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Psychological Disorders Part 6

Introduction

In Psychological Disorders Part 5, Sleep Disorders were discussed. It is extremely important to consult a psychologist if you think you have any sleep disorders. This article will discuss Disruptive Disorders. These are all chronic disorders.

Disruptive Disorders

These are also known as impulse-control disorders, these are the disorders when a person is unable to resist a destructive urge. That is, an inability to control emotions and behaviours which end up in harm to self or others.

Kleptomania

Kleptomania is the inability to resist the urge to steal items that are generally not needed and have very little value. It is a rare yet very serious disorder as it holds the potential of causing emotional pain to the person and their loved ones. Symptoms for this are the inability to resist the urge to steal things of no need, feeling increased anxiety which leads to theft, feeling gratification while stealing, feeling shame after the theft, and the recurrence of the urge to steal. People with this disorder don’t steal for their gain, but because of the urge. The cause of this can be low levels of serotonin, addictive disorder because of the release of dopamine while stealing, and an imbalance in the brain’s opioid system which regulates the urges.

Pyromania

Pyromania is an impulse control disorder in which a person is unable to resist starting fires. People with this disorder know that it is harmful but it tends to be the only way they can get rid of the anxiety they get from the urge. Symptoms for this are setting a fire on purpose more than once, feeling tense before starting a fire, being obsessed with fire, and feeling gratification when setting a fire. This is an extremely rare disorder.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder involves repeated and sudden episodes of aggressive and violent behaviour, it can also include impulsive angry verbal outbursts. These outbursts are very out of proportion with the situation. These can cause a lot of distress and negatively impact the relationships of the person suffering. Some of the symptoms before an aggressive episode are rage, irritability, increased energy, tingling, palpitations, chest tightness, racing thoughts, and tremors. Some symptoms in case of explosive verbal and behavioural outbursts are heated arguments, property damage, assaulting people or animals, temper tantrums, shouting, slapping, physical fights, and tirades. This disorder can begin in childhood after the age of 6 years. Its possible causes are said to be the firstly, environment; if a child is exposed to such behaviour at their house, they are likely to have the same, secondly, genetics, it can be passed down from parents and lastly, it may be caused because of a difference in the structure and chemistry of the brain.

Conduct Disorder

Conduct Disorder is a serious emotional and behavioural disorder that can occur in children and teenagers. A child with this disorder may show a pattern of violent behaviour with problems in following rules. Symptoms of this are aggressive behaviour like fighting and bullying, destructive behaviour like the destruction of property and vandalism, deceitful behaviour like lying and shoplifting, and violation of rules like running away and skipping school. Children with this disorder have low self-esteem, temper tantrums, and often abuse drugs and alcohol. It is important to note that teenagers usually have behaviour related problems but this disorder only exists if the behaviour is long-lasting.

ODD

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a disorder in which a child or teenager has a pattern of anger, arguing, irritability, and defiance towards authority figures. Symptoms for an angry and irritable mood are easily losing temper, being easily annoyed by others, and is often angry and resentful. Symptoms for argumentative and defiant behaviour are often arguing with the person in authority, actively defying the adults, deliberately annoying people, and blaming others for their mistakes. Symptoms for vindictiveness are being spiteful and showing spiteful behaviour at least twice in six months. Its causes are genetic and environmental, the type of supervision from the parents.

Conclusion

These are the impulse-control disorders that disrupt the daily life of the person with the disorder as well as their loved ones. Although these disorders are chronic and there aren’t any permanent solutions to them, they can be controlled and monitored with the help of some medications and therapy. If you have any of the above-mentioned disorders are ashamed to come forward and seek therapy, please understand that it is not your fault and it is okay to seek help to protect yourself and your loved ones.

References

Note: this is just Part 6 of the Psychological Disorders series.

5 IITians who excelled in different field .

Indian institute of technology (iits) are the most prestigious institution in india. The IITs are autonomous public technical universities located across India students are mostly attached towards iits because of the High package offered in these institutions. It’s quite obvious that the enterance in theses institute need a lot of Hard work and perseverance. The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 lists twenty-three institutes. Each IIT is autonomous, linked to the others through a common council, which oversees their administration. So here is the list of IITians who excelled in different field like arts, science & technology.

1.Sundar Pichai

Born in Madras, India, Pichai earned his degree from IIT Kharagpur in metallurgical engineering. Moving to the United States, he attained an M.S. from Stanford University in materials science and engineering and further attained an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he was named a Siebel Scholar and a Palmer Scholar, respectively. Pichai was selected to become the next CEO of Google on August 10, 2015, after previously being appointed Product Chief by CEO, Larry Page. On October 24, 2015, he stepped into the new position at the completion of the formation of Alphabet Inc., the new holding company for the Google company family. He was appointed to the Alphabet Board of Directors in 2017.

2.Arvind Kejriwal

Arvind Kejriwal is the founder of Aam Admi Party (AAP), and Convenor of the same. He is a politician and a former bureaucrat who is the current and 7th Chief Minister of Delhi since February 2015.In 2006, Kejriwal was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Emergent Leadership in recognition of his involvement in the grassroots level movement Parivartan using right to information legislation in a campaign against government corruption. The same year, after resigning from Government service, he donated his Magsaysay award money as a corpus fund to found the Public Cause Research Foundation, a non-governmental organization (NGO). He was educated at Campus School in Hisar and at Holy Child School at Sonipat.In 1985, he took the IIT-JEE exam and scored All India Rank of 563.He graduated from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, majoring in mechanical engineering.

3.chetan Bhagat

Chetan Bhagat is an Indian author and columnist. He was included in Time magazine’s list of World’s 100 Most Influential People in 2010. grew up in Naraina Vihar, West Delhi in a traditional middle-class Punjabi Hindu family. Bhagat graduated with a BTech degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi in 1995. Bhagat then went on to do an master’s of business administration degree in marketing from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA) and graduated in 1997.

