartbeat or respiration and often overt manifestation , as crying or shaking.

Indeed, emotions appear to influence action in various ways. The stronger the emotion, the greater the activity to which it will give rise. It is a well-known fact that emotions disturb our logical thinking . Whenever any emotion is aroused we usually lose our head; functioning of our vital organs changes due to simulation of our nervous system . Emotions change our face expression . Under the influence of emotions , sometimes we are not able to perform the activity naturally . During emotions impossible thing can be made possible. Sometimes under the influence of emotions simple things become complex and intricate.

As a matter of fact, various emotions play a very significant role in the field of games and sports such as fear, anger, pride, jealousy, anxiety, frustration, worry, hope, enthusiasm , vitality, confidence, joy, etc. The emotions of fear, anger, frustration, pride, etc., have a negative effect on the movement of muscles . In fact, such emotions should be under control for better performance in games and sports.

Body Positivity

Body positivity is the belief that everyone deserves a good body image, regardless of how society and popular culture define ideal shape, size, or appearance.

Photo by Polina Tankilevitch on Pexels.com

The following are some of the goals of the body positivity movement:

1)Questioning society’s perceptions about the body

2)Advocating acceptance of all people’s bodies

3)Assisting people in developing self-esteem and acceptance of their own bodies

4)Confronting unattainable physical standards

Body positivity, on the other hand, is about more than just questioning how society views people based on their physical size and shape. It also acknowledges that race, gender, sexuality, and disability are frequently used to make judgments.

Body positivity also tries to educate people on how popular media themes influence people’s attitudes toward their bodies, including how they feel about food, exercise, clothing, health, identity, and self-care. People may be able to create a healthier and more realistic relationship with their bodies by better comprehending the impact of such forces.

HISTORY OF BODY POSITIVITY

Body positivity has its origins in the late 1960s fat acceptance movement. Fat acceptance aims to put an end to the culture of fat shaming and prejudice against those who are overweight or obese. The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance was founded in 1969 and is still working to change the way people talk about their weight.

When a psychologist and an individual who had undergone eating disorder treatment launched the website thebodypositive.org in 1996, the phrase “body positive” was coined. The site provides information and instructional materials to help people feel good about their bodies by shifting the focus away from dieting and exercising in unhealthy ways.

In its current form, the body positivity movement emerged around 2012, primarily focusing on opposing unrealistic feminine beauty standards. As the movement gained traction, the emphasis shifted from weight acceptance to the idea that “all bodies are beautiful.”

Despite the fact that body positivity is becoming more mainstream, many individuals are still unsure what it entails. One of the reasons why body positivity is so misunderstood is that there are so many diverse interpretations of what the movement entails.

REASON BEHIND BODY POSITIVITY

One of the main goals of body positivity is to address how body image affects mental health and well-being. People’s feelings about their appearance and even how they assess their self-worth are influenced by their body image. According to research, having a bad body image is linked to an increased risk of mental illnesses such as depression and eating disorders.

A person’s subjective perception of their own body—which may differ from how their body actually appears—is referred to as body image. Body image feelings, emotions, and actions can have a significant impact on your mental health and how you treat yourself.

The creation of one’s body image begins at a young age. Even small infants, however, can experience body dissatisfaction. More than half of girls and nearly a third of boys between the ages of 6 and 8 believed their ideal body weight was smaller than their present weight, according to a research published by Common Sense Media. The findings also found that 25% of children had tried some form of dieting activity.

While the concept of body positivity is meant to make people feel better about themselves, it is not without flaws and criticism.

One issue is the notion that body positivity entails people doing whatever they think they need to do in order to feel good about their appearance. Unfortunately, people are constantly assaulted with messaging implying that smaller, fitter people are happier, healthier, and more attractive.

Body positivity is meant to promote acceptance and love of one’s own body, yet it can be a struggle that adds to the pressure and unrealistic expectations. The idea of body positivity is that you should modify how you feel about yourself, yet it can also be seen as yet another demand.

SELF CARE IN IMPORTANT

Self-care can sometimes be misconstrued as a means of altering or controlling one’s looks, but it should instead focus on activities that make you feel good about the body you have now.