4.raghuram Rajan

Raghuram Govinda Rajan  is a indian economist & former governor of the Reserve Bank of India.Between 2003 and 2006 he was Chief Economist and Director of Research at the International Monetary Fund. From September 2013 through September 2016 he was the 23rd Governor of the Reserve Bank of India; in 2015, during his tenure at the RBI, he became the Vice-Chairman of the Bank for International Settlements. In 1981 he enrolled at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi for a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering. In the final year of his four-year degree, he headed the Student Affairs Council. He graduated in 1985 and was awarded the Director’s Gold Medal as the best all-round student. In 1987, he earned a Master of Business Administration from the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, graduating with a gold medal for academic performance.

5.Jitendra Kumar

Jitendra is one actor who makes it a point to play relatable characters that we just can’t forget. From Jeetu to Gittu, he has starred in series/movies like Kota Factory, Panchayat, Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan. He has won a Filmfare OTT award in the category of “Best Actor Comedy Series (Male) for portraying Abhishek Tripathi in Amazon Prime’s Panchayat. He did his bachelor’s in civil engineering from IIT Kharagpur .While studying civil engineering at IIT Kharagpur Jitendra kumar started liking acting. Kumar has done many stage plays as the Governor of the Hindi Technology Dramatics Society at IIT KGP where he met Biswapati Sarkar who eventually invited him to join TVF in 2012.

Freelancing hits success

In the modernized world, many hang back from working under anyone for a long term and wish to create their work independently and just offer their potentials to an entity. They are the freelancers who are always self employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long time. Freelancer is an independent worker who earn money on a per job or per task basis for a short term work. This has become a well known career choice for a lot of people these times. Freelancing professionals work in a wide area of fields across many industries and companies. Although there are plentiful opportunities available for freelancing, the most popular fields are content writing, designing, sales & marketing, branding, recruiting, web development, teaching, copywriting, photography, SEO, social media. The prominent fact is that you should possess the requisite skills for the job/project and make a good income out of it.

Perks of freelancing and success rate

Where many other jobs demand constraints for time and work places, Freelancers can work anytime and from anywhere with the freedom to set your own pace, take projects for several companies, so freelancing offers many flexibilities which helps to maintain a good work-life balance. The benefit of being a freelancer is that you are not restricted to a specific 9 to 5 schedule and choose work in line with your preferences and choose clients/ companies you want to work with, which allows you to pursue in your own interests and passion. According to a payoneer’s data, the average freelancer worked 36 hours a week at a rate of $21per hour, for an annual pretax salary of more than $39,000. This was significantly higher than the average salary for non-freelancers in most of the countries in the survey.

The money you make is utterly dependent upon the quality of work and how much effectually you work. While people argue that freelancing can impact a person’s financial security and long term career goals, freelances find their work to be obliging in making their lives less stressful. They have the authority to decide and demand for the the wages to be charged on their projects. Many freelancers are paid on hourly basis, so if they work long hours they will be able to make more finances. Employees tend to leave the jobs due to the the discontentment with the management, but in freelancing you work with freedom without anybody to constantly keep breathing down on your neck. With people searching out for an enduring job to obtain more income they spend half their life, freelancing makes it more accessible for people to gain good income by investing your potentials and skills in a short time. It may takes years for some people to get promoted to a higher level and have a hike in their salary but freelancing makes you get closer to the income you dreamt of in a short time with your quality work.

On the other side this may seem unstable for some without any steady income over the years. You may perceive a fluctuation in the workload, where you’ll be swamped with work one month but not the same the next month like a feast- famine cycle. It carries an unpredictable nature of work and wages with no paid time off or medical leave. Many people are susceptible to turn away from this because of such drawbacks. If you really staunch and determined about being a freelancer you should be disciplined, consistent and organized. You should engage yourself in multiple projects, never become distracted or unstable in the field. Keep a track of your work and manage them efficiently. However the work may be unsteady you should be able to market yourself. There is a just fine line between the advantages and snags, here the perks of freelancing greatly outweigh the drawbacks. If you are good at a job sky is the limit to how much you can sprout your business.

Positive Psychology

Positive psychology is one of the newest branches of psychology to emerge. This particular area of psychology focuses on how to help human beings prosper and lead healthy, happy lives. While many other branches of psychology tend to focus on dysfunction and abnormal behaviour, positive psychology is centered on helping people become happier. Positive psychology is designed to “complement and extend the problem-focused psychology that has been dominant for decades,” explained the late Christopher Peterson, author of “A Primer in Positive Psychology” and professor at the University of Michigan, in a 2008 article published in Psychology Today. “Positive psychology is…a call for psychological science and practice to be as concerned with strength as with weakness; as interested in building the best things in life as in repairing the worst; and as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling as with healing pathology,” Peterson wrote.

According to leading authorities in the field, Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, positive psychology will help achieve “scientific understanding and effective interventions to build thriving in individuals, families, and communities.” In order to understand the field of positive psychology, it is essential to start by learning more about its major theories, applications, and history.

History of Positive Psychology

“Before World War II, psychology had three distinct missions: curing mental illness, making the lives of all people more productive and fulfilling, and identifying and nurturing high talent,” wrote Seligman and Mihaly Csikszenmihalyi in 2000. Shortly after WWII, the primary focus of psychology shifted to the first priority: treating abnormal behavior and mental illness. In the 1950s, humanist thinkers like Carl Rogers, Erich Formm and Abraham Maslow helped renew interest in the other two areas by developing theories that focused on happiness and the positive aspects of human nature.

General interest in positive psychology has grown tremendously since the concept was introduced. Today, more and more people are searching for information on how they can become more fulfilled and achieve their full potential.