Respect yourself and your body. Consume nutritious foods to keep your mind and body in good shape. You should exercise because it makes you feel strong and energized, not to change or control your physique.

Remove profiles from your social media feeds that make you feel bad about yourself. You’re less likely to feel good about yourself if you’re continually comparing yourself to others.

Follow accounts that pique your curiosity and leave you feeling uplifted. Many Instagram accounts, in example, are solely dedicated to showcasing perfection or an idealized view of the body.

While it may be difficult, improving the portrayal of all body types in popular media may aid in the fight against poor body image.

Stress..?

[Bhoomika Saini]

What Is Stress?

Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional, or psychological strain. Stress is your body’s response to anything that requires attention or action. 

Everyone experiences stress to some degree. The way you respond to stress, however, makes a big difference to your overall well-being.

Sometimes, the best way to manage your stress involves changing your situation. At other times, the best strategy involves changing the way you respond to the situation.

Developing a clear understanding of how stress impacts your physical and mental health is important. It’s also important to recognize how your mental and physical health affects your stress level.

Signs

Stress can be short-term or long-term. Both can lead to a variety of symptoms, but chronic stress can take a serious toll on the body over time and have long-lasting health effects.

Some common signs of stress include:

  • Changes in mood
  • Clammy or sweaty palms
  • Decreased sex drive
  • Diarrhea
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Digestive problems
  • Dizziness
  • Feeling anxious
  • Frequent sickness
  • Grinding teeth
  • Headaches
  • Low energy
  • Muscle tension, especially in the neck and shoulders
  • Physical aches and pains
  • Racing heartbeat
  • Trembling

Identifying Stress

Stress is not always easy to recognize, but there are some ways to identify some signs that you might be experiencing too much pressure. Sometimes stress can come from an obvious source, but sometimes even small daily stresses from work, school, family, and friends can take a toll on your mind and body.

If you think stress might be affecting you, there are a few things you can watch for:

  • Psychological signs such as difficulty concentrating, worrying, anxiety, and trouble remembering
  • Emotional signs such as being angry, irritated, moody, or frustrated
  • Physical signs such as high blood pressure, changes in weight, frequent colds or infections, and changes in the menstrual cycle and libido
  • Behavioral signs such as poor self-care, not having time for the things you enjoy, or relying on drugs and alcohol to cope

Causes

There are many different things in life that can cause stress. Some of the main sources of stress include work, finances, relationships, parenting, and day-to-day inconveniences.

Stress can trigger the body’s response to a perceived threat or danger, known as the fight-or-flight response. During this reaction, certain hormones like adrenaline and cortisol are released. This speeds the heart rate, slows digestion, shunts blood flow to major muscle groups, and changes various other autonomic nervous functions, giving the body a burst of energy and strength.

Originally named for its ability to enable us to physically fight or run away when faced with danger, the fight-or-flight response is now activated in situations where neither response is appropriate—like in traffic or during a stressful day at work.

When the perceived threat is gone, systems are designed to return to normal function via the relaxation response. But in cases of chronic stress, the relaxation response doesn’t occur often enough, and being in a near-constant state of fight-or-flight can cause damage to the body.

Stress can also lead to some unhealthy habits that have a negative impact on your health. For example, many people cope with stress by eating too much or by smoking. These unhealthy habits damage the body and create bigger problems in the long-term.

Types of Stress

Not all types of stress are harmful or even negative. Some of the different types of stress that you might experience include:

  • Acute stress: Acute stress is a very short-term type of stress that can either be positive or more distressing; this is the type of stress we most often encounter in day-to-day life.
  • Chronic stress: Chronic stress is stress that seems never-ending and inescapable, like the stress of a bad marriage or an extremely taxing job; chronic stress can also stem from traumatic experiences and childhood trauma.
  • Episodic acute stress: Episodic acute stress is acute stress that seems to run rampant and be a way of life, creating a life of ongoing distress.
  • Eustress: Eustress is fun and exciting. It’s known as a positive type of stress that can keep you energized. It’s associated with surges of adrenaline, such as when you are skiing or racing to meet a deadline. 