Uses

Positive psychology can have a range of real-world applications in areas including eduction, therapy, self-help, stress management, and workplace issues. Some of the major topics of interest in positive psychology include: Character strengths and virtues, Flow, Gratifications, Gratitude, Happiness, Pleasure, Helplessness, Hope, Mindfulness, Optimism, Positive thinking, Resilience .

Impact of Positive Psychology

Some of the major findings of positive psychology include: Money doesn’t necessarily buy well-being, but spending money on other people can make individuals happier, People are generally happy, Some of the best ways to combat disappointments and setbacks include strong social relationships and character strengths, While happiness is influenced by genetics, people can learn to be happier by developing optimism, gratitude, and altruism, Work can be important to well-being, especially when people are able to engage in work that is purposeful and meaningful.

Potential Pitfalls

Positive psychology is often confused with positive thinking, and misconstrued as self-help tactics rather than research-backed theories. Positive thinking is a way of thinking ourselves into better behavior and greater resilience, rather than behaving our way into a different frame of mind. Positive psychology, on the other hand, is the scientific study of what makes people thrive. It focuses on behaviors that can lead to a more optimized frame of mind as well as on thought patterns that lead to more functional behaviors.

ORIGIN OF CASTE SYSTEM

Caste system is an integral part of the Indian social system. It is the arrangement of people in a hierarchy of status where there is negligible mobility up and down the social ladder.

Origin of the caste system:

Caste system is very complex and complicated that is why a number of theories have been given explaining the origin of the caste system. Some of the theories are: 

Racial theory- One very old and important theory about the origin of the caste system is the racial theory. Herbert Risley and D N Majumdar are supporters of this theory. According to Risley before Aryans came to India they were divided into 4 classes which came to be regarded as from different races after their settlement. Majumdar believes that after the Aryans established themselves as superior in India they became a separate race and  called the defeated as the dasas and thus the Aryans the Dasas  became two separate races. This was the beginning of the caste system and once this distinction started it became difficult to narrow down the gap and it still continues.

Political Theory- Some of the thinkers believe that not race but the political convenience and manipulation by those who wanted to retain authority is the basis of the caste system in India. It is said that the Brahmin who wanted to hold authority devised this system. In the words of Dr.Ghurye, “Caste is a brahmanic child of Indo-Aryan culture, cradled In the land of Ganges and hence transferred to other parts of India by brahmanic prospectors.” How the Brahmins, however manipulated is not very clear. Thus, according to the supporters of this theory it has nothing to do with religion, it is a man-made institution and creation of few for the perpetuation of authority. 

Occupational theory-  Nesfield is of the view that occupation is the basis of the caste system. In his view “function and function alone is responsible for the origin of caste structure in India”. Thus, he and his supporters also do not believe that the system has any religious background. According to them occupation was the basis of the caste system. In the beginning when there was no rigidity each individual was free to have occupation of his choice. But gradually with the rigidity in the system changing of occupation became difficult and caste began to come into existence on the basis of his occupation. Those who were doing noble occupations like those of educating the people, fighting on the battlefield, or traders became noble and began to be considered superior caste people and others began to be treated as those belonging to the inferior caste ,example the shudras. The former then began to enjoy social respect which was denied to the latter. The system was continued because that suited the former.

Traditional theory- Exponents of this theory believe that the caste system is not of human but of divine origin. They argue that the main four castes were created by god Brahma whereas the sub-castes came into existence subsequently as a result of inter-caste marriages, etc. Since the purpose of creation of each caste, according to them, is to perform a specific function as such because of human will these castes cannot be changed. They also believe that any change in the system could be brought about only at the cost of winning the displeasure of God. 

Feminism: A Myth

All over the world people are misguided about the word feminism. According to you what does feminism mean? Is it to put men down and rule the world or is it to enjoy everything a man can? Let’s discuss about various myths and the actual meaning of feminism and the significance of it in a women’s life.

According to the Oxford dictionary feminism means “the belief that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men“. In more simpler words feminism is all about the equality between men and women and have the freedom of everything that they wish to do. Some people argue that they believe in ‘equality’ but they have no belief in feminism. Feminism has been made critical despite of it being a very simple concept.

From ancient times women are pointed out for the way they dress and for their aspirations. They have been constantly told to dress in a certain way and to live their life according to the norms of the society. Women are fighting for their equal rights from centuries for there right to vote, right to speech and freedom. People in the society have framed a woman according to their needs and expect them to fulfill their expectations. A married woman taking care of her husband, her in-laws and looking after their children is considered to be the ideal one whereas if she wants to work and be dependent, she is criticised and often being questioned on her motherhood. Similar type of Criticism she faces at her work place. These are the basic yet essential inequality that a women regularly faces.

Women-Women Conflict regarding feminism

Sometimes women also take feminism in a wrong way. They think that being a feminist means to humiliate men and they often misuse their power of being a women by falsely accusing a men in a crime. This is basically pseudo feminism. Women around the world debates for the real meaning of feminism which sometimes leads to conflicts. Some women of old generation are also against feminism and consider it as uncultural.

Myths

  • Feminists hate men.
  • Feminists are angry.
  • Feminists are unattractive and not feminine.
  • All feminists are lesbians.
  • Feminists are all pro-choice.
  • If you are a feminist, you cannot be religious.
  • All feminists are career women and do not support stay-at-home moms.
  • Feminists are Bra- Burners who hate sex.
  • Feminists can only be women.
  • Feminists don’t believe in marriage.

If you have ever found yourself saying “I’m not a feminist, but I am for equality,” then ask yourself why you do not claim the title? If it is because of the misconceptions of what a feminist truly is then empower yourself to raise awareness about what feminism is really all about. 

Feminists are all about equality between genders– which means feminists don’t want women to be more powerful than men any more than we want men more powerful than women. What may seem like a discriminatory act against men is actually an attempt to level the playing field between men and women.

While huge strides have been made towards complete gender equality, a great deal of work remains to be done, both in India and abroad, including the gender pay gap, access to reproductive healthcare, protection against sexual assault and violence and gender representation in media, among other issues.

How a Guy Can Be a Feminist?

Basically feminism is not only committed to changing negative stereotypes about being a woman. A large facet of feminism is understanding streotypes about masculinity and its effects on society and what it means to be a man. If you care about equality for your mother, daughter, grandmother, girlfriend, a friend, who is female then feminism should be important to you. Additionally, feminism is about equality for all marginalized groups- equality for those who are LGBTQIA, disabled, and ethnic and racial minorities. Caring about feminism means caring about people who fit into these categories.

Being a feminist is not something to be ashamed of. It is the right of every person who believes in equality for all.

Thank you for reading!

MITHALI RAJ!!!

Playing games is one of the best way to make us fit, active and fresh. Yes, playing games teaches you to be a disciplined person and also the importance of brotherhood.Okay, let’s get to the point. Talk about the game we like. Let me ask you, Which game do you like very much? Most of us would answer, I love cricket. Yes, it is the most likable game in India. The sense of watching cricket gives us a pleasure. I hope you all know a little bit about cricket and I said so because I too know a little bit about cricket. Then, let me ask, do you like men’s cricket or women’s cricket? Have you ever watched women’s cricket? I am asking you this type of question because most of us like only men’s cricket. It’s becausethe crase for men players is higher than women players. Let me share my thoughts about a women cricketer named Mithali Raj. Have you ever heard this name? I hope you would have heard about her. Mithali Raj is the captain of Women’s ODI and Test cricket in India. She is the highest run scorer in Women’s International Cricket.

Has Mithali Raj Ever Had Issues Dealing With Media, Like Naomi Osaka? Here's Her Answer
MITHALI RAJ

Mithali Dorai Raj was born on 3rd December 1982 at Jodhour, Rajasthan. Her father’s name is Dorai Raj and he was a Warrant Officer in Indian Air Force. Her mother’s name is Leela Raj. Now, she lives in Hyderabad, Telangana. She completed her high school studies in Keyes High School For Girls. She completed her intermediate studies in Secunderabad. Mithali Raj started to play cricket at her age 10. She used to play with her elder brother. She started her cricket coaching in school days. She used to play with Puurnima Rau, Anjum Chopra during her start of the career and played for Air India.

MITHALI RAJ’S CRICKET CAREER

  • She was named in probables in the 1997 Women’s Cricket WorldCup but she couldn’t make it in the final squad.
  • With her constant efforts she played her first one day debut in 1999 against Ireland and scored 114 runs.
  • At the age of 29, she broke the recored of one’s individual score by beating Karen Roltan in 2002. But in 2004, a pakistan player surpassed Mithali Raj’s record.
  • In 2005, she led the Indian team to the Women’s World Cup finals for the first time but they lost to Australia since they proved too strong.
  • In 2013, She ranked first at ODI chart in the World Cup held that year.
  • In February 2017, She scored 5500 runs in the WODI ans she was the second player to score 5500 runs.
  • Soon after that in July 2017, She became the first player to score 6000 runs in the WODI.
  • Also, in 2017 World Cup, she led the team to the finals and lost to England by 9 runs.
  • In order to make team India mark it’s place in ODI, She retired from T20 International Cricket in 2019. This statement was made by her in the BCCI press meet.
  • In 2019, she was marked as the Captain of Women’s ODI against England.
Interesting Facts About Mithali Raj, The Indian Women's Cricket Team Captain

AWARDS AND HONOURS FOR MITHALI RAJ

  • In 2003, she won the Arjuna Award which is given to person who excel in sports.
  • In 2015, She won Padma Shri which is the fourth highest Civilian honor of India.
  • In 2017, She was given Youth Sports Icon of Excellence Award.
  • In 2017, She was awarded as the Vougue Sportsperson of the Year.
  • In 2020, She was nominated for he Rachael Heyhoe-Flint Award for the award, ICC Female Cricketer of the Decade.

Other than being a right hand batsman, she is also a occasional bowler for India. These achievements prove how hardworking and confident she is!! Women in India are all very talented and high spirited. Yes, every woman is trying to be the best in her field. Mithali Raj is an example for the best women cricketer. Like her, you should try to prove yourself by your achievements rather than complaining or being feared for something. Everybody, come on let’s make India be filled with achievers.

Some reference links

Life of Michelle Obama

Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is an American attorney and author who served as the First Lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017. She was the first African-American woman to serve in this position. She is married to the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama.

Michelle LaVaughn Robinson was born on January 17, 1964, in Chicago, Illinois, to Fraser Robinson III (1935–1991), a city water plant employee and Democratic precinct captain, and Marian Shields Robinson , a secretary at Spiegel’s catalog store. Her mother was a full-time homemaker until Michelle entered high school

The Robinson and Shields families trace their roots to pre-Civil War African Americans in the American South. On her father’s side, she is descended from the Gullah people of South Carolina’s Low Country region. Her paternal great-great grandfather, Jim Robinson, was born into slavery in 1850 on Friendfield Plantation, near Georgetown, South Carolina. He became a freedman at age 15 after the war. Some of Obama’s paternal family still reside in the Georgetown area. Her grandfather Fraser Robinson, Jr. built his own house in South Carolina. He and his wife LaVaughn (née Johnson) returned to the Low Country from Chicago after retirement.

Robinson was inspired to follow her brother to Princeton University, which she entered in 1981. She majored in sociology and minored in African-American studies, graduating cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in 1985 after completing a 99-page senior thesis titled “Princeton Educated Blacks and the Black Community” under the supervision of Walter Wallace.