Impact of Stress

The connection between your mind and body is apparent when you examine the impact stress has on your life.

Feeling stressed out over a relationship, money, or your living situation can create physical health issues. The inverse is also true. Health problems, whether you’re dealing with high blood pressure or you have diabetes, will also affect your stress level and your mental health. When your brain experiences high degrees of stress, your body reacts accordingly.

Serious acute stress, like being involved in a natural disaster or getting into a verbal altercation, can trigger heart attacks, arrhythmias, and even sudden death. However, this happens mostly in individuals who already have heart disease.

Stress also takes an emotional toll. While some stress may produce feelings of mild anxiety or frustration, prolonged stress can also lead to burnout, anxiety disorders, and depression.

Chronic stress can have a serious impact on your health as well. If you experience chronic stress, your autonomic nervous system will be overactive, which is likely to damage your body.

Stress-Influenced Conditions

  • Diabetes
  • Hair loss
  • Heart disease
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Obesity
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • Tooth and gum disease
  • Ulcers

ARE DREAMS HIDDEN MESSAGES OR JUST HOT AIR?

Have you ever dreamt of something strange and believed that there would be a hidden message behind it?

Dreams can provide useful insights on our lives. Humans have long sought meaning in their dreams. For centuries, people have questioned the meaning of dreams. According to early civilization they thought it as a medium between humans and the gods. The Greeks and Romans were convinced and believed that dreams could predict the future.

THERORIES:

But, Deirdre Barrett, a psychologist and dream researcher at Harvard Medical School said that “There’s really no research that supports that point of view”. “No dictionary or dream interpreter can tell you what a dream really means “, she added.

Several theories based on dreams were studied. THREAT STIMULATION THERORY which tells ” Dreams as a defense mechanism our brains put in place to prepare us for scary events and allows us to face our fears in a safe simulation “. Another such theory, ACTIVATION SYNTHESIS HYPOTHESIS that states ” Dreams don’t actually mean anything, instead they’re merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories “.

On a contrary,  psychologist Sigmund Freud though otherwise. According to Freud, ” Dreams are imagery of a wish or impulse from childhood that has since been repressed “. And for this reason Freud studied dreams to understand the unconscious mind. After his study he tells that ” Your dreams reveal your repressed wishes to you “.

FACTS

  • Some 68 percent said that dreams foretell the future, and 63 percent said at least one of their dreams had come true.
  • Not all dream are in color. Roughly 12% of people claim to only dream in black and white.
  • 70% of your dreams contain secret messages.
  • Bad Dreams Can Kill You in Your sleep by Causing a Heart Attack.
  • Death in dreams is really about some kind of change or ending you’re dealing with in your real life.
  • Children under age of 3 do not dream about themselves.

Some say dreams give a person some hint and on the other hand some disagree. While one cannot come to a conclusion if dreams actually give some hidden messages or not but all that we can say is, it definitely benefits a person. Dreams offer emotional benefits, such as introspection. Dreams can also aid creativity. It is also important for memory consolidation or conflict resolution.

Psychological Disorders Part 3

Introduction

In Psychological Disorders Part 2, Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorder were discussed. They are the most known and common disorders but they are not the only ones. There are many fewer known disorders. This article will discuss Dissociative and Somatic Symptom Disorders.

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Amnesia

Such disorders include an interruption to consciousness which includes aspects like memory. Dissociative Amnesia involves a temporary loss of memory which can be caused due to some psychological trauma. This disorder should not be confused with forgetfulness. People with this disorder escape reality in ways that disrupt their daily life. Some symptoms of this are memory loss, being detached from yourself and your emotions, blurred sense of identity, inability to cope with emotions, and other mental health problems like anxiety and depression.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder used to be known as multiple personality disorder. The person suffering from this disorder has multiple personalities and these personalities control the person’s behaviour. This can cause memory loss and delusions. Each personality has its own story, identity, history, traits, hobbies. Symptoms of this disorder are anxiety, delusions, disorientation, depression, substance abuse, suicidal thoughts, and memory loss. Example of this disorder can be seen in the movie “Split”.