Robinson met Barack Obama when they were among the few African Americans at their law firm, Sidley Austin LLP (she has sometimes said only two, although others have noted that there were others in different departments). She was assigned to mentor him while he was a summer associate. Their relationship started with a business lunch and then a community organization meeting where he first impressed her.

Before meeting Obama, Michelle had told her mother she intended to focus solely on her career. The couple’s first date was to Spike Lee’s movie Do the Right Thing (1989). Barack Obama has said the couple had an “opposites attract” scenario in their initial interest in each other, since Michelle had stability from her two-parent home while he was “adventurous”.

During an interview in 1996, Michelle Obama acknowledged there was a “strong possibility” her husband would begin a political career, but said she was “wary” of the process. She knew it meant their lives would be subject to scrutiny and she was intensely private.

Although she campaigned on her husband’s behalf since early in his political career by handshaking and fund-raising, she did not relish the activity at first. When she campaigned during her husband’s 2000 run for United States House of Representatives, her boss at the University of Chicago asked if there was any single thing about campaigning that she enjoyed; after some thought, she replied that visiting so many living rooms had given her some new decorating ideas. Obama opposed her husband’s run for the congressional seat, and, after his defeat, she preferred he tend to the financial needs of the family in what she deemed a more practical way.

Don’t ever make decisions based on fear. Make decisions based on hope and possibility. Make decisions based on what should happen, not what shouldn’t

The impact of Social Media Influencers on Sales

The way social media influencers directly or indirectly influence publicity and promotion somehow also influence the sales of a brand. Some of the ways in which social media influencers impact sales are:

1. Help in Consumer Research Phase:

Nowadays, market is mostly “consumer-oriented”. Consumers search and research, read reviews about a brand and hence they want someone trusted and experts who will voice their opinions, concerns and recommendations. Influencers play a vital role in spreading the word of mouth and recommendations thereby increasing sales.

2.Help in increasing Return on Investment:

Social Media Influencers help in achieving a relatively high Return on Investments than other factors. It is because of low capital investment. Other forms of advertisement or marketing tools require huge capital whereas dealings with Social media Influencer can be fixed just on a simple phone call.

3.Content Creation helps in increased Sales:

Influencers create meaningful and exciting content that sometimes evoke interest in the viewer to buy the product. Apart from this, Influencers also work on multiple social media accounts and this helps them to reach wide and diverse audience. This is also very helpful for increasing sales in a business.

In a recent survey by Mediakix, a famous influencer marketing agency, about 89% of respondents say Return on Investment from Social Media Influencers is better than other channels.

In another survey by Tint, 71% of respondents told that they rely on social media referrals for purchase decisions.

Some Examples:

1) Glossier, USA.

The USA based beauty brand has built its brand image by entirely relying on Social Media Influencers and other forms of digital marketing. They rely heavily on influencers as they send new products to influencers before the products are even launched so that influencers identify the flaws and suggest improvements (if they require) and thereafter the brand makes the changes accordingly.

2)Daniel Wellington, Sweden

This company was able to tap the “business opportunity” and it proved out to be quite fruitful for them. They broke into the Indian market by solely relying on Social Media Influencers. It is a watch brand company sends its new products to big social media influencers in India and enjoys extreme profits and sales. They were able to see India as a good market due to the country’s vast population.

Conclusion:

Social Media Influencer marketing or the Influencer marketing has become the fastest growing trend in communication in last few years. The key factors involved to be a good influencer are trust and credibility in the message. Latest studies and research have proved that social media influencers contribute to a business’s growth in a very positive manner in terms of promotion, publicity, sales and ROI. Many assume this marketing tool is temporary and will extinct in few years, however only time can say it.

Augmented reality

Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real-world environment where the objects that reside in the real world are enhanced by computer-generated perceptual information.

sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory and olfactory. AR can be defined as a system that incorporates three basic features: a combination of real and virtual worlds, real-time interaction, and accurate 3D registration of virtual and real objects. The overlaid sensory information can be constructive (i.e. additive to the natural environment), or destructive (i.e. masking of the natural environment). This experience is seamlessly interwoven with the physical world such that it is perceived as an immersive aspect of the real environment. In this way, augmented reality alters one’s ongoing perception of a real-world environment, whereas virtual reality completely replaces the user’s real-world environment with a simulated one. Augmented reality is related to two largely synonymous terms: mixed reality and computer-mediated reality.

The primary value of augmented reality is the manner in which components of the digital world blend into a person’s perception of the real world, not as a simple display of data, but through the integration of immersive sensations, which are perceived as natural parts of an environment. The earliest functional AR systems that provided immersive mixed reality experiences for users were invented in the early 1990s, starting with the Virtual Fixtures system developed at the U.S. Air Force’s Armstrong Laboratory in 1992. Commercial augmented reality experiences were first introduced in entertainment and gaming businesses. Subsequently, augmented reality applications have spanned commercial industries such as education, communications, medicine, and entertainment. In education, content may be accessed by scanning or viewing an image with a mobile device or by using markerless AR techniques.

Augmented reality is used to enhance natural environments or situations and offer perceptually enriched experiences. With the help of advanced AR technologies (e.g. adding computer vision, incorporating AR cameras into smartphone applications and object recognition) the information about the surrounding real world of the user becomes interactive and digitally manipulated. Information about the environment and its objects is overlaid on the real world. This information can be virtual. Augmented Reality is any experience which is artificial and which adds to the already existing reality or real, e.g. seeing other real sensed or measured information such as electromagnetic radio waves overlaid in exact alignment with where they actually are in space. Augmented reality also has a lot of potential in the gathering and sharing of tacit knowledge. Augmentation techniques are typically performed in real time and in semantic contexts with environmental elements. Immersive perceptual information is sometimes combined with supplemental information like scores over a live video feed of a sporting event. This combines the benefits of both augmented reality technology and heads up display technology (HUD).

Comparison with virtual reality

In virtual reality (VR), the users’ perception of reality is completely based on virtual information. In augmented reality (AR) the user is provided with additional computer generated information within the data collected from real life that enhances their perception of reality. For example, in architecture, VR can be used to create a walk-through simulation of the inside of a new building; and AR can be used to show a building’s structures and systems super-imposed on a real-life view. Another example is through the use of utility applications. Some AR applications, such as Augment, enable users to apply digital objects into real environments, allowing businesses to use augmented reality devices as a way to preview their products in the real world. Similarly, it can also be used to demo what products may look like in an environment for customers, as demonstrated by companies such as Mountain Equipment Co-op or Lowe’s who use augmented reality to allow customers to preview what their products might look like at home through the use of 3D models.

Augmented reality (AR) differs from virtual reality (VR) in the sense that in AR part of the surrounding environment is actually ‘real’ and just adding layers of virtual objects to the real environment. On the other hand, in VR the surrounding environment is completely virtual. A demonstration of how AR layers objects onto the real world can be seen with augmented reality games. WallaMe is an augmented reality game application that allows users to hide messages in real environments, utilizing geolocation technology in order to enable users to hide messages wherever they may wish in the world. Such applications have many uses in the world, including in activism and artistic expression.

Psychological Disorders Part 5

Introduction

In Psychological Disorders Part 4, Eating Disorders were discussed. It is very important to consult a psychologist if you are facing any of the eating disorders as they can be life-threatening. This article will discuss Sleep Disorders.

Sleep Disorders

These disorders involve interruptions in the sleeping pattern which leads to distress and affects the daytime functioning of the person.

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder in which the person has overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep. People with this disorder find it difficult to stay awake for long periods and this can cause excessive disruptions in their daily routine. There are two types of narcolepsies, one that is accompanied by a sudden loss of muscle tone, called cataplexy, this is type 1 narcolepsy and type 2 is without cataplexy. The symptoms for this are excessive daytime sleepiness, decreased alertness, sudden loss of muscle tone which can cause slurred speech, sleep paralysis, changes in REM sleep, and hallucinations. This is a chronic disorder so there is no cure for it but it can be managed with medication and some changes in the lifestyle. The cause for this is unknown but it is observed that in type 1, people have low levels of the chemical hypocretin which is important for the regulation of wakefulness and REM sleep.

Insomnia Disorder is a disorder in which a person has trouble falling or staying asleep, it can be acute or chronic. There are two types of insomnia, primary and secondary. In the case of primary insomnia, the sleep problems are not related to any other health problem, whereas, in the case of secondary insomnia, the trouble in sleeping is because of another health condition. The causes for primary insomnia can be stress, noise, light, temperature, jet lag. Symptoms of insomnia are sleepiness during the day, grumpiness, problems with concentration and memory, and fatigue. You are more likely at risk of insomnia if you are a woman because of the hormonal shifts.

Hypersomnolence is when a person suffers from excessive sleepiness despite having slept enough. Symptoms for this are falling asleep several times during the day, taking naps to deal with the sleepiness but still not waking up refreshed, sleeping more than 9 hours but still not feeling rested, feeling confused when waking up, having difficulty waking up. This can cause problems at work, school, or other daily routines.

Sleep Apnea is a serious sleep disorder in which breathing continuously stops and starts. There are three main types of sleep apnea; firstly, Obstructive sleep apnea is when the throat muscles relax; secondly, Central sleep apnea is when the brain fails to send proper signals to the muscles which are responsible for controlling breathing; lastly, Complex sleep apnea syndrome is when someone is suffering from the combination of the first and second type of sleep apnea. Symptoms are gasping for air during sleep, loud snoring, episodes in which you stop breathing, morning headache, awakening with dry mouth, hypersomnia, difficulty staying asleep, irritability, and difficulty paying attention while awake.

Parasomnia involves unusual and undesirable physical which disrupt sleep. It includes abnormal movements, talk, or other unusual things during sleep. There are two types of parasomnias, Non-REM and REM, this distinction is based on the stage of sleep in which they happen. Parasomnias during Non-REM include sleep terrors, sleepwalking, and sleep-related eating disorders. Parasomnias during REM include nightmare disorder, recurrent isolated sleep paralysis, and REM sleep behaviour disorder. Symptoms are waking up confused or disoriented, being tired during the day, difficulty sleeping through the night, and finding cuts and bruises which you do not remember.

Restless Legs Syndrome causes an uncontrollable urge to move your legs because of an uncomfortable sensation. Symptoms are sensations that begin after rest, relief with movement, worsening of symptoms in the evening, and nighttime twitching.

Conclusion

These sleep disorders are very serious. As we know sleep is very important for our health, it is important to sleep properly for the health of your body and if you think you have any of these sleep disorders, please consult a psychologist who can help you regulate your sleep.

References

Note: this is just Part 5 of the Psychological Disorders series.

News channels vs News papers

The importance of news is widespread in our daily lives. They are more obliging by updating our cognition regarding the various events and information revolving around the whole world. It allows us to gain a sense of global perspective. It is a form of communication and keeps us engaged about the outer world. Reading news paves the way to connect with remarkable people and happenings. If someone is not aware of what is occurring around him/her would that life be fruitful? We can perceive news through various forms, mainly with the help of channels in televisions and news papers.