Depersonalization Disorder

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder involves a person feeling disconnected from their own body because of which they feel an involuntary disconnect from their memories, consciousness, and emotions. The person suffering from this feels disconnected from their environment. Although this can be a sign of other conditions like brain diseases, dementia, schizophrenia, seizure disorders. Symptoms include feeling as if you are observing your body from outside, panic, and being robot-like.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

These disorders were earlier known as somatoform disorders. The special thing about these disorders is that they involve a notable physical symptom that does not have a diagnosable physical cause. Somatic Symptom Disorder involves someone having a big focus on physical symptoms like weakness or pain which causes the person excessive distress and problems in normal functioning. The person then has continuous thoughts and feelings related to the physical symptom. The physical symptom may or may not be diagnosable as a medical condition but the person believes they are sick and are surely not faking it.

Illness Anxiety Disorder involves having an excessive fear of serious medical illnesses. A person suffering from this disorder pays extra caution about their health. They are easily alarmed by anything that can be diagnosed as some medical illness, for example, a headache can make them worry about having a brain tumor. Symptoms can include finding no assurance from doctor visits and negative results, repeatedly checking for signs of illness, avoiding people or going outside to not take any risks, and frequently searching the internet for symptoms about possible illnesses.

Conversion Disorder is when a person has blindness, paralysis, or other neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by any medical explanation. This can occur because of a psychological conflict. Symptoms include the inability to speak and numbness.

Factitious Disorder is a disorder wherein a person deceives others by appearing sick or by purposely causing injury or sickness to self. People with this disorder know they are causing the symptoms but they do not understand why. Symptoms can include extensive knowledge of medical diseases, vague and inconsistent symptoms, eagerness to have frequent tests, arguing with doctors, conditions that get worse for no reason, and conditions that do not respond in an expected manner. This disorder is very challenging to identify.

Conclusion

These are rarer disorders than anxiety and depression and so less heard of. It is important to note that only in the case of Factitious disorder are the patients faking the illness. These disorders are usually difficult to diagnose and can only be treated by extensive therapy.

References

Note: this is just Part 3 of the Psychological Disorders series.

Twitter vs Instagram. What’s better for business?

Before we get into the details about marketing on Twitter and Instagram, let us learn quickly about some of the key features of both Twitter as well as Instagram.
Twitter was launched in 2006 whereas Instagram was founded in 2010. As of 2020, there are 1.3 billion twitter accounts out of which only 330 million are monthly active users globally whereas there are 1.2 billion Instagram accounts out of which 1 billion are monthly active users globally.


About 293 million Instagram users are aged between 15 and 24 and 338 million users are aged between 25 and 34. Talking about Twitter, 80% of its global population is below 50 years old. Twitter ranks slightly behind Instagram when it comes to users 60+ users.

When it comes to the worldwide gender split, about 51% of Instagram users are female and 49% are male and when we talk about Twitter 62% are male and 38% are female. 85% of India’s Twitter audience is male, ranking the country third highest for male-to-female ratio.

With the help of the above graphs, we come to know that Laos has highest female ratio when it comes to Instagram and for Twitter its Philippines with highest female ratio.

1. USER ENGAGEMENT REACH

One of the commonality between Instagram and Twitter is that maximum of their active users are aged between 18 and 29. And if a business is looking for a young audience, then surely it has to select both Instagram and Twitter.
From the above two graphs, it is quite evident that user traffic is much higher on Instagram than any other platform.
However, it is important to note that maximum Twitter users are inactive and Instagram users are mostly active with over 500 million people using Instagram daily whereas only 330 million Twitter users are active monthly. So if a new business wants to enter the market and wants easy and quick promotion, Instagram is a better option any day.

2. Sales

Instagram has separate business profiles specifically for collaborations and business deals. Email, contact number can be directly attached on profiles whereas same does not happen with Twitter.
Another important characteristic where Instagram leads over Twitter is its “Trackable” feature. Sales and Leads can be tracked through Instagram Advertisements and hence we can see clear Return on Investment.