News papers

Many of us would embark our day with a cup of tea and the newspaper and there is a charm in doing so by going word by word in detail. It is an integral part of our life . In 19th century, news papers became very common and were cheaply available. It was the initial means which was very convincing to gather information about the surroundings. Newspaper is a printed media and one of the oldest forms of mass communication. Government and other official announcements are done in a newspaper. It encompasses various categories like weather forecasts, political, economic, international, sports, entertainment and other related information. It also highlights the various job opportunities, vacancies, competitive exams, scholarships and many potent local advertisements that other platforms don’t cover up. It enhances our reading capacity and improves the vocabulary. It helps in cultivating the reading habit from an early stage. Reading widens our mind, aids memory power, focus and concentration. Newspapers provides a special section for puzzles/riddles, painting, quiz etc. that fascinates young children. There also carry with them many editorials which are more obliging. We can resort to them any time we are in need of information for articles and secure them. Reading newspapers and collecting facts is a hobby for many. There are many separate editions in line with our locality / district and this becomes more specific to obtain information. In this technical world, though the newspaper in its original form seems to face a threat of existence it still holds it importance and considered as the authentic source of information.

News channels

In the early 20th century technologies started replacing the old labor method of printing. News channels find its way better that reach the people in a more effectual form in no time. Watching news through various channels on TV are more feasible and expedient for many people than reading it on the paper. We can afford news papers just once a day and we have to await for the news updates till the next day, by the time the news becomes stale but in the news channels news are updated instantly each minute with the flashing news headlines. News channels can deeply dive into collecting and publishing information and distinctly deliver them. It helps us to get an explicit and intense idea as we can hear the news and see them with our bare eyes from the exact real spots live through the help of reporters. In the news papers some may find it hard to put with the small letterings and may have to strain the eyes but the news channels are easily accessible for everyone and aids a better understanding with evident videos and proofs.

News channels come with many innovative segments like, interesting facts, health tips, crime stories, political speeches & interviews, sports, cinema, share marketing, biographies of inspirational people, historical places and up to date inventions which allows us to gather information and knowledge more earnestly. When we some of the pathetic situations faced by people that the news channels discover and exhibit many helping hands come forward, and that’s how we survived many hardships like in the flood times and even in the prevalent pandemic with the help of oxygen supply cylinders, vehicle services, food arrangements etc. that saved many lives. So it acts as a bridge in connecting people and building lives.

To conclude more effectively, a combination of both newspapers and news channels are vital to grasp vast knowledge. Both come up with many interesting segments and factors that fascinate various age group of people and are more effectual with their own significances. It is more prominent to catch up with what is happening around us irrespective of the different platforms.

Psychological Disorders Part 4

Introduction

In Psychological Disorders Part 3, Dissociative and Somatic Symptom Disorders were discussed. These are the fewer known disorders yet very interesting to know about. (Trigger Warning: this article talks about eating disorders)

Eating Disorders

These disorders arise because of obsessive concern over weight which results in a disruptive eating pattern that then affects the person’s physical and mental health.

Anorexia Nervosa is also commonly known as anorexia which is an eating disorder wherein the person has an abnormally low body weight accompanied by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of their weight. People with this disorder tend to take extreme measures to control their weight such as restricting their food consumption. The distorted image of the body can be a result of depression, anxiety, or emotional trauma. The physical symptoms are severe weight loss, dehydration, insomnia, weakness, dizziness, constipation, breaking hair, dry skin, bluish tinge to fingers, absence of menstruation, irregular heartbeat, and inability to tolerate cold. Some behavioural symptoms are eating only low-calorie food, trying to hide their body with baggy and loose clothes, skipping meals, avoiding situations where they have to eat, avoiding situations where they might have to show their body, and extreme exercising. Some emotional symptoms are poor self-esteem, agitation, depression, social isolation, and anxiety.

Bulimia Nervosa is also commonly known as bulimia is a serious and life-threatening eating disorder. People with this disorder secretly binge eat large amounts of food without any control over how much they are eating, then they panic and purge to get rid of those extra calories. There are two types of bulimia, purging and non-purging bulimia. To get rid of these extra calories, they use different methods such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, weight-loss supplements, people with purging bulimia use these methods whereas people with non-purging bulimia follow strict dieting or excessive exercise. The physical symptoms can be life-threatening, some of these symptoms are weight fluctuation of 2 to 10 kgs in a week, bloodshot eyes which means eyes with busted blood vessels, chapped lips because of dehydration, scars on the knuckles from inducing vomiting, swollen lymph nodes, and mouth sensitivity because of receding gums and eroding tooth enamel. Some behavioural symptoms are consistent worry about weight and appearance, going to the bathroom right after eating, eating till it is uncomfortable, excessive exercising, not eating in front of others and restricting calories. The emotional symptoms of bulimia are the same as for anorexia.

The DSM-5 has moved the eating disorder of infants and children to the same category. Rumination Disorder is also known as rumination syndrome and it usually occurs in babies and people with developmental disabilities. Children and adults who have high levels of stress have a greater risk of having this disorder. This is a feeding and eating disorder in which the undigested food comes back up from the person’s stomach to their mouth. The symptoms for this are regurgitating on a regular basis, dental problems, chapped lips, weight loss, and digestive problems.

Pica is an eating disorder in which people eat non-food items like clay, dirt, and flaking paint. This disorder is more common in children but can also occur in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The symptoms for this are upset stomach, bowel problems like constipation or diarrhea, stomach pain, and blood in the stool. If the consumption of non-food items continues, symptoms like lead poisoning, injuries to teeth, infections, and intestinal blockage can occur.

Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) is a feeding and eating disorder in which people eat a large amount of food in a short amount of time even if they might not be hungry. This can be triggered by emotional stress. The person may feel a sense of relief during the binge but will feel shame afterward. The symptoms are eating to a point that is uncomfortably full, eating more rapidly than normal, feeling of disgust with oneself, eating large amounts without feeling hungry, and eating alone because of feeling embarrassed.

Conclusion

It is difficult to figure out what causes these eating disorders but medical experts believe it is a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Genetics plays a role, if you have a family member who suffers from one, you are more likely to be diagnosed with the same. Emotional well-being plays a huge role, people who have experienced trauma or other mental health conditions are more likely to develop one. And finally, societal pressure plays another big role, the western ideal of body image has equated thinness with success and so people try to achieve thinness. If you have any eating disorder, it is important to know it is not your fault and you need to consult a psychologist immediately to get better.