According to Shopify, an e-commerce platform, average price tag for a sale referred from Instagram is $65 and it is $55 for Facebook and $46 for Twitter.
With Instagram settings, we can link our profile to other social media accounts such as Facebook and Twitter but the same is not possible with Twitter and this can indirectly help in increasing sales.

Instagram being a more visual platform with variety of formats available is doing better than Twitter in driving sales.
In the graph below, it is found that traffic on Instagram is more than Twitter. So it is obvious, Instagram is ahead of Twitter when it comes to generating sales.

It is also important to note that Sales on social media platforms also depend on the country and the business field one is in.
After analysing the below three graphs, we will be able to understand that it is better to avoid using any of these applications for our business if our target audience is not into these fields and countries.

3) Return on Investment

Providing a link on our Instagram bio can fetch a lot of traffic and doing the same on our Tweets would also increase our traffic. Making good investment on Instagram sponsor advertisements and Twitter advertisement also increases our user traffic dramatically as Twitter shows our advertisements on “TRENDS” while Instagram shows our advertisements on stories.
Mostly, influencers prefer Instagram over any other platform since it is easy to handle and even users like Instagram posts as compared to other formats. And at the end all a business wants to do is to increase sales and earn profits. This is possible more on Instagram due to its unique yet diverse formats, high user engagement and efficient promotional techniques, so definitely ROI is bound to be more in Instagram than on Twitter.

Also, as mentioned before, Instagram Business profiles provide each and every detail about insights, engagements, and sales and as a result it gives better information regarding ROI in comparison to Twitter.
Two examples of Sales Tracking, User Enagagement and ROI information are given below.

Conclusion: Both Instagram and Twitter are doing well when it comes to marketing strategy and business. If we talk about situation half a decade ago, Twitter was leading but in 2020, Instagram is unbeatable winner.
Growth of the business also depends on the industry, for example fashion industry will do better on Instagram while News Industry will do better on Twitter.

POLLUTION

Pollution is described as the introduction of different wastes into the environment. These material wastes are called pollutants. Pollutants may be either natural which is thrown away by natural disasters, volcanic eruptions or man-made trashes like factory washouts, plastic wastes. Pollutants are harmful as they damage the quality of natural resources such as air, water, and land. Pollutants mixing in the air have a direct impact as they enter the body directly while breathing. Pollutants that mix in water also creates a hazardous effect on people’s life. People residing near the construction and manufacturing work areas are diagnosed with relatively higher hearing ailments. This contributes to noise pollution. Similarly, there are varieties of pollution in our surrounding world, some of which are unaware of by us. The fact is, we humans are the ones creating all this pollution without thinking about neither our life nor the future world and life. It is very difficult to construct a zero-pollution world. Still, the level and consequences of pollution could be decreased by taking some measures and being more sensible.

TYPES OF POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION – Increasing industrialization has paved the way for poisonous gases to enter the atmosphere. This in turn creates adverse effects like respiratory and other diseases in human beings. The carbon and its oxides released by the burning of coal and fossil fuels are absorbed by the trees. But as we started cutting trees to find areas for accommodation, these carbon oxides mix the atmosphere and pollutes it. The fresh oxygen we breathe thus gets contaminated and can give rise to many skin diseases and respiratory disorders like asthma, bronchitis, etc. These impacts could be decreased by following afforestation and reforestation and adopting the use of natural gases and biogas.

WATER POLLUTION – Introduction of industrial effluents, pesticides and insecticides, domestic waste, detergents, and fertilizers contaminate the water bodies. Water pollutants are released directly to the nearby water sources without proper treatment. These pollutants in water mix up with all the water bodies and finally contaminate the ocean by the formation of algae which creates a threat to aquatic life. It also generates unfavorable effects on humans and affects the food chain. It causes communicable and non-communicable diseases like cholera, typhoid, dengue, etc. This could be prevented by conserving water, treating sewage before it is disposed and use of eco-friendly products.