References

Note: this is just Part 4 of the Psychological Disorders series.

Why Skyscrapers are not that great.

The story of early skyscrapers begins in the late 19th and early 20th century America. Between 1884 and 1945 numerous skyscrapers were built American cities of New York City and Chicago. The two cities competed with each other with many subsequent constructions surpassing the earlier one. The growth of the skyscrapers in the 20th century American cities were mainly fueled by dynamic economic growth as the demand for various new office spaces to hold America’s expanding workforce of white-collar employees continued to grow. With better engineering and construction methods it became easier to construct taller buildings.    

Flatiron Building in New York City finished its construction in June 1902. The 22 floors building was one of the first tallest skyscrapers and later in the subsequent decades even taller buildings were constructed.

But the developments of modern skyscrapers have many challenges and questions that need to be cleared. Though the growth of skyscrapers has not subsided, they are not the most ideal form of buildings. According to engineer Tim Snelson, of the design consultancy, a typical skyscraper will have at least double the carbon footprint of a 10-story building of the same floor area. This tells us that skyscrapers are not environmentally sustainable. Also, any additional methods to minimize the environmental impact will require overcoming the fight of the handicap of being a tall skyscraper in the first place. As the majority of the building is made with glass and steel frame, high-rise buildings are subject to the consequence of the substantial amount of sunlight and a lot of wind on their mostly glass skins. Glass is inherently inefficient in keeping excessive heat out of the buildings in summer or keep heat trapped in the colder months. This also leads to the reliance on continuous Air Conditioning.

The modern construction of skyscrapers in the cities of today is no longer driven purely by economic growth or the need for commercial office space, but instead, it is more driven by glamorous architecture construction and many times the dirty money gets funneled into the construction of Skyscrapers.  High rises also separate people from the street and people lose a connection to nature and the outdoors. The occupants in the tall buildings are often isolated from the street of the city and meaningful contact with ground-level events is often disconnected with taller buildings.  

High-rise buildings also lead to gentrification and inequality. It is no surprise that taller buildings often tend to be luxury units as the higher a building rises, it becomes more expensive to construct. This means that high rises also inflate the prices of the adjacent lands and driving out the affordable properties, thus increasing the inequality. The areas near the skyscrapers are often dark and swept under the shadow of these tall buildings.

Contrary to the popular notion, skyscrapers are not the only way to build high-density construction. The mid-rise buildings are often more able to house more amount of people per area compared to the high rises. Mid rises are also more flexible to affordable.  The mid-rises can work as a good middle ground between the taller buildings and low-density buildings. Instead of blindly building taller buildings we will have to look at the construction of our future buildings that are more sustainable, affordable, and efficient.

References:

All-rounder Deepak chahar destroyed Lankans dreams in the 2nd ODI.

Chahar and bhuvaneshwar in the 2nd ODI

Lankans won the toss and elected to bat first. Openers minod Minod Bhanuka and Avishka Fernando added 59 runs in powerplay. Yazuvendra chahal broke this partnership and Minod 36(42) hit one delivery to Manish Pandey at midwicket and he made no mistake. On the very next ball,new man Bhanuka rakjpaksha edged the delivery to Ishan kishan and returned to pavilion with a golden duck.


Then, avishka Fernando and Dhananjay de selva continued the innings and added few runs between them. Avishka after reaching his fifty falled to Bhuvaneshwar,he scored 50 of 71. Deepak chahar got rid of Dhananjay 32 of 45 with a knuckle ball, shanaka 16 of 24 was bowled by chahal and Hasranga 8 of 11 was bowled over by chahar. Aslanka continued the scoreboard ticking and registered his maiden fifty and soon fall to Bhuvaneshwar,he scored 65 of 68. Karunaratne 44 of 33 landed some blows at end to take his side to 275/9. Bhuvaneshwar and chahal bagged 3 wickets each while deepak chahar took 2 wickets.

Chasing 275,Shaw and Dhawan opened the Indian innings and shaw hit 3 boundaries and was looking in good touch. Lankans introduced Hasranga and he got rid of shaw 13 of 11 with a googly. Kishan 1 of 4 soon followed with falling to Rajitha.

Dhawan 29 of 38 tried to carry the innings but Hasranga got better of him and he was strucked on pad and review got Lankans his wicket. Manish Pandey 37 of 31 , was striking well but he was unlucky to be run out. then, Hardik Pandya chipped one straight to midwicket to fall for a duck. Suryakumar Yadav continued the fight at the other end and scored a fluent fifty. Krunal Pandya sttruggled but managed to hang in there. Lakshan Sandakan trapped Suryakumar 53 of 44 leg-before-wicket and few overs later,Hasaranga castled Krunal 35 of 54 . Victory seemed easy to Lanka at that time and match was in their control.

After,that Bhuvneshwar and Chahar took the game deep. Chahar hit a massive six off Sandakan in the 43rd over and followed it up with two more boundaries in the next over to reach his fifty. Some streaky boundaries added to Sri Lanka’s woes and eased India’s path to victory eventually as the match was completed with five balls to spare. Bhuvaneshwar scored 19 of 28 and Chahar made 69 of 82. For his all-round performance Deepak chahar was given ‘Player of the match’ award.

Hasranga bagged 3 wickets and Rajitha,Shanaka and Sandakan got 1 wicket each.



T-20 world cup is near and India in chahar may have discovered an All-rounder. We’ve seen him landing few blows in IPL, but it was new for us in Indian Jersey. India will look to clean sweep the Lankans while Lankans will play for their pride in the last match,as they’ve nothing to loose now.