SOIL POLLUTION – Soil pollution refers to the existence of chemicals, toxic compounds, salts, and radioactive elements in the layers of soil. Discharge of toxicants from industries, stagnation of polluted water, heavy metals, and other solvents stay in the soil and make it infertile for cultivation. Due to this, the texture and quality of the soil are lost damaging the growth of plants and organisms living in the soil. Percolation of dirty water, dumping of fuels and oils, dumping of pharmaceutical and other medical wastes also adds to soil pollution. These influence humans indirectly through the plants that we consume as food. Industrialists should follow the environment protection norms strictly and individuals must start practicing the 3Rs – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle the to lessen soil pollution. 

NOISE POLLUTION – This form of pollution is increasing and creating an unsafe environment. The increase in sound levels becomes dangerous for living creatures and causes several disturbances in society. An increase in industries, technology, use of vehicles, parties, bursting crackers, and loud political meetings contribute a lot to noise pollution. Unlike, other pollution, noise pollution can also bring about serious issues like hearing impairment and other troubles in the eardrums. Not only humans, but this kind of pollution also badly hits the wildlife. We must become aware of these unnoticed yields and help in building a safer and better society.

What is Bone Tissue Engineering?

Bone development involves the aggregation of mesenchymal stem cells into mesenchymal condensations, which is partly similar to tooth development but without the epithelial invagination. Bone has a high potential for endogenous self-repair.There are two types bone formation: intra-membranous and endochondral. In endochondral bone formation, the mesenchymal condensations first undergo chondrogenesis and then ossification to form cartilage and bone. During adulthood, bone possesses the intrinsic capacity for regeneration throughout life. In most bone injuries or fractures, the damaged bone tissue can be functionally regenerated by the local cells. However, when the fractures are serious such as large bone defects created by trauma, infection, tumour resection, and skeletal abnormalities enough that self-healing cannot repair, an adequate supply of stem cells such as bone marrow stem cells is required for efficient bone regeneration. Oral MSCs seem to be ideal candidates for bone regeneration. Due to the population ageing, human diseases with impaired bone regeneration are on the rise.

CURRENT STRATEGIES

Current strategies to facilitate one healing include various biomolecules, cellular therapies, biomaterials and different combinations of these. Animal models for testing novel regenerative therapies remain the gold standard in pre-clinical phases of drug discovery and development. For usage of animal models for human bone regeneration skeletal characteristics of the selected animal species should considered seriously; a suitable animal model should be studied which basically mimics the intended clinical indication; and all the cell based approaches should be specifically studied.

Pancreas Regeneration in Human Regenerative Therapy

Diabetes, a disease with 346 million sufferers worldwide, is a significant health and welfare problem that the modern society faces. The pancreas is made from two distinct components: the exocrine pancreas, a reservoir of digestive enzymes, and the endocrine islets the source of the vital metabolic hormone insulin. Human islets possess limited regenerative ability; loss of islet ß-cells in diseases such as type 1 diabetes requires therapeutic intervention.the leading strategy for restoration of ß-cell mass is through the generation and transplantation of new ß-cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Other approaches include stimulating endogenous ß-cell proliferation, reprogramming non ß-cells to ß like cells, and harvesting islets from genetically engineered animals. Together these approaches form genetically engineered animals. Together these approaches form a rich pipeline of therapeutic development for pancreatic regeneration.

Generation of rat pancreas in apancreatic mouse by blastocyst complementation.

At present, however, transplantation therapy has the problem of an acute shortage of donor organs or tissues. An innovative study has recently been conducted showing that it may be possible to induce pancreatic regeneration. There is a long history of investigations into pancreatic regeneration, going back nearly a century. The epidemic of diabetes in recent decades has spurred numerous studies on pancreas development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Animal studies have suggested that the exocrine pancreas possesses an intrinsic capacity for regeneration and thus can make a rapid and full recovery from exocrine diseases such as acute pancreatitis. By contrast, the endocrine islets have limited regenerative capacity in adults. Indeed, it remains unclear whether the adult human pancreas can spontaneously regenerate ß-cells in any physiologically meaningful way. Substantial ß-cell loss therefore results in permanent endocrine deficiency and irreversible diabetes. There is an increasing consensus that a regenerative medicine approach will be helpful, even essential, in treating certain forms of diabetes including T1D and possibly the subset of T2D in which there is substantial ß-cell loss.

In vivo xenogeneic pancreas generation system using apancreatic pigs.